taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B087EDFFC1FF90FF59FF35FBD8DDB2.taxon	description	(Figure 2) Synonymy: Reniera proletaria Topsent, 1908	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFC1FF90FF59FF35FBD8DDB2.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.540 and BELUM. Mc 2015.547 Gøuvernoren Wreck, Enterprise Island (64 ° 32.407 ’ S, 61 ° 59.884 ’ W), depth 8 – 19 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 12 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.566 BE- LUM. Mc 2015.567 BELUM. Mc 2015.570 Port Lockroy (64 ° 49.572 ’ S, 63 ° 29.390 ’ W), depth 12 – 17 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 14 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.576 BELUM. Mc 2015.581 BELUM. Mc 2015.583 BE- LUM. Mc 2015.585 BELUM. Mc 2015.587 Port Circumcision, Pieterman Island (65 ° 10.471 ’ S, 64 ° 08.070 ’ W), depth 5 – 9 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 15 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.626 and BELUM. Mc 2015.627 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 2) (65 ° 14.529 ’ S, 64 ° 15.451 ’ W), depth 6 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.651 and BELUM. Mc 2015.652 The Minnows, Prospect Point (66 ° 01.642 ’ S, 65 ° 21.323 ’ W), depth 6 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.679 Jenny Island (67 ° 43.325 ’ S, 68 ° 20.590 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 21 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.739 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.776 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 10 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 25 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.795 and BE- LUM. Mc 2015.796 Neptune’s Bellows, Deception Island (62 ° 59.607 ’ S, 60 ° 33.601 ’ W), depth 7 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 26 / 02 / 2015. Comparative material examined. Haliclona proletaria (Topsent 1908). Holotype NMHN DT 706. Pourquoipas specimen no. 520. Tissue section on microscope slide. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 2 A): Soft bright orange sponge which is very variable in form. Usually thickly or thinly encrusting but a few specimens are attached by a thin join to stones and form small lobes. The surface often has low lobes and, in some specimens, finger-like projections. Large oscules (2 – 4 mm in diameter) are often visible, sometimes terminally on lobes. When freshly collected the specimens had a strong iodine-like smell. Preserved appearance. Soft, easily broken, pale yellow mass. Skeleton (Figure 2 C): Ascending columns of up to four spicules joined by individual spicules. The ends of the spicule columns spread out at the surface but do not project beyond the ectosome. Spicules (Figure 2 B): Oxeas with sharp points. Curved, normally angled from the middle rather than smoothly curved. BELUM. Mc 2015.540 396 (459) 520 by 14 (18) 23 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.547 440 (482) 524 by 11 (17) 22 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.585 440 (498) 533 by 17 (20) 24 µm, BELUM. Mc 2015.567 474 (528) 581 by 10 (16) 20 µm. Remarks. The type locality of this species is Booth Island where it was found at low tide on rocks. Topsent (1908) describes H. proletaria as extending as polymorphic plates on stones. Although all our specimens were collected sub-tidally many were in very shallow water: the species was particularly abundant in Port Circumcision, Pieterman Island between 5 and 9 m in depth (probably also extending into shallower water but this was not sampled). Topsent gives the dimensions of the oxea as 470 (550) 600 by 16 µm (our measurements from the type specimen are 476 (519) 613 by 18 (21) 23 µm) which is slightly larger than that found in our samples, although it can be seen above that there was some variation between specimens and the spicules of some did approach this size. The overall form and curvature of our specimen’s spicules was very similar to those of the type specimen. This species has not, to our knowledge, been reported elsewhere but because of the lack of characters for identification Haplosclerida are often not identified to species level (as is the case for several other specimens from this study).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFC0FF93FF59FC65FB20DEE9.taxon	description	(Figure 3) Synonomy: Gellius pilosus Kirkpatrick, 1907; Haliclona (Gellius) pilosa (Kirkpatrick, 1907); Haliclona pilosa (Kirkpatrick, 1907).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFC0FF93FF59FC65FB20DEE9.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.608 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 1) (65 ° 14.615 ’ S, 64 ° 15.019 ’ W), depth 14 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.700 Vieugue Island (65 ° 38.758 ’ S, 65 ° 12.540 ’ W), depth 10 – 22 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.784 Under Spiggot Peak, Orne Harbour (64 ° 37.755 ’ S, 62 ° 33.018 ’ W), depth 5 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 25 / 02 / 2015. Comparative material examined. Gellius pilosus Kirkpatrick, 1908 Holotype. BMNH 1908.2.5.195 f (spicule preparation); BMNH 1908.2.5.195 k (tissue section). External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 3 A, B): Beige branched sponge with flattened branches. The largest of our three specimens was over 30 cm in height and the smallest was around 10 cm. Branches are 0.5 – 1.5 cm maximum diameter. The branching pattern is irregular with some branches dividing into two and others several fingers which may be webbed together. Often the branches are rounded at their tips but some are pointed — this seems to be when new divisions are starting off. Preserved appearance. Soft grey branched sponge with softly hispid surface. Ends of skeletal fibres project about 0.5 – 1 mm beyond the ectosome. Skeleton (Figure 3 C): Columns of 3 – 4 oxea joined by single spicules. Fanning slightly at surface. Projecting ends of columns form surface hispidation. Spicules: Oxeas (Figure 3 D): BELUM. Mc 2015.608 491 (523) 566 by 24 (28) 34 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.784 Oxeas 368 (409) 439 by 14 (19) 23 µm Sigmas (Figure 3 E): BELUM. Mc 2015.608 27 (32) 39 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.784 20 (32) 48 µm Remarks. Kirkpatrick (1907, 1908) described this species as an ‘ erect flattened triangular or elongate lamella divided or digitate at the upper edges’ with a ‘ finely conulose and pilose’ surface. The skeleton consists of primary fibres 2 – 5 spicules thick joined by secondary fibres usually one but sometimes two or three thick. The oxea are 537 by 23 µm and sigmas 39 µm in length and 16 µm in breadth (our measurements from the holotype: styles 550 (562) 640 by 20 (27) 35 µm, sigmas 30 (36) 40 µm. The spicule dimensions and form, skeletal form and external form of our specimens are a good match for the type specimen although the oxea in BELUM. Mc 2015.784 are slightly shorter. Hajdu et al. (2016) recently reported a specimen from 40 m in the South Shetland Islands. Their figured specimen has a slightly different form to ours with more elongate branches and is reported as being dark yellow to orange in colour. Distribution. This species was originally described from the Ross Sea in 46 – 55 m and has since been reported from the South Shetland Islands in 40 m (Hajdu et al. 2016), Ross Sea (Brueggeman (1998); Ocean Survey 20 / 20 (2013); Mangano et al. (2014 )) and the South Pacific (NIWA 2016). Burton (1929) considered H. pilosus a synonym of Haliclona (Gellius) rudis (Topsent 1901), however, he later revised this (Burton 1932).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFC3FF92FF59F9D3FC16DD79.taxon	description	(Figure 4)	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFC3FF92FF59F9D3FC16DD79.