taxonID	type	description	language	source
870687D7FF8BFFA215A5910CAD1D9634.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Species of the genus Scytodes differ from those of Dictis in having three tarsal claws (Figs 1 A, 3 C – F) (vs. two in Dictis). Composition. 225 species (WSC 2021).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8BFFA215A5910CAD1D9634.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Worldwide, with several synanthropic species (WSC 2021).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8BFFA215A59780AB619096.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Scytodes Latreille, 1804	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8BFFA215A59780AB619096.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of Scytodinae differ from those of Scyloxinae subfam. n. by the palp with bulb inserted subapically and cymbium with apical digitiform extension bearing blunt macrosetae (Figs 3 G – H, 5 A – D, 8 F – G, 11 G – J) (vs. bulb inserted apically on cymbium, lacking digitiform extension and blunt macrosetae in Scyloxinae subfam. n.). Females differ by the presence of pair of epigynal postepigastric fovea and positioning ridges (Figs 3 I, 6 A, 9 A – B, 12 A) (vs. absent in Scyloxinae subfam. n.). Included genera. Scytodes and Dictis.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8BFFA415A59093AA5A928A.taxon	description	Figs 1 A – D, 2 A – C, 3 A – J	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8BFFA415A59093AA5A928A.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. YEMEN: Abyan: 1 ♀, Al Kowd [Al Kawd, 13 ° 05 ' N 45 ° 21 ' E], 15 May 2000, A. van Harten leg. (IBSP 35581); Lahij: 1 ♀, Lahij [13 ° 03 ' N 44 ° 52 ' E], 24 March 1998, A. van Harten leg. (IBSP 35580); Socotra Archipelago: 1 ♀, Socotra Island [12 ° 27 ' N 53 ° 49 ' E], Steroh Cave, 17 February 2000, W. Wranik leg. (IBSP 35582); IRAN: Hormozgan: 1 ♂, Hormuz Island (27 ° 02 ' 42.0 " N 56 ° 29 ' 35.0 " E), 11 m, January 2014, A. Zamani & A. Kazemi leg. (JAZM); 2 ♀, same locality and data as previous specimen (JAZM).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8BFFA415A59093AA5A928A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of S. arwa resemble those of S. kumonga and S. univittata Simon, 1882 (Brescovit & Rheims 2000: figs 11 – 20) in having a double row of strong spines on the ventral face of femur I; males of S. arwa and S. univittata also possess a single row of prolateral spines on metatarsus III (Fig. 1 D). They are distinguished from the latter species (and from the rest of the species occurring in the region) by having two parallel rows of small spines on femur IV (Fig. 1 C), and by the palp with long embolus and large, trapezoid, hyaline, prolateral extension on the apical part of the embolus (Fig. 3 G – H; Rheims et al. 2006: figs 7 – 8) (vs. embolus shorter and prolateral extension spade-shaped in S. kumonga, and prolateral extension sclerotized, short and rounded in S. univittata). Females differ from S. kumonga and S. univittata in having bean-shaped spermathecae with U-shaped ducts (vs. tubular with straight ducts in S. kumonga and small and rounded in S. univittata) and posterior plate straight with pair of slender, sclerotized lateral areas (vs. shorter and rounded lateral areas in S. univittata and S. kumonga) (Fig. 3 J; Rheims et al. 2006: fig. 14). Synonymy. Rheims et al. (2006) described S. arwa based on a single male collected in the vicinities of Hajjah, northwestern Yemen, and S. makeda based on two female specimens collected in Manakhah, western Yemen, and Qarhat Mu’ammar, eastern Oman. The authors considered the distance between collecting sites, as well as differences in size and color pattern (Fig. 3 A – B) as evidence of them belonging to different species. Nevertheless, sexually dimorphic color patterns are observed in several other Scytodidae species (e. g. Scytodes fusca Walckenaer, 1837 and Dictis striatipes L. Koch, 1872), and Zamani (2014) reported males and females of these species, clearly within the same size range (Fig. 2 A – C), collected only a few meters apart in Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf. Thus, based on the above mentioned facts, we consider S. makeda syn. n. to be a junior synonym of S. arwa.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8BFFA415A59093AA5A928A.taxon	description	Description. See Rheims et al. 2006: 163 (♂, S. arwa) and 164 (♀, S. makeda).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8BFFA415A59093AA5A928A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Yemen, Oman and southern Iran (Fig. 14).