taxonID	type	description	language	source
B716DD329B3CAA20952BB2A5B7C204AD.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Psamathe fusca Johnston, 1836, by monotypy.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3CAA20952BB2A5B7C204AD.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Psamathinae with two lateral antennae, without median antenna; no frontal tubercle; eyes present; nuchal organs separate; palpostyles ovoid, as long as palpophores; 8 pairs of tentacular cirri; without notochaetae; neurochaetae with simple and compound falcigers; pharynx without jaws, with marginal papillae.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3CAA20952BB2A5B7C204AD.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — The species of Psamathe are only known from temperate localities in the Atlantic and Pacific and from the Antarctic, in shallow water, rocky or mixed bottoms. A new species, P. charpyi n. sp., is described from the Eastern tropical Pacific. The confusion in the identification of the species and their rarity might explain these sporadic records.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3CAA20952BB2A5B7C204AD.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Psamathe cirrhata Keferstein, 1862 might need a modification in the specific epithet. As usual for those times, etymology was not explained, but the h letter modifies the meaning (Brown 1954: 206) from having filaments, or provided with cirri, which is typical for most hesionids (L. cirrus), to being orange-colored (Gr. cirrho, kirrhos). However, the term was derived from the German noun for cirri, used several times along the original description and must be corrected for indicating cirri (ICZN 1999, Art. 32.5.1). Psamathe fusca hibernica was originally described as Castalia Savigny, 1822 (accepted as Nereimyra de Blainville, 1828), but in the brief diagnosis, Southern (1914: 49) regarded it as very similar to P. fusca; Hartman (1959: 183) included it as a subspecies. The Western Atlantic records of P. cirrata by Uebelacker (1984) differ from the Eastern Atlantic forms, and might belong to an undescribed species, because they have smaller eyes, positioned on the posterior prostomial half, and by having neurochaetae with blades 6 - 20 × longer than wide.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3CAA20952BB2A5B7C204AD.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Pleijel (1998: 122 - 124) reinstated Psamathe Johnston, 1836, clarified its taxonomic history, and provided a list of species, including some new combinations (Pleijel 1998: 162 - 163). There are currently five species in Psamathe: P. ancuda (Wesenberg-Lund, 1962) from Chile, P. cirrata Keferstein, 1862 from Normandy, France, P. fauveli (Averincev, 1972) from Antarctica, P. fusca Johnston, 1836 from the British coast in the English Channel, and P. haploseta (Perkins, 1984) from Florida, United States. On the other hand, Pleijel (1998) also regarded P. fusca and P. cirrata as synonyms, and Parapar et al. (2004: 232) followed it. However, despite the proximity of the type localities for these two species, both in the English Channel, there is no type material and topotype specimens for both species should be compared to corroborate this conclusion. There is one apparent difference regarding the length of ventral cirri according to the original descriptions, and some later illustrations (McIntosh 1908: pl. 69, fig. 16; Hartmann-Schröder 1996: 133, fig. 5 b). In P. fusca it is short, not reaching the tip of neurochaetal lobes, whereas in P. cirrata it is longer, reaching the tip of neurochaetal lobes. The key below regards them as different species based on this feature.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3DAA209579B2E6B32F02F3.taxon	description	(Fig. 1) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 9 D 66 B 0 AF- 12 A 5 - 40 EA- 81 DB- 01852 D 75 F 546	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3DAA209579B2E6B32F02F3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Clipperton Island • 1 specimen; Sta. 10; 10 ° 17.31 ’ N, 109 ° 12.19 ’ W; coral rubble, suction pump; 13 m; 17. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga & L. Dugrais leg; MNHN-IA-TYPE 2040.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3DAA209579B2E6B32F02F3.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Psamathe with anterior eyes blackish, slightly larger than posterior ones; dorsal cirri longer than body width; ventral cirri reching tips of neurochaetal lobes; all neurochaetae compound, neurochaetal blades unidentate, 4 - 10 × longer than wide.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3DAA209579B2E6B32F02F3.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet is derived after Dr Loïc Charpy, from the Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille, France, in recognition of his editorial coordination of the volume on Clipperton Island (Charpy 2009). The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case (ICZN 1999, Art. 31.1.2).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3DAA209579B2E6B32F02F3.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Only known from Clipperton Island, Eastern Pacific, in subtidal coral rubble (13 m depth).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3DAA209579B2E6B32F02F3.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Body Holotype (MNHN-IA-TYPE 2040) anterior fragment; body colorless, subcylindrical, slightly wider posteriorly, 5.3 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, 22 chaetigers; all tentacular cirri lost, most dorsal cirri retained, tips lost (Fig. 1 A). Right parapodia of chaetigers 10 and 14 removed to observe chaetae. Anterior end Prostomium slightly longer than wide (Fig. 1 B), slightly wider anteriorly, lateral margins slightly curved. Lateral antennae lost, scars on anterior margin above palps. Palps directed ventrally, left palp lost, right palpostyle longer than palpophore, medially wider, tapered (Fig. 1 C). Eyes large, blackish, positioned centrally on prostomium, anterior eyes slightly larger than posterior ones, directed anterolaterally. Nuchal organs following prostomial posterior corners. Tentacular belt partially visible dorsally. First two segments dorsally reduced, following two segments fused, distinct dorsally; anterior margin projected anteriorly, markedly wider than long, blunt. Eight pairs of tentacular cirri, all lost, cirrophores distinct. Parapodia and chaetae Parapodia (excluding chaetae) as long as body width, sesquiramous (Fig. 1 D). Dorsal cirri with longer than wide articles, sometimes medially constricted. Prechaetal lobe subtriangular, blunt, as long as postchaetal round foliose lobe. Neurochaetae all compound heterogomph falcigers; upper and lower fascicle chaetae with shorter blades, longer in central fascicle chaetae; blades unidentate, 4 - 10 × longer than wide, finely denticulate, basal denticles larger; guards reaching tip of denticle (Fig. 1 D, insets). Ventral cirri long, tapered, reaching tip of neurochaetal lobes. Posterior region Unknown.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3DAA209579B2E6B32F02F3.