identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
8E8D13BF83915762B876AB0A8897FB78.text	8E8D13BF83915762B876AB0A8897FB78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Guibemantis fotsitenda Koppetsch & Pabijan & Hutter & Köhler & Gehring & Rakotoarison & Ratsoavina & Scherz & Vieites & Glaw & Vences 2023	<div><p>Guibemantis fotsitenda sp. nov.</p> <p>Fig. 9</p> <p>Holotype.</p> <p>ZSM 292/2005 (field number FGZC 2781), adult male, collected at 'Camp Mantella ' in Marojejy National Park (14.43767°S, 49.77555°E, 481 m a.s.l.), Sava Region, northeastern Madagascar on 14 February 2005 by F. Glaw, M. Vences and R.D. Randrianiaina.</p> <p>Paratypes.</p> <p>Five specimens: ZSM 291/2005 (field number FGZC 2780), adult male with same collection data as holotype; ZSM 289/2005 and 290/2005 (field numbers FGZC 2721-2722), as well as UADBA uncatalogued (FGZC 2723 and FGZC 2724), two unsexed specimens, all collected at a site in between Andrakata and Andapa (geographical coordinates not taken) on 13 February 2005 by F. Glaw, M. Vences and R.D. Randrianiaina.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>This species corresponds to the mitochondrial lineage NE2 as defined herein. It is assigned to the subgenus Guibemantis Pandanusicola of the genus Guibemantis based on presence of intercalary elements between ultimate and penultimate phalanges of fingers and toes (verified by external examination), small body size, moderate to weakly expressed webbing between toes, connected lateral metatarsalia, the presence of both inner and outer metatarsal tubercles, femoral glands in males, absence of nuptial pads, small body size (SVL 25.1-26.0 mm in males; female size unknown), and molecular phylogenetic relationships. Within Pandanusicola, the new species is distinguished from all species except G. liber, G. razandry, G. razoky, and G. tasifotsy by femoral glands type 1 (vs. type 2) as defined by Glaw et al. (2000), thus possessing a large number of small gland granules in a relatively diffuse field covering most of the thigh ventrally, and by its probable breeding in open swamps (vs. phytotelmic breeding in Pandanus leaf axils). It can be distinguished from G. tasifotsy by its different brownish color pattern lacking a green dorsal and lateral coloration with series of distinct white blotches along the lower flanks. The new species differs from all G. liber lineages occurring in the Northern Central East and Southern Central East of Madagascar by its high DNA divergence&gt; 5% in the mitochondrial 16S gene, and probably by a somewhat smaller snoutvent length. Guibemantis razoky (see above) has a larger body size (26.5-33.9 mm in males, vs 25.1-26.0 mm in males of G. fotsitenda). Guibemantis razandry (see above) is the closest relative of G. fotsitenda sp. nov., and no obvious morphological differences between these two species are known, despite their clear divergence in mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded DNA in near-sympatry. The new species differs from G. liber, G. razandry, and G. razoky by 23, 23, and 50 diagnostic positions in the analyzed fragment of the cytochrome b gene, respectively (see Appendix 2 for a list of diagnostic sites).</p> <p>Description of holotype.</p> <p>Adult male in good state of preservation (Fig. 9). Pieces of muscle tissue removed from both left and right thigh for molecular analysis. SVL 25.5 mm. For full morphometric measurements see Table 1. Body relatively slender; head slightly longer than wide, wider than body; snout slightly pointed in dorsal and lateral views, rounded in ventral view; nostrils much nearer to tip of snout than to eye and pointed anterolaterally; canthus rostralis relatively distinct, slightly concave; loreal region concave; tympanum distinct, relatively small, its diameter 60% of eye diameter; distinct supratympanic fold; tongue ovoid, distinctly bifid posteriorly; vomerine teeth as one weakly expressed rounded aggregation posterolateral of each choana; choanae small, rounded. Forelimbs slender; subarticular tubercles distinct and single; central metacarpal tubercle large and rounded, outer metacarpal tubercle smaller and oval; a small but indistinct prepollex (which could also be considered as an inner metacarpal tubercle) at base of first finger. Fingers without webbing; relative finger length I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III; finger discs distinctly