identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2.text	8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Struthanthus ibe-dzi Mald. & Cerros 2023	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Struthanthus ibe-dzi Mald. &amp; Cerros sp. nov.</p>
            <p>Type.</p>
            <p>
                  Mexico. Oaxaca: Tlaxiaco,  Río Ocotepec, en el arroyo  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.77147/lat 17.174023)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.77147&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.174023">Yute</a>
                 kuini (  
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San Juan del 
Rio
Cuquila
</a>
                 ), carretera  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.77147/lat 17.174023)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.77147&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.174023">Tlaxiaco-Putla</a>
                 , 17°10'26.48"N, 97°46'17.29"W [17.174022°N, - 97.771469°W], 1962 m a.s.l., 30 Mar 2021, M.G. Maldonado, L.G.  Galván G. &amp; R. Cerros T. 21 (♀ fl, fr) (holotype: HUMO-39855!, isotypes: MEXU!, UAMIZ!)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Struthanthus ibe-dzi morphologically resembles  S. deppeanus and  S. quercicola in having epicortical roots on stems, similar leaf shapes, and inflorescences in racemes. However, the new taxon differs by its compressed nodes, stems, leaves, and inflorescence glaucous; leaf blade with base cuneate to oblique; staminate flowers 6-9 mm long with asymmetrical thecae and an extended horn-shaped apiculate connective in both anther series; and pistillate flowers with distally convoluted styles. </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Aerial hemiparasitic woody shrub, pendulous, perennial, with epicortical roots present at the base of main trunk; branches pendant. Stems green when young, brown with lenticels when mature; nodes glaucous, bicarinate and compressed, especially when young; internodes terete, with epicortical roots. Leaves opposite or subopposite; petioles 0.25-1.2 cm long, twisted, forming a shallow channel from the raised edge of leaf blade; blades ovate to lanceolate, rarely elliptical, 5.0-12.2  × 1.4-5.0 cm, papyraceous when dried; apex acute to acuminate, base cuneate to oblique, margin entire to repand, hyaline, venation pinnate. Inflorescences a solitary raceme of triads, indeterminate and axillar; bracts and bracteoles caducous at or after anthesis, cymbiform; rachis subterete to compressed, nodes compressed, triads opposite or subopposite, decussate, green, glabrous, glaucous. Staminate inflorescence 2.0-6.8 cm long, peduncle 0.2-0.8 cm with 6-16 (19) triads, triad peduncle 0.10-0.58 cm long. Pistillate inflorescence 2.0-5.0 cm long, peduncle 0.2-1.0 cm long with 6-12 (15) triads, triad peduncle 0.18-0.86 cm long. Staminate flowers hexamerous, rarely pentamerous, flower buds clavate with rounded apex; central flower of triad sessile, lateral pedicels 0.28-1.3 mm long; mature flowers 6.0-9.0  × 2.0-2.3 mm, petals linear, reflexed near the apex, 4.4-7.9  × 0.8-1.2 mm, anthers basifixed (not versatile) in two series, theca asymmetrical; prominent connectival apiculate horn in both the lower and upper series; calyculus irregularly dentate, whitish, vestigial ovary 1.5-2.2 mm; pistiloid straight to sigmoid 1/3 near the apex, 2.8-6.5 mm long, stigma undifferenced; nectary thick with six protuberances surrounding the pistiloid base. Pistillate flowers hexamerous, flower buds cylindrical, rounded at the apex; central flower of the triad sessile, pedicels of lateral flowers 0.18-0.8 cm long, slightly accrescent when bearing fruit; mature flowers 5.8-7.2  × 1.6-2.2 mm, linear petals 5.2-5.6  × 0.8-1.0 mm, staminodes in one series; calyculus whitish, irregularly dentate, inferior ovary 1.7-2.0 mm; style convolute 4.0-5.2 mm long (  ± 3 longitudinal folds) from the middle to the apex, stigma capitate; nectary thick with six protuberances surrounding the style. Fruit a one-seeded berry, ovoid, 3.85-6.0  × 6.52-8.60 mm. Seeds ovoid, 3.0-4.7  × 5.1-7.4 mm. Figs 1, 2. </p>
            <p>Additional specimens examined</p>
