taxonID	type	description	language	source
03A54068CE37932AB4B0F8ABFEECBBAC.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 A, B)	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE37932AB4B0F8ABFEECBBAC.taxon	diagnosis	Similar to Tephromela atra, but corticolous and differing in the apothecium thalline margin containing lichexanthone in the cortex and α- collatolic acid in the medulla.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE37932AB4B0F8ABFEECBBAC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Chapada dos Guimarães, Pousada do Parque private area, alt. 700 m, 15 ° 26 ’ 50 ” S, 55 ° 49 ’ 50 ” W, on bark, 12 - 19. IX. 2020, A. Aptroot & M. F. Souza 81950 (holo-, CGMS; iso-, ABL).	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE37932AB4B0F8ABFEECBBAC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The name refers to the two different UV-reflectant colours.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE37932AB4B0F8ABFEECBBAC.taxon	description	CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV-, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV + yellow, apothecium medulla UV + bluish-green. With lichexanthone (apothecial margins) and α- collatolic acid detected by TLC.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE37932AB4B0F8ABFEECBBAC.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed tree branch in Cerrado forest; known only from the type collection from Brazil.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE37932AB4B0F8ABFEECBBAC.taxon	description	MYCOBANK. — MB 846314. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to areolate, minutely verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.05 - 0.2 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate, homogeneously distributed on the thallus. Disk black, 0.5 - 2.5 mm in diam., flat to slightly convex, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, glossy, c. 0.3 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, minutely crenate. Proper exciple thickest at the base, becoming thinner at the edges, hyaline. Exciple with crystals that after treatment with K partly dissolve. Hymenium c. 90 - 180 µm thick, blue, colour in K unchanged. Subhymenium 50 - 70 µm thick, dark blue, in K dark purple. Epihymenium dark purple, pigment in K dissolving leaving the blue of the hymenium. Paraphyses simple, septate, 2 - 3 µm wide, with 4 - 6 µm wide hyaline apical cells, surrounded by lilac pigmented gel. Hypothecium 0 - 80 µm thick, pale yellow, intensifying orange yellow in K. Asci slightly clavate, 70 - 55 µm tall, 8 - spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 14 - 16 × 5 - 6.5 µm, wall 1 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE37932AB4B0F8ABFEECBBAC.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION The substance α- collatolic acid is commonly occurring in the genus Tephromela, while lichexanthone is so far only reported from T. velloziae. In that species, and in two further species described below, lichexanthone occurs in the thallus and the apothecium margins, not only in the thallus. The new species is the first in the genus that combines both lichexanthone and α- collatolic acid.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE39932AB676FA8AFBCBBBEC.taxon	description	(Figs 3 C, D; 4 A, B)	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE39932AB676FA8AFBCBBBEC.taxon	diagnosis	Similar to Tephromela velloziae but corticolous and differing in the unevenly thickened thalline apothecium margin and the larger ascospores.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE39932AB676FA8AFBCBBBEC.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1200 - 1400 m, 20 ° 06 ’ S, 43 ° 29 ’ W, on tree bark, 17 - 25. V. 2021, L. A. Santos & A. Aptroot s. n. (holo-, ISE [ISE 52321]; iso-, CGMS). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1200 - 1400 m, 20 ° 06 ’ S, 43 ° 29 ’ W, on tree bark, 17 - 25. V. 2021, L. A. Santos & A. Aptroot 52143, 52312, 52309 (ISE, CGMS).	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE39932AB676FA8AFBCBBBEC.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named after the irregularly thickened, plump, thalline apothecium margin.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE39932AB676FA8AFBCBBBEC.taxon	description	CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV + yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV + yellow. With lichexanthone.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE39932AB676FA8AFBCBBBEC.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed trees in Campo rupestre vegetation in SE Brazil; known only from Brazil.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE39932AB676FA8AFBCBBBEC.taxon	description	MYCOBANK. — MB 846315. GENBANK. — OP 881898. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, whitish to pale ochraceous-grey, rimose to areolate, verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.1 mm thick. Prothallus absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex, algal layer c. 50 µm high. Apothecia always present, sessile, roundish, homogeneously distributed on the thallus, with unevenly crenate, irregularly thickened margin. Disk black, 0.7 - 2 mm in diam., flat to somewhat concave or saddle-shaped, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, c. 0.2 - 0.6 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk (100 - 150 µm). Proper exciple thickest at the base, becoming thinner at the edges, pale to intense yellow-brown, intensifying yellow in K. Exciple with crystals that after treatment with K partly or completely dissolve. Hymenium c. 100 - 150 µm thick, violet, K + greenish-grey. Epihymenium violet, K + greenish-grey. Paraphyses simple, septate, 2 - 3 µm wide, with 3 - 5 µm wide hyaline apical cells, surrounded by violet pigmented gel. Hypothecium 100 - 150 µm thick, violet, K + greenish-grey, with a narrow golden-brown band below the hymenium (25 - 50 µm thick). Asci slightly clavate, 50 - 75 µm tall, 8 - spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 14 - 16 × 6.5 - 7.5 µm. Pycnidia black. Conidia not observed.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE39932AB676FA8AFBCBBBEC.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION The new species somewhat resembles Tephromela velloziae, but differs in the irregularly thickened apothecium margin, the larger ascospores (14 - 16 × 6.5 - 7.5 µm vs 9 - 12 × 5 - 7 µm), and the corticolous habit.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE399328B358FB4AFBF6BD32.taxon	description	(Figs 3 E, F; 4 C, D)	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE399328B358FB4AFBF6BD32.taxon	diagnosis	Similar to Tephromela atra but corticolous and differing in the presence of a fatty acid, and in the wine-red pigment in the upper hymenium and epihymenium.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE399328B358FB4AFBF6BD32.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Pernambuco, Buíque, Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, alt. 745 m, 8 ° 30 ’ 41 ” S, 37 ° 16 ’ 37 ” W, on bark of tree, 13 - 15. VIII. 2017, L. A. Santos s. n. (holo-, ISE [ISE 46534]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Pernambuco, Buíque, Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, alt. 745 m, 8 ° 29 ’ 49 ” S, 37 ° 18 ’ 02 ” W, on bark of tree, 13 - 15. VIII. 2017, L. A. Santos s. n. (ISE [ISE 54172]); Mato Grosso do Sul, Fazenda Marambaia, Bonito, alt. 650 m, 20 ° 58 ’ S, 56 ° 42 ’ W, on wood, 30. X. 2018, A. Aptroot 77088 (ABL, CGMS); Fazenda Santa Fé, Jardim, alt. 650 m, 21 ° 32 ’ S, 56 ° 45 ’ W, on bark of tree, 02. XI. 2018, A. Aptroot 77478 (ABL, CGMS); Bonito, outskirts, near tower, alt. 475 m, 21 ° 07 ’ 44 ” S, 56 ° 30 ’ 41 ” W, on bark of tree, 09. XI. 2018, A. Aptroot 78049 (CGMS).	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE399328B358FB4AFBF6BD32.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The species is named after the wine-red pigmented gel that surrounds the paraphyses.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE399328B358FB4AFBF6BD32.taxon	description	CHEMISTRY. — Apothecia and medulla UV + greenish white, C-, P-, K-. Alectoronic acid, atranorin and an unknown hydrophobic substance detected by TLC. This unidentified fatty acid has an RF value of 18 in solvent C.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE399328B358FB4AFBF6BD32.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed tree branch in Caatinga vegetation in NE Brazil and on trees and especially wooden poles in Cerrado in S Brazil; known only from Brazil, but probably occurring in adjacent countries.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE399328B358FB4AFBF6BD32.taxon	description	MYCOBANK. — MB 846316. GENBANK. — OP 881896. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, whitish to pale ochraceous-grey, rimose to areolate, minutely verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.1 mm thick. Prothallus black to greyish-white or absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex, algal layer 37 - 70 µm high. Apothecia always present, sessile, roundish, homogeneously distributed on the thallus, with somewhat unevenly crenate, sometimes lobate margin. Disk black, 0.5 - 2 mm in diam., flat to slightly convex, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, c. 0.3 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk (100 - 125 µm). Proper exciple thickest at the base, becoming thinner at the edges, pale to intense yellow-brown, intensifying yellow in K. Exciple with crystals that after treatment with K partly or completely dissolve. Hymenium c. 63 - 100 µm thick, pale wine red. Epihymenium dark wine red, K + intensifying wine red. Paraphyses simple, septate, 2 - 3 µm wide, with 4 - 6 µm wide hyaline apical cells, surrounded by wine red pigmented gel. Subhymenium 37.5 - 50 µm thick, brown. Hypothecium 62 - 87.5 µm thick, golden brown. Asci slightly clavate, 40 - 55 µm tall, 8 - spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 10 - 13 × 5 - 8 µm. Pycnidia black. Conidia rod-shape, 12.5 - 15 × 1 µm.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE399328B358FB4AFBF6BD32.