enlarged; nuptial pads absent. Outer toe and finger discs darker than inner toe and finger discs. Hind limbs long and slender; when adpressed along body, tibiotarsal articulation reaches center of eye; lateral metatarsalia connected by tissue; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct, larger than outer; outer metatarsal tubercle distinct; webbing formula of the foot 1(traces), 2i(traces), 2e(1), 3i(2.25), 3e(1.25), 4i(2.5), 4e(2.75), 5(1); relative toe length I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV. Skin dorsally smooth; ventral skin smooth on throat and chest, slightly granular on belly. Femoral glands not intact due to tissue excision.</p> <p>After sixteen years in preservative (70% EtOH; Fig. 9), dorsal background coloration light brownish with irregular beige mottling, and several scattered dark brown spots. Area above eyes dark brown, a thin interocular band with a small beige medial interruption. A dark brown rostral stripe is present. Tympanic area dark brown. Several dark brown crossbands present on hindlimbs. Ventral side without dark color elements; belly of a faded beige, throat bright white. Coloration in life not recorded.</p> <p>Variation.</p> <p>The four available specimens (all males) are morphologically and morphometrically rather similar to each other (Table 1). ZSM 291/2005 has a thin light vertebral stripe while ZSM 289/2005 has a distinct and broad light middorsal band. Femoral glands are well visible in paratype ZSM 290/2005; here, in preservative, they are relatively distinct from external view, consisting of many small gland granules in a diffuse field covering most of the thigh ventrally, thus of type 1 as defined by Glaw et al. (2000).</p> <p>Natural history.</p> <p>No natural history observations on this species were made, but its habits and habitat are likely similar to those of other species of the G. liber complex. It occurs both in intact primary rainforest (Marojejy) and in degraded forest (Andrakata-Andapa). Vocalizations of this species have not been recorded.</p> <p>Distribution.</p> <p>The species is reliably known from two sites in northern Madagascar: (1) the type locality Marojejy (Camp Mantella, at low elevation), and (2) a site between Andrakata and Andapa also located at rather low elevation. Furthermore, individuals from (3) Ambodivoangy at the north-eastern edge of the Makira Reserve, at ca. 30 m a.s.l., are provisionally assigned to this species based on evidence from nuclear genes, despite their assignment to G. razandry based on mitochondrial DNA (see Discussion below). This seems to be a species specialized to habitat at low elevations (known from near sea level to ca. 480 m a.s.l.).</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The name is derived from the Malagasy words fotsy meaning white, and tenda meaning throat, referring to the white throat (vocal sac) typical for this and other species of the G. liber complex. The name is used as a noun in apposition to the genus name.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8E8D13BF83915762B876AB0A8897FB78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Koppetsch, Thore;Pabijan, Maciej;Hutter, Carl R.;Koehler, Joern;Gehring, Philip-Sebastian;Rakotoarison, Andolalao;Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.;Scherz, Mark D.;Vieites, David R.;Glaw, Frank;Vences, Miguel	Koppetsch, Thore, Pabijan, Maciej, Hutter, Carl R., Koehler, Joern, Gehring, Philip-Sebastian, Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M., Scherz, Mark D., Vieites, David R., Glaw, Frank, Vences, Miguel (2023): An initial molecular resolution of the mantellid frogs of the Guibemantis liber complex reveals three new species from northern Madagascar. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 397-432, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e94063, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e94063