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8FFFA615A595A5A82C94FB.taxon	description	Figs 4 A – E, 5 A – F, 6 A – C, 7 A – E	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8FFFA615A595A5A82C94FB.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. IRAN: Hormozgan: 1 ♀, 2 subadult ♂, 28 km northwest of Bandar Abbas [27 ° 23 ' N 56 ° 04 ' E], 28 March 1972, K. Bilek leg. (NHMW). OMAN: Ad Dakhliyah: 4 ♀, 2 ♂, Al Hamra, Wilayat, Jebel Shams Mountains (23 ° 14 ' 18.6 " N 57 ° 11 ' 38.4 " E), 1900 m, October 2017, M. Stockmann leg. (MACN-Ar 41839 – 41).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8FFFA615A595A5A82C94FB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of S. kumonga resemble those of S. arwa (Figs 2 A – C, 3 A – J) and S. univittata (Brescovit & Rheims 2000: figs 11 – 20) in having a double row of strong spines on the ventral face of femur I (Fig. 1 B). They differ from S. arwa in lacking spines on metatarsus III and femur IV (vs. present in S. arwa) and from S. arwa and S. univittata by the palp with pear-shaped, distally tapering, shorter embolus (Fig. 5 A – D) and spade-shaped prolateral extension at tip (Fig. 5 E) (vs. embolus longer, prolateral extension trapezoid in S. arwa and small and rounded in S. univittata). Females differ from S. arwa and S. univittata in having tubular spermathecae, with straight ducts (Fig. 6 B – C, Zamani & Marusik 2020: fig. 4 G – I) (vs. bean-shaped with U-shaped ducts in S. arwa, and small, rounded with U-shaped ducts in S. univittata) and posterior plate rounded with strongly sclerotized lateral areas (Fig. 6 A – B, Zamani & Marusik 2020: fig. 4 G – H) (vs. straight with slender sclerotized lateral areas in S. arwa and rounded, with weakly sclerotized lateral areas in S. univittata).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8FFFA615A595A5A82C94FB.taxon	description	Description. Male (MACN-Ar 41841). Habitus as in Figs 4 A ‒ C, 7 A ‒ C, E. Coloration as in female (Zamani & Marusik 2020: fig. 4 A – E). Legs with raised, spine-like setal bases on ventral face of femur I (two rows of 8 – 9) and femur III (a patch of 22 on prolateral face) (Fig. 4 E). Chelicerae with modified, hook-like cheliceral lamina (Fig. 4 D). Total length 8.43, carapace length 4.63, width 3.82, abdomen length 3.91, width 3.07. Eye diameters and interdistances: PME 0.18, ALE 0.20, PLE 0.18, PME ‒ ALE 0.35. Sternum length (excluding labium) 2.44, width 1.80. Palp: femur length 1.14, height 0.43, tibia length 0.67, height 0.42, tarsus length 1.12. Measurements of legs: I: 32.54 (8.50, 1.24, 9.00, 12.70, 1.10), II: 25.28 (7.04, 1.22, 7.35, 8.82, 0.85), III: 19.32 (5.44, 1.20, 5.41, 6.51, 0.76), IV: 25.31 (6.99, 1.19, 7.55, 8.54, 1.04). Palp as in Fig. 5 A ‒ E; cymbium with two apical macrosetae; bulb pear-shaped distally tapering; embolus with spade-shaped prolateral extension and subtriangular tip. Female. See Zamani & Marusik (2020).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8FFFA615A595A5A82C94FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from Iran and herein recorded for the first time from Oman (Fig. 14). Most likely occurs in the United Arab Emirates as well (see “ Note ”). Natural history. In Oman, adult gravid females were found under rocks in their loose webs in October. The habitat is a dry rocky slope with loose vegetation. Temperature varies from 0 ° C in winter to 35 ° C in summer and scarce rainfall is concentrated from autumn to spring. Females carry their egg-sacs until they hatch, ~ 4 weeks after oviposition; clutch sizes vary between 18 and 24 spiderlings. Juveniles take less than one year to reach maturity. Females that mate in autumn will produce an egg-sac in spring, after diapause, while females mated in summer or spring will produce an egg-sac after two months. These observations suggest an annual life cycle. Mated females may produce 2 – 3 egg-sacs, and live for a year after that; they may mate again, but egg-sacs from this second mating are mostly unfruitful, producing few or no spiderlings. Adult males refuse to eat and live only for 2 – 3 months after maturity. During copulation, they insert both palps in the female genitalia (Fig. 7 E); this is a putative synapomorphy of Synspermiata, previously recorded for Scytodidae in S. velutina Heineken & Lowe, in Lowe, 1832 and S. thoracica (Latreille, 1802) (see Huber 1998). Sexual cannibalism has been observed both before and after copulation. Note. Feulner & Roobas (2015) provided a habitus photo of a female Scytodes specimen from the United Arab Emirates, and mentioned that they have encountered this species twice in Wadi Wurayah National Park and once at Jebel Fayah. The depicted specimen shows the characteristic coloration pattern for this species and suggests that it might occur in this country as well. However, these specimens would have to be examined in order to confirm their identification.