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.584 Port Circumcision, Pieterman Island (65 ° 10.471 ’ S, 64 ° 08.070 ’ W), depth 5 – 9 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 15 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.653 The Minnows, Prospect Point (66 ° 01.642 ’ S, 65 ° 21.323 ’ W), depth 6 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 4 A): Both specimens were a beige crust. One was on an algal holdfast, the other over a bivalve shell. Preserved appearance. Soft, brown, easily broken crust. Skeleton (Figure 4 B): Reticulation of bundles of 3 – 4 oxea. Ectosomal pallisade of tylotes. Spicules: Styles (Figure 4 C): Heads spined with a few large spines (Figure 4 D). BELUM. Mc 2015.653 426 (452) 478 by 12 (16) 20 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.584 349 (370) 404 / 11 (16) 20 µm. Tylotes (Figure 4 E): With rounded, densely spined ends (Figure 4 F). BELUM. Mc 2015.653 272 (289) 304 by 7 (10) 12 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.584 248 (266) 283 / 8 (9) 11 µm. Chelae (Figure 4 G): With a prominent spine on the base: BELUM. Mc 2015.653 14 (17) 19 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.584 17 (20) 23 µm. Bipocilla (Figure 4 H): BELUM. Mc 2015.653 8 (10) 11 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.584 8 (9) 12 µm. Remarks. The type location for this species is Livingstone Island, South Shetland Islands between 21 – 30 m. The encrusting form, skeleton and spicule dimensions correspond well to those of the holotype and paratype (Styles 370 – 410 by 5 – 20 µm; Tylotes 208 – 285 by 4 – 10 µm; Bipocilla 9 – 11 µm and chelae 19 – 35 µm). We did not note thin acanthostyles but these were very rare in the type specimens. Distribution. There are currently no other records in the scientific literature. These records extend the range of I. hesperidesi considerably further south along the Antarctic Peninsula.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFC2FF95FF59FA70FCC0D816.taxon	description	(Figure 5) Synonymy: Iophon unicornis Topsent, 1907, Iophon spatulatum Kirkpatrick, 1907.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFC2FF95FF59FA70FCC0D816.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.646 Rocks near San Martin Islands (65 ° 41.297 ’ S, 65 ° 20.091 ’ W), depth 6 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.771 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 14 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.788 and BE- LUM. Mc 2015.789 Under Spiggot Peak, Orne Harbour (64 ° 37.755 ’ S, 62 ° 33.018 ’ W), depth 5 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 25 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.811 and BELUM. Mc 2015.819 Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands (62 ° 59.607 ’ S, 60 ° 33.601 ’ W), depth 7 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 27 / 02 / 2015. Comparative material examined. MNHN DT 1665 Iophon unicornis Topsent, 1907. Île Anvers, collected by ‘ Le Francais’. Microscope preparations of tissue section and spicules. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 5 A): A yellow encrusting sponge. All but one of our specimens had thin branchlets arising from their surface, as the basal crust was often obscured by algae this gave the impression of a stalked branched sponge. The individual projections were thin (around 20 mm maximum diameter), translucent, up to 1.5 cm in length, and had rounded ends, although in some cases the branchlets rejoined the sponge surface. Preserved appearance. Dark yellow branchlets or crust with smooth surface. Skeleton (Figure 5 B): Ascending bundles of up to 10 styles irregularly anastomising, joined by 1 – 2 spicules. Ectosomal fans of tylotes. Microscleres scattered throughout tissue. Spicules: Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.646: Styles (Figure 5 C, D): 389 (418) 446 by 13 (16) 20 µm. Curved styles with an abrupt point and a large single spine on the basal end. Tylotes (Figure 5 E): 208 (223) 242 by 7 (10) 11 µm Ends slightly swollen but not rounded and spined with several spines in a flattened crown (Figure 5 F). Chelae (Figure 5 G): 17 (20) 24 µm. Have a basal spine. Remarks. The spicules of our specimen are a close match in terms of size and form to the type specimen (spicules measurements from type: styles 398 (439) 473 by 10 (15) 18 μm, tylotes 212 (234) 248 by 8 (11) 14 μm, chelae 17 (20) 24 μm). Topsent (1907) does not record bipocilla as being present in the species description and we did not find them in our specimens or on re-examining slides of the type. However, Rios (2006) made new preparations from the type specimen and found them to be common. Goodwin et al. (2012) also noted bipocilla to be present in specimens they ascribed to this species which were collected from South Georgia. It is possible the species actually represents a species complex. However, Desqueyroux-Faúndez & Van Soest (1996) do not consider bipocilla to be a reliable character for species differentiation in Iophon as their presence can vary in different specimens from the same species. Distribution. The type locality is Île Anvers (Anvers Island) on the Antarctic Peninsula. The species is widely distributed in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic with records from Bransfield Strait, Bellinghausen Sea, Ross Sea, Kerguelen Island, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands, South Georgia and Weddell Sea (Kirkpatrick 1908; Topsent 1913, 1917; Hentschel 1914; Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1989; Pansini et al. 1994; Gutt and Koltun 1995; Rios 2006; Goodwin et al. 2012). Burton (1929) considered the majority of Antarctic species of Iophon to be synonyms so it is not clear if his specimens include this species.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD9FF88FF59FD0DFA2BD922.taxon	description	(Figure 7, Table 5) lsid: zoobank. org: act: 81218 B 8 F- 1 C 10 - 4711 - A 2 E 2 - D 51 FD 220 A 60	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD9FF88FF59FD0DFA2BD922.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: BELUM. Mc 2015.725 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. Paratypes: BELUM. Mc 2015.693 Vieugue Island (65 ° 38.758 ’ S, 65 ° 12.540 ’ W), depth 10 – 22 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.640 Rocks near San Martin Islands (65 ° 41.297 ’ S, 65 ° 20.091 ’ W), depth 6 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015. Other specimen: BELUM. Mc 2015.736 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. Diagnosis. Southern Ocean Crella (Crella) with one category of lightly and evenly spined basal acanthostyles. Etymology. Named after Juliette Hennequin, first mate of the expedition vessel the Hans Hansson, in recognition of her support. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 7 A): Bright orange crust with prominent pore sieves. Growing over bedrock. Some patches were very large (> 50 cm in diameter). Preserved appearance. Fairly firm pale yellow crust with smooth, detachable, surface on which pore sieves are clearly visible. Storage ethanol has turned orange. Skeleton (Figure 7 B): Plumose. Strongly hispid ascending columns of acanthostyles and tornotes. Dense ectosomal layer of acanthoxea. Spicules: Measurements given here are from the holotype BELUM. Mc 2015.725. See Table 5 for dimensions of paratypes.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD9FF88FF59FD0DFA2BD922.taxon	description	Acanthostyles (Figure 7 C, D): 454 (465) 477 by 16 (20) 26 µm. Slightly curved with small spines very sparsely scattered along their length, in some spicules these are so sparse that they initially appear smooth. The heads are not tylote. There is no secondary class of echinating acanthostyles. Ectosomal anisotornotes (Figure 7 E): 294 (325) 353 by 7 (11) 15 µm. Slightly fusiform tornotes with asymmetrical ends, one end usually smoothly tapered and one more abruptly pointed. Ectosomal acanthoxeas (Figure 7 F): 53 (62) 74 by 4 (7) 10 µm. Often slightly curved. Entirely spined with large spines.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD9FF88FF59FD0DFA2BD922.taxon	materials_examined	Remarks. These specimens are assigned to Crella as they possess an ectosomal crust of acanthoxeas and do not have chelae. As basal acanthostyles echinating the substrate are present they are assigned to Crella (Crella) (Van Soest 2002 a). There are currently only five valid species of Crella (Crella) two of which, Crella (Crella) aurantiaca Bertolino, Calcinai & Pansini, 2009 and Crella (Crella) tubifex (Hentschel, 1914), have been recorded from the Antarctic. C. aurantiaca differs from our specimen in having two categories of basal acanthostyles. The form of both the categories of acanthostyles also differs in that they have very dense clumps of large recurved spines on their heads, whereas our specimen has very small spines evenly spread along the length of the shaft. Crella (Crella) tubifex possesses amphistrongyles rather than tornotes, and ectosomal acanthostrongyles rather than acanthoxeas.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD8FF8AFF59F8F6FE07DA51.taxon	description	(Figure 8) Synonomy: Laxosuberella topsenti (Burton, 1929); Suberella topsenti Burton, 1929; Suberites topsenti (Burton, 1929).