CC73535B35E85741ADF7D0BB12B425C4.text	CC73535B35E85741ADF7D0BB12B425C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Guibemantis razandry Koppetsch & Pabijan & Hutter & Köhler & Gehring & Rakotoarison & Ratsoavina & Scherz & Vieites & Glaw & Vences 2023	<div><p>Guibemantis razandry sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs 9, 11</p> <p>Holotype.</p> <p>ZSM 293/2005 (field number FGZC 2851), adult male, collected in Marojejy National Park (14.43767°S, 49.77555°E, 1326 m a.s.l.), Sava Region, northeastern Madagascar on 26 February 2005 by F. Glaw, M. Vences and R.D. Randrianiaina.</p> <p>Paratypes.</p> <p>A total of 26 specimens: ZSM 294-295/2005 (field numbers FGZC 2865, FGZC 2867), two adult males, same collection data as holotype; ZSM 424/2016 (field number ZCMV 15176), adult male, collected at Marojejy, near Camp 3 “Simpona” (14.43661°S, 49.74335°E, 1325 m a.s.l.) on 17 November 2016 by M.D. Scherz, A. Rakotoarison, M.C. Bletz, M. Vences and J. Razafindraibe; ZSM 513/2009 (ZCMV 11218), adult male, collected near Hevirina, western slope of Makira Reserve (ca. 15.4490°S, 49.1119°E, 1093 m a.s.l.), on 23 June 2009 by M. Vences, D.R. Vieites, F. Ratsoavina, R.D. Randrianiaina, E. Rajeriarison, T. Rajofiarison, and J. Patton; ZSM 1682-1689/2010 (field numbers ZCMV 12569-12584), adults and subadults, collected near Bemanevika river (14.48251°S, 48.62723°E, 1109 m a.s.l.) on 29 June 2010 by M. Vences, D. Vieites, R.D. Randrianiaina, F. Ratsoavina, S. Rasamison, A. Rakotoarison, E. Rajeriarison and T. Rajoafiarison; ZSM 1738-1743/2010 (field numbers ZCMV 12377, 12441, 12462, 12463, 12466, 12468), adults and subadults collected at Camp 2 (Matsaborimaika) on the Tsaratanana Massif (14.15256°S, 48.95728°E, 2021 m a.s.l.) on 15-20 June 2010 by M. Vences, D. Vieites, R.D. Randrianiaina, F. Ratsoavina, S. Rasamison, A. Rakotoarison, E. Rajeriarison and T. Rajoafiarison; ZSM 1894-1900/2009 (ZCMV 11352-11365), from the western slope of Makira Reserve (probably from Ampofoko campsite), collected in June/July 2009 by M. Vences, D.R. Vieites, J. Patton, R.D. Randrianiaina, F. Ratsoavina and E. Rajeriarison; KU 347374 (CRH1693), specimen of unknown sex and maturity, collected at Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve (14.698°S, 49.465°E) by C.R. Hutter and Z.F. Andriampenomanana.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>This species corresponds to the mitochondrial lineage NE1 as defined herein, and to the candidate species Guibemantis sp. Ca21 according to Perl et al. (2014). It is assigned to the subgenus Guibemantis Pandanusicola of the genus Guibemantis based on presence of intercalary elements between ultimate and penultimate phalanges of fingers and toes (verified by external examination), small body size, moderate to weakly expressed webbing between toes, connected lateral metatarsalia, the presence of both inner and outer metatarsal tubercles, femoral glands in males, absence of nuptial pads, small body size (SVL 24.4-25.9 mm in reliably sexed males and 22.8 mm in one female), and molecular phylogenetic relationships. Within Pandanusicola, the new species is distinguished from all species except G. liber and G. tasifotsy by femoral glands type 1 (vs. type 2) as defined by Glaw et al. (2000), thus possessing many small gland granules in a relatively diffuse field covering most of the thigh ventrally, and by its probable breeding in open swamps (vs. phytotelmic breeding in Pandanus leaf axils). It can be distinguished from G. tasifotsy by its different brownish color pattern lacking a green dorsal and lateral coloration with a series of distinct white blotches along the lower flanks and its strongly different advertisement call, consisting of a pulsatile note with numerous pulses being largely fused (vs. a trill-like note containing 3-7 distinctly separated pulses). The new species differs from all G. liber lineages occurring in the Northern and Southern Central East of Madagascar by its high DNA divergence, with&gt; 5% uncorrected pairwise distance in the mitochondrial 16S gene and 20 diagnostic positions in the analyzed fragment of the cytochrome b gene (see Appendix 2 for a list of diagnostic sites), as well as probably by a somewhat smaller snout-vent length. For a distinction from the other two new species described herein, see below.</p> <p>Description of holotype.