            <p>
                 (Paratypes).   Mexico. Oaxaca: San Juan Mixtepec, Yucu  Shúun (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.83662/lat 17.16171)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.83662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.16171">Monte de Tesoro</a>
                 ) a 16 km S de San Juan Mixtepec, 17°13'37.46"N, 97°47'54.5"W [17.22707°N, - 97.78484°W], 2,500 m a.s.l., 8 Nov 1988 (♀ fr), J. Reyes S. 1064 (MEXU, UC/JEPS); Putla Villa de Guerrero, 2.1 km  después de Santo Domingo Chicahuaxtla, hacia Putla, [17.142761°N, - 97.848589°W], 2,050 m a.s.l., 5 Feb 1993 (♀ fr), M.  Cházaro B. 7088 (CHAPA, ENCB, MEXU, XAL); Santiago Juxtlahuaca, El Manzanal, senda para la parcela del Sr. Hemeterio, entrada por Santa Rosa-San Miguel Cuevas, Distrito Juxtlahuaca, 17°13'13.20"N, 98°3'38.30"W [17.22033°N, - 98.06063°W], 2,060 m a.s.l., 13 Sep 1996 (♀ fl, fr), J.I. Calzada 21381 (MEXU);  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.83662/lat 17.16171)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.83662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.16171">San Juan Mixtepec</a>
                 , Camino a Santos Reyes Tepejillo, 1 km antes de la  desviación al  Capulín y  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.83662/lat 17.16171)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.83662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.16171">Tinuama de Zaragoza</a>
                 , 17°19'23.4"N, 97°54'13.2"W [17.32317°N, - 97.90367°W], 2,650 m a.s.l., 9 Apr 2019 (♂ fl), L.G.  Galván G. &amp; R. Cerros T. 474 (HUMO); Putla Villa de Guerrero, orilla de la carretera, km 92, 2.8 km antes de  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.83662/lat 17.16171)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.83662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.16171">San</a>
                 Andres Chicahuaxtla, 17°10'48.20"N, 97°49'32.48"W [17.18014°N, - 97.82569°W], 2,363 m a.s.l., 13 Feb 2020 (♀ fr), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 13 (HUMO); ibid, 13 Feb 2020 (♀ fr), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 14 (HUMO); Tlaxiaco,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.83662/lat 17.16171)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.83662&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.16171">Rio
Ocotepec
</a>
                 , en el arroyo Yute kuini (  
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San Juan del 
Rio
Cuquila
</a>
                 ), carretera Tlaxiaco-Putla, 17°10'26.48"N, 97°46'17.29"W [17.17402°N, - 97.77146°W], 1,962 m a.s.l., 30 Apr. 2021 (♂ fl), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 19 (HUMO); ibid, 30 Apr 2021 (♀ fl), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 20 (HUMO); ibid, 30 Apr 2021 (♀ fl), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 22 (HUMO); ibid, 30 Apr 2021 (♀ fl), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 23 (HUMO); Putla Villa de Guerrero, km 92, carretera Tlaxiaco-Putla, 200 m antes de La  Cañada Tejocote, 17°10'48.38"N, 97°46'31.94"W [17.18010°N, - 97.82554°W], 2,374 m a.s.l., 30 Apr 2021 (♂ fl), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 24 (HUMO); ibid, 30 Apr 2021 (♀ fl), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 25 (HUMO); ibid, 30 Apr 2021 (♂ fl), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 26 (HUMO); Putla Villa de Guerrero, Orilla de carretera de Tlaxiaco-Putla, en  
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                 Andres Chicahuaxtla, 17°09'42.16"N, 97°50'11.85"W [17.16171°N, - 97.83662°W], 2,473 m a.s.l., 30 Apr 2021 (♂ fl), M.G. Maldonado, R. Cerros T. &amp; L.G.  Galván G. 27 (HUMO)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Distribution, habitat, and hosts.</p>
            <p> Struthanthus ibe-dzi is endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico, where it is only known from cloud and oak-pine forests with secondary vegetation in the Sierra Madre del Sur (Morrone et al. 2017) in the municipalities of Putla Villa de Guerrero, San Juan Mixtepec, Santiago Juxtlahuaca, and Tlaxiaco (Fig. 3) at elevations between 1,962 to 2,650 m a.s.l. Recorded hosts to date include  Alnus spp. (  Betulaceae ),  Quercus spp. (  Fagaceae ), and  Salix spp. (  Salicaceae ). </p>