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Psamathe charpyi n. sp. resembles P. cirrata Keferstein, 1862 from the French Normandy coast because both species have ventral cirri reaching the tips of the neurochaetal lobes and all neurochaetae compound. They differ in the size of the eyes and of neurochaetal blades. In P. charpyi n. sp. eyes are almost of the same size, and the neurochaetal blades are 4 - 10 × longer than wide, whereas in P. cirrata anterior eyes are 2 - 3 × larger than posterior ones, and neurochaetal blades are 3 - 9 × longer than wide. On the other hand, P. charpyi n. sp. differs from P. ancuda (Wesenberg-Lund, 1962), described from Central Chile, in the shape and size of the ventral cirri, and in the size of the neurochaetal blades. In P. charpyi n. sp. ventral cirri are tapered, reaching the neurochaetal lobes tips, and neurochaetal blades are of different size, whereas in P. ancuda ventral cirri are blunt, not reaching the neurochaetal lobes, and all neurochaetae have blades of similar size.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3DAA229770B560B3B207CD.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Phyllodoce laminosa Savigny in Lamarck, 1818, by monotypy.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3DAA229770B560B3B207CD.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Phyllodoce Savigny in Lamarck, 1818 is the largest genus in the family because it includes over 100 valid species (Pleijel 1991, 1993 a, b). The authorship for the genus, as for most marine annelid taxa included by Lamarck (1818), must be attributed to Savigny, because Lamarck indicated he was making an abridged version of the large document Savigny had shared in the Royal Academy of Sciences, of the French Institute (ICZN 1999, Art. 50.1.1), and available from 1809, although the publication date was fixed as 1822 (Sherborn 1897), apparently based upon the second edition. Lamarck (1818: 279) indicated: “ Néanmoins, la nature de notre ouvrage ne nous permet d’en donner qu’un extrait très-resserré ” (Nevertheless, the nature of our work allows us to give just a very concentrated excerpt [free translation]). Bergström (1914: 55 - 56) used and standardized 14 characters for revising the delineation and diagnosis for the phyllodocids. He proposed three new families, and among phyllodocids he proposed nine genera, six of which were regarded as valid by Fauchald (1977). Bergström (1914: 118) keyed out Anaitides Czerniavsky, 1882, Phyllodoce and Sphaerodoce Bergström, 1914 by using the shape and length of the tentacular cirri (oblong or tapered, long in the former two, against globular, short in the latter), and the arrangement of pharynx papillae on the basal region (forming rows in Anaitides, versus diffuse in the two others). Bergström (1914) also indicated he was partially following the Phyllodoce species groups proposed by Augener (1913 b: 213 - 215), based on pharynx papillae pattern and dorsal cirri shape. To these features, Bergström added the shape of the ventral cirri for his key to Anaitides species (Bergström 1914: 139 - 140). Chamberlin (1919), and later Hartman followed Bergström and regarded Anaitides and Phyllodoce as separate genera throughout their publications; Fauchald (1977) included them as independent genera. Hartmann-Schröder initially regarded Anaitides and Phyllodoce as distinct genera, and later changed her mind and used subgenera in Phyllodoce. Most authors, however, have preferred to regard them as subgenera. The first to provide explanations for this was Fauvel (1919: 357 - 359). Because of the problems with following Bergström formula for indicating the appendages of the first segments, especially for detecting the presence of chaetae, Fauvel rejected its use, although he emphasized (Fauvel 1919: 357) Bergström “ gave a correct importance to pharynx features ”. Fauvel also indicated that “ a more serious inconvenience of his classification was the multiplication of genera in a certainly abusive way ” (Fauvel 1919: 358). He also added that “ after more than 20 years, I reject this atomization of genera, completely useless in polychaetes where species are relatively few in each family ” (Fauvel 1919: 359), and concluded: “ However, in a genus including hundreds of species, the fractioning is more justified than in a genus having a small number of species, as is generally the case in polychaetes. ” This was Fauvel, and he was both very productive and very influential on other colleagues working on polychaetes. Regretfully, the morphological features of the anterior end and pharynx papillation patterns were not evaluated, despite the fact that in several other errant families, these attributes are useful for separating similar genera. Pleijel (1991) made the first phylogenetic analysis of the Phyllodocidae. He studied 21 taxa and assessed 26 characters, but the shape of antennae and tentacular cirri was not included, and his character 9 combined basal and distal regions of the pharynx, but the basal region was not clarified regarding papillae patterns, as opposed to the distal region. Among his conclusions, Pleijel (1991: 238) listed seven genera or subgenera as junior synonyms of Phyllodoce: Anaitides; Aponaitides McCammon & Montagne, 1979; Paracarobia Czerniavsky, 1882, Protocarobia Czerniavsky, 1882, Phyllouschakovius Blake, 1988, Sphaerodoce, and Zverlinum Averincev, 1972. This synonymy reflects that some diagnostic features were disregarded, such that these taxa were regarded as similar under that perspective. Pleijel (1991, 1993 a, b) hesitated about including Prophyllodoce Hartman, 1966 because he could not study the type material. This latter genus resembled Phyllodoce especially regarding the papillae pattern on the basal pharynx area, but the presence of two small dorsal tubercles on segment 1 was regarded as an additional pair of tentacular cirri, and used to separate it from Phyllodoce, as indicated in the original proposal (Hartman 1966: 182, key, 187, diagnosis). Pleijel (1991, 1993 b) was correct. In a newly described species of Anaitides (see below), there are two dorsal tubercles on segment 1, but it matches the generic delineation for Anaitides. These so-called tubercles, or additional tentacular cirri, were regarded as nuchal organs (Gravier 1896: 341; Uschakov 1972: 123), and they are present in some species such as Phyllodoce laminosa (Pleijel 1991: 239, fig. 1 A, B), the type species of Phyllodoce. Consequently, the presence of nuchal organs cannot be enough to separate Prophyllodoce from Phyllodoce. The other genera are very homogeneous regarding the development of prostomial appendages and tentacular cirri, but they were originally proposed as different genera by using differences in the tentacular cirri pattern, and pharyngeal features, especially the spatial arrangement of papillae, and sometimes additional parapodial characters. For example, Chamberlin (1919: 100) keyed out Anaitides, Phyllodoce and Sphaerodoce by using the type of tentacular cirri, and for the two former ones, the arrangement of pharynx papillae. Pleijel (1991: 238) also indicated that “ splitting this large genus is desirable but should be based on defining properties for all subgroups and will have to await further studies ”. Pleijel (1993 b: 296, 298 - 299) returned to the problem and proposed recognizing three subgenera: Anaitides (incl. Aponaitides) with about 19 species, Phyllodoce (incl. Paracarobia and Sphaerodoce, perhaps Prophyllodoce) with about 21 species, and Zverlinum (incl. Phyllouschakovius) with three species. Most species could not be included in the above genera because “ available specimens of many species are few and in poor condition ” (Pleijel 1993 b: 297). The standardized diagnoses for these subgenera are modified from Pleijel (1993 b: 296, 298 - 299). They are herein regarded as distinct genera because they present a unique combination of morphological features, which was confirmed in the later phylogeny (Pleijel 1993 b). Diagnoses and incorporation of their type species (ICZN 1999, Art. 13.2.3) are as specified below. These taxa can be separated with the key given below.