identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D5B246FFC9FFD5FF57FB995C3836E1.text	03D5B246FFC9FFD5FF57FB995C3836E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neodraco Parker & Near 2022	<div><p>Neodraco, new genus</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 489B040E-2B31-48C9-A814- C77310289EDB</p> <p>Type species.— Artedidraco skottsbergi (Lönnberg, 1905: 48–49; Fig. 1).</p> <p>Definition.— The least inclusive clade that includes Neodraco skottsbergi (Lönnberg, 1905) and Neodraco loennbergi (Roule, 1913). The reference phylogeny is one inferred from the min84 dataset (including DNA sequences of 64,980 ddRAD loci) presented in Figure 2.</p> <p>Diagnosis.— First dorsal fin with two to three spines, second dorsal fin with 24 to 28 rays, anal fin with 14 to 17 rays, and pectoral fin with 17 to 21 rays. The upper lateral line has 2 to 9 anterior tubular scales and 1 to 16 posterior disc-shaped scales. Number of vertebrae ranges between 36 and 40. In the caudal skeleton, the parhypural and lower hypural plate are fused with the urostyle (Eakin, 1981). The depth of the head is similar to the body depth to the caudal peduncle. The diameter of the orbit exceeds the length of the snout. The interorbital width is narrow, ranging 13 to 24 times smaller than the head length. The mental barbel is short, ranging between 3.8 to 11.0 times smaller than the head length. There are 6 to 8 dark patches of pigment at the bases of the two dorsal fins that form saddles when viewed from above (Eakin, 1990).</p> <p>Comparisons.— Neodraco is distinguished from species of Artedidraco in having 2 to 9 tubular scales in the upper</p> <p>lateral line (more than 6 in the latter), with the tubular scale row not extending beyond the first ray of the second dorsal fin (upper lateral line extends well under the dorsal fin in Artedidraco), 17 or 18 gill rakers on the first gill arch (13 to 16 in Artedidraco), and two to three spines in the first dorsal fin (three to five in Artedidraco; Eakin, 1981, 1990; Eakin et al., 2015). Neodraco differs from Dolloidraco longedorsalis in having fewer than 8 tubular scales in the upper lateral line and the first dorsal fin is positioned above the base of the pectoral fin versus 8 to 18 tubular upper lateral-line scales and the placement of the first dorsal fin above the operculum in D. longedorsalis (Norman, 1938; Eakin, 1990). Neodraco is distinguished from Histiodraco velifer and species of Pogonophryne by the absence of post-temporal ridges (Norman, 1938; Eakin, 1990).</p> <p>Etymology.— From the Ancient Greek words me´oç (neos) meaning new and dqajxm´(dracon) meaning dragon. The name Neodraco highlights that this is a newly-described lineage of Artedidraconinae identified through the application of molecular phylogenetics (Derome et al., 2002; Lecointre et al., 2011; Near et al., 2012, 2018).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5B246FFC9FFD5FF57FB995C3836E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Parker, Elyse;Near, Thomas J.	Parker, Elyse, Near, Thomas J. (2022): Phylogeny Reconciles Classification in Antarctic Plunderfishes. Ichthyology & Herpetology 110 (4): 662-674, DOI: 10.1643/i2021126, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2021126
03D5B246FFC9FFD3FC82F9CC58B33178.text	03D5B246FFC9FFD3FC82F9CC58B33178.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Artedidraconinae A. P. Andriashev 1967	<div><p>Artedidraconinae A. P. Andriashev 1967: 403</p> <p>Type species.— Artedidraco mirus Lönnberg (1905: 40–41).</p> <p>Definition.— The least inclusive clade that includes Artedidraco mirus Lönnberg (1905: 40–41), Neodraco skottsbergi (Lönnberg, 1905: 48–49), and Dolloidraco longedorsalis Roule (1913: 16), but not Harpagifer bispinis (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801: 45).</p> <p>Morphological apomorphies.— (1) Presence of a mental barbel (Eakin, 1981; Balushkin, 2000), (2) five branchiostegal rays (Eakin, 1981; Balushkin, 2000), (3) opercle with a flattened hook (Eakin, 1981), (4) floating pleural ribs starting on 5 th to 8 th vertebrae, or absent (Eakin, 1981; Balushkin, 2000), and (5) four or five hypurals (Eakin, 1981).