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD8FF8AFF59F8F6FE07DA51.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.596 — Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 1) (65 ° 14.615 ’ S, 64 ° 15.019 ’ W), depth 14 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.688 Rocks NW of Laktionov Island (65 ° 45.536 ’ S, 65 ° 47.319 ’ W), depth 6 – 23 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 22 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.709 Vieugue Island (65 ° 38.758 ’ S, 65 ° 12.540 ’ W), depth 10 – 22 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.767 and BELUM. Mc 2015.768 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 14 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.834 Diomedea Island (62 ° 12.185 ’ S, 58 ° 56.760 ’ W), depth 10 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 01 / 03 / 2015. Comparative material examined. BMNH 26.10.26.186 a Suberella topsenti Burton, 1929 Holotype. Station 14. Tissue section (label crossed out to say Suberella montiniger Carter but this is the specimen referred to in the type description, pp 446 Burton (1929 )). Suberites topsenti (NIWA 28884). Specimen collected on TAN 0402: A biodiversity survey of the western Ross Sea and Balleny Islands in 2004 undertaken by the National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and financed by the former New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries. External morphology. In situ appearance: Large globular or oval shaped sponges — our specimens ranged from 10 – 30 cm in diameter (Figure 8 A). Beige or pale yellow in colour, the surface often has purplish-brown patches, presumably due to algae. Large pore sieve structures (around 0.5 – 1 cm in diameter) cover the surface of the sponge, in some specimens these have raised rims (Figure 8 B). There are also occasionally large oscules up to 2 cm in diameter. Preserved appearance. Pale brown soft sponge. Smooth surface with visible pore sieves. Alcohol coloured yellow. Skeleton (Figure 8 C): The choanosomal skeleton is a plumo-reticulation of columns of styles. The ectosomal skeleton is a dense palisade of styles with their points directed outwards. Spicules (Figure 8 D): Styles with a very slightly tylote head and an abrupt point. Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.596 Thicker styles 380 (420) 443 by 7 (9) 13 µm (Figure 8 E), thinner styles 307 (368) 406 by 3 (5) 7 µm (Figure 22 F). These two categories of styles were not localised and presence of thin spicules was less common in other specimens. Remarks. Specimens presumably of this species were reported by Topsent (1915) as Suberites montiniger Carter, 1880. S. montiniger was described from the Barents Sea. Burton (1930) notes that S. montiniger differs in having a tangential layer of styles at the surface rather than a palisade and the distinction of the two species is maintained by Van Soest (2002 b). However, some authors (e. g. Campos et al. 2007 for specimens from the Bransfield Strait) retain the use of S. montiniger for Antarctic specimens; a revision is required.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD8FF8AFF59F8F6FE07DA51.taxon	description	The presence of pore fields indicate that this species belongs in order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928. Vargas et al. 2015 sequenced a specimen assigned to Suberites topsenti from the NIWA collections, collected from 244 m in the Ross Sea (NIWA 28884). Their analysis, based on CO 1, shows it clustering with other poecilosclerids in the family Hymedesmiidae Topsent, 1928. Our specimens are the same species as NIWA 28884. The preserved external appearance is very similar as our spicule dimensions and form (measurements of tylostyles in NIWA 28884: 356 (407) 468 by 10 (12) 15 µm). Given the absence of both microscleres and acanthostyles, the closest existing genus within the Hymedesmiidae is Hemimycale. This species corresponds to the current definition (Huguenin et al 2018) ‘ Hymedesmiidae without acanthostyles and microscleres other than raphides. Megascleres strongyles, oxeas and styles. Styles and strongyles not divisible into ectosomal or choanosomal spicules. Oxeas when present are in the choanosome only’. Consequently, we tentatively re-assign this species to Hemimycale, despite closer similarity of the CO 1 sequence to Phorbas species than existing Hemimycale. As noted by Uriz et al. (2017) both Hemimycale and Crella are polyphyletic. Further molecular and morphological work, using multiple markers, is required to resolve the taxonomy of these groups and this is beyond the scope of this paper.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD8FF8AFF59F8F6FE07DA51.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution. Antarctic Oates coast down to 700 m (Koltun 1964); McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea (Burton 1929; Brueggeman 1998), Weddell Sea (Plotkin & Janussen 2008), although see notes above; Burdwood Bank, Falkland Islands (Topsent 1915).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDAFF8CFF59F9D3FBACDD79.taxon	description	(Figure 9, Table 6) lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 3 D 74 DBA- 258 E- 4 FAB- 8 E 5 F- 343 DD 3 FB 562 B	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDAFF8CFF59F9D3FBACDD79.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: BELUM. Mc 2015.701 Vieugue Island (65 ° 38.758 ’ S, 65 ° 12.540 ’ W), depth 10 – 22 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. Paratype: BELUM. Mc 2015.722 and BELUM. Mc 2015.726 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. Other specimens: BELUM. Mc 2015.601 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 1) (65 ° 14.615 ’ S, 64 ° 15.019 ’ W), depth 14 – 24 m. BELUM. Mc 2015.734 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m. Diagnosis. Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) with tornote ectosomal spicules (245 – 358 µm long) and two categories of acanthostyles (267 – 633 and 137 – 208 µm long), the larger of which are only spined for their basal third. Etymology. Named after Nora Malone, daughter of Jade Berman, who was born a few months after the expedition. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 9 A): Very thin pale yellow encrusting sponge forming patches up to 20 cm in diameter. Surface covered with an irregular pattern of veins and pores sieves — pore sieves do not have rims so are less distinct than in many other Hymedesmia species. Preserved appearance. Firm white crust, 1 mm thick. Skeleton (Figure 9 B): Hymedesmoid with a basal layer of primary and secondary acanthostyles and ascending columns (5 – 15 spicules thick) of tornotes. Chelae sparsely scattered throughout tissue. Spicules (for measurements of all specimens see Table 6). Primary acanthostyles (Figure 9 C). With a tylote head. The head and up to the lower 1 / 3 of the shaft are spined with small conical spines but the majority of the shaft is smooth. The shaft is often slightly curved. Secondary acanthostyles (Figure 9 D). With a tylote head. Entirely spined with small conical spines but these are densest at the head and become slightly sparser towards the tip. Ectosomal tornotes (Figure 9 E, F): Anisotornotes, sometimes with one slightly rounded end so style-like in form, others with two pointed ends. Arcuate chelae (Figure 9 G): Normal arcuate chelae with a slight bend in the shaft and three, fairly short, rounded alae on each end. Remarks. Of the 13 species of Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) recorded from the region (see Goodwin et al. 2012) three possess two categories of acanthostyles and have tornotes as ectosomal spicules: H. antarctica Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren, 1982, H. mariondufresni Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren 1982, and H. barnesi Goodwin, Brewin & Brickle 2012. H. barnesi can be distinguished as it has smaller primary acanthostyles (272 – 392 µm) and is bright orange when living. Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren (1982) note that the primary difference between H. antarctica and H. mariondufresni is that the tornotes of the latter are shorter than the acanthostyles, whilst the reverse is true for the former. On this basis our specimen would be closer to H. mariondufresni, the tornotes of our species are certainly much shorter than those in H. antarctica (422 – 593 µm). However, the primary acanthostyles of H. mariondufresni are smaller and thinner than those in our specimens (243 – 512 by 13 – 25 µm) and only smooth at the end of the shaft, whereas the primary acanthostyles of our specimens are normally only spined for the basal third. Distribution. Currently only known from the type and holotype localities.