taxonID	type	description	language	source
038387DB8123F438FF0675834CF54AAB.taxon	type_taxon	Type: — Cyanus segetum Hill.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8123F438FF0675834CF54AAB.taxon	description	Perennial or annual herbs, sometimes with thickened roots or underground stolons, stem erect or ascending, simple or with few branches in perennials, ± copiously branched in annuals. Leaves usually densely covered with tomentose hairs on both sides, rarely glabrescent, undivided or lyrate or pinnatilobate to pinnatifid, median and upper cauline leaves often decurrent. Capitula heterogamous, small to medium-sized, with many florets, solitary at tips of stem and lateral branches. Involucres 5 – 25 mm wide, oblong, ovoid to subglobose; phyllaries multiseriate, imbricate, herbaceous-membranous, ovate and triangular-ovate to lanceolate-linear, innermost linear, greenish (yellowing on drying), with indistinct veins, sparsely covered with tomentose hairs to glabrous; appendages membranous, triangular, strongly decurrent with a narrow brown to blackish border, rarely without brownish border, pectinate-ciliate, cilia usually silvery, never ending in a firm mucro or spinule. Flowers numerous; central florets hermapherodite, mostly violet-purple, sometimes violet or pink-purple or cream; peripheral florets sterile, blue or purplish blue, sometimes cream or pale pink, usually strongly radiant with (4 –) 5 – 8 (– 15) segments, without staminodes (very rarely with rudimentary staminodes); anthers with small basal appendages, apical appendages obtuse; filament flattened, covered with papilliform hairs; stigma bifid, distinctly exserted from corolla. Achenes oblong, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, rarely elliptic-obovate, medium-sized, 3 – 6.5 mm long, conspicuously barbate at margin of large hilum. Pappus often much shorter than achenes, rarely longer than achenes, persistent, multiseriate, mostly whitish, double; outer rows with many flat, serrate, or serrate-ciliate bristles, longer inward; inner rows 1 / 4 – 1 / 2 as long as outer ones, with narrow setaceous bristles; rarely pappus absent.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8121F439FF06734C48584AD9.taxon	materials_examined	Centaurea bourgaei Boissier (1875: 637). Type: — TURKEY. In graminosis regionis alpinae montium supra Elmali Lyciae, 9 June 1860, Bourgeau s. n. (holotype G-BOIS! (G 00150029), isotypes E 00394670!, G 00222956!, G-DC! (G 00222957), P 00703882!, P 00703883!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8121F439FF06734C48584AD9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus bourgaei is a rare endemic of Antalya Province, SW Turkey (Fig. 1).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8121F439FF06734C48584AD9.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. Antalya: mountain slope SW of Avlan Lake (80 km SW of Antalya), 1150 m, 28 April 1959, Hennipman 738 (E!); Elmali, Kylar surisi, 1700 – 1800 m, 12 May 1973, Cedik 2248 (E!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8121F439FF0677F44F044ECA.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — TURKEY. Adıyaman (C 7): Çelikhan, Petelik locality, under the road, dam edge, 6 July 2014, Kaya & Ateş s. n. (holotype ISTE!, isotypes ISTO!, KHAU!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8121F439FF0677F44F044ECA.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus celikhanensis is a very rare endemic of Adıyaman Province, S Turkey. It is only known from the type locality in Çelikhan (Fig. 1).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8121F43EFF0674F849E348EB.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus cheiranthifolius occurs in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran and Russia.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8126F43EFF06735748034ED5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus cheiranthifolius var. cheiranthifolius is widely distributed in eastern Turkey, Kars, Ağri, Ardahan, Erzurum and Van Provinces (Fig. 2), and also in Azerbaijan and NW Iran.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8126F43EFF06735748034ED5.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. A 9 Kars: Yağmurlu Da. between Karaurgan and SarikamiŞ, 2350 m, 13 June 1957, Davis & Hedge D 29479 (E!); 4 km from Sari-kamis to Karaurgan, 2200 m, 15 July 1966, Davis 46613 (E!). B 10 Kars: Küçük Ağri Da. near Serdar Bulak, 2450 m, 20 July 1966, Davis 46915 (E!). B 9 Ağri: Ala Da. from Diyadin, Hudavendigar Tepe, 5 July 1967, Albury et al. 3045 (E!). Ardahan: Kisir Dagi group by Lake Cildir, 12 July 1964, Watson 356 (E!); Vallee de Djimil, 8 August 1866, Balansa s. n. (E!). Van: slope of Mt. Ararat, on E side of Akova gorge, 17 August 1969, Hewitt 230 (E!). AZERBAIJAN. Cauc., 1821, Steven s. n. (G-DC!: right hand of the sheet) (syntype of Centaurea montana var. albida). Orient., garden de Paris, 1821, Anon. s. n. (G-DC!: left hand of the sheet!) (syntype of Centaurea montana var. albida). Caucase, alp cauc-orient, 1821, Steven s. n. (G-DC! (G 00487648: left hand of the sheet, G 00487657: right hand of the sheet) (syntypes of Centaurea montana var. citrina).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8126F43FFF06748C4C6E4B82.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — Centaurea montana var. purpurascens was first described by Candolle (1838). Subsequently, Wagenitz (1974) transferred this variety to Centaurea cheiranthifolia, a position followed by subsequent workers (Wagenitz, 1975, 1980, Ozcan et al. 2014, Şirin et al. 2019 a, 2019 b, Çitak et al. 2021). According to Wagenitz (1975, 1980), var. purpurascens is distinguished from var. cheiranthifolia by pink-purple to violet-purple or blue flowers (vs. creamy white). This variety is still not transferred to the genus Cyanus, so I propose the new combination.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8126F43FFF06748C4C6E4B82.