</p> <p>Adult male in excellent state of preservation (Fig. 9). A small piece of muscle tissue from right thigh removed for molecular analysis. SVL 25.6 mm. For full morphometric measurements see Table 1. Body relatively slender; head slightly longer than wide, wider than body; snout rounded in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views; nostrils much nearer to tip of snout than to eye and pointed anterolaterally; canthus rostralis distinct, slightly concave; loreal region concave; tympanum distinct, relatively small, its diameter 69% of eye diameter; distinct supratympanic fold; tongue ovoid, distinctly bifid posteriorly; vomerine teeth as one weakly expressed rounded aggregation posterolateral of each choana; choanae small, rounded. Forelimbs slender; subarticular tubercles distinct and single; central metacarpal tubercle large and rounded, outer metacarpal tubercle smaller and oval; a small but indistinct prepollex (which could also be considered as an inner metacarpal tubercle) at base of first finger. Fingers without webbing; relative finger length I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III; finger discs distinctly enlarged; nuptial pads absent. Outer toe and finger discs darker than inner toe and finger discs. Hind limbs long and slender; when adpressed along body, tibiotarsal articulation reaches beyond eye; lateral metatarsalia connected by tissue; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct, larger than outer; outer metatarsal tubercle distinct; webbing formula of foot 1(traces), 2i(traces), 2e(1), 3i(2.5), 3e(1.5), 4i(2.75), 4e(3), 5(1); relative toe length I&lt;II&lt;III = V&lt;IV. Skin dorsally smooth; ventral skin smooth on throat and chest, slightly granular on belly. Femoral glands relatively distinct from external view, consisting of large number of small gland granules in a relatively diffuse field covering most of thigh ventrally, thus of type 1 as defined by Glaw et al. (2000). In life gland granules distinctly recognizable as small greenish-yellowish units, at least 170 in one gland (Fig. 11).</p> <p>After sixteen years in preservative (70% EtOH; Fig. 9), dorsal background coloration light brownish with two prominent dark brownish dorsolateral bands extending posteriorly from eye orbits to hips. Rostral stripe dark brownish. Dorsally numerous dark reddish brown irregular spots present, particularly between orbits and at middorsum. Forelimbs have irregular and partially interrupted dark, brownish bands and spots extending from shoulders to fingers. Outer finger discs reddishbrown. Dorsal surface of thigh with broad dark blotches and interrupted bands. These darkish patterns extend to shanks and continue as single blotches and spots on feet and toes. Like finger discs, some outer toe discs dark reddish brown, noticeably different than adjacent tissue.</p> <p>Based on photographs of holotype in life (Fig. 11), body coloration was as follows: on dorsum reddish brown, on limbs and laterally greenish gray. Dorsolaterally a thin yellowish line on each side. Irregular-sized dark blackish brown spots and dots middorsally and laterally, but particularly on both fore- and hindlimbs. Supratympanic fold and rostral stripe blackish brown. Paired, thin white dorsal lines in life (not visible in preservative) (Fig. 11). Background color of ventral surface whitish to greenish, chest and throat bright white. Posterior and lateral parts of abdomen semi-transparent. Femoral gland granules yellow. Iris (whitish in preservative) apparently glossy golden in life.</p> <p>Variation.</p> <p>Specimens of G. razandry show a high variation in color pattern, but overall appear to have a lighter color compared to the sympatric G. razoky sp. nov. (described below; compare Fig. 11 vs. Fig. 12). In general, the ground color of G. razandry sp. nov. is light brown to beige, with different darker brown patterns. ZSM 513/2009 has a light brown ground color, darker flanks, and a broad light beige vertebral stripe. ZSM 424/2016 has an extremely contrasted pattern, with a light beige dorsal side, bordered by dark brown color that occupies most of the flanks. Breeding males (such as ZSM 424/2016) have bright white vocal sacs, but these are not visible in other individuals collected out of the breeding season and some of these could in fact not be sexed with full reliability (as part of the inner organs have been damaged during dissection for amphibian parasites). For variation in morphometric features see Table 1.</p> <p>Natural history.</p> <p>Males of G. razandry have been observed at night, calling from perches in the vegetation about 1-2 m above the ground, typically at the edge of swamps in primary rainforest. On the Marojejy Massif, they sometimes call sitting on leaves in the vegetation near dry beds of temporary headwater streams. At the same site, we also found a clutch with quite well-developed larvae on a leaf that may belong to this species. We also found clutches that were faded and whitish, which may have been infected with a fungus or bacterial growth. Outside of the breeding season (in June) we found specimens near Bemanevika River hidden in the leaf axils of Pandanus screw pines, syntopic with Blommersia blommersae, Guibemantis sp. aff. pulcher, and G. razoky sp. nov. The species occurs both in areas of primary rainforest, and in highly degraded and fragmented forest patches, e.g., near Bemanevika.