identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6D4B87DFFF9EFFCCFD707DFAFC41C82D.text	6D4B87DFFF9EFFCCFD707DFAFC41C82D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aloe candelabrum A.Berger	<div><p>Differences between mature specimens of Aloe candelabrum and Aloe ferox</p> <p>Aloe candelabrum is characterised by its tall [2–4(–8)m high], erect, unbranched stem covered in a ‘beard’ of persistent, dried leaves, with a terminal rosette of long (ca. 100 × 15cm), spreading to often recurved, deeply channelled leaves (Figure 1) that sometimes bear a few scattered spines on the lower surface, especially at the tip of the keel. The reddish to reddish-brown marginal teeth are pungent and ca. 3mm long (Figure 2). The candelabrum-like inflorescence is 5- to 12- branched with erect, very dense, cylindrical, slightly acuminate racemes 50–80cm long, with the terminal raceme sometimes slightly longer than the lateral ones (Figures 1 and 3). Flowers are scarlet, sometimes rose-pink, orange-red (Figure 4) to orange (Figure 5), and ca. 32mm long, always with white inner segment tips (Figures 4 and 5) (Table 1). Very rarely they are white (Figure 6).</p> <p>59</p> <p>.</p> <p>Figure 8. Pungent reddish-brown spines along the leaf margins of Aloe ferox, Nieu Bethesda, Eastern Cape province. Photograph: Neil R. Crouch.</p> <p>In the eastern parts of the Eastern Cape province and southern parts of KwaZulu-Natal, and from the Mtamvuna valley through to Ixopo, Aloe candelabrum and A. ferox seemingly intergrade. This is evidenced by some populations having plants with more erect leaves (Figures 12 and 13) or slightly recurved ones (Figure 14), and A. ferox -like spines along both leaf margins and undersides (Figure 15). We speculate that it is on this basis that Jeppe (1969) considered A. ferox to occur from south of Ixopo. However, within this southern KwaZulu-Natal region white perianth apices are always evident, an observation also noted by Viljoen et al. (1996). Where the distribution ranges of related Aloe species meet, such intergradations are not uncommon, as noted for A. spectabilis (Klopper &amp; Smith, 2010).</p> <p>In Aloe candelabrum the teeth on the leamargins are quite short and stout, about 3mm long, and spaced 15–20mm apart (Figure 2), while in A. ferox the teeth are generally larger and more prominent, up 6mm long, and often more closely spaced at 10–20mm distant (Figure 8).</p> <p>Geographical distribution ranges of Aloe candelabrum and Aloe ferox Both species are confined to either southern Africa (Aloe ferox) or South Africa (Aloe candelabrum), with Aloe ferox predominating in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa, extending northwestwards into the Free State province, as well as southern Lesotho. It does not occur in KwaZulu-Natal, and no specimens are known from the Northern Cape province, even though it occurs close by the juncture of that territory with both the Western and Eastern Cape provinces (Figure 16).</p> <p>Aloe candelabrum, on the other hand, is confined to southeast-central KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, where it is more or less restricted to the northern and western aspects of valleys of all river systems from the Mtamvuna northwards to the Mngeni. This species in its typical form is a particularly prominent component of the landscape of the Mkomazi River system, and those to the north. The entire distribution range of Aloe candelabrum falls within the Maputoland-Pondoland Region of Endemism on the eastern seaboard of South Africa (Van Wyk &amp; Smith, 2001). Along the actual KwaZulu-Natal coastline, Aloe candelabrum is replaced by Aloe thraskii Baker, which is also a robust, tall-stemmed species, albeit with shorter, more dense inflorescences. Within the range of A. ferox in the Eastern Cape, from north of Port Elizabeth to near Humansdorp, Aloe africana Mill. occupies a comparable niche in the littoral zone. However, unlike A. thraskii, A. africana also occurs at locations in the interior (see maps in Van Wyk &amp; Smith, 2014: 52 [A. africana] and 80 [A. thraskii]).