            <p>Phenology.</p>
            <p>Flowering from March to April and in September; fruiting in February to April and September to November. Individuals can be found bearing flowers and fruits on different branches.</p>
            <p>Etymology.</p>
            <p> The epithet ibe-dzi refers to the common name given to any mistletoe in Zapotec language (  Ibë-dzí ) in the San Juan Mixtepec region, which means "hair(s) on top of", where  “ibé” denotes  “hair(s)” and  “dzi” indicates "on top of". </p>
            <p>Conservation status.</p>
            <p> Struthanthus ibe-dzi is only known from the western part of the state of Oaxaca, near the border with the state of Guerrero (Fig. 3). This species has an estimated area of occupancy of ca. 36 km2 (criterion B1 &lt;500 km2) and has been recorded in four localities (condition a: ≤5 locations). The specimen from Reyes 1064 (MEXU, UC/JEPS) from 1988 was collected in a cloud forest. The areas within 1 km of this locality have been actively transformed into crop fields (personal observations from 2019-2021), leading us to consider that condition b(iii) is appropriate for this case, which refers to a projected decline in area, extent, and quality of habitat. Therefore, following the guidelines to the IUCN criteria (IUCN 2022),  S. ibe-dzi should be classified as Endangered [EN B1ab(iii)]. </p>
            <p> Being a hemiparasitic plant with a complete dependence on hosts, mistletoe populations are vulnerable to the indirect effects of logging important host trees such as oaks (  Quercus spp.), and habitat modification and fragmentation for livestock and agriculture (  Ávalos and Nixon 2004). In addition, most of the  Quercus species from Mexico have not been evaluated to determine their conservation status (  Valencia-Ávalos and  Morales-Saldaña 2016). Press and Phoenix (2005) indicated that the local extinction of a preferred host may lead to population declines and subsequent extinctions of associated parasites, highlighting the importance of hosts for the long-term survival of mistletoes such as  S. ibe-dzi , and the perpetuation of populations. Furthermore, parasitic plants have been historically stigmatized and have not received full attention in terms of conservation priorities, even though mistletoes are particularly sensitive to environmental stress and considered keystone species in forests (Watson 2001;  Fontúrbel et al. 2018; Crates et al. 2022; Watson et al. 2022). </p>
            <p>Notes.</p>
            <p> Herbarium specimens of  S. ibe-dzi have been previously identified as  S. deppeanus ,  S. quercicola , or  Struthanthus sp. However, the new taxon differs from  S. deppeanus and  S. quercicola by its compressed or bicarinate nodes and by having glaucous stems, leaves, and inflorescences which are covered by a whitish wax (observed in both fresh and dried specimens). In addition,  S. ibe-dzi has one inflorescence raceme per axil, with peduncled triads with a sessile central flower and pedicellate lateral ones. The bracts and bracteoles are caducous, forming visible scars. Staminate flowers have asymmetrical thecae and an apiculate connectival horn in both series, while pistillate flowers have a convolute style with  ± 3 longitudinal folds (Fig. 4C). </p>
            <p> Struthanthus ibe-dzi , as other mistletoes in the San Juan Mixtepec region of Oaxaca, are locally known as birdlime vine, and known for the sticky substance (i.e., viscin) produced in the fruits, which is used to catch birds (Hunn 2008). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8FD291C477A75B3393AB4C7C9A6E0DE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Maldonado-Borja, Maria Guadalupe;Cerros-Tlatilpa, Rosa;Galvan-Gonzalez, Luis Gil	Maldonado-Borja, Maria Guadalupe, Cerros-Tlatilpa, Rosa, Galvan-Gonzalez, Luis Gil (2023): A new species of Struthanthus Mart. (Loranthaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. PhytoKeys 225: 69-81, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238