</p> <p>Vocalization.</p> <p>Advertisement calls recorded on 16 February 2005 at Marojejy National Park (air temperature unknown) consist of a single pulsatile note of somewhat variable duration. Calls (= notes) are usually emitted in short series at rather regular intervals (Fig. 17). No clear pulse structure is evident within notes, with pulses being largely fused. Slight amplitude modulation is evident in calls with maximum energy being present in the first third of the call’s duration. Numerical parameters of 14 analyzed calls are as follows: call duration (= note duration) 74-134 ms (98.3 ± 18.3 ms); dominant frequency 3854-4207 Hz (4069 ± 129 Hz); prevalent bandwidth 2000-5200 Hz. Within call series (containing 7-8 calls; maximum duration of call series 2172 ms), call rate varied from 163-255 calls/minute.</p> <p>Distribution.</p> <p>The species is known from various sites in northern Madagascar, all at mid- to high-elevation: (1) the type locality Marojejy (Camp Simpona, at mid-elevation), (2) Bemanevika, (3) the southern slope of the Tsaratanana Massif, (4) the western slope of Makira Reserve, and (5) Anjanaharibe-Sud Reserve, based on specimen CRH1693 (KU 347374) included in the FrogCap analysis (Fig. 8). At Makira (west), Bemanevika and Tsaratanana, the species occurs syntopically with G. razoky sp. nov. (described below). The species is known from elevations between 1093 and 2021 m a.s.l.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The name is derived from the Malagasy word Guibemantis razandry meaning smaller (younger) sibling, and makes reference to the fact that this species is the smaller-sized relative of the syntopic larger-sized species of the G. liber complex described in the following. The name is used as a noun in apposition to the genus name.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC73535B35E85741ADF7D0BB12B425C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Koppetsch, Thore;Pabijan, Maciej;Hutter, Carl R.;Koehler, Joern;Gehring, Philip-Sebastian;Rakotoarison, Andolalao;Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.;Scherz, Mark D.;Vieites, David R.;Glaw, Frank;Vences, Miguel	Koppetsch, Thore, Pabijan, Maciej, Hutter, Carl R., Koehler, Joern, Gehring, Philip-Sebastian, Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M., Scherz, Mark D., Vieites, David R., Glaw, Frank, Vences, Miguel (2023): An initial molecular resolution of the mantellid frogs of the Guibemantis liber complex reveals three new species from northern Madagascar. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 397-432, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e94063, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e94063
2603B965B02351009DF29C540AB6969A.text	2603B965B02351009DF29C540AB6969A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Guibemantis razoky Koppetsch & Pabijan & Hutter & Köhler & Gehring & Rakotoarison & Ratsoavina & Scherz & Vieites & Glaw & Vences 2023	<div><p>Guibemantis razoky sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs 9, 12, 13</p> <p>Holotype.</p> <p>ZSM 1746/2010 (field number ZCMV 12515), adult male, collected in Bemanevika 'Camp 1' (Antsira-kala; 14.43061°S, 48.60179°E, 1466 m a.s.l.), Sofia Region, northern Madagascar on 27 June 2010 by M. Vences, D. Vieites, R.D. Randrianiaina, F. Ratsoavina, S. Rasamison, A. Rakotoarison, E. Rajeriarison and T. Rajoafiarison.</p> <p>Paratypes.