</p> <p>A single specimen known to us (A.T.D. Abbott 7003 [NH]) locates a tree-like aloe with white tepal tips in the extreme north of the Eastern Cape province, near Mbizana, on a ridge above the Mtamvuna River at an altitude of 640m. The colony from which the specimen (comprising a raceme branch only) was gathered in 1996 was recorded as a mixture of orange, red and whiteflowered plants. As the original collecting label indicates that the flowers were from a white-flowering plant, we are unable to determine whether this material represents A. ferox or A. candelabrum. Until the colony is revisited and assessed, we deem A. candelabrum to be documented only from KwaZulu-Natal province; it is though highly likely to occur to the immediate south in Eastern Cape province. Albinistic blooms such as those noted at Mbizana are seldom reported for A. candelabrum, but have been observed both at Izingolweni and Ashburton (Figures 6 and 17), in the south and the northwest of its range, respectively.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D4B87DFFF9EFFCCFD707DFAFC41C82D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Klopper, Ronell R.;Crouch, Neil R.;Figueiredo, Estrela	Smith, Gideon F., Klopper, Ronell R., Crouch, Neil R., Figueiredo, Estrela (2016): Reinstatement of Aloe candelabrum A. Berger (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae), a tree-like aloe of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Bradleya 34: 59-69, DOI: 10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a21, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/5c8cac26-cdb4-3edb-b08f-639da0e2eeed/
6D4B87DFFF98FFC3FD707C5BFE91CA1E.text	6D4B87DFFF98FFC3FD707C5BFE91CA1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aloe candelabrum A.Berger	<div><p>Taxonomy of Aloe candelabrum</p> <p>The name Aloe candelabrum A.Berger is listed as an illegitimate name (nom. illeg.) in databases such as The Plant List (http://www.theplant list.org/). This originates from a wrong entry in Index Keaeensis for Aloe candelabrum Tod. in Hortus Botanicus Panormitanus: 46 (1876) that has been taken up in IPNI (http://www.ipni.org/). As both names [Aloe candelabrum Tod. (1876) and Aloe candelabrum A. Berger (1906)] are listed in IPNI, and the former is regarded as having priority, Berger’s name appears to be an illegitimate later homonym (Reynolds, 1950) and has been treated as such by some authors (e.g. Govaerts, 2016). However, in Todaro (1876 –1878: 66 [not page 46 as given in Index Keaeensis and IPNI]) the name published is in fact Agaoe candelabrum Tod., which is probably a synonym of Agaoe cantala (Haw.) Roxb. ex Salm-Dyck (see Gentry, 1982). Aloe candelabrum A.Berger is therefore legitimate (Figueiredo &amp; Smith, 2012 Reference by Jacobsen (1986: 150) to “ Aloe candelabrum Engl. &amp; Drude ” is incorrect as these authors did not actually publish a later homonym of Aloe candelabrum A. Berger (1906: 246). Rather, Engler &amp; Drude (1908: 415, Fig. 353) misidentified a population of Aloe thraskii, South Africa’s Dune aloe, as constituting Aloe candelabrum.</p> <p>).</p> <p>Aloe candelabrum A.Berger in Notizblatt des Königlichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 4 (38): 246 (1906). A.Berger in Das Pflanzenreich IV. 38. III. II. Heft 33: 306 (1908); Dyer in The Floaeering Plants of South Africa 24: t. 945 (1944); Groenewald, Die aalaeyne oan Suid-Afrika, Suidaees-Afrika, Portugees Oos-Afrika, Saeaziland, Basoetoeland, en ’n spesiale ondersoek oan die klassifikasie, chromosome en areale oan die Aloe Maculatae: 66 (1941); Reynolds, The aloes of South Africa: 468–470 (1950); Jeppe, South African aloes: 39 and plate on following page (1969); Jacobsen, Lexicon of succulent plants. Short descriptions, habitats and synonymy of succulent plants other than Cactaceae: 74 (1970); Bornman &amp; Hardy, Aloes of the South African oeld: 260–261 (1971); Jacobsen, A handbook of succulent plants, ool. 1: 149–150 (1986); Smith &amp; Van Wyk, Aloes in southern Africa: 86 (2008); Grace et al., The aloe names book: 30 (2011).</p> <p>Type: [South Africa] Flora of Natal, N [Natal] Botanic Gardens, July 1890, J. Medley Wood 4345 (B†, holo-; US US00680243!, iso-).