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDCFF8CFF59FDB9FDDAD828.taxon	description	(Figure 10) Synonomy: Hymedesmia gaussiana Hentschel, 1914	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDCFF8CFF59FDB9FDDAD828.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.599 and BELUM. Mc 2015.609, Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 1) (65 ° 14.615 ’ S, 64 ° 15.019 ’ W), depth 14 – 24 m, BELUM. Mc 2015.637 and BELUM. Mc 2015.644 rocks near San Martin Island, BE- LUM. Mc 2015.657, — Detaille Island (Site 1) (66 ° 52.373 ’ S, 66 ° 46.967 ’ W), depth 6 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 18 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.684 Rocks NW of Laktionov Island (65 ° 45.536 ’ S, 65 ° 47.319 ’ W), depth 6 – 23 m, BELUM. Mc 2015.699 and BELUM. Mc 2015.702 Vieugue Island (65 ° 38.758 ’ S, 65 ° 12.540 ’ W), depth 10 – 22 m. BELUM. Mc 2015.759 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 14 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015. Comparative material examined. ZMB 4795 slides of Holotype of Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) gaussiana Hentschel, 1914. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 10 A): Rusty orange thin crust which can form large patches on bedrock (up to 30 cm in diameter). Oval pore sieves ~ 5 mm in diameter densely packed on surface. In some specimens algae in the tissues gave them a brown colour which contrasted more strongly with the red pore sieves. Preserved appearance. Thin crust (~ 1 mm thick). Firm with smooth surface. Preserving alcohol is coloured orange. Skeleton (Figure 10 B): Hymedesmioid with a densely packed basal layer of primary and secondary acanthostyles. Ascending columns of ~ 15 strongyles. Spicules: Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.599. Primary acanthostyles (Figure 10 C): 255 (353) 419 by 22 (28) 35 µm. Entirely spined with small spines but spines sparser towards the tip. Secondary acanthostyles (Figure 10 D): 124 (155) 177 by 15 (18 (20 µm. Entirely spined with small spines. Ectosomal aniso-strongyles (Figure 10 E, F): 296 (354) 373 by 8 (11) 14 µm often with one end slightly tylote. Arcuate chelae (Figure 10 G): 28 (34) 37 µm with a strongly curved shaft. Remarks. The spicules of our specimens were a good match in terms of size and form for the type specimen (our measurements from Holotype: Primary acanthostyles 243 (282) 323 by 28 (30) 35 µm, secondary acanthostyles 125 (148) 170 by 17 (22) 27 µm, strongyles 318 (362) 400 by 7 (9) 10 µm, chelae 28 (35) 41 µm. The large acanthostyles were slightly longer and more sparsely spined in some of our specimens than in the holotype. Our spicules also match those figured by Rios (2006), although she records longer primary acanthostyles (250 – 390 by 25 – 52 µm). Distribution. Originally recorded from 350 m depth in the Antarctic, H. gaussiana has also recently been recorded from Marguerite Bay in 355 m (Rios 2006). From our survey this species also seems to be fairly common on shallow rock along the Antarctic Peninsula.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDFFF8EFF59FB4EFC2DDDE5.taxon	description	(Figure 11) Synonomy: Anchinoe glaberrima (Topsent, 1917); Clathrissa glaberrima Topsent, 1917.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDFFF8EFF59FB4EFC2DDDE5.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.643 Rocks near San Martin Islands (65 ° 41.297 ’ S, 65 ° 20.091 ’ W), depth 6 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.664 Detaille Island (Site 1) (66 ° 52.373 ’ S, 66 ° 46.967 ’ W), depth 6 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 18 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.698 Vieugue Island (65 ° 38.758 ’ S, 65 ° 12.540 ’ W), depth 10 – 22 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. BE- LUM. Mc 2015.752 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 14 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.774 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 10 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 25 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.830 and BELUM. Mc 2015.838 Diomedea Island (62 ° 12.185 ’ S, 58 ° 56.760 ’ W), depth 10 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 01 / 03 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 11 A, B): Very large thickly encrusting specimens, some over 30 cm in diameter and over 15 cm thick. The sponge is cream but the surface layer is often brown (potentially from algae) so the densely packed pore sieves, which remain cream, are very distinct. Preserved appearance. Firm, grey, mass. Skeletal columns clearly distinguishable and spaces visible between them. Skeleton (Figure 11 C): Choanosomal skeleton composed of a basal layer of acanthostyles from which thick ascending columns of up to 20 oxea ascend. Acanthostyles echinate the lower parts of these columns. In the ectosome the ends of the columns of oxea fan out to form a continuous surface layer. Chelae are very abundant and scattered throughout tissue. Spicules: Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.698. Oxeas (Figure 11 D): 429 (484) 528 by 12 (15) 20 µm. Fusiform with abrupt points. Acanthostyles: 202 (268) 403 by 14 (20) 27 µm. Parallel sided with an abrupt point. Head not tylote. Strongly spined along whole length. Chelae (Figure 11 E): 22 (24) 28 µm. Remarks. Phorbas glaberrimus (Topsent, 1917) was originally described from 297 m in the Antarctic and ap- pears to be a good match for these specimens, although Topsent reports slightly larger oxeas (530 – 600 by 20 – 22 μm). Rios (2006) and Goodwin et al. (2012) report smaller oxeas of 420 – 590 μm and 365 – 476 μm respectively, more similar to the range in our specimens, and Koltun (1964) also gives a wider size range (382 – 600 μm). Rios (2006) reports two categories of acanthostyles but this division is not apparent in our specimens. Distribution. This species is widely distributed in the Antarctic: Alexander I land (Topsent 1917), Wilheim II coast, Banzare coast, Wilkes Land, Victoria Land, Princess Astrid Coast (Koltun 1964), MacRobertson Coast (Kol- tun 1976), Weddell Sea (Barthel et al. 1990; Gutt & Koltun 1995), Ross Sea (Pansini et al. 1994), South Trinidad Island and Bransfield Strait (Rios 2006), and South Georgia (Goodwin et al. 2012) from depths 10 – 1370 m. Burton (1929) also erroneously reported it as a synonym of Pyloderma latrunculioides (Ridley and Dendy, 1886) from the Antarctic but it is not clear which of his specimens are this species.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDEFF80FF59F97BFEC6DCE1.taxon	description	(Figure 12)	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDEFF80FF59F97BFEC6DCE1.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.777. Under Spiggot Peak, Orne Harbour (64 ° 37.755 ’ S, 62 ° 33.018 ’ W), depth 5 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 25 / 02 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 12 A): Large sponge greater than 50 cm in height. Composed of several coalescing fingers, 4 – 8 cm in diameter, joined at a common base. Large oscules visible. Bright orange / yellow in colour. Other specimens (not sampled) varied in form; some consisted of just one or two fingers and some were rounded lobes. Very large specimens (> 60 cm high) were seen. Preserved appearance. Beige finger up to 2 cm in diameter. Firm texture. Surface with low conules. Oscules 3 – 4 mm across visible. Seems to be a clear ectosomal membrane but this is not detachable. Skeleton (Figure 12 C): Columns of 10 – 20 oxea which project through sponge surface. Reticulation of oxea in-between them. Chelae very abundant throughout tissue. Spicules (Figure 12 B): Oxeas (Figure 12 D): 395 (424) 470 by 26 (30) 35 µm. Palmate chelae (Figure 12 E): 63 (69) 73 µm have knob on inside of alae. Remarks. Our specimens are a good match for the external appearance and spicule form of the type specimen. This had a slightly wider size range of oxeas (185 (407) 535 by 2.5 (19) 36 µm) and chelae (35 – 80 µm). Distribution. The type locality is Livingston Island and South Shetland Islands 24 – 56 m. This is the first record apart from the original description. This was the only site which we recorded this species at but it was very abundant here with very large specimens covering a vertical wall as far down as was visible (to depths of> 40 m). The species was only recorded from over 20 m at this site and seemed more abundant lower down the wall so it may be that it is a deeper water species and not usually present in the shallow circalittoral areas that we were sampling.