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8EFFA915A595A5A89C92F2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Species of the genus Dictis differ from those of Scytodes in having only two tarsal claws (Figs 1 E – F, 11 E – F) (vs. three in Scytodes). Synonymy. The synonymy of Soeuria and Dictis is based on the comparison of type and non-type material of S. soeur, with the type species of Dictis, D. striatipes. All examined material have only two tarsal claws, considered diagnostic for the genus. Males of both species have very similar palps with embolus bearing subdistal prolateral pick and a retrolateral hyaline membrane (Figs 8 F – G; 11 G – K) and females show the typical vulva of Dictis with outer spermathecae on long stalks and inner spermathecae shorter and cylindrical (Figs 9 A, C; 12 B – D). Composition. Dictis soeur (Saaristo, 1997) comb. n., D. elongata Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2010, and D. striatipes L. Koch, 1872.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF8EFFA915A595A5A89C92F2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pantropical (Figs 15, 16). Notes. At least three species from Thailand and one from Malaysia were considered new by Dankittipakul & Singtripop (2010). Nevertheless, because they are known from only one sex, they were illustrated and only provisionally described using “ open nomenclature ” (species A, B, and C). We did not examine this material, but since these species were not formally named and no type material was established, they are not considered valid and within the genus composition. Furthermore, a single female specimen collected in Coetivy, Seychelles was identified by Saaristo (1997) as “ Dictis sp. ”; although we examined this specimen and noticed its considerably larger size in comparison to the rest of the material studied, the absence of males does not allow us to make further taxonomic decisions.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF83FFAD15A593DCAD2D9146.taxon	description	Figs 8 A – G, 9 A – C	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF83FFAD15A593DCAD2D9146.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. SEYCHELLES: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 juv., Alphonse [7 ° 00 ' S 52 ° 43 ' E], 8 ‒ 9 April 2001, J. Gerlach leg. (ZMUT AA 2.154, 2.161); 1 ♀, Bird Island [3 ° 43 ' S 55 ° 12 ' E], pitfall, 25 March 2000, BirdLife team leg. (ZMUT AA 1.744); 14 juv., Cousine Island [4 ° 21 ' S 55 ° 38 ' E], 23 ‒ 25 January 1999, M. Saaristo leg. (ZMUT AA 1.139 ‒ 1.142); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Denis Island [3 ° 48 ' S 55 ° 40 ' E], sweeping, October 1999, BirdLife team leg. (ZMUT AA 1.738); 1 ♀, same locality as previous specimen, sweeping, April 2000, BirdLife team leg. (ZMUT AA 2.070); 2 juv., Marianne Island [4 ° 20 ' S 55 ° 55 ' E], sweeping, 23 October 1999, BirdLife team leg. (ZMUT AA 2.071 ‒ 2.072); 10 juv., Silhouette Island [4 ° 29 ' S 55 ° 14 ' E], December 1993, J. Gerlach leg. (ZMUT AA 1.143); 3 ♀, Praslin Island, Anse Cimitiere [4 ° 29 ' S 55 ° 15 ' E], 17 ‒ 18 January 1999, M. Saaristo leg. (ZMUT AA 1.136 ‒ 1.138); 1 ♀, Silhouette Island, Anse Lascars [4 ° 29 ' S 55 ° 15 ' E], 12 January 1999, J. Gerlach leg. (ZMUT AA 1.135); 3 ♂, 2 ♀, 23 juv., same locality as previous specimen, 7 January 1999, M. Saaristo leg. (ZMUT AA 1.133 ‒ 1.134); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 7 juv., no specific locality, 12 ‒ 22 January 1999, M. Saaristo leg. (ZMUT AA 1.129 ‒ 1.132).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF83FFAD15A593DCAD2D9146.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of D. soeur resemble those of D. striatipes (Fig. 11 G – K) by the palp with a subdistal prolateral pick and a retrolateral claw-like hyaline membrane. They differ from the latter species by the palpal tibia longer than patella (vs. subequal in D. striatipes), and by the embolus slightly constricted at base, subdistally curved with undulate tip (Fig. 8 F – G) (vs. without constriction, mostly straight with gently curved tip in D. striatipes). Females are distinguished from all congeners by positioning ridges and postepigastric fovea separated from one another by almost seven times their width (Fig. 9 A – C) (vs. four times or less in the other species).