</p> <p>Note: The holotype is not extant at B and was probably destroyed in 1943, during WWII (R. Vogt, pers. comm. on 28 July 2016).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Solitary, arborescent plant up to 2–4m high. Stem simple, erect, 2–4(–8)m high, densely covered with persistent, down-curved, dried leaves. Leaoes densely rosulate, spreading to recurved, dull green to glaucous, without spots, surfaces smooth, lanceolate-ensiform, ± 100cm long, 15cm wide at base, lower surface with few spines in median line near apex, occasionally with few scattered spines; margin reddish, cartilaginous, with pungent, reddish to brownish red, deltoid teeth, ± 3mm long, 15–20mm apart; exudate honey coloured. Inflorescence usually single, ± 1m high, erect, 5- to 12-branched from below middle, branches erect. Peduncle stout, somewhat sulcate, compressed low down; with several sterile bracts below racemes. Racemes cylindric, slightly acuminate, 50–80cm long, ± 10cm wide, terminal raceme often the longest, presenting higher than lateral racemes, very dense; buds horizontal, flowers horizontal or nodding when open. Floral bracts ovate-deltoid, ± 10mm long, ± 5mm wide, white, thin, scarious, 5- to 7-nerved. Pedicels 6mm long. Floaeers: perianth scarlet, sometimes rose-pink or orange, with white or pale segment tips, ± 32 mm long, ± 5mm across ovary, widening above ovary to ± 8mm towards slightly upturned mouth, clavate-cylindric, slightly ventricose; outer segments free for 16–22mm, tips spreading to slightly flared; stamens with filiform-flattened filaments, included part lemon, exserted part deep orange to purplish, exserted 20mm; ooary 6mm long, 3mm diameter, green; style with included portion lemon, exserted portion yellow, exserted 20mm.</p> <p>Chromosome number: 2 n = 14 (Vosa, 1982).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined</p> <p>SOUTH AFRICA: KWAZULU-NATAL.—2830 (Dundee): Meduna, Klip River Distr. (– CB), 16 July 1915, E. Keeling &amp; I.B. Pole Eoans 110 (K); 2831 (Nkandla): Zululand region., Heatonville (– DB), 6 June 1945, M.G. de Waal A &amp; B (NH); 2929 (Underberg): Mpendhle Distr., Mkhomazi State Forest, N-facing slopes of Mulangane (– DB), 27 July 1985, Pitchford s.n. (K, PRE); 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Richmond Distr., Aloe Corner (– C), 13 July 1966, E.J. Moll 3283 (K, PRE); Maritzburg (– CB), 7 April 1916, E.M. Doidge 165 (K; PRE); Pietermaritzburg, Otto’s Bluff (– CB), August 1943, F.Z. oan der Meraee 2666 (PRE); Inchanga, between Durban and Pietermaritzburg (– DA), 2 June 1935, G.W. Reynolds 1397 (PRE); Inchanga, about 25 miles west of Durban (– DA), May 1954, L.C. Leach 101 (PRE); Ndwedwe, 3 miles west of Ndwedwe (– DB), 13 July 1966, E.J. Moll 3287B, C, D (PRE); Mariannhill (– DD), July 1916, H.W.R. Marloth 7339 (PRE); 2931 (Stanger): Msundusi, Coll. Foxen’s farm (– CA), 2 August 1928, J.W. Beaes 255 (PRE); 3029 (Kokstad): Harding District (– DB), 3 July 1953, J. Gibbs s.n. (K); 3030 (Port Shepstone): Ixopo (– AA), June 1936, G.G. Smith 150 (PRE); Alexandra County, Friedenau, Umgaye Flats (– AD), 24 July 1910, H.H. Rudatis 809 (PRE); Port Shepstone, Horseshoe Farm (– CA), 5 August 1965, R.G. Strey 5876 (NH, PRE); Umtamvuna, Gundrift, Mpunzi bridge (– CC), 14 June 1969, R.G. Strey 8704 (NH, PRE); Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, Protea Point (– CC), 25 June 1987, A. Abbott 3947 (NH, PCE).</p> <p>Common names: See Grace et al. (2011: 30) for a comprehensive list.</p> <p>Flowering time: Mid-winter (June–July; Southern Hemisphere).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D4B87DFFF98FFC3FD707C5BFE91CA1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Klopper, Ronell R.;Crouch, Neil R.;Figueiredo, Estrela	Smith, Gideon F., Klopper, Ronell R., Crouch, Neil R., Figueiredo, Estrela (2016): Reinstatement of Aloe candelabrum A. Berger (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae), a tree-like aloe of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. Bradleya 34: 59-69, DOI: 10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a21, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/5c8cac26-cdb4-3edb-b08f-639da0e2eeed/