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3FAA2D902EB205B504042D.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Phyllodoce laminosa Savigny in Lamarck, 1818, by monotypy.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3FAA2D902EB205B504042D.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Phyllodocids with prostomium with two oblong, tapered lateral antennae, median antenna usually reduced into a nuchal papilla. Four pairs of tentacular cirri, all oblong, tapered. Dorsal cirrophore without acicula; supracicular lobes blunt, as long as subacicular ones; ventral cirri medially widened. Pharynx with two regions; basal region usually completely covered by small round papillae, rarely with dorsal smooth areas.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B3FAA2D902EB205B504042D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS As indicated above, Prophyllodoce Hartman, 1966, with P. hawaiia Hartman, 1966 as its type species, has its basal pharynx area as in Phyllodoce, but there is one pair of lateral short tubercles in addition to the first pair of tentacular cirri on segment 1. Hartman (1966) regarded these tubercles as additional cirri, and Fauchald (1977: 48) regarded them as papillae, and recognized Prophyllodoce in his key to genera. However, Uschakov (1972: 123) indicated that “ the additional pair of tentacular cirri on the first segment are … projecting nuchal organs, observed in some species of the genus Phyllodoce ”. After this, it can be noted that the next statement by Uschakov was wrongly translated because due to the presence of everted nuchal organs, the genus cannot be justified. McCammon & Montagne (1979: 363) confirmed Uschakov conclusions, and that Moore (1909: 237) had referred to these structures as nuchal organs. Further, Pleijel (1991: 239, fig. 1 B) revealed the fine details of the everted nuchal organs, which have a marginal ciliary belt. On the other hand, Aponaitides McCammon & Montagne (1979) was regarded as a junior synonym of Anaitides by Pleijel (199 b); however, its type and only species, Phyllodoce hartmanae Blake & Walton, 1977 has papillae along the ventral surface of the pharynx basal region, and it must be included in Phyllodoce as herein restricted.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA2D9554B6C1B5FF02F3.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Austrophyllum monroi Hartman, 1964, by original designation.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA2D9554B6C1B5FF02F3.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Phyllodocids with prostomium with two oblong tapered lateral antennae, median antenna often reduced to a nuchal papilla. Four pairs of oblong tapered tentacular cirri. Dorsal cirrophore with acicula; supracicular lobe digitate; ventral cirri tapered, not medially widened, sharp. Pharynx with two regions, basal region with irregularly distributed, multi-denticulate papillae, without smooth areas, distal region with round irregular tubercles.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA2D9554B6C1B5FF02F3.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Pleijel (1993 b) indicated in the abstract that the type species, Austrophyllum monroi Hartman, 1964 was a junior synonym of Phyllodoce bulbosa Wesenberg-Lund, 1962, but no further details were incorporated in the publication. Austrophyllym monroi Hartman, 1964 was named after one specimen from South Georgia that Monro (1930: 74) had identified as Phyllodoce longipes Kinberg, 1865, and P. bulbosa was described from Central Chile. However, besides their type localities, there are certain morphological differences indicated in the original illustrations that would render such synonymy doubtful. For example, in A. monroi the prostomium is longer than wide, whereas it is wider than long in P. bulbosa, although this might be attributed to certain distortion due to pharynx eversion. The denticulate pharyngeal papillae illustrated for A. monroi were neither described, nor confirmed for P. bulbosa. Further, mid-body parapodia also differ. In A. monroi the dorsal cirri are longer than wide and supracicular lobes are very long, whereas in P. bulbosa cirri are as long as wide, and supracicular lobes are not so markedly projected. These differences might be explained because the parapodia were taken from different body regions. In any case, a re-examination of type or topotype material is required to corroborate the synonymy. Phyllodoce micrognatha de Oliveira, Magalhães & Lana, 2021 also belongs in Zverlinum.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA2D94F6B265B42D0091.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Phyllodoce quadraticeps Grube, 1878, by original designation.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA2D94F6B265B42D0091.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Phyllodocids with prostomium with two globular to conical lateral antennae, median antenna reduced to a nuchal papilla. Four pairs of tentacular cirri, segments 1 and 2 with globose cirri, segment 3 with oblong tapered cirri. Dorsal cirrophore without acicula; supracicular lobes blunt, as long as subacicular ones; ventral cirri oval, blunt. Pharynx with a very long basal region, with tiny globular papillae, distal region minute, smooth surfaces.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA2D94F6B265B42D0091.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Relevant features that help reinstate Sphaerodoce rely on the anterior part of the body. The type species, P. quadraticeps Grube, 1878 was described from the Philippines; it has a quadratic prostomium, and almost all its tentacular cirri, as well as lateral antennae and palps are all globular, whereas the prostomium is oval to cordate, and cirri are all subulate in Phyllodoce. Because these unique features were not included (shape of prostomium, shape of tentacular cirri), the type species groups with other species of Phyllodoce sensu stricto in the phylogeny by Pleijel (1993 b). The papillae pattern on the pharynx was not described by Grube (1878). Gravier (1900: 1908) recorded P. quadraticeps for the Red Sea and observed the pharynx by dissection, and Day (1967: 146, fig. 5.2 h) illustrated a specimen with a partially exposed pharynx. The pharynx is very long with abundant small papillae, but these Western Indian Ocean records might belong to a different species. Pleijel (1993 b: 298) listed specimens deposited in several museums and regarded the papillation pattern of the basal pharynx area as dense and diffuse.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA299745B527B3610260.