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus cheiranthifolius var. purpurascens generally occurs in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran and Russia. Its distribution is wider in comparison to another variety. In Turkey, C. cheiranthifolius var. purpurascens is mainly distributed in northeastern parts in Arvtin, Ardahan and Kars Provinces (Fig. 2).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8126F43FFF06748C4C6E4B82.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. A 8 Çoruh (Arvtin): Kuru Kurun Da. near Melo above Artvin, 2100 m, 30 June 1962, Apold et al. 125 (E!). A 9 Çoruh (Ardahan): Ziyaret Da., 2300 m, 20 June 1957, Davis & Hedge D 30276 (E!). Kars: Kisir Da., SW slope, 2700 m, 3 July 1957, Davis & Hedge D 30576 (E!); Ardahan-Yalnizçam, 1900 m, 16 July 1957, Davis & Hedge D 29603 (E!). Philipp, 30 June 1914, Post s. n. (E!). Kejty-Janych, in monte Gezeldara, 29 May 1913, Roop s. n. (LE!: two sheets) (syntypes of Centaurea fischeri subsp. purpurea). ITALY. Ligurie, Genes, 8 July 1808, Candolle s. n. (G-DC!: middle part of the sheet!) (syntype of Cyanus cheiranthifolius var. purpurascens); Ligurie, Montagne de la Scaggia près Genes, 10 July 1808, Candolle s. n. (G-DC!: left hand of the sheet) (syntype of Cyanus cheiranthifolius var. purpurascens). AZERBAIJAN. Pratis montanis prov: Karabagh meridionali circa Ghierus, 1832, Szovits s. n. (G-DC!) (syntype of Cyanus cheiranthifolius var. purpurascens); in alpine monte Kope-Dagh, 1844, Kolenati 1981 (LE!) (syntype of Centaurea fischeri subsp. purpurea); 1 July 1902, Schelkownikow s. n. (LE!) (syntype of Centaurea fischeri subsp. purpurea); 16 July 1909, Schelkownikow s. n. (LE!) (syntype of Centaurea fischeri subsp. purpurea). GEORGIA. In alpibus Lichidschwari districtus Trialeti, July 1844, Kolenati 2350 (LE!: three sheets) (syntypes of Centaurea fischeri subsp. purpurea); Pedyma, 11 July 1851, Sredinsky 71 (LE!: right hand of the sheet) (syntype of Centaurea fischeri subsp. purpurea); s. c., Nordmann s. n. (LE!) (syntype of Centaurea fischeri subsp. purpurea). RUSSIA. Near the “ Shelter ” at the Mamison pass, alpine meadows, 30 July 1903, Akinfiew s. n. (LE!) (syntype of Centaurea fischeri subsp. purpurea); Kuruch, Becker 285 (LE!) (syntype of Centaurea fischeri subsp. purpurea).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8127F43CFF0671C14C5D4A86.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus depressus is widely distributed in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Geogria, Greece, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Spain, Syria, W Tibet, Turkey, Ukraine, southwest and central Asia and SE Europe (Czerepanov 1963, Wagenitz 1975, 1980, 2019, Boršić et al. 2011). Its distribution is wider in comparison to the other species of the genus. Cyanus depressus is a widespread element in Turkey and can be found in most parts of the country (Fig. 3).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8127F43CFF0671C14C5D4A86.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. Isparta: Isparta et Kousmalu Pisida inter segetes, May 1845, Heldreich s. n. (E!: two sheets). Malatya: Malatya, on the SE side of the city, 2 June 1968, Alava 6816 (E!); ad oppidum Malatya, 1911, Cadell 3673 (SAV!: two sheets). Konya: Konya to çumra, Kuçük köy, 980 m, 21 May 1962, Helbaek 2492 (E!); 3 km from Cihanbeyli to Tuz G., 900 m, 18 June 1962, Dudley D 35940 (E!); Türkei bei Can Hasan S Konya, 28 May 1974, Ern VO 5771 (E!). B 7 Elaziğ: 14 km from Elaziğ to Hazar G., 850 m, 5 June 1957, Davis & Hedge D 28974 (E!). B 9 Van: Van, 1750 m, 6 June 1966, Davis 44398 (E!); ad pagum Chošab dit. Van, inter segetes, 1800 m, 7 October 1910, Nábělek 3706 (SAV!: five sheets); between Hosap and W foot of Kepir Dağ, 30 July 1954, Davis & Polunin 23316 (E!). B 10 Kars: Iğdir D. Ü. Ç., 800 m, 28 May 1966, Davis 43825 (E!). A 9 Kars: 8 km from Kars to Susuz, 1800 m, 5 July 1957, Davis & Hedge D 30622 (E!). A / B 2 Bilecik: Pazaryeri, 750 m, 2 July 1962, Davis et al. D. 36487 (E!: two sheets). B 3 Eskişehir: ca. 24 km from Polatli to Sivrihisar, 800 m, 12 June 1965, Coode & Jones 2251 (E!). C 5 Niğde: near Ulukişla, 1000 m, Siehe in Hayek, Centaureae Exsicc. Crit. I. 4 (GB!); ridge N of Maden behind village, 1829 m, 2 July 1969, Darrah 443 (E!); several miles NW of the Ala Daglari, 25 August 1965, Findlay 54 (E!). Erzurum: in arvis ad Baibout, 26 June 1861, Bourgeau 131 (E!); 38 km from Dogubayazit to Erzurum, 12 July 1970, Hewitt 380 (E!). Kirsehir: Gulsehir (Arapsun), ca. 20 km from Gulsehir, 500 m, 2 August 1956, McNeill 364 (E!); Mucur-Sifegol, 17 July 1954, Davis 21801 (E!). Ağri: road E of Doğu, 1 June 1962, Brown 496 (E!). Gümüşane: Taltaban, 18 June 1894, Sintenis 5907 (E!). A 4 Kastamonu: Kastamonu, 2 June 1974, Rückbrodt s. n. (E!). Kayseri: Sivas-Kayseri near Gemerek, 1400 m, 23 May 1960, Stainton & Henderson 5119 (E!). Bayburt: Bayburt, 1934, Balls 1776 (E!). Antalya: Antalya E of the town, 14 June 1959, Hennipman 354 (E!); Elmalu, in arvis, 19 May 1860, Bourgeau 153 (E!). Mardin: Bakakri, 2 July 1888, Sintenis 1252 (E!). Ankara: Ankara, 13 June 1962, Apold et al. 4 (E!); Hacikadun valley nr. Kecioren, 11 June 1952, Davis & Dodds 18796 (E!); Golbasi, 27 May 1959, Brown 316 (E!: photo); Bala [Cylik], 30 May 1959, Brown 1434 (E!); Dikrmen, 12 June 1967, Baytop 11462 (E!); Galatia, 11 May 1960, Furse & Synge 107 (E!); Ankara, 5 km WSW Beypazari, 590 m, 19 June 1986, Speta s. n. (W!). A 1 (E) Kirklareli: between Pinarhisar and Erenleskoy, ca. 250 m, 26 June 1968, Baytop 13825 (E!: two sheets). B 5 Nevsehir: Goreme, tuff hillsides, 1130 m, 30 June 1966, Davis 42207 (E!). Amasya: near Hersifou, 1 June 1969, A. Baytop & T. Baytop 15246 (E!). Adana: Saimbeyli, Doganbeyli-Akcal, 12 July 1952, Davis et al. 19895 (E!). A 5 / B 5 Yozgat: 14 miles from Cekerek to Alaca, 800 m, 27 May 1965, Coode & Jones 1634 (E!). Denizli: 27 km sudlich Denizli zwischen dem Kazik beli und Sarabatkoyu, 1200 m, 2 Junly 1973, Holtz et al. 00.444 (E!); ca. 10 km NE Çameli, 1560 m, 6 June 1988, Speta s. n. (W!). C 2 Muğla: Muğla to Kale, 4 km form M., 840 m, 28 May 1962, Dudley 35070 (E!). Şanlıurfa: Hilvan, 1965, Zel 1090 (E!). Bolu: östl. Bulu (Auffahrt Fakilar Geç), 700 – 800 m, 5 June 1986, Speta s. n. (W!). Tunceli: Mazgirt (Mazgerd, Mêzgır), ca. 32.7 km SE of Tunceli, road Ortharman-Elmalık, 1.5 km NNE Elmalık, 20 May 2011, Vitek & Ergin 11 - 0161 (W!); Vitek & Ergin 11 - 0152 (W!). B 6 Sivas: Sivas, 900 m, 1890, Bornmüller 3015 (B!). Anatolia, Wiedemann s. n. (E!). Enademque stirpem in Anatolia oriental, Donietti s. n. (GOET!) (syntype of Centaurea anatolica).