</p> <p>A total of 27 specimens: ZSM 1744-1745/2010, 1747-1750/2010, 1837/2010, 540-543/2014 (field numbers ZCMV 12513, 12514, 12516, 12523, 12531, 12532, 12539; DRV 6339-6341, 6366), adults and subadults, with same collection data as holotype; ZSM 1751-1753/2010 (field numbers ZCMV 12558, 12574, 12591), two males and one female, collected near Bemanevika River (14.48251°S, 48.62723°E, 1109 m a.s.l.) on 29 June 2010 by M. Vences, D. Vieites, R.D. Randrianiaina, F. Ratsoavina, S. Rasamison, A. Rakotoarison, E. Rajeriarison and T. Rajoafiarison; ZSM 70-73/2016 (field numbers MSZC 0036, 0070, 0144, 0157), four adult males collected from a Pandanus swamp at Ampotsidy (14.41694°S, 48.71449°E, 1371 m a.s.l.) on 6 January 2016 by M.D. Scherz, J. Borrell, L. Ball, T. Starnes, E. Razafimandimby, D.H. Nomenjanahary and J. Rabearivony; ZSM 74-75/2016 (field numbers MSZC 204, 240), two adult males collected at Andranonafindra forest (30 km SW of Bealanana on the RN31; 14.73600°S, 48.54831°E, 1180 m a.s.l.) on 14 January 2016, by M.D. Scherz and M. Rakotondratisma; ZSM 877-878/2003 (field numbers FGMV 2002.874, 2002.875), two adult males collected on Montagne d’Ambre (precise coordinates not taken) on 17 February 2003 by F. Glaw, R.D. Randrianiaina and A. Razafimanantsoa; ZSM 890-892/2003 (field numbers FGMV 2002.898, 2002.899, 2002.900), two males and one female, collected at Montagne d’Ambre, Voie des mille arbres (approximately at coordinates 12.520°S, 49.176°E, 1052 m a.s.l.) on 18 February 2003 by F. Glaw, R.D. Randrianiaina and A. Razafimanantsoa; ZSM 120/2018 (field number MSZC 712), an adult male, collected on Montagne d’Ambre (near Lac Maudit: 12.58528°S, 49.15094°E, 1249 m a.s.l.) on 1 December 2017 by M.D. Scherz, J.H. Razafindraibe, A. Razafimanantsoa, O. Randriamalala, S.M. Rasolonjavato, R.T. Rakotonindrina and A. Rakotoarison; ZSM 119/2018 (field number MSZC 520), an adult male collected on Montagne d’Ambre (12.51994°S, 49.17274°E, 1044 m a.s.l.) on 25 December 2017 by M.D. Scherz, J.H. Razafindraibe, A. Razafimanantsoa, O. Randriamalala, S.M. Rasolonjavato, R.T. Rakotonindrina and A. Rakotoarison.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>This species corresponds to the mitochondrial lineages NOR+NCENTR as defined herein. It is assigned to the subgenus Guibemantis Pandanusicola of the genus Guibemantis based on presence of intercalary elements between ultimate and penultimate phalanges of fingers and toes (verified by external examination), moderate to weakly expressed webbing between toes, connected lateral metatarsalia, the presence of both inner and outer metatarsal tubercles, femoral glands in males, absence of nuptial pads, moderately small body size (SVL 26.5-33.9 mm in males and 29.8-32.8 mm in females), and molecular phylogenetic relationships. Within Pandanusicola, the new species is distinguished from all species except G. liber, G. razandry, and G. tasifotsy by femoral glands type 1 (vs. type 2) as defined by Glaw et al. (2000), thus possessing many small gland granules in a relatively diffuse field covering most of the thigh ventrally, and by its probable breeding in open swamps (vs. phytotelmic breeding in Pandanus leaf axils). It can be distinguished from G. tasifotsy by its different brownish color pattern lacking a green dorsal and lateral coloration with series of distinct white blotches along the lower flanks, and its different advertisement call, namely a short click-like note of 20-117 ms duration and 2598-3010 Hz dominant frequency (vs. a longer trill-like note of 147-516 ms duration and higher dominant frequency; Lehtinen et al. 2012). The new species differs from all G. liber lineages occurring in the Northern and Southern Central East of Madagascar by its high DNA divergence&gt; 2.4% in the mitochondrial 16S gene, by a larger SVL, and differences in the advertisement call. It differs from G. razandry (described above) by larger SVL, different advertisement call, and a molecular 16S divergence&gt;5.5%. It also differs from G. liber and G. razandry by 3 and 41 diagnostic positions in the analyzed fragment of the cytochrome b gene, respectively (see Appendix 2 for a list of diagnostic sites). For a distinction from the third new species described herein, see below.</p> <p>Description of holotype.</p> <p>Adult male in good state of preservation (Fig. 9). A small piece of muscle tissue from right thigh removed for molecular analysis. Ventral skin cut open and bladder removed for parasite examination. SVL 28.0 mm. For full morphometric measurements see Table 1. Body relatively slender; head slightly longer than wide, wider than body; snout rounded in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views; nostrils much nearer to tip of snout than to eye, slightly protuberant and pointed anterolaterally; canthus rostralis distinct, straight; loreal region straight; tympanum distinct, relatively small, its diameter 70% of eye diameter; distinct supratympanic fold; tongue ovoid, strongly bifid