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF83FFAD15A593DCAD2D9146.taxon	description	Description. See Saaristo (1997: 55) (♀) and Saaristo (2010: 207) (♂). Complementary description. Male (ZMUT): habitus as in Fig. 8 D. Palp as in Fig. 8 F, G; cymbium elongate, longer than tibia, with two apical macrosetae; bulb small, round. Female (RMCA _ ARA _ 177156; ZMUT AA 1.134): habitus as in Fig. 8 A, C, E. Epigyne as in Fig. 9 A – B: epigynal pouch three times wider than long; positioning ridges straight and narrow, slightly oblique; fovea triangular. Vulva as in Fig. 9 B – C: dorsal receptacles separated from each other by four time their width; inner spermathecae ovoid on a long, slender stalk; outer spermathecae arm-shaped, three times longer than wide.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF83FFAD15A593DCAD2D9146.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from the islands of Alphonse, Bird, Cousine, Denis, Marianne, Petite Soeur and Silhouette, Seychelles (Saaristo 2010) (Fig. 15). Note. Soeuria soeur was described based on a single female specimen collected in Petit Soeur, Seychelles, with “ reduced copulatory pockets [fovea] represented by small, squamous areas ” considered as diagnostic characters by Saaristo (1997). Subsequently, Saaristo (2010) reported more material of this species and described the male. We examined the same material studied by Saaristo (2010), all of which have only two tarsal claws. Although Saaristo himself identified this material as S. soeur, none of the females (including the holotype) show the reduced fovea depicted by Saaristo (1997), and they all have the typical vulva of Dictis. It seems that the poorly sclerotized fovea in the holotype specimen designated by Saaristo caused this mistake. Strangely, in the emended diagnosis provided by Saaristo (2010), this species is mentioned as “ D. soeur ”; perhaps with the discovery of the male and additional female specimens, Saaristo was going to transfer the species to Dictis, but this did not happen since this paper was published two years after his death and with the assistance of other arachnologists.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF84FFB115A597BDABD992A9.taxon	description	Figs 10 A – C, 11 A – K, 12 A – D	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF84FFB115A597BDABD992A9.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. IRAN: Hormozgan: 6 ♂, 1 ♀, 3 juv., Geno, 38 km NW of Bandar Abbas [27 ° 27 ' N 56 ° 01 ' E], 3 April 1972, K. Bilek leg. (NHMW). UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Dubai: 1 ♀, Dubai (25 ° 07 ' 46.9 " N 55 ° 24 ' 00.8 " E), 5 August 2021, P. Van Andel leg. (ZMUT). YEMEN: Al Mahwit: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Khamis Bani Sa’ad [15 ° 11 ' N 43 ° 25 ' E], 550 m, 9 July 1999, A. van Harten leg. (IBSP 35564); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same locality, 23 June 1999, A. van Harten leg. (IBSP 35561); Al Hudaydah: 1 ♀, 10 km NE Bajil, [15 ° 06 ' N 43 ° 19 ' E], 250 m, 6 December 1998, A. van Harten leg. (IBSP 35566); 1 ♀, at-Tuhayta [14 ° 11 ' N 43 ° 13 ' E], 50 m, 4 December 1997, A. van Harten leg. (IBSP 35583); Taʿizz: 1 ♀ Mafraq [13 ° 22 ' N 43 ° 37 ' E], 450 m, 13 July 1999, A. van Harten leg. (IBSP 35567); Lahij: 1 ♂, Wadi bana [13 ° 17 ' N 45 ° 15 ' E], 100 m, 16 January 2001, A. van Harten leg. (IBSP 35569).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF84FFB115A597BDABD992A9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of D. striatipes resemble those of D. soeur comb. n. by the palp with a subdistal prolateral pick and a retrolateral claw-like hyaline membrane. It differs from the latter species by the palpal tibia subequal in length to patella (vs. longer in D. soeur), by the embolus not constricted at base, and undulated at tip (vs. with constriction at base and gently curved at tip in D. soeur). Females are distinguished from D. soeur comb. n. by the positioning ridges and postepigastric fovea separated from each other by four times their width (vs. seven times in D. soeur comb. n.) and from D. elongata by the outer spermathecae smaller than the inner spermathecae (vs. larger in D. elongata) (Fig. 12 A – D). Synonymies. The synonymy of D. striatipes with S. bilqis is based on the