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8124F43CFF06741049F74EAE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus eflanensis is a very rare endemic of Karabük Province, N Turkey (Fig. 4).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8124F43CFF0675154CB2404D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus germanicopolitanus is endemic to Çankiri and Malatya Provinces, N and S Turkey (Fig. 4).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8124F43CFF0675154CB2404D.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. B 7 Malatya: 12 km S of Arapkir, 1420 – 1500 m, Huber-Morath 9488 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8125F43DFF0676314F4C4EDF.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — Recently, Şirin et al. (2021) described Centaurea hekimhanensis Şirin & Yıldırım as a new species for the flora of Turkey. They did not place it in Cyanus but, as they did not recognize that genus, they included it in Centaurea. According to them, it is closely related to Cyanus reuterianus. A detailed comparison of the description and type photograph confirms that Centaurea hekimhanensis belongs to Cyanus because of its violet-blue florets, peripheral florets radiant and devoid of staminodes, appendages of phyllaries spineless with scarious margin decurrent nearly to the base. So, based on the current concept of Cyanus, I propose the new combination. Cyanus hekimhanensis resembles C. reuterianus, which is endemic to Turkey, in life form, habit indumentum and involucre size, but differs by some important characters such as rosette leaves always undivided, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, obtuse at apex (vs. lyrate with broadly lanceolate to oval or suborbicular terminal segment, rarely undivided, rounded at apex), cauline leaves linear, acute at apex (vs. lanceolate, obtuse at apex), median appendages 8 – 11 × 4 – 5 mm (included cilia) (vs. 12 – 12.5 × 2 – 3 mm), peripheral florets 21 – 23 mm (vs. 16 – 19 mm) long, and also pappus 1.2 – 1.7 mm (vs. 0.5 – 0.6 mm) long.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8125F43DFF0676314F4C4EDF.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus hekimhanensis is a very rare endemic of Malatya Province, S Turkey. It is only known from the type locality in Yamadağı (Fig. 4).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8125F432FF0674854F4D488E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus lanigerus is endemic to Tunceli, Kayseri, Niğde, Erzincan and Amasya, N and near Central part of Turkey (Fig. 5).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8125F432FF0674854F4D488E.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. B 7 Tunceli: Munzur Dağ above Ovacik, 2800 m, 17 July 1957, Davis & Hedge D 31298 (E!). B 6 Kayseri: Pinarbaşi, 2300 m, 26 May 1960, Stainton & Henderson 5163 (E!). B 5 Niğde: Hasan Da. above TaŞpinar Y., 2800 m, 16 June 1952, Davis et al. 18960 (E!: two sheets). C 5 Niğde: Ala Da., July 1964, Wood & Gibson s. n. (E!). A 6 Amasya: Abaci Da., 1300 m, Bornmüller 2246 b (B!). Orient, Montbret s. n. (K!: bottom right hand corner of the sheet).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812AF432FF0673354FC14E67.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — TURKEY. Phrygia: ad radices montis Sultandagh, saxosis prope Akscheher (Wilajet Konia), 1000 – 1100 m, 12 June 1899, Bornmüller 4700 (holotype B 10 0367383!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812AF432FF0673354FC14E67.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — Bornmüller (1944) described var. sultanensis based on his collection from Turkey that is deposited at B. The diagnostic character of this variety is pale-coloured cilia of the appendages. My examination of the herbarium material of C. matthiolifolius deposited at B, E, G, GOET, H, K and WAG confirms the presence of cilia with palecoloured appendages, so this variety is reduced to a synonym of C. matthiolifolius. Centaurea akcadaghensis Uysal & Şirin was described based on the gathering ‘ Uysal 3612 ’ from Akçadağ, Malatya Province, Turkey (Şirin et al. 2020). Recently, this name was changed to Cyanus akcadaghensis by Raab-Straube & Greuter in Raab-Straube & Raus (2021). According to Şirin et al. (2020), C. akcadaghensis differs from C. matthiolifolius by its stem, leaves, central florets, and achenes as following: stem simple and ascending (vs. simple and erect), basal leaves lanceolate, 3.6 – 4.1 × 0.2 – 0.9 cm (vs. linear-lanceolate, 2.9 – 8.5 × 0.6 – 1.2 cm), cauline leaves lanceolate, 1.5 – 3.7 × 0.3 – 0.5 cm (vs. linear-lanceolate 2.6 – 4 × 0.2 – 0.6 cm), central florets purple, 10 – 13 mm long (vs. purple, 13 – 15 mm long), and achenes ovoid-oblong, 3.1 – 3.6 × 1.4 – 1.9 mm (vs. ovoid-oblong, 4 – 4.5 (– 5.5) × 2 – 2.5 mm). A detailed comparison on the descriptions of this new species and C. matthiolifolius showed a high level of similarity between them. Şirin et al. (2020) stated that C. akcadaghensis have a simple and ascending stem, while the stem in C. matthiolifolius is simple and erect. After examining other relevant specimens, I found that C. matthiolifolius also has ascending stems. Moreover, size and shape of leaves, color and length of central florets and shape of achenes overlap in C. akcadaghensis and C. matthiolifolius. There is only a minor difference: achene size was 3.1 – 3.6 × 1.4 – 1.9 mm in C. akcadaghensis versus 4 – 4.5 (– 5.5) × 2 – 2.5 mm in C. matthiolifolius, which is not reliable in Centaurea s. l. Therefore, I concluded that C. akcadaghensis should be merged with C. matthiolifolius.