posteriorly; posterior tongue extensions slightly serrated; vomerine teeth as one weakly expressed rounded aggregation posterolateral of each choana; choanae small, rounded. Forelimbs slender; subarticular tubercles distinct and single; central metacarpal tubercle large and rounded, outer metacarpal tubercle smaller and oval; a small but indistinct prepollex (which could also be considered as an inner metacarpal tubercle) at base of first finger. Fingers without webbing; relative finger length I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III; finger discs distinctly enlarged; nuptial pads absent. Outer toe and finger discs darker than inner toe and finger discs. Hind limbs long and slender; when adpressed along body, the tibiotarsal articulation reaches beyond the eye; lateral metatarsalia connected by tissue; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct, larger than outer; outer metatarsal tubercle distinct; webbing formula of the foot 1(traces), 2i(traces), 2e(1), 3i(2), 3e(1), 4i(2.75), 4e(3), 5(1.25); relative toe length I&lt;II&lt;III = V&lt;IV. Skin dorsally smooth; ventral skin as far as recognizable smooth on throat, chest, slightly granular on belly. Femoral glands recognizable from external view but not very distinct, also in life (Fig. 12) not very prominent and of same color as surrounding shank, possibly because the specimen was collected outside of the reproductive season. Glands consisting of many small gland granules in a relatively diffuse field covering most of thigh ventrally, thus of type 1 as defined by Glaw et al. (2000).</p> <p>After eleven years in preservative (70% EtOH; Fig. 9), dorsal background coloration grayish brown with two prominent blackish dorsolateral discontinuous bands consisting of densely arranged blotches and extending posteriorly from eye orbits to hips. Rostral stripe dark brownish. Dorsally, from between orbits a dense field of brown blotches, running over most of dorsum and becoming more scattered on posterior dorsum. Interrupted and indistinct whitish middorsal line. Forelimbs with irregular and partially interrupted dark, brownish bands and spots extending from shoulders to fingers. Outer finger discs darkish brown. Ventrally, throat and forelimbs largely unpigmented (yellowish-brownish in preservative), chest with some fine dark brown dotting, belly more pigmented with dense pattern of brown dots that leave out some larger unpigmented markings, and the hindlimbs dark largely brown. Dorsal surface of thighs and shanks dark reddishbrown with indistinct broad dark blotches and interrupted bands. Like finger discs, some outer toe discs dark reddish brown, of noticeably different color than adjacent tissue.</p> <p>Based on photographs of the holotype specimen (Fig. 12), body coloration in life was pinkish brown. Dorsally and on both forelimbs and hindlimbs, with a chocolate brown pattern, consisting of irregular-sized blotches and spots. Also, supratympanic fold and rostral stripe chocolate brown. Dorsally, from an imaginary line between the orbits to the axilla with a dense field of brown blotches. A yellowish interrupted and indistinct middorsal line. Ventrally, background color pinkish-whitish, but chest, throat and the anterior part of belly bright white. Posteriorly and laterally belly semi-transparent. Ventrolaterally, small white spots in anterior part, larger bright yellow spots posteriorly. First finger and toe intensely yellow. Numerous femoral gland granules visible, but not highlighted in color. Iris (whitish in preservative) copper metallic in life.</p> <p>Variation.</p> <p>Specimens in the type series show differences in color pattern. For instance, in preservative two specimens of the NOR lineage, ZSM 890/2003 and ZSM 877/2003, have a distinct light vertebral stripe while ZSM 878/2003 is dorsally more or less uniformly brownish. In the NCENTR lineage, ZSM 1748/2010 has highly contrasted beige markings on a brown dorsum, including one beige patch anterior to the eyes. While ZSM 1837/2010 is, again, mostly uniform brown dorsally, and ZSM 1747/2010 is dorsally primarily beige, with some dark brown spots and incomplete light vertebral stripe laterally bordered by dark brown. Males collected during the breeding season have a distinct bright white throat, which is not obvious in any of the specimens collected at Bemanevika in June, making it difficult to sex them; however, many of these specimens appear to be males based on gonad examination, suggesting that outside of the breeding season males do not have white throats/vocal sacs. There seems to be no obvious sexual size dimorphism as is typical for the G. liber complex. For variation in morphometric features see Table 1.