</p> <p>Composition.— There are 12 valid and distinct species of Artedidraconinae with three species of Artedidraco, two species of Neodraco, five species of Pogonophryne, Dolloidraco longedorsalis, and Histiodraco velifer. Eastman and Eakin (2021) list 27 species of Pogonophryne, but analysis of morphology and DNA sequences of ddRAD loci lead to the delimitation of only five described species in the clade (Parker et al., 2021). Based on analyses of morphology and DNA sequences of ddRAD loci presented in this study, we recognized three species of Artedidraco. We treat Artedidraco glareobarbatus (Eastman and Eakin, 1999) as a junior synonym of A. shackletoni (Waite, 1911). Pending additional morphological and molecular analyses, we suggest that the recognition of A. longibarbatus (Eakin et al., 2015) as a distinct species is unwarranted.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5B246FFC9FFD3FC82F9CC58B33178	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Parker, Elyse;Near, Thomas J.	Parker, Elyse, Near, Thomas J. (2022): Phylogeny Reconciles Classification in Antarctic Plunderfishes. Ichthyology & Herpetology 110 (4): 662-674, DOI: 10.1643/i2021126, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2021126
03D5B246FFCFFFD0FF57FD6758F334F3.text	03D5B246FFCFFFD0FF57FD6758F334F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harpagiferidae T. Gill 1861	<div><p>Harpagiferidae T. Gill 1861: 510</p> <p>Type species.— Harpagifer bispinis (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801: 45).</p> <p>Definition.— The least inclusive clade that includes Harpagifer bispinis (Forster) and Artedidraco mirus Lönnberg (1905: 40– 41). The reference phylogeny is one inferred from a Sanger sequenced dataset comprising two mitochondrial gene regions and seven nuclear genes (Dornburg et al., 2017: fig. 2).</p> <p>Morphological apomorphies.— (1) Gill membranes are united and joined at the isthmus but do not form a fold (Eakin, 1981; Balushkin, 2000) and (2) the presence of one or two epurals (Eakin, 1981).</p> <p>Composition.— There are 18 valid and distinct species of Harpagiferidae with six species of Harpagifer and 12 species of Artedidraconinae. Duhamel et al. (2005: 328, 358) and Eastman and Eakin (2021) call into question the distinctiveness of the five additional species of Harpagifer described by V. P. Prirodina and A. V. Neyelov (H. andirashevi Prirodina 2000, H. nybelini Prirodina 2002, H. crozetensis Prirodina 2004, H. macquariensis Prirodina 2000, and H. permitini Neyelov and Prirodina 2006). Duhamel et al. (2005) warn that these species are diagnosed primarily by the degree of development of the supraorbital protuberance, which is known to vary widely within a single species (Eastman and Eakin, 2021). Given these concerns, we conservatively recognize six species of Harpagifer and suggest that species delimitation analyses based on morphological and molecular data are needed to confirm the distinctiveness of the five species described by V. P. Prirodina and A. V. Neyelov.</p> <p>Phylogenetic analyses.— Consistent with previous molecular phylogenetic studies (Derome et al., 2002; Lecointre et al., 2011; Near et al., 2012, 2018), Artedidraco sensu lato (s.l.) is paraphyletic in the ddRAD phylogenies inferred from both concatenated data and species tree analyses (Figs. 2, 3). A clade containing Neodraco skottsbergi and N. loennbergi is resolved as the sister lineage of all other species of Artedidraconinae. All other species of Artedidraco sensu stricto (s.s.) included in this study (A. orianae, A. mirus, A. glareobarbatus, and A. shackletoni) resolve as a monophyletic group with strong node support (Figs. 2, 3). Relationships among species of Artedidraco are consistent and strongly supported across all analyses: specimens of A. shackletoni do not resolve as a monophyletic group because specimens of A. glareobarbatus are nested within the species (Figs. 2A, 3A). A clade containing A. shackletoni, specimens of A. glareobarbatus, and A. mirus is resolved as the sister lineage of A. orianae (Figs. 2, 3).