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Phyllodoce groenlandica Örsted, 1843 by subsequent designation (Bergström 1914: 138).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA299745B527B3610260.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Phyllodocids with prostomium with two oblong tapered lateral antennae, median antenna often reduced into a nuchal papilla. Four pairs of oblong tapered tentacular cirri. Dorsal cirrophore without acicula; supracicular lobe usually blunt, as long as subacicular one; ventral cirri usually medially widened. Pharynx with two regions, basal region with large papillae, usually arranged in longitudinal rows, dorsal and ventral areas smooth (without papillae).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA299745B527B3610260.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — Anaitis, Anahita or Artemis Anaitis, is the love Godess for Armenians and Persians (Brosius 1998). Czerniavsky (1882) proposed several new phyllodocid genera, and for some of them followed Théel (1879) who proposed Mystides after Mysta. Anaitides Czerniavsky (1882: 158) was derived from Anaitis Malmgren, 1865. The latter was preoccupied by Anaitis Duponchel, 1829 (Lepidoptera) and Anaitis Roemer, 1857 (Mollusca), and was renamed Paranaitis by Southern (1914). GENDER. — Feminine. After the code (ICZN 1999, Art. 30.1.4.4), the suffix – ides “ is to be treated as masculine unless its author, when establishing the name, stated it had another gender or treated it as such by combining it with an adjectival species-group name in another gender form. ” Czerniavsky (1882: 159) listed the species for his new genus, newly transferred from Phyllodoce (feminine) and made no modifications for their corresponding suffixes, thus implying he regarded his new genus-name as having a feminine gender.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA299745B527B3610260.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — The species of Anaitides have been described from shallow-water localities in tropical, temperate and polar seas.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B30AA299745B527B3610260.taxon	discussion	KEY TO SPECIES OF ANAITIDES CZERNIAVSKY, 1882 REMARKS Pleijel (1993 b: 295, fig 1 G) regarded P. citrina Malmgren, 1865 as incertae sedis especially because it has less than 6 lateral rows of papillae per side on its pharynx basal region. More than six rows were documented for one Anaitides species (Day 1973: 22), as well as non-regular lateral rows for several other species (Hartmann- Schröder 1965 b: 86; Gathof 1984: 19.33), and differences in the number of papillae per row (O’Connor 1987: 312). Further, in the new species described below, A. albengai n. sp., variations in the number of lateral rows were noted, and often in the same specimen there was a different number of rows along the left or the right side. However, the presence of smooth areas along dorsal and ventral surfaces are more regular and this explains why the midventral smooth surface is diagnostic, whereas the number of lateral rows is not. Consequently, P. citrina is included in Anaitides as indicated by Uschakov (1972: 130), and after the redescriptions by Pleijel (1988: 143), Pleijel & Dales (1991: 78), and Pleijel (1993 a: 35). For the key below, the descriptions or redescriptions were used to key out the species; sometimes, more than one morphological pattern has received the same name, and this explains why the same species name may be reached in two or more alternatives. They are included and might mean problematic records deserving further study. Likewise, the distribution area is incorporated but it does not mean the full distribution of the species. Anaitides catenula (Verrill, 1873), A. groenlandica orientalis (Zachs, 1933), and A. heterocirra Chamberlin, 1919 were not included because of a lack of information in the original descriptions.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B34AA2A957CB480B77F0353.taxon	description	(Figs 2; 3) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 180 C 9688 - A 448 - 41 E 1 - 9406 - 31 E 0 EF 586 CA 2	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B34AA2A957CB480B77F0353.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Clipperton Island • 1 specimen; Sta. 17; 10 ° 19.22 ’ N, 109 ° 13.39 ’ W; epifaunal organisms; hand collecting: 23 m; 20. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga & L. Dugrais, leg.; MNHN-IA-TYPE 2041. Paratypes. Clipperton Island • 2 specimens; Sta. 15 (no coordinates); chaetopterid tube mass and small stones; 37 m; 19. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga & L. Dugrais, leg.; ECOSUR 275 (small, dorsal cirri remaining in many parapodia; body 4.0 - 11.5 mm long, 0.2 - 0.5 mm wide, 27 - 79 chaetigers; largest one with pharynx partially exposed; longest tentacular cirri reaching chaetigers 2 - 6; anal cirri as long as last 2 - 3 chaetigers; pharynx basal dorsal and ventral surfaces smooth) • 1 specimen; Sta. 23; 10 ° 17.50 ’ N, 109 ° 13.55 ’ W; anchoring point of Rara Avis; night dive; coral rubble, platform margin; 18 m; 22. I. 2005; S. Hourdez & K. - L. Kaiser, leg.; MNHN-IA-TYPE 2042 (complete; no pigmentation left; pharynx papillae and parapodial features fit the original description; body 28 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, 156 chaetigers; longest tentacular cirri reach chaetiger 8; anal cirri as long as last 2 chaetigers) • 1 specimen; Sta. 24; 10 ° 17.93 ’ N, 109 ° 14.00 ’ W; coral rubble; night dive; 23 m; 22. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga & L. Dugrais, leg.; MNHN- IA-TYPE 2043 (small specimen, pale; body 14 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, 90 chaetigers; pharynx basal region with 5 left rows and 12 irregular ones on the right side; ventral and dorsal surfaces smooth; longest tentacular cirri reach chaetiger 10; anal cirri as long as last 3 chaetigers) • 2 specimens; Sta. 26; 10 ° 19.34 ’ N, 109 ° 13.40 ’ W; base of coral mound; 54 m; 23. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard & L. Dugrais, leg.; ECOSUR 276 (both without posterior end; larger one with about half as many segments as the smaller one; body 22 - 30 mm long, 1.5 - 2.0 mm wide, 84 - 185 chaetigers; longest tentacular cirri reach chaetiger 10; pharynx basal area with 6 rows on the left, and 5 ones on the right; middorsal pharynx surface with 4 papillae in an irregular line; midventral surface smooth; aperture with 16 marginal papillae). ADDITIONAL MATERIAL. — Clipperton Island • 2 specimens; Sta. 18; 10 ° 19.22 ’ N, 109 ° 13.38 ’ W; rocks; suction pump, sediment under rocks; 55 m; 20. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga, L. Dugrais, leg. ECOSUR (smallest complete, pharynx not exposed; body pale, 28 - 38 mm long, 0.8 - 1.8 mm wide, 190 - 203 chaetigers) • 1 specimen; Sta. 26; 10 ° 19.34 ’ N, 109 ° 13.40 ’ W; base of coral mound; 54 m; 23. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Dugrais, leg.; MNHN (complete, dried-out, broken into two pieces, posterior dorsal cirri with small, brown spots; larger section with most of body and few far, posterior chaetigers; body 20 (+ 8) mm long, 2.5 mm wide, pharynx fully everted 2.5 mm long) • 2 specimens; Sta. 36; 10 ° 17.49 ’ N, 109 ° 13.56 ’ W; anchoring of Rara Avis; 54 m; 27. I. 2005; S. Hourdez, K. - L. Kaiser, J. - M. Bompar, leg.; MNHN (preserved in ethanol; soft, delicate, apparently dead before being fixed).