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812AF432FF0673354FC14E67.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus matthiolifolius is endemic to Denizli, Burdur and Isparta Provinces, SW Turkey (Fig. 5).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812AF432FF0673354FC14E67.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. C 2 Denizli: Honaz Da., 1700 m, Huber-Morath 5416 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!); 27 km sudlich Denizli auf dem Kazik beli, 2 July 1973, Holtz et al. 00.469 (E!). Burdur: 15 km from Tefenni to Yeşilova, 1100 m, 1 June 1962, Dudley 35290 (E!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812AF433FF06745D49854EF3.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — Koch (1851) described Centaurea montana var. nigrofimbria (Cyanus nigrofimbrius) based on two collections of him, i. e. “ im kaukasischen Hochgebirge auf Porphyr und Thonschiefer, ca. 5000 bis 8000 hoch ” and “ im Gaue Hemschin auf Urgestein, ca. 6000 bis 9000 hoch ”. The collection “ im kaukasischen Hochgebirge auf Porphyr und Thonschiefer ” is located in Caucasus, but no specimen with such collection data was found among the herbaria I visited. Hemschin is a region on N side of Tatus Daghlari (incl. Kaçkar Dagh) between Ikizdere and Camlihemshin [Turkey A 8 Rize] (Lack 1978). This region appears as a large historical district within the bounds of Lazistan, on the oriental Pontic chain which reaches 3937 m at the Kaçkar Dagh (east of Trabzon). Hemschin is near to locality Dschimil (Cimil), which, following Koch’s travel planning (Edmondson & Lack 1977), seems to be close to the modern city of Ikizdere. Two sheets bearing this region data, kept at B and GOET, were investigated. The preference is given to the B one, because Koch’s autographs are present only on this sheet. The other sample is kept in GOET collection; its label is not from Koch’s hand. The specimen Koch s. n. deposited in B is designated here as the lectotype because it is the only original material that was annotated by Koch and the specimen shows all the relevant characters in regard to the protologue. On the label of the lectotype is printed: “ Kl. Asien, Pontus: Lasistan, Djimil, 1843 – 1845, K. Koch ” and handwritten “ Dschimil, 20. VII. 1843, no. 780 ”. On the label of the isolectotype GOET 008603 has handwritten “ Centaurea montana var. nigrofimbria, Dschimil, K. Koch ”.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812AF433FF06745D49854EF3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus nigrofimbrius generally occurs in Giresun, Trabzon, Ardahan and Rize Provinces, N to NE Turkey (Fig. 5). There are also a few populations in Azerbaijan.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812AF433FF06745D49854EF3.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. A 7 Giresun: below Tamdere, 1600 m, 9 August 1952, Davis et al. 20690 (E!). A 8 Trabzon: Bayburt to of 3 km N of pass top, 2400 m, 11 July 1960, Stainton & Henderson 6199 (E!); Soganli Daglari, 30 km N of Bayburt, 2600 m, 8 August 1972, Edmondson 859 (E!); N side of Soganli dağ above Caykara, 4 August 1957, Davis & Hedge D. 32159 (E!). A 8 / 9 Çoruh (Ardahan-Artvin): Otingol, 1800 m, 4 July 1960, Stainton & Henderson 6005 (E!); Of-Bayburt Rd. about 45 miles S from of, 7 July 1952, Apold et al. 186 (E!); Haldizan N of Baiburt, 26 July 1936, Balls 1851 (E!). Rize: Cermanin Tepe above Cimil, 3100 m, 29 August 1952, Davis & Dodds 21081 (E!); Ikizdere, Vercinin Tepe, steep grassy scree, 3300 – 3400 m, 29 August 1952, Davis & Dodds 21153 (E!); Baskoy (Cimil) - Cermanin Yayla, 2300 m, 28 August 1952, Davis & Dodds 21028 B (E!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812BF430FF0674F14C2549C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — TURKEY. Ankara: ad Angora Galatiae, 1892, Bornmüller 3170 (lectotype JE 00022012! designated here, isolectotypes E 00476656!, K 000794260!, P 00703808!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812BF430FF0674F14C2549C3.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — Cyanus pichleri is represented by two subspecies in Turkey (Wagenitz 1975, Greuter 2003): subspecies pichleri has involucers in 15 – 20 × (8 –) 9 – 13 (– 15) mm size, cilia in (l. 5 –) 2 – 3 mm length, peripheral florets strongly radiant and ca. 15 – 20 mm longer than the involucre; and subspecies extrarosularis has involucres in 11 – 15 × 7 – 8 (– 9) mm size, cilia in 1 – 1.5 (– 2) mm length, peripheral florets slightly radiant and ca. 10 mm longer than the involucre. Bornmüller (1944) described his new variety (i. e. var. ancyrensis) on the basis of lyrate basal leaves of the type specimen. My extensive examinations of specimens at different herbaria revealed the presence of a continuous range of the basal leaves from undivided to lyrate. Therefore this variety should be considered as a synonym of C. pichleri.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812BF430FF0674F14C2549C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus pichleri is mainly distributed in Turkey and there are also a few populations in Bulgaria and Greece	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8128F431FF06704649EE4977.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus pichleri subsp. pichleri is widely distributed in Ankara, Corum, Icel, Yozgat, Nevşehir, Kütahya, Kayseri, Adana, Konya, Bursa, Kastamonu, Sivas, Eskişehir, Uşak, Bolu and Antalya Provinces, from NW to N and C to S Turkey (Fig. 6). There are also a few populations in Bulgaria and Greece (Boršić et al. 2011). In addition, the distribution of C. pichleri subsp. pichleri is wider in comparison to the other subspecies.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8128F431FF06704649EE4977.