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION The new species superficially resembles Tephromela atra, but differs in secondary chemistry and is not closely related to the latter phylogenetically (Fig. 2). Fatty acids were first reported for the genus in Muggia et al. (2014). At the time, the authors did not describe the material as a new taxon and questioned the application of chemical characters in the delimitation of species within the genus. Subsequently, based on the presence of fatty acid, Cestaro et al. (2016) described T. pacifica. Kantvilas (2015) and Kantvilas & Elix (2017) also recently used chemical patterns to describe new species with unique chemistry. The metabolite found in our species is a fatty acid, as reported by Cestaro et al. 2016, but has a chemical standard, with a RF value of 18 in solvent C, different from that found by Cestaro et al. (2016) with a RF value of 50. Most similar to the new species are T. alectoronica, described from Australia but in the protologue also reported from Brazil, and T. rhizophorae Kalb, described from Brazil. Both lack fatty acids but contain traces of physodalic acid instead. The ascospores of T. rhizophorae are distinctly smaller (8 - 10 × 5 - 6 µm) whereas those of T. alectoronica are only slightly larger (12 - 17 × 6 - 9 µm). Thus, without co-chromatography, T. vinacea L. A. Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M. Cáceres, sp. nov. and T. alectoronica are difficult to distinguish. The specimen clustering as sister to T. vinacea L. A. Santos, Aptroot, Lücking & M. Cáceres, sp. nov., and here named T. aff. vinacea (Fig. 2) is of interest in this respect. It presents a UV + greenish white fluorescence, although alectoronic acid was not clearly detectable with TLC. It was collected at one of the localities where Kalb (2008) originally reported material identified as T. alectoronica (Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso). Thus, Kalb’s material might be conspecific with this sequenced specimen, which would imply that the Brazilian material of T. alectoronica is not that species but is represented by the clade here named T. aff. vinacea, quite distant from the Australian T. alectoronica (Fig. 2). However, given that the underlying specimen is rather small and the chemistry could not be determined with certainty, we refrain from any formal conclusions in this case.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3B932EB4B5FD0CFC8BBD32.taxon	description	(Figs 3 G, H; 4 E, F)	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3B932EB4B5FD0CFC8BBD32.taxon	diagnosis	Similar to Tephromela velloziae, differing in its saxicolous ecology and its areolate thallus.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3B932EB4B5FD0CFC8BBD32.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Mexico. Veracruz, Municipality of Las Vigas de Ramírez, locality of Volcancillo, alt. 2300 m, 19 ° 37 ’ 00.5 ” N, 97 ° 04 ’ 01.0 ” W, on volcanic rock, IX. 2020, Cárdenas-Mendoza s. n. (holo-, XALU [XALU 1413]; para-, XALU [XALU 1414, XALU 1415, XALU 1416, XALU 1417]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1200 - 1400 m, 20 ° 06 ’ S, 43 ° 29 ’ W, on sandstone, 17 - 25. V. 2021, L. A. Santos & Aptroot 52016, 52057 (ISE, CGMS).	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3B932EB4B5FD0CFC8BBD32.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The name refers to its chemistry.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3B932EB4B5FD0CFC8BBD32.taxon	description	CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV + yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV + yellow. With lichexanthone.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3B932EB4B5FD0CFC8BBD32.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed volcanic rock associated with Pinus forest in Volcancillo, Veracruz, and on sandstone in Campo rupestre in Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil; known from Brazil and Mexico.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3B932EB4B5FD0CFC8BBD32.taxon	description	MYCOBANK. — MB 846317. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.5 - 1 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Photobiont an unicellular green alga, arranged in one layer below the cortex. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate when old, numerous on the center of the thallus. Disk black, 0.5 - 2.5 mm in diam., flat to slightly convex, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, glossy, 0.15 - 0.18 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, minutely crenate, with motes of white pruina when young. Proper exciple thickest at the base (50 - 60 µm), becoming thinner at the edges, intense yellowbrown. Hymenium c. 100 - 130 µm thick, pigment reddish purple, K + purple. Subhymenium 80 - 90 µm thick, purple pigmented, dark purple in K. Epihymenium reddish-purple, pigment K + purple. Paraphyses simple, septate, surrounded by dark red pigmented gel. Hypothecium 0 - 60 µm thick, with similar colorations as the hymenium. Asci slightly clavate, 65 - 55 µm tall, 8 - spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 9 - 13 × 5 - 6 µm, wall 1 - 2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3B932EB4B5FD0CFC8BBD32.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION Tephromela velloziae was described as containing lichexanthone and it also agrees in ascospore size (Kalb 1984). However, the isotypes Kalb 349 (B [B 600157687, B 600093712]) deposited in Herbarium Berolinense (digital material consulted in BiNHum 2021) and mentioned in the original description (Kalb 1984), differ morphologically and in ecology from the new species. They have a verrucose thallus without areoles, in contrast to the areolate thallus of T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. Also, T. velloziae grows on dead stems of a semi-woody herb in semi-arid Caatinga vegetation, whereas T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov., is a saxicolous species, found growing on sandstone and on volcanic rock between species of Cladonia, Stereocaulon, Rhizocarpon, and other unidentified crustose lichens, in temperate to tropical montane ecosystem, including Pinus forest at 2250 - 2300 m in Mexico and campos rupestres at 1200 - 1400 m in Brazil.