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B34AA2A957CB480B77F0353.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Anaitides with prostomium as long as wide; eyes ¼ as long as prostomial width; pharynx basal region with 8 - 9 large, foliose papillae per row; dorsal cirri lanceolate, slightly longer than wide; ventral cirri pointed, longer than neurochaetal lobes.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B34AA2A957CB480B77F0353.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet is to honor Laurent Albenga, who participated in the collecting team, and collected the holotype used for the description. The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case (ICZN 1999, Art. 31.1.2).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B34AA2A957CB480B77F0353.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Only known from Clipperton Island, in rocks and corals, 18 - 54 m depth.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B34AA2A957CB480B77F0353.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Body Holotype (MNHN-IA-TYPE 2041) complete mature female, many dorsal cirri distorted or lost, pharynx completely everted (Fig. 2 A). Body pigmentation almost completely faded out, with some dark pigment along dorsum forming a longitudinal, irregular band, and in some anterior dorsal cirri; body 74 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 258 chaetigers. Anterior end Prostomium cordate, slightly distorted by pharynx eversion (Fig. 2 B), about as long as wide, slightly bent ventrally, with a slight anterior projection. Palps and antennae oblong, tapered, of similar length; lateral antennae curved, palps oblong tapered, directed laterally. Nuchal papilla minute. Eyes dark brown, reniform, placed towards posterior prostomial half, 1 / 6 - 1 / 7 as long as prostomial width. Nuchal organs as long as wide, about as wide as lateral antennal bases, displaced laterally above tentacular cirri of segment 1. Posterior prostomial notch shallow. Segments 1 and 2 dorsally reduced, segment 3 projected anteriorly. Pharynx Pharynx completely everted, contracted, basal region ¼ as long as total pharynx length; lower papillae mostly larger, globular to depressed, smaller globular papillae; dorsal surface with 3 small papillae, left side with 6 irregular rows of similar papillae, right side with about 10 irregular rows, larger papillae dorsolateral, smaller papillae ventrolateral (Fig. 2 C); ventral surface smooth. Pharynx distal region hexagonal in cross-section, corners with 11 - 12 large, blunt conical ridges per row; aperture with 17 marginal lobate papillae (Fig. 2 D). Tentacular cirri and parapodia Tentacular cirri all cirriform; dorsal cirri of segment 1 reaching segment 6 (chaetiger 3); dorsal cirri of segment 2 reaching segment 13 (chaetiger 10); dorsal cirri of segment 3 displaced ventrally reaching segment 11 (chaetiger 8). Segment 3 without neurochaetae. Segment 4 with dorsal and ventral cirri foliose, lanceolate, and neurochaetal lobe and neurochaetae. Parapodia with dorsal and ventral cirri lanceolate, ventral cirri tapered, projected beyond neurochaetal lobe, progressively longer posteriorly. Anterior chaetigers (Fig. 2 E) with dorsal cirri tapered, about twice longer than wide; neurochaetal lobe with supracicular lobe slightly longer than subacicular one, about 15 compound spinigers per bundle; ventral cirri slightly projected beyond neurochaetal lobe. Median chaetigers (Fig. 2 F) with slightly shorter, wider dorsal cirri, slightly longer than wide; neurochaetal lobe with supracicular lobe more clearly projected than subacicular one, about 12 compound spinigers per bundle; ventral cirri more clearly projected beyond neurochaetal lobe. Posterior chaetigers (Fig. 2 G) with slightly shorter dorsal cirri, about twice longer than wide; neurochaetal lobe with supracicular lobe longer than subacicular one, about 10 compound spinigers per bundle. Neurochaetae with handle smooth, distally expanded, with fine denticles covering all expanded area, denticles progressively longer distally: blades long, delicate, often bent, cutting edge finely denticulate along almost all its length. Posterior region Tapered into a blunt cone; pygidium with anus terminal, anal cirri lost. Oocytes Visible in parapodial spaces, especially abundant in median chaetigers; each about 50 - 60 µm in diameter. VARIATION The nuchal organs are retracted if the pharynx is not exposed (Fig. 3 A); they become visible after the pharynx is fully exposed (Fig. 3 F). The eye shape varies from reniform to oval. Tentacular cirri changes with size; smallest specimens had their longest ones reaching chaetiger 2; they stabilize about reaching chaetiger 10 at 14 mm body length. The basal pharynx region is variable; it is often asymmetrical having regular rows on one side, and irregular ones on the other, and the number of rows varies from 5 - 6 regular ones to about 10 irregular ones. The dorsal surface is often smooth, but there can be up to 3 - 4 papillae in an irregular row. The ventral surface is always smooth. The dorsal cirri are narrower in anterior and posterior chaetigers, whereas they are slightly wider in median ones. The typical ciliary band in dorsal cirri are present along their posterior surface; staining helps making them more visible, but their length is progressively reduced in posterior chaetigers. It runs close to the inner margin as a straight band, running almost the entire length of the inner margin in median chaetigers (Fig. 3 B, C), and becoming shorter and thinner in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 3 D, E). Anal cirri are rarely present because the posterior region is delicate; if present, they are as long as the length from the last 2 - 3 chaetigers before the anus.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B34AA2A957CB480B77F0353.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Anaitides albengai n. sp. resembles A. cf medipapillata sensu Villalobos-Guerrero & Tovar-Hernández, 2014 from Western Mexico because they have prostomium cordate, as long as wide, dorsal cirri lanceolate slightly longer than wide, and ventral cirri pointed. Their main differences are in the size of ventral cirri and in the shape and number of papillae per row in the basal pharynx region. In A. albengai n. sp. the ventral cirri extend beyond neurochaetal lobes, and there are 8 - 9 large, foliose papillae per row, whereas in A. cf medipapillata ventral cirri are as long as neurochaetal lobes, and there are 11 large, round papillae per row.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3494C7B580B361017D.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Nereiphylla paretti de Blainville, 1828, by subsequent designation (Bergström 1914: 102, 163).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3494C7B580B361017D.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (modified after Pleijel 1991). — Phyllodocids with prostomium oval, with two oblong tapered lateral antennae; without median antenna or nuchal papilla. Nuchal organs not projected posteriorly. Four pairs of tentacular cirri, all cirriform, usually medially wider. Median segments with dorsal cirri cordate to oval, without aciculae. Ventral cirri oblique to neurochaetal lobes. Acicular lobes of similar size. Neurochaetal shafts with long marginal denticles. Anal cirri basally wider. Pharyngeal surface with diffuse round papillae.