taxonID	type	description	language	source
CE3887CCBC39FFD6FF1DFA0DE32FFE2E.taxon	description	Figure. 1 http: // lsid. speciesfile. org / urn: lsid: Orthoptera. speciesfile. org: TaxonName: 21311	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC39FFD6FF1DFA0DE32FFE2E.taxon	description	85; Bian, Liu & Yang, 2021. Zootaxa, 4969 (2): 208. Neanias (Neanias) rugosifrons: Griffini, 1914 d. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung, 33: 242. Neanias rugosifrons: Griffini, 1914 b. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 38: 84. Gryllacris (Eremus) rugosifrons: Karny, 1929 a. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 43: 134. Eremus rugosifrons rugosifrons: Karny, 1937. Genera Insectorum, 206: 100. Type specimen: male; holotype; Type locality: China; Location of type specimen: Natural History Museum Vienna, Austria.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC39FFD6FF1DFA0DE32FFE2E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, ♁, China, coll. Brunner von Wattenwyl, leg. Boucard (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien). Notes. Eremus rugosifrons, the type species of Eremus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888. It bears characteristics that most species of Eremus contain: face rugose; head rather wide, fastigium vertics more than twice as wide as scapus (Fig. 1 D); wings absent; the male’s ninth abdominal tergite smooth, and the apical margin bearing a pair of short spines (Fig. 1 E). Karny (1929 a) described the female morphology of this species by two female specimens: one from Sikkim, the other without locality label. Ingrisch (2018) mentioned that these specimens may not be Eremus rugosifrons, since the localities were rather imprecise. The two female specimens are not regarded as E. rugosifrons in this study.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC39FFD6FF1DFA0DE32FFE2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known distributed from China.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC3AFFD7FF1DF90CE2F9F833.taxon	description	Figures. 2 – 6 http: // lsid. speciesfile. org / urn: lsid: Orthoptera. speciesfile. org: TaxonName: 504695	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC3AFFD7FF1DF90CE2F9F833.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimen: female; holotype; Type locality: Tak, Ban Mae Salit, Monkrating, Thailand; Location of type specimen: Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Germany. Material examined. 2 ♁ 1 ♀, China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong County, VII- 2021, coll. local villager.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC3AFFD7FF1DF90CE2F9F833.taxon	description	Description. Large species. Head wider than pronotum (Fig. 2 D; Fig. 3 D). Face ovoid, rather wide, robust, and rough (Fig. 2 A; Fig. 3 A); subocular furrows distinct, intercept with clypeo-frontal suture (Fig. 2 A; Fig. 3 A); fastigium verticis 2.5 times as wide as scapus, contains a furrow-like, “ v ” shaped structure that originates from both upper-inner side of scapus and meet at the midline (Fig. 2 A; Fig. 3 A); scape about 1.2 times as long as eye; three ocelli distinct when alive (Fig. 5 ABD), median ocellus larger than lateral ocelli (Fig. 2 A; Fig. 3 AB); fastigium frontis contains wave-like lateral margins (Fig. 2 A; Fig. 3 A). Anterior and posterior margin of pronotum nearly straight (Fig. 2 D; Fig. 3 D); lateral lobes longer than deep, ventral margin straight (Fig. 2 B; Fig. 3 B). Tegmen surpassing hind knees. Veins of tegmen as in Fig. 4. Second and third abdominal tergites each with two rows of stridulatory pegs (6 – 7,13 – 14,10 – 11,14 – 19) (Fig. 2 C; Fig. 3 C). Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin (Fig. 2 B; Fig. 3 B). Fore and mid femora unarmed. Fore tibiae ventrally with 4 pairs of internal spines and one pair of smaller spurs; mid tibiae with 4 pairs of internal spines and one pair of smaller spurs, dorsally with an internal apical spur. Hind femora ventrally with 4 – 6 external and 3 – 5 internal spinules; hind tibiae dorsally with 6 – 7 external and 6 – 8 internal spines, ventrally with a preapical spine and 2 apical spurs on both sides. External margins of hind femora with a long furrow (Fig. 2 F; Fig. 3 F); internal margins of hind femora with a row of stridulatory denticles (Fig. 2 E; Fig. 3 E). Male. Eighth abdominal tergite distinctly prolonged; ninth abdominal tergite globular and smooth (Fig. 2 H), at hind margin with a pair of short black spines greatly separated from each other (Fig. 2 G). Cerci stout. Subgenital plate three times wider than long; apical margin slightly convex; short styli inserted apico-laterally (Fig. 2 G). Female. Seventh abdominal sternite about square shaped, subapical area narrowest; apical area widening laterally with lobe-like structure; posterior margin downcurved; the overall tissue distinct greatly based on the midline; posterior half hairy and anterior part smooth (Fig. 3 G). Subgenital plate overall square in shape (Fig. 3 G); sharply decurved on posterior margin (Fig. 3 H). Ovipositor