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB611FD6CFBFFBE70.taxon	description	(Fig. 5 A, B)	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB611FD6CFBFFBE70.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1400 - 1500 m, on moss on sandstone, 1885, E. Vainio distributed in Lichenes Brasilinses Exsiccati 1572 (holo-, TUR [TUR-VAIN 5217]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, on sandstone, 1997, Aptroot 40719 (ABL, SP).	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB611FD6CFBFFBE70.taxon	description	CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV + yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV + yellow. With lichexanthone.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB611FD6CFBFFBE70.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On mosses on sandstone in Campo rupestre in Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil; known only from Brazil.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB611FD6CFBFFBE70.taxon	description	MYCOBANK. — MB 846318. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.5 - 1 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate when old, numerous on the center of the thallus. Disk black, 0.5 - 1.5 mm in diam., flat, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, internally with small crystals, glossy, 0.15 - 0.18 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, crenate. Hymenium c. 100 µm thick, mottled bluish grey and pale brown. Subhymenium c. 200 µm thick, dark reddish brown. Epihymenium bluish grey, c. 60 µm thick, pigment unchanged in K. Asci slightly clavate, 8 - spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 9 - 12 × 5 - 6 µm, wall 1 - 2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB611FD6CFBFFBE70.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION This species was described in Lecanora but on account of the anatomical and chemical characters belongs in Tephromela, as also suggested by an annotation label by Klaus Kalb. It agrees in many aspects with T. epichlorina (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. (see below), and both were described from the same locality, but there are notably differences in the pigmentation patterns of the hymenium, epihymenium, and subhymenium. Both species differ from T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov. also largely in apothecial pigment patterns (see key below).	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB4B5FECFFB48B92E.taxon	description	(Fig. 5 C, D)	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB4B5FECFFB48B92E.taxon	materials_examined	HOLOTYPE. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, alt. 1400 - 1500 m, on moss on sandstone, 1885, E. Vainio distributed in Lichenes Brasilinses Exsiccati 164 (holo-, TUR [TUR-VAIN 5645]). ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — Brazil. Minas Gerais, Catas Altas, Caraça, on sandstone, 1997, Aptroot 41012 (ABL, SP).	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB4B5FECFFB48B92E.taxon	description	CHEMISTRY. — Thallus UV + yellow, C-, P-, K-, apothecium margin UV + yellow. With lichexanthone.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB4B5FECFFB48B92E.taxon	biology_ecology	ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On sandstone in Campo rupestre in Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil; known only from Brazil.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB4B5FECFFB48B92E.taxon	description	MYCOBANK. — MB 846230. DESCRIPTION Thallus crustose, mineral to greenish-grey, rimose to verrucose, somewhat glossy, c. 0.3 mm thick, areoles 0.5 - 1 mm in diam. Prothallus absent. Apothecia present, sessile, roundish to lobate when old, numerous on the center of the thallus. Disk black, 0.5 - 1.5 mm in diam., flat, epruinose. Thalline margin concolorous with the thallus, glossy, 0.15 - 0.2 mm wide, raised above the level of the disk, crenate. Hymenium c. 100 - 150 µm thick, hyaline. Subhymenium c. 200 µm thick, dark orange brown. Epihymenium dark blue to black, c. 60 µm thick, pigment unchanged in K. Asci slightly clavate, 8 - spored. Ascospores simple, hyaline, ellipsoid, 9 - 15 × 5 - 6 µm, wall 1 - 2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
03A54068CE3D932EB4B5FECFFB48B92E.taxon	discussion	DISCUSSION This species was described in Lecanora but on account of the anatomical and chemical characters belongs in Tephromela, as also suggested by an annotation label by Klaus Kalb. For differences with T. carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. and T. xanthonica Guzmán-Guillermo, sp. nov., see Discussion under T. carassensis (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking, comb. nov. and in the key below.	en	Santos, Lidiane Alves dos, Aptroot, André, Souza, Maria Fernanda de, Lücking, Robert, Guzmán-Guillermo, Jorge, Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2023): Four new species of Tephromela M. Choisy (Ascomycota, Tephromelataceae), three containing lichexanthone, from Brazil and Mexico. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (2): 11-25, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a2