</p> <p>Natural history.</p> <p>In November to December of 2017 we observed numerous congregations of calling males of G. razoky on Montagne d’Ambre. One congregation on the shore of Lac Maudit (ca. 1320 m a.s.l.) consisted of several males and clutches of eggs (Fig. 13F-H), suggesting that the tadpoles of the species may even enter this large lake. A massive congregation, consisting of dozens of specimens and possibly hundreds of clutches, was found in a temporary swamp at ca. 1000 m a.s.l. (Fig. 13A-D). Among this congregation were also Blommersia wittei and G. albomaculatus. Clutches of eggs were observed to be predated by wasps and ants (Fig. 13E). In Ampotsidy, calling individuals and clutches were found in a swamp with large Pandanus plants in December. Outside of the breeding season (in June) we found specimens near Bemanevika River hidden in the leaf axils of Pandanus screw pines, syntopic with Blommersia blommersae, Guibemantis sp. aff. pulcher, and G. razandry. As with apparently most lineages in the G. liber complex, G. razoky occurs both in areas of primary rainforest and in highly degraded and fragmented forest patches, e.g., near Bemanevika.</p> <p>Vocalization.</p> <p>Advertisement calls recorded on 14 March 1994 at Montagne d’Ambre National Park (air temperature 21.2°C) consists of a single, click-like note of rather variable duration containing a low number of well-separated pulses (Fig. 17). Calls (= notes) are usually emitted in short series at rather regular intervals. Numerical parameters of 24 analyzed calls are as follows: call duration (= note duration) 20-117 ms (52.7 ± 29.3 ms); number of pulses per call 2-4 (2.6 ± 0.7); dominant frequency 2598-3010 Hz (2731 ± 120 Hz), with two weaker additional energy peaks at approximately 5400 and 8100 Hz; prevalent bandwidth 2000-8600 Hz. Within call series (containing 3-10 calls; maximum duration of call series 1773 ms), call rate varied from 270-330 calls/minute.</p> <p>Distribution.</p> <p>Since many Pandanusicola species appear to be phenotypically similar and are therefore often taxonomically confused, we restrict our assessment of distribution to populations for which molecular data are available. According to our data, G. razoky appears to be a regional endemic of northern Madagascar, and is so far reliably known from six localities (not taking into account the imprecise site "Bealanana region": (1) Bemanevika, the type locality; (2) Ampotsidy; (3) Andranonafrindra forest; (3) Tsaratanana; (4) Makira; (5) Montagne d’Ambre (where a genetically distinct mitochondrial lineage occurs). These localities are from elevations between 1044 and 1466 m a.s.l. Furthermore, genetic samples assigned to this species based on mitochondrial DNA exist from the low-elevation site Ambodiriana (about 50 m a.s.l.) but no voucher specimens from this site are available, and this record thus requires confirmation.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The name is derived from the Malagasy word Guibemantis razoky meaning larger (elder) sibling, and refers to the fact that this species is the larger-sized relative of the syntopic G. razandry. The name is used as a noun in apposition to the genus name.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2603B965B02351009DF29C540AB6969A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Koppetsch, Thore;Pabijan, Maciej;Hutter, Carl R.;Koehler, Joern;Gehring, Philip-Sebastian;Rakotoarison, Andolalao;Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.;Scherz, Mark D.;Vieites, David R.;Glaw, Frank;Vences, Miguel	Koppetsch, Thore, Pabijan, Maciej, Hutter, Carl R., Koehler, Joern, Gehring, Philip-Sebastian, Rakotoarison, Andolalao, Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M., Scherz, Mark D., Vieites, David R., Glaw, Frank, Vences, Miguel (2023): An initial molecular resolution of the mantellid frogs of the Guibemantis liber complex reveals three new species from northern Madagascar. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 397-432, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e94063, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e94063