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. B 4 Ankara: Angora, 5 May 1933, Balls 218 (E!); Dikmen Da., 7 May 1933, Balls 227 (E!). A 5 Corum: after Gumushaciköy, 800 m, 31 May 1969, Tobey 2654 (E!). C 4 Icel: Mut to Karaman, 30 miles N of Mut, 1600 m, 13 May 1963, Coode & Jones 943 (E!). Yozgat: 16 km from Sorgun to Çekerek, ca. 1200 m, 27 May 1963, Coode & Jones 1553 (E!); 10 km N of Bogazliyan, 1200 m, 25 May 1963, Coode & Jones 1503 (E!); Yozgat, June 1960, Curtis 189 (E!). B 5 Nevşehir: ca. 16 km from Ürgüp to Akköy, 1400 m, 21 May 1965, Coode & Jones 1300 (E!). B 2 Kütahya: Murat Dağ above Banaz, S slope, 2000 – 2150 m, 15 June 1965, Coode & Jones 2512 (E!); Ak Da. near Simav, 1900 – 2100 m, 19 June 1965, Coode & Jones 2712 (E!). B 6 Kayseri: Pinarbaşi, 1300 m, 25 May 1960, Stainton & Henderson 5151 (E!). C 5 Adana: Karanfil, 2140 – 2440 m, 4 July 1966, Bisby 12 (E!). B 3 Konya: Passhohe sudwestlich Aksehir in den Sultan daolari steiniger, trockener Hang, 1600 m, 7 July 1963, Holtz et al. 00.555 (E!). C 4 Konya: Yelibel Da. between Karaman and Ermenek, 2280 m, Huber-Morath 8674 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!); Sultan Da. near Akşehir, 1890 – 1910 m, Huber-Morath 8675 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!). Bursa: in summis jugis Olympi Bithyn., July 1874, Pichler, Plantae exsiccatae florae rumelicae et bithynicae 121 (JE!). Bolu: Abant Gölü, Hügel südl. vom See, 1300 – 1650 m, 5 June 1986, Speta s. n. (W!). Antalya: Yumrudag, Seehöhe: 1400 – 1800 m, 8 June 1988, Speta s. n. (W!); Beydağlari, Tahtali Dağ, ca. 45 km SW of Antalya, 23 April 1990, Dinnetz et al. (GB!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8129F431FF06736D4FB64B36.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus pichleri subsp. extrarosularis is endemic to Kastamonu, Nigde, Kütahya, Bursa, Eskisehir, Konya and Icel Provinces, W, S and N Turkey (Fig. 6).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8129F431FF06736D4FB64B36.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. A 4 Kastamonu: Kastamonu, 750 m, 1 June 1967, Tobey 1952 (E!). C 5 Nigde: Ala Dağ, between Cukurbag cross roads and the beginning of Narpiz Gorge., 1500 – 2060 m, 18 June 1963, Parry 21 (E!); Ala Da., Narpiz gorge, 2450 m, 6 June 1964, Wood & Gibson 179 (E!: two sheets). B 2 Kütahya: Murat Da. above Kesik Söğüt, 1650 – 1900 m, 5 July 1962, Davis & Coode D 36763 (E!). Bursa: Ulu Dağ, ca. 2300 m, July 1978, Polunin 15009 (E!). C 5 Icel: foothills of Bolkar Dağ, 1 km SW of Arslanköy, 1900 m, 6 August 1976, Peat et al. 103 B- 4 - 76 (E!). Eskisehir: Sundiken mountain, 1000 m, 22 June 1971, Ekim 38 (E!). C 4 Konya: 19 – 25 km W of Konya, Huber-Morath 8676 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8129F431FF0671AD4E364C9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus pinardii is distributed in Uşak and Burdur, W and SW Turkey (Fig. 6), and also in the Balkans (Greece and Macedonia) (Wagenitz 1975).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8129F431FF0671AD4E364C9E.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. B 2 Uşak: Kaía-gueul-Déré (Karayol De.), ca. 10 km SW of Ouchak (Uşak), 29 May 1857, Blanche 126 (G-BOIS: two sheets).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8129F431FF0676C5498D4DF6.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus raimondoi is a very rare endemic of Bolu Province, N Turkey (Fig. 7).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8129F436FF0677ED4E6A49C3.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — Cyanus ermenekensis was described as an endemic species from Turkey with the name of Centaurea ermenekensis by Şirin et al. (2020) and then its name was changed to Cyanus ermenekensis by Raab-Straube & Greuter in Raab-Straube & Raus (2021). According to Şirin et al. (2020), C. ermenekensis is distinguished from C. reuterianus by its stem, number of capitula, involucre, and median appendages. Based on the description of C. ermenekensis and its comparison with C. reuterianus given by Şirin et al. (2020), and my careful examination of the important morphological traits (Wagenitz 1975) of the type specimens, I found noticeable similarities, namely flowering stem lateral at base of a rosette, usually arising from base of rosette, simple or branched in upper part, decumbent-ascending, cauline leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, 1.8 – 2.9 × 0.2 – 0.9 cm, capitula solitary at end of stem and branches, involucres ovoid and 12 – 18 mm long, median appendages ovate-oblong, peripheral florets slightly radiant, central florets pink- to violet-purple, 12 – 16 mm long, achenes ovoid-oblong, 3.5 – 4.5 × 1.5 – 2 mm, and pappus scabrous. The only difference is that C. ermenekensis has narrower involucres and slightly smaller appendages, while C. reuterianus has wider involucres and slightly larger appendages, but following a thorough investigation of many specimens, I concluded the variation in the involucres and appendages to be continuous. Therefore, by comparing localities and geographical distributions (Fig. 7), and comparing with other samples and type specimens, I established that C. ermenekensis did not differ from C. reuterianus and should be considered as a new synonym of it.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8129F436FF0677ED4E6A49C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus reuterianus is endemic to Turkey.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812EF436FF0677954C4E4ECE.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus reuterianus var. reuterianus is endemic to Muğla, Kütahya and Isparta Provinces, SW and W Turkey (Fig. 7).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812EF436FF0677954C4E4ECE.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. C 2 Muğla: Sandras Dagi above Agla, ascent from Cirali to the Cicekbaba Tep, 21 June 1999, Döring et al. 91 (W!). B 2 Kütahya: Murat Da. above Banaz, 2000 – 2100 m, 15 June 1965, Coode & Jones 2521 (E!); Murat dag (above Gediz) above Kesik Sögüt, 1700 – 1900 m, 5 July 1962, Davis & Coode D 36750 (E!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812EF437FF0674F54C984BFF.