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3494C7B580B361017D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — The species of Nereiphylla have been described from tropical, temperate and polar localities throughout the world, mostly in shallow water.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3494C7B580B361017D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Many authors preferred to use the junior synonym, Genetyllis Malmgren, 1867, over Nereiphylla. Among these authors is Day (1967), whereas others used first the older (Fauvel 1923) and later the younger names (Fauvel 1953). Some other authors regarded both genera as valid (Bergström 1914; Hartman 1959), being separated by having cylindrical versus depressed tentacular cirri. Pleijel (1991: 235) noted tentacular cirri are flatter in larger specimens of both genera and concluded they could not be kept separate on this single difference and regarded them as synonyms. For the key to species, the lists available in WoRMS (Read & Fauchald 2020 a, b) were adjusted mostly after Pleijel (1991).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3494C7B580B361017D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Nereiphylla albovittata Grube, 1860 from the Adriatic Sea has not been found again, and it could not be incorporated in the key, but it can be keyed out by using keys in Fauvel (1923). Nereiphylla oculata (M’Intosh, 1885), described with hesitation as belonging in Genetyllis, from the Celebes Sea, does not belong in Nereiphylla. The specimen was slightly dried-out when McIntosh studied it, and he indicated it had several unique features. For example, the eyes resemble those present in alciopins, the tentacular cirri are displaced anteriorly and dorsally, such that they are arranged transverse to body length axis, and he also indicated the body wall differs from what is seen in other phyllodocids. Chaetae are compound falcigers, but nothing else could be indicative for its generic placement, and if its prostomial and tentacular cirri features are corroborated, it might represent an unknown group of bathypelagic polychaetes. The anterior end of the single specimen was subjected to histological sectioning for illustrating fine details of eyes, although it was referred to as N. lutea (Malmgren, 1865) in the following page with a contribution by Marcus Gunn on the eyes and cephalic ganglion. In any case, being it a confusion of the species name, or a detailed study based on the Scandinavian species, fresh specimens from the Celebes Sea are needed to clarify its affinities.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3697DCB286B50207ED.taxon	description	(Fig. 4) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3237 FFEC-D 57 E- 4 F 6 D- 8855 - 482224 D 3 A 114	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3697DCB286B50207ED.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Clipperton Island • 1 specimen; Sta. 16; 10 ° 19.22 ’ N, 109 ° 13.38 ’ W; cryptic organisms among rocks; hand collecting; 55 m; 19. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga, L. Dugrais, leg.; MNHN-IA-TYPE 2044. Paratypes. Clipperton Island • 2 specimens; Sta. 16; 10 ° 19.22 ’ N, 109 ° 13.38 ’ W; stone cryptic organisms; hand collecting; 55 m; 19. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga, L. Dugrais leg.; MNHN- IA-TYPE 2045 (without posterior region; pharynx partially or fully everted; dorsal cirri paler anteriorly, darker in median and posterior chaetigers; dark brown pigmentation in globular glands along dorsum, especially in parapodial regions forming an ill-defined band, sometimes reduced to two lateral spots close to parapodia, and variably abundant in parapodia; fragments 4.7 - 5.2 mm long, 0.25 - 0.30 mm wide, 65 - 6 chaetigers) • 1 specimen; Sta. 15 (no coordinates); chaetopterid tube mass and small stones; 37 m; 19. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga, L. Dugrais, leg.; ECOSUR 277 (complete, broken into three pieces; pharynx partially everted; anterior fragment twisted, prostomium directed backwards; anterior fragment 2.7 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, 38 chaetigers; longest tentacular cirri reach chaetiger 5 - 6; anterior dorsal cirri pale, posterior ones darker; posterior fragment 0.8 mm long, 0.15 mm wide, 18 chaetigers).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3697DCB286B50207ED.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Nereiphylla with prostomium rectangular, longer than wide; lateral antennae half as long as prostomial width; eyes 1 / 6 - 1 / 7 prostomial width; longest tentacular cirri reach chaetiger 5; dorsal cirri cordate, blunt, longer than wide; ventral cirri oval, blunt.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3697DCB286B50207ED.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet is after Dr. Jean-Luis Étienne, a famous French explorer and writer, as a modest homage after his efforts for organizing the Clipperton 2004 - 2005 Expedition. It meant a lot of work and coordination to support about 30 researchers doing field work for 5 months on the island. He also wrote the chapter on the history of the island (Étienne 2009). The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case (ICZN 1999, Art. 31.1.2).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3697DCB286B50207ED.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Only known from Clipperton Island, in rocky bottoms, 37 - 55 m depth.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3697DCB286B50207ED.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Body Holotype (MNHN-IA-TYPE 2044) an anterior fragment, almost cylindrical, brownish, with most cirri on site, anterior cirri paler (Fig. 4 A); body truncate anteriorly, of similar width throughout fragment, 2.7 mm long, 0.3 mm wide, 33 chaetigers. Prostomium rectangular, slightly longer than wide (Fig. 4 A). Lateral antennae and palps oblong tapered, of similar length, half as long as prostomial width (Fig. 3 B); without median antenna. Eyes dark brown, about 1 / 7 as long as prostomial width. Posterior prostomial notch not seen, a paler area visible, but not depressed. Segment 1 completely reduced dorsally. Nuchal organs not seen. Pharynx Pharynx partially exposed in paratypes (Fig. 4 B), brownish, as long as first 6 segments; surface completely covered by globular papillae, in alternating rows, each papilla slightly longer than wide; 8 - 9 larger papillae in aperture. Tentacular cirri Tentacular cirri all cirriform, tapered; cirri of segment 1 reaching segment 4 (chaetiger 2); dorsal cirri of segment 2 longest, reaching segments 7 - 8 (chaetiger 5 - 6), ventral cirri of segment 2 reaching segment 4 (chaetiger 2); dorsal cirri of segment 3 reaching segment 7 (chaetiger 5). Segment 3 with neuropodial lobe and chaetae. Parapodia and chaetae Parapodia with dorsal cirri cordate, longer than wide, with better defined tips in anterior chaetigers, blunt in median and posterior ones; dorsal cirri paler in anterior