elongate, slightly upcurved (Fig. 3 H). Measurements (mm). Body from head to tip of abdomen: 31.4 – 36.2; body with wings: 44.7 – 50.1; pronotum: 7.0 – 8.0; tegmen: 33.8 – 34.6; fore femur: 10.0 – 11.6; median femur: 9.6 – 11.2; hind femur: 16.5 – 19.5; fore tibia: 10.8 – 12.5; median tibia: 10.9 – 12.4; hind tibia: 16.7 – 19.5; ovipositor: 19.3. Coloration. General color brownish red; facial color slightly darker, ocelli whiteish yellow, clypeo-frontal structure black, clypeus reddish-brown in base area with white margin, labrum reddish-brown, mandible black; pronotum overall concolor, darker in posterior margin; tegmen hemi-transparent, veins brownish and cross veins darker in color, hind wing semi-transparent, veins and cross veins brownish; spines and spinules on hind legs black; teeth on male’s ninth abdominal tergite black; ovipositor brownish-red. Habitus. H. bilobulata is univoltine, reaching adulthood in around November to May according to field observation and raising in captivity. Adults that reach adulthood the same year as they were born usually have a smaller number of instars and smaller body size. Eggs develop and undergo a hatching period about 40 days before hatchlings emerge. Individuals in early instars conceal themselves in the shelter made of silk and shield themselves during daytime, and gradually shift to shelters excavated from rotten wood as they develop into later instars. In captivity their shelters usually contain two entrances, the individuals face outwards within the shelter, blocking one of the entrances with their head and mandibles (Fig. 5 E). They cover the other one with chewed wood chips, probably serving as an emergency exit (Fig. 5 F). Similar behavior has also been observed in the field from other species of this genus on iNaturalist website (https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 116533587). Nymphs molt once each three to four weeks by hanging upside-down posture outside their shelters. Larger nymphs and adults demonstrate threat behavior when facing threats. This consists of parts of the labrum retracted underneath clypeus, displaying the jagged mandibles. During copulation, male H. bilobulata produce a white spermatophylax while grasping upon the female's ovipositor. Females consume the spermatophylax soon after copulation. Female adults were observed drilling radial holes in wet phenolic floral foams within which eggs were laid. Notes. For H. bilobulata described by Ingrish (2018), the number of external spines on hind femora is 6 – 7, and the hind edge of subgenital plate of female specimen is in arch-shape; in our observation, the number of external spines on hind femora is 4 – 5 while the hind edge of subgenital plate is nearly truncate with a sharp but shallow decurved. We still place our specimens in this species based on other similarities, but further research is needed to understand specimens from the type locality.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC3AFFD7FF1DF90CE2F9F833.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Tak); China (Yunnan).	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC3FFFDCFF1DF885E32FFC96.taxon	description	Figure. 7 http: // lsid. speciesfile. org / urn: lsid: Orthoptera. speciesfile. org: TaxonName: 20607	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC3FFFDCFF1DF885E32FFC96.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimen: female; holotype; Type locality: China; Location of type specimen: Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland. Material examined. Holotype, ♀, China (Muséum d’histoire naturelle Genève). Notes. Pardogryllacris was established as a genus by Karny in 1937, and treated as a subgenus of Gryllacris by Ingrisch in 2018, containing 6 species and 2 subspecies distributed in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. After checking the holotype of this species, we discovered the characteristics of this specimen that consist with Pardogryllacris: fastigium verticis as wide as scapus (Fig. 7 B); cross-veins of forewings dark in color (Fig. 7 A); the subgenital plate wide at base area, while posterior area narrows greatly and is concave upwards in semi-cylindrical shape with truncate terminus (Fig. 7 C); a narrow elongate flap emerges at the middle part of the subgenital plate, concave upwards towards the posterior area (Fig. 7 D). These factors strongly indicate that this species belongs to Gryllacris (Pardogryllacris), instead of Haplogryllacris.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC3FFFDCFF1DF885E32FFC96.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Only known distributed from China.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC31FFDEFF1DFEFAE20EFEE7.taxon	description	Figures. 8 – 10 http: // lsid. speciesfile. org / urn: lsid: Orthoptera. speciesfile. org: TaxonName: 496382 Eremus lincangensis: Yang, Jing & Bian, 2020. Zootaxa, 4895 (1): 149. Type specimen: male; holotype; Type locality: Nangunhe National Nature Reserve, Wengding Village, Mengjiao Town, Cangyuan Country, Lincang Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China; Location of type specimen: Institute of Entomoceutics Research, Dali University, China.