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — Centaurea reuteriana var. phrygia was first described by Bornmüller (1909) from Turkey. According to him, it is distinguished from C. reuteriana var. reuteriana by creamy-white flowers (vs. pink- to violetpurple). Currently this taxon is accepted as a distinct variety by subsequent authors such as Wagenitz (1975), Boršić et al. (2011), Şirin et al. (2019) and Çitak et al. (2021). This variety has still not been transferred to the genus Cyanus, so I propose the new combination. Six duplicates of the type of Centaurea reuteriana var. phrygia (Cyanus reuterianus var. phrygius) were found at B, G, G-BOIS, JE, and W, which are to be treated as syntypes (Art. 40 Note 1 of Turland et al. 2018). According to McNeill (2014), the existence of a holotype cannot be established in this case because there was more than one specimen for this taxon, housed in more than one institution. The sheet B 10 0367361 is designated here as the lectotype, because it is the original material that was annotated by Bornmüller and contains capitula and flowers that are better developed than in the other specimens. On the label of the lectotype is handwritten with the locality as above. On the label of all the isolectotypes the following text is printed: “ Phrygia: Akscheher (Wilajet Konia), in regione alpina montis Sultandagh, 2000 m, 21 June 1899, Bornmüller ” and handwritten: “ 5201 Centaurea reuteriana Boiss. var. phrygia ”.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812EF437FF0674F54C984BFF.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus reuterianus var. phrygius is endemic to Isparta, Sivas, Zonguldak, Konya, Karaman, Amasya, Denizli and Adana Provinces, S to SW and N Turkey. Its distribution is wider in comparison to the other variety (Fig. 7).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812EF437FF0674F54C984BFF.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. C 3 Isparta: in pascuis saxosis montis Davros Da., 1950 m, May 1845, Heldreich s. n. (E!, G!, G-DC!, W!); 29 May 1845, Heldreich 746 (G-BOIS!); mounad-Dagh (Phrygie), 28 June 1857, Blanche 122 (G-BOIS!); Barla Dağ, Ostgipfel, Seehöhe, 1600 – 2100 m, 13 June 1988, Speta s. n. (W!). A 6 Sivas: Koyulhisar, 1858, Tchihatcheff 817 (G-BOIS!). A 4 Zonguldak: Keltepe, above Karabük, 1950 m, 3 August 1962, Davis & Coode D 38916 (E!). B 3 Konya: Sultan Da. near Akşehir, 1890 – 1910 m, Huber-Morath 8673 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!); 2 km from Camlik village, Akseki-Beysehir area, 1360 – 1370 m, 3 June 2003, Reeve & Adigüzel 2680 (E!). Amasya: Akdag, above Zefe Koy, Grid A 6, 1900 m, 26 June 1965, Tobey 1208 (E!); in cacumine montis Sana-dagh, 1500 – 1600 m, 15 – 16 July 1899, Bornmüller 2246 (B!); in montis Ak-dagh regione alpine, 1500 – 1900 m, 18 June 1889, Bornmüller 539 (B!); Abadschi-dagh, in reg. alpina, 1300 m, 13 May 1890, Bornmüller s. n. (B!). s. c., Whittall 544 (E!); Whittall 545 (E!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812FF434FF0671E54F2E4A17.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus segetum is distributed as a weed in most of Europe, Siberia, C Asia, N America and elsewhere, and in natural habitats in Italy, Greece, Turkey and Azerbajian (Wagenitz 2019). In Turkey, it is mainly distributed from southwestern to northwestern parts (Fig. 8).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812FF434FF0671E54F2E4A17.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. Muğla: d. Marmaris, Yarimadasi, 300 m, 17 April 1965, Davis 41279 (E!); Lesvos, Kapi, ca. 400 m, Rechinger 5744 (W!); Kara Dağ, 750 m, 18 May 1988, Ainsworth T 20 / 88 (E!); Baba Dağ, ca. 1200 m, 15 April 1964, Livermore s. n. (E!). Tekirdağ: between Çorlu and Symen, 50 m, 5 May 1962, Dudley D 34507 (E!); Degirmenköy, 5 May 1967, Baytop & Atilá 10973 (E!); 14 km E of Tekirdag, 13 May 1968, A. Baytop & T. Baytop 12.684 (E!). Bursa: 2 km from Soğukpinar to Bursa, 950 m, 23 June 1973, Holtz & Hänel 362 (E!). Izmir: Yamanlar Da., Karagöl, 9 June 1966, Alava & Bocquet 5068 (E!); Kusadasi, Samsundag, near Tasdelen place, 8 May 1968, Kayacik & Yaltirik 3355 (E!). Balikesir: Kaz Da., 15 km from Beypinar to Zeytinli, 500 m, 20 May 1962, Dudley D 34858 (E!); Balikesir-Edremit, 1300 m, 13 May 1964, Kayacik & Elicin 2098 (E!). Kirklareli: near Derkoy, 24 July 1968, Baytop 14.165 (E!). Istanbul: near Biukiliç, 11 June 1968, Baytop 13144 (E!). Isparta: Egridir, Egridir-Kasnak forest, 27 Nolu Bölme, Içersinden, 1510 m, 18 June 1971, Göksin 9476 (E!). Mirkasour: damp ground at roadside near stream overflow, Agnew et al. s. n. (E!). B 2 Uşak: Yachamichlar-Keui (Yaşamişlar Köy) N of Uşak, 1200 m, Blanche 1286 (G-BOIS!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812CF434FF06704D499A4BDB.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus tchihatcheffii is a rare endemic of Ankara Province, C Turkey (Fig. 8).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812CF434FF06704D499A4BDB.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. B 4 Ankara: Gölbaşi, 900 m, Brown 316 (E!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812CF434FF0671894E52407E.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — TURKEY. A 3 Bolu: Mengen-Pazarköy, Arak village, in the mixed forest, 900 m, 23 June 2007, Kaya s. n. (holotype ISTE!, isotype SOM!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812CF434FF0671894E52407E.