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDEFF80FF59F97BFEC6DCE1.taxon	description	Synonomy: Homoeodictya erinacea Topsent, 1916; Homoeodictya kirkpatricki Topsent, 1916	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFDEFF80FF59F97BFEC6DCE1.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.595 and BELUM. Mc 2015.610 — Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 1) (65 ° 14.615 ’ S, 64 ° 15.019 ’ W), depth 14 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.770 Paradise Bay Wall (Dive 1) (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 14 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015. Comparative material examined. Homoeodictya erinacea Topsent 1916. Holotype. MNHN DT 680, ‘ Pourquoi-pas’ specimen no. 70, spicule preparation on microscope slide. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 13 A, B): Low cream cushion with hispid processes ~ 5 mm long and 1 – 2 mm wide. These have a spiky appearance sometimes fork at the end. Preserved appearance. Untidy mass of clear, large branching fibres (~ 1 mm in diameter) with some brown tis- sue present in between them. Skeleton (Figure 13 C): Rather confused with bundles of 3 – 4 oxea crossing and anastomising. These bundles project from the surface, forming the hispid processes. Spicules: Oxeas (Figure 13 D): BELUM. Mc 2015.610 (399 (525) 595 by 10 (20) 26 µm) BELUM. Mc 2015.595 (378 (562) 699 by 10 (16) 28 µm). Chelae (Figure 13 E): BELUM. Mc 2015.610 (45 (52) 58 µm), BELUM. Mc 2015.595 (53 (61) 67 µm). Remarks. The external form of our specimens is similar to that described by Topsent (1916) who states that his specimens are bristling with single or divided spines. Hajdu et al. (2016) note that their specimens were usu- ally cylindrical and light brown or yellowish in colour. The oxeas in our specimens are slightly shorter than those of the type (our measurements from the type specimen 710 (769) 837 by 24 (31) 35 µm), but similar in size range to those reported by Rios et al. (2004) (400 – 712 by 7.5 – 30 µm). The chelae are of a very similar size to those of the type specimen (40 – 68 µm, 44 (52) 58 µm from our measurements) and Rios et al. (2004) (40 – 50 µm). The form of the oxeas in our specimens is very similar to the type but the chelae do appear slightly more elongate. It seems that the presence of raphides may be variable in this species. Rios et al. (2004) note that they were not present in their specimens or those of Desqueyroux-Faúndez (1989) but they were abundant in the type specimen. We did not find them in our specimens. Distribution. Widely distributed in the Antarctic (Wilhelm II Coast, Banzare Coast, Adelie Coast, George V Coast, Oates Coast, Balleny Islands, Victoria Land, Graham Coast, Palmer Archipelago, Elephant (Mordvinov) Is- land, Mac-Robertson Coast), Falkland Islands (Koltun, 1964) and recently recorded from the South Shetland Islands (Rios et al. 2004).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD3FF82FF59FF35FBACDB89.taxon	description	(Figure 14) lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 FE 528 FB- 040 A- 4 C 14 - 9 A 73 - A 4695 DF 0 E 64 B	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD3FF82FF59FF35FBACDB89.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. Holotype: BELUM. Mc 2015.638 Rocks near San Martin Islands (65 ° 41.297 ’ S, 65 ° 20.091 ’ W), depth 6 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015. Paratypes: BELUM. Mc 2015.692, BELUM. Mc 2015.703 and BELUM. Mc 2015.713 Vieugue Island (65 ° 38.758 ’ S, 65 ° 12.540 ’ W), depth 10 – 22 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.721 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.758 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 14 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015. and BELUM. Mc 2015.775 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 10 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 25 / 02 / 2015. Comparative material examined. Clathria pauper Brondstedt, 1927. BMNH 30.11.5.2 a (tissue section and spicule preparation). Labelled ‘ N of Discovery Islet from type’. Etymology. Named after Emily Priestley who was an invaluable member of the expedition dive team. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 14 A): Pale yellow encrusting sponge forming patches of variable size (5 –> 20 cm) on bedrock. Surface covered with spiky projections up to 2 cm in length, these are sometimes branched. The projections are cored by fibres of spicules which are visible through the projection as a central core. Preserved appearance. Fairly soft brown basal cushion with projecting, tapering spikes, up to 1 cm in length. Surface velvety, finely hispid. Skeleton (Figure 14 B): In the basal cushion the choanosomal skeleton is an irregular plumo-reticulation of thick ascending fibres of primary styles (up to 20 spicules thick) which are echinated by the acanthostyles, joined by thinner secondary tracts cored by 2 – 3 primary styles. In the spiky surface projections, a thick ascending fibre of principal styles (up to 20 spicules thick) cores the centre of the projection. Thinner fibres of 2 – 3 principal styles, heavily echinated by acanthostyles, lead up to the surface at 45 ° angle to the central fibre. Brushes of sub-ectosomal styles join these at the surface. Microscleres are scattered throughout the tissue. Spicules: Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.638. Principal styles (Figure 14 C): 430 (802) 1105 by 14 (19) 25 µm. Large smooth styles which are often slightly curved. Subectosomal styles (Figure 14 D, E): 297 (375) 440 by 7 (9) 11 µm. Tylote head which is spined with a few large spines. Acanthostyles (Figure 14 F): 121 (146) 168 by 8 (11) 21 µm. Entirely spined with fairly large spines. Thin toxas (Figure 14 G): 154 (176) 213 µm. Oxhorn toxas (Figure 14 H): 54 (69) 103 µm. Remarks. We have assigned this species to Clathria (Clathria) rather than one of the other seven subgenera on the basis of the lack of differentiation between the axial and extra-axial regions of the choanosome and the presence of a reticulate skeleton, and only a single category of auxillary styles (Hooper 2002 b). Although the species has an appearance similar to C. (Axosuberites) rosita Goodwin, Brewin & Brickle, 2012 this subgenus has a distinctive extra-axial skeleton and lacks echinating megascleres (Hooper, 2002 b). Of the 29 species present in the Antarctic and adjacent regions only two, C. (C.) lissosclera Bergquist & Fromont, 1988 and C. (C.) pauper Brøndsted, 1927, possess two distinct categories of toxa.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD3FF82FF59FF35FBACDB89.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution. Currently only known from the type and holotype localities.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD2FF85FF59FAE9FD59DD91.taxon	description	(Figure 15)	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD2FF85FF59FAE9FD59DD91.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.724 and BELUM. Mc 2015.737 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.766 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 14 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015. Comparative material examined. Clathria (Axosuberites) rosita Goodwin, Brewin & Brickle, 2012 Holotype BELUM. Mc 7611. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 15 A): Low, pale orange, small cushions (up to 10 cm in diameter) with rounded projections up to 1 cm long. Preserved appearance. Brown mass composed of anastomosing columns 2 – 3 mm thick. Texture quite firm with a hispid surface. Alcohol coloured pale orange. Skeleton (Figure 15 B): Choanosomal reticulation of bundles of 2 – 4 styles, these fan out and become plumose towards the ectosome. Well differentiated axial skeleton with larger sub-ectosomal styles joining the plumose ends of the choanosomal skeleton and protruding through the surface. The ectosomal skeleton consists of brushes of small styles, each supported at the tip of a protruding sub-ectosomal style of the choanosomal skeleton. Spicules: Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.724. Choanosomal styles (Figure 15 C): 409 (492) 596 by 18 (20) 25 µm. Smooth styles, often slightly curved. Sub-ectosomal styles: 598 (793) 1040 by 29 (34) 50 µm. Smooth styles. Form similar to choanosomal style but size much larger. Ectosomal styles (Figure 15 E): 274 (323) 375 by 7 (10) 14 µm, spined sparsely at their heads. Toxas (Figure 15 F): 87 (202) 381 µm. Smooth (no spination of ends). Small toxas (Figure 15 G): 7 (9) 15 µm. Smooth, fat, oxhorn type toxa. Remarks. These specimens have been assigned to Clathria (Axosuberites) on the basis of their distinctive plumose extra axial skeleton, which is well differentiated from the reticulate axial choanosomal skeleton (Hooper 2002 b). Our specimens are a good match for the type species both in terms of external form and spicule dimen- sions: in the holotype choanosomal styles 272 (311) 385 by 11 (15) 19 µm; sub-ectosomal styles (357 (597) 1012 by 15 (20) 31 µm; ectosomal styles 197 (243) 334 by 4.9 (6.9) 9.6 µm; Toxas 51 (149) 327 µm, small oxhorn shaped toxas: 15 (22) 34 µm). The small toxas in our Antarctic specimens do not seem to attain quite as large a size, and the choano- somal styles are slightly larger. Clathria flabellata (Topsent, 1916) has similar spicule sizes and has been recently recorded from 22 m in the South Shetland Islands (Rios et al. 2004). However, this species can be distinguished as it has three categories of toxas, the larger two of which have spined ends. Additionally, it is an erect and fan-shaped sponge. Distribution. C. rosita was originally described from South Georgia in 11.5 – 18 m and these are the first other records, extending its range to the Antarctic Peninsula.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD5FF87FF59F8B9FDBDDFB5.taxon	description	(Figure 16) Synonomy: Mycale fibrosa Boury-Esnault & van Beveren, 1982. Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.624 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 2) (65 ° 14.529 ’ S, 64 ° 15.451 ’ W), depth 6 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.801 and BELUM. Mc 2015.802 Neptune’s Bellows, Deception Island (62 ° 59.607 ’ S, 60 ° 33.601 ’ W), depth 7 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 26 / 02 / 2015.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD5FF87FF59F8B9FDBDDFB5.taxon	materials_examined	External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 16 A): Low pale yellow mound with surface covered in conules. Ectosomal mesh visible through surface on close examination. Preserved appearance. White mass of choanosomal fibres with detachable, thin, paper-like, ectosomal layer. Skeleton: The choanosomal skeleton (Figure 16 B) is an irregular reticulation of columns of mycalostyles. The majority of these are around 4 spicules thick but they are supported by much larger fibres up to 20 spicules thick. The ectosomal skeleton (Figure 16 C) is formed of a felted mass of styles. Spicules: Mycalostyles (Figure 16 D): BELUM. Mc 2015.624 524 (549) 578 by 15 (20) 26 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.802 494 (524) 569 by 17 (21) 31 µm. Chelae 1 (Figure 16 E): BELUM. Mc 2015.624 43 (48) 55 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.802 38 (47) 56 µm. With gently curved lower alae. Chelae 2 (Figure 16 F): BELUM. Mc 2015.624 77 (84) 91 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.802 77 (84) 91 µm. With gently curved lower alae. Sigmas 1 (Figure 16 G): BELUM. Mc 2015.624 38 (48) 61 µm, BELUM. Mc 2015.802 41 µm (rare). Sigmas 2 (Figure 16 H): BELUM. Mc 2015.624 254 (273) 301 µm BELUM. Mc 2015.802 199 (211) 226 µm. Remarks. The spicule dimensions in the type specimen of Mycale fibrosa Boury-Esnault & van Beveren, 1982, match those of our specimens closely (Styles 492 (558) 608 by 7 (14) 18 µm; Chelae 54 (80) 85 µm and 38 (47) 54 µm; and sigmas 215 (235) 249 µm and 31 (37) 44 µm). The two specimens from which the species was originally described were in bad condition and it was not possible to see the ectosomal skeleton. Rios (2006) notes a disordered tangential layer of mycalostyles and therefore records the species as Mycale (Mycale), we support this here. She reports styles 400 (587) 800 by 2.5 – 22.5 µm; anisochelae 45 (70) 98 µm and 30 (41) 53 µm and 28 (31) 33 µm; sigmas 123 (224) 295 µm and 33 (41) 60 µm. Rios (2006) found the small category of isochelae in only one of her specimens and did not find them in the holotype. Distribution. This species has been previously recorded from Livingstone Island 15 – 122 m (Rios 2006); Ker- guelen Island (Boury – Esnault & Van Beveren 1982), Paradise Bay, Leith Cove (Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1989), and the Ross Sea (Pansini et al. 1994).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD7FF86FF59FEFDFECFDDEA.taxon	description	(Figure 17) Synonomy: Esperella magellanica (Ridley, 1881); Esperia cunninghami Carter, 1882; Esperia magellanica Ridley, 1881; Mycale (Mycale) magellanica (Ridley, 1881); Mycale antarctica Hentschel, 1914; Mycale lilliei Dendy, 1924; Mycale magellanica (Ridley, 1881); Mycale pellita Topsent, 1913; Mycale rossi Hentschel, 1914).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD7FF86FF59FEFDFECFDDEA.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.717 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.685 Rocks NW of Laktionov Island (65 ° 45.536 ’ S, 65 ° 47.319 ’ W), depth 6 – 23 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 22 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.762 Paradise Bay Wall (64 ° 53.841 ’ S, 62 ° 52.391 ’ W), depth 14 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 17 A): Thick pale yellow crust with large oscules and ecto- somal mesh clearly visible through surface. Preserved appearance. White ectosomal crust supported by large skeletal columns of spicules. Skeleton: Chonosomal skeleton formed of branching fibres of 10 – 20 styles (Figure 17 B). These are fused to- gether in the interior of the sponge to form larger columns then branch towards the surface. Ectosomal mesh (Figure 17 C) formed of columns of 5 – 10 spicules. Spicules: Mycalostyles (Figure 17 D): BELUM. Mc 2015.685 399 (488) 560 by 9 (14) 18 µm, BELUM. Mc 2015.717 433 (530) 576 by 9 (10) 14 µm. Microxeas (Figure 17 E): BELUM. Mc 2015.685 27 (57) 130 by 3 (4) 5 µm, BELUM. Mc 2015.717 60 (108) 148 by 3 (4) 5 µm. Anisochelae (Figure 17 F): BELUM. Mc 2015.685 26 (40) 51 µm; BELUM. Mc 2015.717 34 (39) 44 µm. Remarks. The type specimen of Mycale (Aegogropila) magellanica (Ridley, 1881) has styles 462 – 544 by 12.6 µm, chelae 44 – 54 µm, and rare microxea 44 – 63 µm. Koltun (1964) reports that the spicule complement of this species is very variable with frequently microscleres represented only by chelae and raphides, or chelae and sigmas, so it is possible that it represents a species complex and molecular work is required to determine if South American and Antarctic specimens are the same species. The external appearance of our specimens is very similar to that recorded by Hajdu et al. (2016) from the South Shetland Islands. Distribution. The type locality for the species is Patagonia Bay, southern Chile. It is one of the most widely distributed species in the southwest Atlantic (López Gappa & Landoni 2005) with records from Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands (Ridley & Dendy 1887; Topsent 1913; Burton 1932, Burton 1934; Burton 1940; Sarà 1978; and Schejter et al. 2012). It has been recorded from the Antarctic (Hentshel 1914), South Shetlands (Burton 1932; Hajdu et al. 2016) and South Georgia (Burton 1932) George V Land (Burton 1938), East Antarctic Wilkes Land (Koltun 1964) Enderby Land, Princess Elizabeth Land and Kerguelen (Koltun, 1964), the Ross Sea (Kirkpatrick 1908), Weddell Sea (Barthel et al. 1990) Lazarev Sea (Gutt & Koltun 1995) and recently from Marguerite Bay in 355 m (Rios 2006).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD6FFB9FF59FCF5FBE9D8CB.taxon	description	(Figure 18) Synonomy: Mycale acerata Kirkpatrick, 1907; Mycale acerata var. minor Hentschel, 1914; Mycale acerata var. sphaerulosa Hentschel, 1914; Oxymycale acerata (Kirkpatrick, 1907).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFD6FFB9FF59FCF5FBE9D8CB.