chaetigers, darker in median and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 4 C, D). Parapodial glands globular, brownish to dark brown, often projected from body wall giving cirri a rugose outline. Neuropodial lobe conical, acicular lobes not defined. Neurochaetae 7 - 8 compound spinigers per bundle; handle prismatic, almost smooth, blades delicate, 8 - 9 × longer than wide, finely denticulate. Ventral cirri oval, blunt, with less pigmented glands than dorsal cirri, barely longer than neurochaetal lobe. Posterior parapodia in one paratype (ECOSUR 277) with abundant spermatids in coelom. Posterior region Visible in one paratype (Fig. 4 D) tapered into a blunt cone; pygidium with anus terminal, anal cirri 2 - 3 × longer than dorsal cirri of previous chaetigers, lanceolate, with long tips and abundant brownish globular glands. VARIATION Pigmentation varies, with the anterior region often paler than median and posterior ones. Globular pigmented glands vary in abundance along body; dorsum often with a transverse band with abundant to sparse glands, and in paler segments often one pair of pigmented glands are visible one on each side, close to parapodial bases. The prostomial shape is not modified after pharynx eversion. Dorsal cirri are longer and with tips better defined along anterior chaetigers, but in median and posterior chaetigers they become shorter and with tips less defined. One of the paratypes (ECOSUR) has spermatids in parapodial coelom and although the other specimens were not dissected, they are regarded as mature organisms, not juveniles despite their small size.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B37AA3697DCB286B50207ED.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Nereiphylla etiennei n. sp. resembles what Gardiner (1976: 113, Fig. 7 h-k) recorded from the Northwestern Atlantic as N. castanea (von Marenzeller, 1879). These two species have prostomium longer than wide, eyes 1 / 6 - 1 / 7 as long as prostomial width, longest tentacular cirri reaching chaetiger 5, dorsal cirri cordate, longer than wide, and ventral cirri oval, blunt. These species differ especially because in N. etiennei n. sp. the prostomium is rectangular, lateral antennae are half as long as prostomial width, and ventral cirri are barely longer than neurochaetal lobe, whereas in Gardiner’s specimens the prostomium is oval, lateral antennae are 1 / 3 as long as prostomial width, and ventral cirri are longer than neurochaetal lobes. On the other hand, N. castanea has been recorded from many different localities throughout the world. Some of the records include descriptions and illustrations such that they were regarded as different from the typical form in the key above, as redescribed by Izuka (1912: 199, Pl. 21, Fig. 3). These differences deserve a further study to clarify their relevance and if confirmed, they should be regarded as distinct species. This, however, is beyond the objective of this contribution.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2BAA319537B225B3600041.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Eulalia (Pterocirrus) velifera Claparède, 1868 by subsequent designation (Bergström 1914: 98); junior synonym of Phyllodoce (Eulalia) macroceros Grube, 1860 after Grube (1880: 211).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2BAA319537B225B3600041.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (modified after Pleijel 1991). — Phyllodocids with prostomium oval to cordate with two lateral antennae, median antenna well developed; eyes usually large, well developed. Nuchal organs not projected posteriorly. Four pairs of tentacular cirri; dorsal cirri cylindrical to medially widened, ventral cirri similar except in segment 2, being larger, foliose. Median segments with dorsal cirri lanceolate to cordate. Supracicular lobes blunt to tapered, sometimes more projected than subacicular lobes. Neurochaetal shafts with scarce distal denticles. Anal cirri tapered. Pharyngeal surface with abundant filiform papillae, rarely globose.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2BAA319537B225B3600041.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — The species of Pterocirrus have been described mostly from shallow-water localities from tropical, temperate and polar seas.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2BAA319537B225B3600041.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Pterocirrus Claparède, 1868 was proposed as a subgenus in Eulalia Savigny, 1822, and it was regarded as an independent genus by Michaelsen (1892: 103), de Saint-Joseph (1895: 226), and Ehlers (1904: 17). However, Bergström (1914: 99) regarded it as a junior synonym of Sige Malmgren, 1865. His conclusion was surprising because of three facts. First, Sige lacks winged ventral cirri in segment 2, which were used for naming the subgenus as Pterocirrus. Second, Sige has digitate, markedly projected supracicular lobes, which are not so projected in Pterocirrus. Third, in Sige the pharynx appears smooth, but in Pterocirrus it was characterized as having abundant large, blunt papillae by McIntosh (1908: 62). As part of his monograph on Northwestern Pacific polychaetes, Uschakov (1972: 151) included a key to phyllodocid genera, reinstated Pterocirrus as an independent genus, and provided a diagnosis and a key for identifying its species. Uschakov’s proposal was followed by Banse (1973), Banse & Hobson (1974), and Fauchald (1977). Pleijel (1991) analysed the phylogeny and proposed a new classification for the Phyllodocidae, including revised diagnosis for all genera. On the other hand, Pterocirrus resembles Eulalia Savigny, 1822 because in both genera, ventral cirri of segment 2 are wider than the others, although in Eulalia they are not so markedly expanded as in Pterocirrus, and in Eulalia the pharynx has globular papillae, but they are thinner, filiform in Pterocirrus. Further, in Eulalia acicular lobes are blunt, of similar size, whereas in Pterocirrus the supracicular lobe is often more projected than the subacicular one.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2CAA3297EBB681B31D042C.taxon	description	(Figs 5; 6) urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 44 CEE 99 - D 71 E- 494 B- 91 B 8 - 42386 A 8 A 08 BE	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2CAA3297EBB681B31D042C.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. Clipperton Island • 1 specimen; Sta. 34; 10 ° 18.75 ’ N, 109 ° 12.02 ’ W; fallen coral mound; 20 m to 55 m; 26. I. 2005; S. Hourdez, K. - L. Kaiser, J. - M. Bompar, leg.; MNHN-IA-TYPE 2046. Paratypes. Clipperton Island • 3 specimens; Sta. 15 (no coordinates); chaetopterid tube mass and small stones; 37 m; 19. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga, L. Dugrais, leg.; MNHN-IA-TYPE 2047 (anterior body third widest, without tentacular cirri, most dorsal cirri lost; largest paratype mature female, without posterior end; 6 - 5 - 17.0 mm long, 0.9 - 1.9 mm wide, complete paratypes with 76 - 98 segments, largest with 106 segments. 15 - 22 neurochaetae per bundle. Oocytes in parapodial space from segment 40, each 30 - 40 µm in diameter. Medium-sized specimen with blackish pigmentation along posterior body half) • 1 specimen; Sta. 24; 10 ° 17.93 ’ N, 109 ° 14.00 ’ W; coral rubble; night dive; 23 m; 22. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga, L. Dugrais, leg.; ECOSUR 278 (Body twisted, brownish anteriorly, dorsally with continuous pigmentation, darker inter-segmentally, ventrally up to segment 25 with a paler midventral oval area, following segments paler. Anterior fragment 6.6 mm long, 0.8 mm wide (excluding chaetae), 54 segments; dorsal tentacular cirri of segment 2 reach chaetiger 25 - 26; ventral tentacular cirri of segment 2 with long arista, tip curved; about 14 neurochaetae per bundle). ADDITIONAL MATERIAL. — Clipperton Island • 1; Sta. 18; 10 ° 19.22 ’ N, 109 ° 13.38 ’ W; rocks; suction pump, sediment under rocks; 55 m; 20. I. 2005; J. - M. Bouchard, L. Albenga, L. Dugrais, leg. ECOSUR (anterior fragment twisted, tentacular and dorsal cirri lost, pharynx not exposed; dorsum brownish; fragment 8.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, chaetigers).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2CAA3297EBB681B31D042C.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Pterocirrus with prostomium cordate, posterior margins entire, not projected posteriorly, median antennae inserted close to anterior margin; palps and antennae of similar size; dorsum with homogeneous pigmentation; acicular lobes of similar size; neurochaetae with handles smooth. Pharynx with abundant long papillae.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2CAA3297EBB681B31D042C.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The specific name is to honor Dr Jean-Marie Bouchard, a crustacean specialist who participated in the Clipperton Expedition, and was involved in sampling benthic samples, including the ones used for naming this species. The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case (ICZN 1999, Art. 31.1.2).	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2CAA3297EBB681B31D042C.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Only known from the type locality, Clipperton Island, in subtidal rocky bottoms, 20 - 55 m depth.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2CAA3297EBB681B31D042C.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Body Holotype (MNHN-IA-TYPE 2046), juvenile with many dorsal cirri retained, pharynx almost completely exposed (Fig. 5 A); body truncate anteriorly, wider by segment 20, tapered posteriorly; dorsum brownish, paler medially and posteriorly: body 9 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, 78 segments. Anterior end Prostomium cordate, distorted by everted pharynx, slightly bent posteriorly, barely wider than long, without anterior protuberance (Fig. 5 B). Palps and antennae oblong tapered; palps and antennae of similar length, median antennae inserted close to anterior prostomial margin. Eyes large, brownish, subcircular, 1 / 3 as long as prostomial width. Posterior prostomial notch not seen. Segment 1 visible as a thin fusiform pigmented area. Nuchal organs not seen. Pharynx Pharynx exposed, including a smooth posterior enteric region, twice longer than pharynx, pharynx with abundant papillae (Fig. 5 B), almost twice as wide as enteric portion. Each papilla 3 - 4 × longer than wide, tapered, tips bent posteriorly. Pharynx aperture not seen. Tentacular cirri Tentacular cirri of segment 1 cirriform, reaching segments 9 - 10 (chaetigers 5 - 6); dorsal cirri of segments 2 and 3 cirriform, reaching segments 18 - 20 (chaetigers 14 - 16); ventral cirri of segment 2 with a large foliose projection, reaching segments 9 - 10 (chaetigers 5 - 6). Segment 3 without neuropodial lobes or chaetae. Segment 4 with neuropodial lobes and chaetae. Parapodia with dorsal cirri lanceolate, basally asymmetrical, mucronate, twice longer than wide, becoming slightly thinner in posterior segments (Fig. 5 D). Supracicular lobes larger, more projected than infracicular ones (Fig. 5 C), especially along anterior segments. Neurochaetae 12 - 15 compound spinigers per bundle; handles subdistally smooth (under 40 X enlargements), blades delicate, 20 - 25 × longer than wide, denticulate, denticles larger basally. Ventral cirri oval, pointed, about twice longer than wide. Posterior region Tapered into a blunt cone; pygidium with anus terminal, anal cirri lost. VARIATION The holotype and three of the paratypes are juveniles (6.5 - 9.0 mm long, 0.8 - 0.9 mm wide) showing brownish pigmentation dorsally and ventrally along anterior region in one paratype. One juvenile paratype (ECOSUR 278), slightly damaged (Fig. 6 A), has darker intersegmental areas dorsally (Fig. 6 B), and ventrally with pale midventral oval areas along a few anterior segments (Fig. 6 C), following segments with a progressively smaller pigmented area. The largest paratype (MNHN-IA-TYPE 2047) is a colorless, posteriorly incomplete mature female without tentacular or parapodial cirri (Fig. 6 D) which also has intersegmental darker dorsal areas, but venter pale. This adult female is an anterior fragment (17 mm long, 1.9 mm wide), with oocytes floating in the coelomic parapodial spaces (Fig. 6 E), each oval about 30 - 40 µm in length, and starting from about segment 40. Prostomial features such as eyes (size and pigmentation), as well as palps and antennae (size and insertion) are conservative, and show no modifications in the type material, although one antenna or cirrus were frequently missing. Because tentacular and dorsal cirri are dehiscent, their size-related modifications remain unknown; however, in the holotype dorsal cirri retain a similar shape throughout body, although they become slightly narrower along posterior segments. Neurochaetal numbers are somehow size-dependent because there are about 14 in smaller paratypes, and 22 in the largest one. In Pterocirrus species, neurochaetal handles look smooth, as indicated by Eibye-Jacobsen (1991), because they have a very short distal denticulated area.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
B716DD329B2CAA3297EBB681B31D042C.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Pterocirrus bouchardi n. sp. resembles P. montereyensis (Hartman, 1936) described from central California, and recently redescribed by Pleijel et al. (2012), because they have a cordate prostomium, palps and lateral antennae of similar size, median antenna inserted close to anterior prostomial margin, eyes half as long as prostomial length, and segments dorsally smooth. These two species differ regarding the relative size of median to lateral antennae, dorsal cirri, and acicular lobes. In P. bouchardi n. sp. the median antenna is as long as lateral ones, dorsal cirri are tapered, without subdistal constriction, and acicular lobes are barely divergent, not separated from each other. On the contrary, in P. montereyensis the median antenna is smaller than the lateral ones, dorsal cirri are subdistally constricted, and acicular lobes are divergent, and medially separated from each other. The reason why the juvenile was selected as the holotype is after it has the characteristic limbate ventral cirrus in chaetiger 2, whereas the adult specimen lost the cirri almost completely, and especially the diagnostic ones.	en	Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2022): New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island. Zoosystema 44 (1): 1-26, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2022v44a1