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — Schultz Bipontinus (1846) described Centaurea thirkei based on collections of Thirke, but did not mention any information about Thirke ’ collections nor the name of the herbarium where the specimens were housed. Pertaining to the type specification provided in the protologue, two specimens of Thirke from Turkey were found: “ Bruta, 1843, Thirke s. n. (MO- 797766) ” and “ Turquci J’Euroyc, May 1845, Thirke s. n. (G 00759490) ”. As there is no evidence that Schultz Bipontinus used only one specimen for describing the species, therefore they are considered to be syntypes. Of these, the sheet G 00759490 is better preserved and more complete than another specimen and best represents the species description given in the protologue; hence it is designated here as the lectotype. Kaya & Özel (2017) described Cyanus banchevae Kaya as a new species based on the gathering ‘ Kaya s. n. ’ from Arak village, Bolu Province, Turkey, and considered it very closely related to C. thirkei, from which it was said to be distinguished by its height being 21 – 38 cm (vs. 1.5 – 13 cm), lower cauline leaves 5.3 – 14 cm (vs. 2.5 – 5.5 cm) long, and capitula 16 – 20 × 10 – 15 mm (vs. 12 – 16 × 10 – 15 mm). However, Wagenitz (1975) stated that the length of capitula in C. thirkei is 16 – 20 mm, while Kaya & Özel (2017) wrongly considered the length of capitula to be 12 – 16 mm. My examination of both type and herbarium materials showed that other quantitative differences stated in the protologue, i. e. length of stem and lower cauline leaves, are variable within C. thirkei, so they are not sufficient to distinguish different taxa. Moreover, Kaya & Özel (2017) did not cite any qualitative differences between these species. Therefore, I conclude that C. banchevae should be reduced to a synonym of C. thirkei.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812CF434FF0671894E52407E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus thirkei generally occurs in Izmir, Kütahya, Uşak, Kirklareli, Tekirdağ, EskiŞehir, Manisa and Denizli Provinces, W and SW Turkey (Fig. 8). There are also a few populations in Bulgaria.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812CF434FF0671894E52407E.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. Izmir: Kemalpasa, on top of Nif Dağ, 30 May 1966, Alava et al. 4913 (E!). Kütahya: Simav, Kiçir to Akdag, slopes and summit of Akdag above the treeline, 1900 – 2100 m, 19 June 1965, Coode & Jones 2711 (E!). Uşak: ad Yachamichlar Kioi prope Ouchak Phrygise in argilloso-calcareis, 1200 m, 1857, Blanche 1283 (G-BOIS!: two sheets); June 1857, Blanche 127 (G-BOIS!: two sheets). Manisa: Manisa Da., 4 April 1966, Regel & Zeybek 7167 (EGE!). C 2 Denizli: Honaz D. from SW, 1500 – 2250 m, Watson et al. 2549 (E!). Bruta, 1843, Thirke s. n. (MO!: photo) (syntype of Cyanus thirkei).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812DF435FF0672A14E254A3B.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — In the framework of the Euro + Med PlantBase, Greuter (2020) recognised 4 subspecies for C. triumfettii, subsp. triumfettii, subsp. axillaris, subsp. nanus (Tenore 1831: 447) Greuter in Greuter & Raab-Straube (2005: 229), and subsp. strictus (Waldstein & Kitaibel 1805: 194) Dostál (1984: 14), of which the first two grow in Turkey. Subsp. axillaris differs from subsp. triumfettii by its stems tomentose to subglabrous, cauline leaves lanceolate, uppermost cauline leaves 4 – 10 mm wide, and median cauline leaves 6 – 15 mm wide.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812DF435FF0672A14E254A3B.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus triumfettii is widely distributed in mountains of C and S Europe, Crimea, NW Africa, Lebanon, Turkey, N and W Iran, Iraq and Azerbaijan (Wagenitz 1975, 1980, 2019). Cyanus triumfettii subsp. axillaris is a widespread element in Turkey and can be found in most parts of the country, whereas C. triumfettii subsp. triumfettii is mainly distributed in the eastern parts of Turkey (Fig. 9). In addition, the distribution of C. triumfettii subsp. axillaris is wider in comparison to the other subspecies in Turkey.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812DF42AFF0677DD4E544ADF.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — TURKEY. In monte Göl-dagh, June 1893, Bornmüller 3405 (holotype B 10 0367382!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812DF42AFF0677DD4E544ADF.taxon	discussion	Taxonomic notes: — Centaurea cana f. fulgens was described by Bornmüller (1944). The epithet “ fulgens ” means bright-coloured, regarding the appendages of phyllaries. My examination of herbarium sheets of C. triumfettii deposited at different herbaria confirms the presence of bright-coloured appendages, so that this form is proposed as a synonym of C. triumfettii.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB812DF42AFF0677DD4E544ADF.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. A 4 Çankiri: Çankiri to Ilgaz, near Topali, 1320 m, Huber-Morath 13242 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!). B 3 Konya: Sultan Da. near Akşehir, 1400 m, 1899, Bornmüller 4699 (B!, E!). B 5 Kayseri: 17 km E of Bakir Da., 1640 m, Huber-Morath 10878 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!). Erzincan: 37 km from Erzincan to Refahiye, 1960 m, Huber-Morath 11939 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!). C 5 Niğde: Ala Da., between Çukurbağ crossroads and Narpiz gorge, 1500 – 2060 m, 18 June 1963, Parry 35 (E!). A 9 Kars: near Çatak 14 km SW of Selim, 1920 m, Huber-Morath 15884 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!); Sarikamis, 2100 m, 7 July 1957, Davis & Hedge D 30801 (E!); Horasan-Karaurgan, 14 miles from Horasan, 2000 m, 13 June 1957, Davis & Hedge D 29513 (E!); 10 km from Sarikamis to Karakurt, 2050 m, 15 July 1966, Davis 46518 (E!); NE slope of Ağri Dağ, below Serdar Bulak, 2100 m, 27 May 1966, Davis 43795 (E!); in a meadow close to Sarykamysch, 22 June 1914, Litvinov s. n. (E!). Van: N side of Erek Da., 2300 m, 6 June 1966, Davis 44499 (E!). Ağri: 2 km SW of Hamur (Murat valley), 1680 m, 1 June 1966, Davis 44085 (E!); N side of Cili on Kars Rd., 25 June 1971, Brown 594 (E!); Karakurt, 1600 m, 3 June 1971, Baytop 19987 (E!). C 10 Hakkari: Sat Da. NW of Sat G., 2850 m, 28 June 1966, Davis 45493 (E!). Artvin: 5 km westlich des Yalnizcam, 2450 m, 4 August 1973, Holtz et al. 01.016 (E!). C 3 Isparta Pisidiae, May 1845, Heldreich s. n. (BM!, E!). B 8 Erzurum: 29 km from Hinis to Pasinler, 1800 m, 12 July 1966, Davis 46404 (E!); S of Erzurum, approx. 2 / 3 rds of way to Cat., 1950 m, 1972, Brown 826 (E!); Circa Erzeroum, June 1853, Huet du Pavillon s. n. (G!). B 6 Sivas: Demirdag, 2 June 1968, Baytop 13398 (E!). Ankara: Akyarma gecidi (Gerede-Kizilcahamam), 1580 m, 3 June 1977, Watson 5526 (E!). Izmir: Smyrna, Whittall 487 (E!). Burujik, Kucuk Kur, Cilician Taurus, 9 June 1934, Balls 1342 (E!