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.552 Gøuvernoren Wreck, Enterprise Island (64 ° 32.407 ’ S, 61 ° 59.884 ’ W), depth 8 – 19 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 12 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.604 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 1) (65 ° 14.615 ’ S, 64 ° 15.019 ’ W), depth 14 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.617 and BELUM. Mc 2015.631 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 2) (65 ° 14.529 ’ S, 64 ° 15.451 ’ W), depth 6 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.649 Rocks near San Martin Islands (65 ° 41.297 ’ S, 65 ° 20.091 ’ W), depth 6 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.655 The Minnows, Prospect Point (66 ° 01.642 ’ S, 65 ° 21.323 ’ W), depth 6 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015.; BELUM. Mc 2015.660 Detaille Island (Site 1) (66 ° 52.373 ’ S, 66 ° 46.967 ’ W), depth 6 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 18 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.690 Rocks NW of Laktionov Island (65 ° 45.536 ’ S, 65 ° 47.319 ’ W), depth 6 – 23 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 22 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.697 and BELUM. Mc 2015.710 Vieugue Island (65 ° 38.758 ’ S, 65 ° 12.540 ’ W), depth 10 – 22 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.731 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.780 Under Spiggot Peak, Orne Harbour (64 ° 37.755 ’ S, 62 ° 33.018 ’ W), depth 5 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 25 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.807 Neptune’s Bellows, Deception Island (62 ° 59.607 ’ S, 60 ° 33.601 ’ W), depth 7 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 26 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.833 and BELUM. Mc 2015.836 Diomedea Island (62 ° 12.185 ’ S, 58 ° 56.760 ’ W), depth 10 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 01 / 03 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 18 A): Lemon yellow, massive, sponge, individuals can be very large - some of our specimens were over 60 cm in diameter. Large specimens are composed of a series of fused mounds, often these bear terminal oscules. The surface of the sponge is covered in small nodules ~ 5 mm in diameter, giving it a bumpy appearance (Figure 18 B). Preserved appearance. Grey mass. Skeletal columns visible as distinct fibres ~ 0.5 mm across. Preserving alcohol coloured yellow. Skeleton: Choanosomal skeleton plumo-reticulate formed of columns of oxea 10 – 20 spicules thick (Figure 18 C). Ectosome is composed of a mesh of fibres 4 – 8 spicules thick (Figure 18 D). Microscleres are abundant, the larger chelae form rosettes. Spicules: Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.780. Oxeas (Figure 18 E): 629 (679) 748 by 16 (22) 27 µm with abruptly pointed ends. Anisochelae 1 (Figure 18 H): 69 (79) 86 µm in rosettes. The lower alae bears a short, antenna-like, projection. Anisochelae 2 (Figure 18 I): 33 (45) 55 µm. The lower alae bears a single pointed tooth. Microxeas (Figure 18 F) 30 (84) 111 by 1.6 (2.1) 2.6 µm. Spindle shaped. Tiny oxeas / raphides (Figure 18 G): 6.6 (7.1) 7.8 µm. Remarks. The spicule sizes reported for the type are oxeas 850 by 16 µm, chelae 105 and 47 µm, and trichodragmata 62 µm, although the tiny oxeas are not mentioned — these were not obvious in all of our specimens. Specimens produced a lot of slime on collection. Mycale acerata was very abundant, present at most of our sampling sites, often in large quantities. It is one of the dominant species on the Antarctic Peninsula (Kowalke 1998). Mycale acerata is faster growing than many other Antarctic sponges and has been demonstrated to increase 43 – 67 % in terms of wet weight in a year, because of this, it is thought to be able to compete successfully against many slower growing benthic species and may become spatially dominant in some benthic environments (Dayton et al. 1974). Populations seem to be regulated by predation, particularly that of the asteroids Perknaster fuscus Sladen, 1889 and Acodontaster conspicuus (Koehler, 1920). Distribution. Mycale acerata is common along the Antarctic Peninsula, and widespread around the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic (records from Wilheim II Coast, Wilkes Land, South Shetland Islands, Princess Ragnhild Coast, Lars Christensen Coast, Kerguelen, Macquarie Island, Bouvet Island, South Orkneys, South Georgia), as well as being recorded from the Falkland Islands, Chile and Argentina (Koltun 1964; Brueggeman 1998; Rios et al. 2004; Hajdu et al. 2016). It has been recorded from 10 – 761 m + depth (Brueggeman 1998).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFE8FFBBFF59FEA5FE49DC8D.taxon	description	(Figure 19) Synonymy: Myxilla asigmata (Topsent, 1901); Myxilla (Myxilla) asigmata (Topsent, 1901); Myxilla spongiosa var. asigmata (Topsent, 1901); Lissodendoryx asigmata Topsent, 1901; Lissodendoryx spongiosa var. asigmata Topsent, 1901.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFE8FFBBFF59FEA5FE49DC8D.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.555 and BELUM. Mc 2015.558 Danco Island (64 ° 43.416 ’ S, 62 ° 35.799 ’ W), depth 5 – 19 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 14 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.562 and BELUM. Mc 2015.574 Port Lockroy (64 ° 49.572 ’ S, 63 ° 29.390 ’ W), depth 12 – 17 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 14 / 02 / 2015. BE- LUM. Mc 2015.586 BELUM. Mc 2015.590 BELUM. Mc 2015.591 BELUM. Mc 2015.592 — Port Circumcision, Pieter- man Island (65 ° 10.471 ’ S, 64 ° 08.070 ’ W), depth 5 – 9 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 15 / 02 / 2015. Port Circumcision, Pieterman Island (65 ° 10.471 ’ S, 64 ° 08.070 ’ W), depth 5 – 9 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priest- ley, 15 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.642 Rocks near San Martin Islands (65 ° 41.297 ’ S, 65 ° 20.091 ’ W), depth 6 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.669, BELUM. Mc 2015.670 and BELUM. Mc 2015.675 Dalgleish Bay, Porquoi-pas Island (67 ° 42.390 ’ S, 67 ° 44.155 ’ W), depth 15 – 17 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 20 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.676 — Jenny Island (67 ° 43.325 ’ S, 68 ° 20.590 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 21 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.808 Neptune’s Bellows, Decep- tion Island (62 ° 59.607 ’ S, 60 ° 33.601 ’ W), depth 7 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 26 / 02 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 19 A): Thick very bright, almost neon, orange crust of variable dimensions — our specimens ranged from 5 to 20 cm in diameter. Some specimens have an irregular surface with many small mounds, others are smoother. Often one or two large oscules (~ 1 cm diameter) are visible. Preserved appearance. Firm crust with light brown interior and dark, chocolate brown, exterior. Surface very smooth. Alcohol coloured pale orange. Skeleton (Figure 19 B): Reticulate choanosomal skeleton with ascending columns of 4 – 6 styles joined by thinner bundles 2 – 4 spicules in width. Dense ectosomal palisade of tylotes. Chelae throughout the tissue. Spicules: Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.586. Styles (Figure 19 C): 433 (524) 560 by 15 (20) 24 µm Smooth styles with an abrupt point. Often gently curved. Tylotes Figure 19 D): 239 (283) 299 by 7 (11) 13 µm. Ends only slightly tylote and bearing a crown of 4 – 6 large spines. Myxillid chelae (Figure 19 E): 53 (61) 69 µm with three pointed teeth at each end. Remarks. Only two species of Myxilla (Burtonanchora) recorded locally have only one category of chelae as microscleres: M. asigmata (Topsent, 1901) and M. lissostyla (Burton, 1938). Myxilla lissostyla has much smaller chelae (11 µm) and larger styles (800 µm). The type specimen of Myxilla asigmata has similarly sized chelae (60 – 70 µm) and tylotes (380 by 7 – 8 µm) but larger styles 715 – 775 by 20 µm. The style sizes in our other specimens ranged from 530 to 647 µm so they consistently had smaller styles than the type. However, a wide range of style sizes, from 300 to 900 µm, have been reported by other authors (see Rios & Cristobo 2007). The number of teeth reported on the chelae is also variable: most authors report three, but Topsent described this as variable and Rios & Cristobo (2007) report five in their specimen. Distribution. We found this species to be widespread and recorded it from Deception Island down to Jenny Island in the South. At some sites it was very abundant, notably Port Circumcision, Pieterman Island. Myxilla asigmata is widespread in the Antarctic and Subantarctic: Bellingshausen Sea (Topsent 1901); Booth-Wandel Island (Topsent 1908); Weddell Sea (Topsent 1913); Gauss Station (Hentschel 1914); South Georgia (Burton 1932); Wilkes Land and South Shetland Islands (Koltun 1964); MacRobertson Land and Enderby Land (Koltun 1976); Weddell Sea (Barthel et al. 1990); Ross Sea (Pansini et al. 1994); Lazarev Sea (Gutt & Koltun 1995); Bransfield Strait (Rios & Cristobo 2007).