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC31FFDEFF1DFEFAE20EFEE7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♁ 1 ♀, China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Jinghong County, Jinuo Mountain, VIII- 2022, coll. Haocheng Dong & Le Liang; ♁, China, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Menghai County, Bulang Mountain, VIII- 2021, coll. Haoran Gao.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC31FFDEFF1DFEFAE20EFEE7.taxon	description	Description. Small species. Head as wide as pronotum (Fig. 8 D; Fig. 9 B). Fastigium verticis about 1.6 times as wide as scape; scape as long as eye; ocelli indistinct (Fig. 8 A; Fig. 9 A). Anterior margin of pronotum slightly convex in the middle, posterior margin slightly concaves in the middle (Fig. 8 D; Fig. 9 B); lateral lobes longer than deep (Fig. 8 B; Fig. 9 D). Second and third abdominal tergites each with two rows of stridulatory pegs (3 – 4,9 – 12,4 – 6,11 – 13) (Fig. 8 C; Fig. 9 C). Tegmen reduced to minute pads not reaching hind margin of corresponding notum; hind wing with only traces of wing rudiments on pterothoracic tergites. Fore coxa with a spine at fore margin (Fig. 8 B; Fig. 9 D). Fore and mid femora unarmed. Fore tibiae ventrally with 4 pairs of internal spines and one pair of smaller spurs; mid tibiae with 4 pairs of internal spines and one pair of smaller spurs, dorsally with an internal apical spur. Hind femora ventrally with 6 – 11 external and 6 – 12 internal spinules; hind tibiae dorsally with 6 – 7 external and 7 internal spines, ventrally with a preapical spine and 2 apical spurs on both sides. External margins of hind femora with a long furrow (Fig. 8 E; Fig. 9 E); stridulatory denticles on the inner side of hind femora indistinct. Male. Eighth abdominal tergite prolonged (Fig. 8 G). Ninth abdominal tergite curved downwards, furrowed along midline into 2 lobes; apical area prolonged into a spiniform process which greatly crossed at midline and pointing inside; apices granular and truncated (Fig. 8 F). Cerci slender and incurved (Fig. 8 F). Subgenital plate broader than long; anterior margin straight; one-third of apical section gradually narrowing; posterior margin with an obviously V-shaped median incision; styli straight, inserted in posterior area of lateral margins of subgenital plate (Fig. 8 H). Female. Seventh abdominal sternite forming a pair of semi-circular lobes pointing towards the midline; between them with a wide U-shaped groove in the middle. Subgenital plate transverse, very short especially in the middle, pressed against seventh sternite with basal margin concave, giving room for the extension of seventh sternite (Fig. 9 F). Ovipositor falcate, curved upward strongly; dorsal margin and ventral margin smooth, gradually approaching towards apex (Fig. 9 G). Measurements (mm). Body (from head to tip of abdomen): 16.8 – 21.8; pronotum: 4.0 – 4.9; tegmen: 0.8 – 1.1; fore femur: 5.6 – 7.2; median femur: 5.5 – 6.8; hind femur: 9.8 – 12.5; fore tibia: 6.3 – 7.6; median tibia: 5.9 – 7.8; hind tibia: 9.3 – 12.5; ovipositor: 8.5. Coloration. General color yellowish brown, forehead part above the lower edge of antennal scrobus concolor with the rest body while the lower part black, clypeus white, lower part of labrum brown, mandibles black; dorsal spines on hind tibia black with black basal area, genicular area of hind tibia and femora black, the basal area of hind tarsus also black. Notes. Ingrisch (2018) reviewed the species of Eremus. He suggested that Eremus decolyi Bolívar, 1900 should be placed to another genus like Capnogryllacris, based on the pair of oval swellings on the male ninth abdominal tergite which extended medio-apically into long stout spines crossing each other. L. (L.) lincangensis had similar characteristics with E. decolyi. Male’s ninth abdominal tergite of the specimen globular with medial furrow, before posterior-ventral margin swollen on both sides of midline. In addition, ovipositor falcate, most strongly upcurved in subbasal area, margins gradually approaching towards apex. These characteristics are more consistent with the genus Larnaca Walker, 1869 than Eremus. L. lincangensis is similar to L. infolda: some specimens have similar pronotum pattern, ninth abdominal tergite with no globular lobes, and wings are much smaller than other species. But they can still easily be distinguished by: L. lincangensis has much smaller elytra than L. infolda; the terminal lobes of subgenital plate of L. lincangensis are much sharper than L. infolda.	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
CE3887CCBC31FFDEFF1DFEFAE20EFEE7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan).	en	Yin, Zi-Xu, Shen, Si-Zhong (2023): Notes on the taxonomy revision of poorly known of tribe Eremini Cadena-Castañeda, 2019 from China (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae: Gryllacridinae). Zootaxa 5271 (1): 140-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.5