comparison between the type specimens. In the original description of S. bilqis, Rheims et al. (2006) overlooked the inner spermathecae and their stalks (Rheims et al. 2006: fig. 5), and mistakenly considered the sclerotized border of the median receptacles as copulatory ducts. Material previously cited by Rheims et al. (2006) was re-examined and the presence of these spermathecae was confirmed (see Fig. 12 B). The synonymies of D. denticulata Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2010, D. ganeshi Keswani, 2015 and D. mumbaiensis Ahmed, Satam, Khalap & Mohan, 2015 with D. striatipes are all based on the comparison between the type specimens and the illustrations available in literature. In case of D. denticulata, the synonymy is on the basis of the palp of the male holotype which is identical to that of D. striatipes (cf. Dankittipakul & Singtripop 2010: figs 18, 19 and Fig. 11 J, K); the illustrated females, however, appear to be mismatched and could belong to another species. The figures available for D. ganeshi (Keswani 2015: figs 1 – 5) and D. mumbaiensis (Ahmed et al. 2015: figs 1 – 6) are not satisfactory; however, the morphology of copulatory organs, coloration pattern of males and females and overall somatic characters are consistent with those of D. striatipes and corroborate the synonymies. The synonymy of D. lugubris Thorell, 1887 is based on the comparison of available figures (Lessert 1939: figs 19 – 22; Brignoli 1976: figs 105, 111, 114 – 115; Rheims et al. 2007: figs 20 – 22, 90 – 93; Caleb 2020: figs 20 A – D, 29 M) and material from Mexico, previously studied by Rheims et al. (2007).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF84FFB115A597BDABD992A9.taxon	description	Description. See Rheims et al. (2006: 161) and Dankittipakul & Singtripop (2010: 126). Complementary description. Male (IBSP 35561, NHMW): habitus as in Fig. 11 A, C. Palp as in Fig. 11 G – K; cymbium elongate, longer than tibia, with two apical macrosetae; bulb small, round. Female (IBSP 35561, NHMW): habitus as in Fig. 11 B – D. Epigyne as in Fig. 12 A – B: epigynal pouch slightly more than three times wider than long; positioning ridges straight and narrow, slightly oblique; fovea rounded. Vulva as in Fig. 12 C – D: dorsal receptacles separated from each other by four time their width; inner spermathecae ovoid on a long, slender stalk; outer spermathecae arm-shaped, two times longer than wide.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF84FFB115A597BDABD992A9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species has one of the widest ranges in the whole family, known from southern United States, Mexico, Hawaii, southern Iran, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, western India, northeastern China to Australia and French Polynesia, Korea and Japan (Fig. 16).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF98FFB115A590D0AA339424.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of Scyloxes can be distinguished from those of Stedocys by the palp with rounded bulb and embolus longer than bulb length (Fig. 13 E – F) (vs. bulb pear-shaped and embolus shorter than bulb length in Stedocys). Females are distinguished by the presence of two pairs of spermathecae with long ducts (Fig. 13 B, G) (vs. short ducts in Stedocys). Composition. Scyloxes asiatica Dunin, 1992, Scyloxes magna (Bristowe, 1952) comb. n., and S. zhaoi (Wu & Li, 2017) comb. n.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF98FFB115A590D0AA339424.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tajikistan, Thailand, Malaysia (Fig. 17).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF98FFB115A59196AB8F96EC.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Scyloxes Dunin, 1992.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF98FFB115A59196AB8F96EC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of Scyloxinae subfam. n. differ from those of Scytodinae by the palp with a short cymbium, without a digitiform extension (Fig. 13 E – F) (vs. long, with digitiform extension in Scytodinae). Females differ by the absence of epigynal fovea and positioning ridges (Fig. 13 G – H) (vs. present in Scytodinae). Included genera. Scyloxes and Stedocys.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9BFFB415A595A5AB269382.taxon	description	Fig. 13 A – B	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9BFFB415A595A5AB269382.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. MALAYSIA: Selangor: 2 ♀, 1 juv., surroundings of Kuala Lumpur, Batu Caves [3 ° 14 ' 18.0 " N 101 ° 41 ' 00.0 " E], 24 July 1969, R. Pilet leg. (MHNG).