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8132F42BFF0670854C4F4A87.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. A 3 Bolu: Ala Da., Kartal Kaya tepe, 2100 – 2200 m, 12 July 1962, Davis & Coode D 37340 (E!); Abant, near Bolu, May 1981, Polunin 15931 (E!). A 4 Kastamonu: Ilgaz Da., 2000 – 2150 m, 1929, Bornmüller 14317 (B!, E!); Kastamonu, 1 km E of the town, 850 m, 29 June 1971, Edmondson 570 (E!); Ilgaz Daglari, 35 km S of Kastamonu, 1780 m, 27 June 1971, Edmondson 476 (E!); Ilgaz Daglari, 35 km S of Kastamonu, W side of Ilgazhaceti Tepesi, 9 km E of top of pass, 2100 m, 28 June 1971, Edmondson 512 (E!); Ilgaz Da., 2000 m, 19 July 1969, Darrah 15 (E!). A 7 Giresun: Balabandağ above Tamdere, 2700 m, 7 August 1952, Davis et al. 20557 (BM!, E!). B 2 Manisa: Demirci to Simav, Akçakertik pass, 1310 m, Huber-Morath 17001 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!). B 5 Adana: d. Feke, Bakir Da., 2100 – 2200 m, 30 June 1952, Davis et al. 19399 (BM!, E!); Karsanti, Soguk oluk Fidanlik kulesi, 14 July 1972, Yurdakul 71 (E!). B 6 / 7 Sivas: Divriği, Dumluca Da., 30 May 1968, Baytop 12799 (ISTE!, E!). B 7 Erzincan: Keşiş Da. above Cimin, 2300 m, Davis 31289 (E!); Suchehir to Refakiye, 24 June 1934, Balls 1464 A (E!). B 9 Bitlis / Van: 10 km SE of Pelli, 2750 m, 8 July 1954, Davis & Polunin 22530 (BM!, E!); Karz Dağ above Kotum, 28 June 1954, Davis & Polunin 22263 (E!); Nemrut Da., 30 July 1966, Tong 204 (E!: two sheets); Artos Dağ, 15 July 1954, Davis & Polunin 22865 (E!); mt. 10 km SE of Pelli, 8 July 1954, Davis & Polunin 22572 (BM!, E!); Montagnes du Kurd Dagh, May 1907, Haradjian 1687 (E!); Nemrut mountain, suak se istaryonu, E slope, 24 June 1972, Tatli 162 (E!); Suphan Dağ, 30 July 1966, Stileman 23 (E!). B 10 Kars: Küçük Ağri Da. near Serdar Bulak, 2300 m, 20 July 1966, Davis 46920 (E!); Ziyarat Dağ (Yalnizçan-Daglari) above Yalnizçan, 2400 m, 29 June 1959, Davis & Hedge D 30319 (E!); Selim-Kars, 1200 m, 13 June 1959, Davis & Hedge D 29552 (E!). C 4 Konya: Yelibel Da., near Ermenek, Huber-Morath 11683 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!). C 5 IçeI: Güllek Tepe, 1100 m, June 1896, Siehe 429 (BM!, E!: two sheets, GB!). C 6 Gaziantep: Telhüyüh between Gaziantep and Pazarcik, 800 m, 11 May 1957, Davis & Dedge D 27811 (E!). Gaziantep: Dülük Baba 7 km N of Gaziantep, 1100 m, 12 May 1957, Davis & Dedge D 27875 (E!). C 8 Mardin: 5 km E of Mardin, 1100 m, 25 May 1957, Davis & Hedge D 28604 (E!). Mardin: Mardin-Diyarbakir, 24 km from Mardin, 1000 m, 27 May 1957, Davis & Dedge D 28711 (E!). C 10 Hakkari: Kara Da., 3500 m, Davis 24461 (E!); above old christian church at Talana, S of Cilo Daglari, 2440 m, 9 June 1970, Trelawny 1602 (E!); Cilo tepe, 8 August 1954, Davis & Polunin 24103 (E!); Davis & Polunin 24059 (E!); Kara Dağ, 16 August 1954, Davis & Polunin 24461 (E!); between Hakkari and Beytussebap, 23 July 1974, Rix 2318 (E!). Çorum: Hattuses, dry hills, 1 June 1969, A. Baytop & T. Baytop 15231 (E!). A 2 Bursa: Ulu Dağ, July 1978, Polunin 15076 (E!). A 4 Ankara: Karagöl, 40 miles N of Ankara, 1400 m, 10 June 1965, Coode & Jones 2188 (E!); Distr. Kizilcahamam, isik Dağ, 17 August 1960, Salar et al. 726 (E!). B 5 Ankara: N end of Tuz gölü, 900 m, 29 June 1966, Davis 42170 (E!). Artvin: Kordevan Dağ (Yalnizçan-Daglari) near Kütül yayla, 2100 m, 28 June 1957, Davis & Hedge D 30242 (E!). A 5 Samsun: Ladik, 900 m, 5 May 1964, Tobey 555 (E!). Amasya: Ladik (Alacam mevki), 1300 m, 27 May 1964, Tobey 616 (E!); Zana to Suchehir, 23 June 1964, Balls 1464 (BM!, E!). Gumushane: Bayburt Osluk Koprusu, 1700 m, 20 June 1967, Tobey 2133 (E!); in pr. seuis [?] Gumusch-Khane, 28 May 1862, Bourgeau s. n. (E!); Kop Dagh, Bayburt, 20 July 1934, Balls 1792 (BM!, E!); Kelkit, 1600 m, 18 May 1960, Stainton 8437 (E!); limestone valley 25 km beyond Bayburt on road Trabzon-Erzurum, 1 July 1963, Jardine 523 (E!). Antalya: Kuchuk Kizil Hissar, 23 April 1934, Balls 825 A (BM!, E!); Balls 825 (BM!, E!); Elmali, Keçeva. Az örtülü alt yamaclarda, July 1964, Demirdögen 2524 (E!). Elazığ: Kharput, 1889, Sintenis s. n (E!). C 9 Siirt: above Sirnak, 1400 – 1500 m, 8 May 1966, Davis 42625 (E!). B 9 Ağri: 3 km E of Ağri, 1700 m, 1 June 1966, Davis 44093 (E!); Suluçem (Musun), S end of Balik G., 2300 m, 23 July 1963, Davis 47180 (E!). Maraş: Koyunoluk dağ between Maraş and Göksun, 1300 m, 4 May 1957, Davis & Hedge D 27561 (E!). Diyarbakir: Maden-Ergani, 22 June 1954, Davis 22032 (E!). Niğde: Ala dağ. Enchanted Garden, middle Narpiz Gorge, 2100 – 2400 m, 19 June 1963, Parry 43 (E!). Erzincan: Kesis dağ above Cimin, 2300 m, 28 July 1957, Davis & Dedge 31829 (E!). Eskisehir: Guvem beli kuni dere, 1250 m, 12 June 1970, Ekim 11 (E!). Damut, 5 July 1933, Balls 468 (E!); near Hamurum Dere, 16 km S of agri along road on hillside, 2 June 1967, Ross s. n. (E!); 45 km E of Horazon, mountain pass meadow, 30 June 1967, Ross s. n. (E!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8133F42BFF06713D4CFD4B83.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus uysalii is a very rare endemic of Karaman Province, S Turkey. It is only known from the type locality in Çakırdağı (Fig. 10).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8133F428FF06757D4CB14953.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Cyanus woronowii is a rare endemic of Artvin Province, NE Turkey (Fig. 10).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
038387DB8133F428FF06757D4CB14953.taxon	materials_examined	Selected specimens examined: — TURKEY. A 8 Çoruh (Artvin): Artvin, stony slopes, 700 m, 28 April 1960, Stainton 8278 (E!); 20 km S of Artvin, 730 m, Huber-Morath 15880 (Hb. Hub. - Mor.!); 7 km E of Ardanuç, 1500 m, Watson et al. 3102 (E!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): A checklist of the genus Cyanus (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in Turkey, with notes on taxonomy and distribution. Phytotaxa 531 (1): 18-40, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.2