</p> <p>In both the concatenated and species tree analyses of the min84 dataset, Artedidraco is resolved as sister to a clade containing Histiodraco velifer and Pogonophryne (Figs. 2A, 3A). This clade, inclusive of Artedidraco, H. velifer, and Pogonophryne, is resolved as the sister lineage of Dolloidraco longedorsalis (Figs. 2A, 3A). These relationships among the major artedidraconine lineages are also resolved in the species tree analysis of the min126 dataset (Fig. 3B); however, the concatenated analyses of the min126 and min144 datasets as well as the species tree analysis of the min144 dataset result in slightly different topologies. In each of these analyses, D. longedorsalis is resolved as the sister lineage of the clade containing H. velifer and Pogonophryne, and this clade including D. longedorsalis, H. velifer, and Pogonophryne is resolved as the sister lineage of Artedidraco (Figs. 2B, C, 3C). These alternative phylogenetic hypotheses likely emerge from differences in the phylogenetic information content across our analyzed datasets. Specifically, the hypothesized placement of D. longedorsalis as sister to H. velifer and Pogonophryne is resolved only in datasets which contain fewer missing data and therefore also include fewer loci (Figs. 2, 3). It has been demonstrated that stricter thresholds on missing data may result in the filtering out of loci with the highest mutation rates, thereby producing datasets with lower phylogenetic information content (Huang and Knowles, 2016). The reduction of phylogenetic informativeness in the datasets with fewer loci is evident by the decreasing node support observed for bipartitions in the phylogenies as the number of loci in a dataset is reduced (Figs. 2, 3).</p> <p>Morphology.— There are significant differences among species of Artedidraco and Neodraco in several meristic traits (Fig. 4; Tables 1–4; Supplemental Tables S3–4; see Data Accessibility). Neodraco loennbergi and N. skottsbergi exhibit a significantly lower mean number of tubular upper lateral-line scales compared with species of Artedidraco (pairwise rank sum Wilcoxon test: P, 0.05 for comparisons with all species except A. longibarbatus; Table 1, Supplemental Table S4f; see Data Accessibility). The mean number of spines in the first dorsal fin exhibited by A. shackletoni and A. glareobarbatus is significantly higher than that of species of Neodraco and A. mirus (P, 0.05 for all comparisons; Table 2; Supplemental Table S4b; see Data Accessibility). Artedidraco mirus, A. orianae, and A. longibarbatus exhibit fewer anal-fin rays than observed in other species of Artedidraco and the two species of Neodraco (Table 3). In addition, Artedidraco mirus and A. orianae exhibit a lower mean number of second dorsal-fin rays (Table 4).</p> <p>The disparity in the meristic traits is reflected in the results of the PCA (Fig. 4). The first three PC axes account for 93.4% of the variance in meristic traits. The first PC axis (51.2% of the variation) mostly represents variation in the first dorsal-fin spines and the number of tubular scales in the upper lateral line, the second PC axis (30.2%) mostly describes variation in the number of second dorsal-fin rays and anal-fin rays, and the third PC axis (12.0%) mostly represents variation in the number of pectoral-fin rays. Plotting PC2 against PC1 reveals separation of Neodraco skottsbergi and N. loennbergi from all species of Artedidraco along both PC2 and PC1 (Fig. 4). The distribution of specimens in the PC meristic morphospace is consistent with the diagnosis of Neodraco by a lower number of tubular scales in the upper lateral line as well two or three spines in the first dorsal fin (Fig. 4; Tables 1, 2). The PC plot shows almost no separation of A. shackletoni and A. glareobarbatus (Fig. 4).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5B246FFCFFFD0FF57FD6758F334F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Parker, Elyse;Near, Thomas J.	Parker, Elyse, Near, Thomas J. (2022): Phylogeny Reconciles Classification in Antarctic Plunderfishes. Ichthyology & Herpetology 110 (4): 662-674, DOI: 10.1643/i2021126, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2021126