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9BFFB415A595A5AB269382.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Scyloxes magna comb. n. resembles S. zhaoi comb. n. (Fig. 13 C – H; Wu et al. 2017: figs 16 A – F, 17 A – E) by the male palp with long, distally coiled embolus and by the female vulva with two pairs of spermathecae on very long stalks. Males are distinguished from the latter species by the cymbium longer than wide, embolus lacking medial twist and gently arched before coil (Bristowe 1952: fig. 10) (vs. cymbium wider than long, embolus medially twisted and strongly arched before coil in S. zhaoi comb. n.). Females are distinguished by the epigyne with reduced sclerotized pre-epigastric fovea (well-developed in S. zhaoi comb. n.) and by the vulva with one pair of spermathecae tubular (Fig. 13 B; Bristowe 1952: fig. 10) (vs. both pairs rounded in S. zhaoi comb. n.).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9BFFB415A595A5AB269382.taxon	description	Description. See Bristowe (1952: 703) and Brignoli (1976: 159). Complementary description. Female (MHNG): habitus as in Fig. 13 A. Epigyne: sclerotized pre-epigastric fovea reduced to small bump, separated from each other by almost three times their width. Vulva as in Fig. 13 B: outer spermathecae tubular, sinuous; inner spermathecae ovoid on long slightly convoluted stalk.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9BFFB415A595A5AB269382.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia (Fig. 17).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9DFFB415A59121AB2294D9.taxon	description	Fig. 13 C – H Stedocys zhaoi Wu & Li in Wu et al., 2017: 232, figs 16 – 17, 20 C – D (♂ holotype from THAILAND, Sai Yok, Wang Krachae Subdistrict, unnamed cave, (14 ° 12 ' 11.3 " N 99 ° 01 ' 12.1 " E), 185 m a. s. l., 1 October 2014, H. Zhao, Y. Li & Z. Chen leg., deposited in IZCAS; 5 ♀ paratypes, same data as holotype, deposited in IZCAS, not examined).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9DFFB415A59121AB2294D9.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. THAILAND: Chumphon: 1 ♂ 2 ♀ Lang Suan district, Tham Khao Kriab (09 ° 49 ' 10.0 " N 99 ° 02 ' 23.0 " E), 130 m, dark part of limestone cave, 16 December 2013, P. Schwendinger leg. (MHNG).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9DFFB415A59121AB2294D9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Scyloxes zhaoi comb. n. resembles S. magna comb. n. (Bristowe 1952: figs 9 – 10, Brignoli 1976: fig. 55) by the male palp with long, distally coiled embolus (Fig. 13 E – F) and by the female vulva with two pairs of spermathecae on very long stalks (Fig. 13 G – H;). Males are distinguished from the latter species by the cymbium wider than long, embolus medially twisted and strongly arched before coil (Fig. 13 E – F; Wu et al. 2017: fig. 16 A – F) (vs. cymbium longer than wide, embolus lacking medial twist and gently arched before coil in S. magna comb. n.). Females are distinguished by the epigyne with pair of sclerotized pre-epigastric fovea (absent in S. magna comb. n.) and by the vulva with two pairs of rounded spermathecae (Fig. 13 G, Wu et al. 2017: fig. 17 B) (vs. one pair rounded and one tubular in S. magna comb. n.).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9DFFB415A59121AB2294D9.taxon	description	Description. See Wu et al. (2017: 232). Note. Specimens examined in this study show some variation, when compared to the type specimens depicted in the original description (for comparison see Wu et al. 2017: figs 16 – 17, 20 C – D). Males have the embolus tip loop distally extended, while the type specimens have it almost flat, and females have the pre-epigastric plates closer to each other and extending laterally from the epigastric plate, farther apart and not extending laterally in the type specimens. However, we believe that a denser sampling is necessary to raise a new name for this population and consider these differences as intraspecific variations.	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
870687D7FF9DFFB415A59121AB2294D9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Fig. 17).	en	Zamani, Alireza, Stockmann, Mark, Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Rheims, Cristina A. (2022): New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family Scytodidae (Arachnida: Araneae). Zootaxa 5092 (2): 151-175, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.2.1