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFEBFFBAFF59FB05FE35D91A.taxon	description	(Figure 20) Synonomy: Tedania charcoti Topsent, 1907.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFEBFFBAFF59FB05FE35D91A.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.560, BELUM. Mc 2015.564, BELUM. Mc 2015.572 Port Lockroy (64 ° 49.572 ’ S, 63 ° 29.390 ’ W), depth 12 – 17 m, 14 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.577, BELUM. Mc 2015.579, BELUM. Mc 2015.580, BELUM. Mc 2015.588, BELUM. Mc 2015.589, BELUM. Mc 2015.593 Port Circumcision, Pieterman Island (65 ° 10.471 ’ S, 64 ° 08.070 ’ W), depth 5 – 9 m, 15 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.786 Under Spiggot Peak, Orne Harbour (64 ° 37.755 ’ S, 62 ° 33.018 ’ W), depth 5 – 21 m, 25 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.837 Diomedea Island (62 ° 12.185 ’ S, 58 ° 56.760 ’ W), depth 10 – 18 m, 01 / 03 / 2015. Comparative material examined. Tedania charcoti Topsent, 1907. MNHN DT 678, ‘ Porquoi-pas’ specimen no. 259, (tissue section on microscope slide) and DT 679, ‘ Pourquoi-pas’ specimen no. 530 (spicule preparation on microscope slide). These are not the type specimen but were collected on the same expedition. External morphology. In situ appearance Figure 20 A): Yellow-orange thickly encrusting sponge which often has small mounds or folds on its surface. Soft texture. Preserved appearance. Firm beige sponge with very smooth surface. The preserving alcohol is coloured mustard yellow. Skeleton (Figure 20 B): Anastomosing ascending columns of up to 20 styles joined by thinner columns of styles. Dense pallisade of tornotes at the surface. Onychaetes present throughout the tissue. Spicules: Measurements and images from BELUM. Mc 2015.589. Skeleton image from BELUM. Mc 2015.580. Styles (Figure 20 C): 377 (433) 491 by 10 (14) 16 µm. Slightly curved with an abrupt point. Tornotes (Figure 20 D, E): 304 (328) 366 by 7 (9) 12 µm. Often with one end slightly mucronate. Onychaetes: Two size categories 87 (111) 158 µm (Figure 20 F) and 181 (239) 275 µm (Figure 20 G, H). Remarks. Topsent (1907) describes the form of this species as mammiform with large oscules on top of conical mounds. We cannot find a reference to the live colour in the literature, but Rios (2006) reports specimens are light orange externally and yellow in the choanosome when living, and that they dye ethanol yellow-orange. Topsent (1907) also reports the alcohol being lightly stained yellow. The size range found in our specimens is very similar to the type specimen; Topsent (1907) reports styles (420 – 450 by 13 µm; tornotes 305 – 340 by 10 µm, onychaetes of two size categories, 90 – 120 by 2 µm, with one inflated end, and 250 – 265 by 2 µm. Distribution. The type locality is Port Charcot, Booth Island from 0 – 40 m, it was reported as common at this location. It has also been recorded from East Antarctic Wilkes Land, the Ross Sea, (Koltun, 1964); Falkland Islands and South Georgia (Topsent 1913; Burton 1932, 1934); the South Orkney Islands (Burton 1940); the South Shetland Islands (Rios et al. 2004), the Patagonian shelf (Bertolino et al. 2007), and the Chilean Coast (Tierra de Fuego) (Desqueyroux 1989). We found it to be particularly abundant on the shallow rock wall, between 5 and 9 m, of Port Circumcision Harbour, Pieterman Island (Site 12), where it was one of the dominant sponge species. This site is very close to Booth Island, Interestingly, although we sampled the type location (Site 10) we did not collect any specimens from there.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFEAFFBDFF59F91DFE0DD8FA.taxon	description	(Figure 21) Synonomy: Tedania tantula (Kirkpatrick, 1907), Oceanapia tantula Kirkpatrick, 1907.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFEAFFBDFF59F91DFE0DD8FA.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.600 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 1) (65 ° 14.615 ’ S, 64 ° 15.019 ’ W), depth 14 – 24 m; 16 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.619 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 2) (65 ° 14.529 ’ S, 64 ° 15.451 ’ W), depth 6 – 18 m; 16 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.686 Rocks NW of Laktionov Island (65 ° 45.536 ’ S, 65 ° 47.319 ’ W), depth 6 – 23 m; 22 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.738 Port Charcot, Booth Island (65 ° 03.853 ’ S, 64 ° 01.868 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; 23 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.778 Under Spiggot Peak, Orne Harbour (64 ° 37.755 ’ S, 62 ° 33.018 ’ W), depth 5 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 25 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.809 Neptune’s Bellows, Deception Island (62 ° 59.607 ’ S, 60 ° 33.601 ’ W), depth 7 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 26 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.840 Diomedea Island (62 ° 12.185 ’ S, 58 ° 56.760 ’ W), depth 10 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 01 / 03 / 2015. Comparative material examined. BMNH 1908.2. 5.198 Oceanapia tantula Kirkpatrick, 1907 Holotype. Slides a – k (spicule preparations and tissue sections). External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 21 A): Yellow orange tubular sponge which may be branched. Up to 10 cm in length. The oval tubes taper out to a pore sieve structure at their end. In all of our specimens the majority of the tube was covered in encrusting epiphytes and epizooids (algae, bryozoans, other sponges) and only the terminal pore sieve structures were visible and immediately apparent. The texture of the tubes is very chitinous and most un sponge-like — resembling a worm tube. Preserved appearance. Tapered tube with smooth surface. Texture very firm. Alcohol coloured bright yellow. Skeleton: The main choanosomal skeleton (Figure 21 B) is formed of ascending columns of up to 20 styles mixed with onychaetes with some smaller intercrossing columns and many free styles. The outer ectosomal chitinous layer (Figure 21 C) is formed of an ectosomal tangential layer of tornotes. Spicules: Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.600. Styles (Figure 21 D): 393 (445) 512 by 16 (20) 22 µm abruptly pointed and usually curved. Tornotes (Figure 21 E, F): 404 (438) 452 by 7 (12) 15 µm ends usually symmetrical. Onychaetes 1 (Figure 21 G): length 76 (88) 103 µm. Onychaetes 2 (Figure 21 H, I): length 416 (510) 694 µm. Remarks. The spicule size ranges and external form of our specimen closely match those of the type (from our measurements of the Holotype (styles 460 – 550 by 18 – 22 µm; tornotes 320 – 390 by 10 µm; onychaetes 550 – 670 µm and 80 – 110 µm). The form of the styles differs slightly in that the majority of those in the holotype are modified into strongyles, where strongyle modifications were hardly ever found in our specimens. Rios (2006) also notes the presence of strongyle modifications in some of her specimens.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFEAFFBDFF59F91DFE0DD8FA.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution. This species is very abundant in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic (Koltun 1964, 1976). Records include the type location, Winter Quarters Ross Sea, (Kirkpatrick 1907); McMurdo Sound (Burton 1929); Ross Sea (Pansini et al. 1994), Weddell Sea (Gutt & Koltun 1995, Göcke & Janussen 2013). Antarctic Peninsula and Bellinghausen Sea (Rios 2006).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFECFFBFFF59FAD2FD71D953.taxon	description	(Figure 22) Synonomy: Axinella balfourensis Ridley & Dendy, 1886, Axinella supratumescens Topsent, 1907, Homaxinella supratumescens (Topsent, 1907).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFECFFBFFF59FAD2FD71D953.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.541 and BELUM. Mc 2015.546 Gøuvernoren Wreck, Enterprise Island (64 ° 32.407 ’ S, 61 ° 59.884 ’ W), depth 8 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 13 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.559, BELUM. Mc 2015.565, BELUM. Mc 2015.568, BELUM. Mc 2015.569, BELUM. Mc 2015.575 Port Lockroy (64 ° 49.572 ’ S, 63 ° 29.390 ’ W), depth 12 – 17 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 14 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.681 — Jenny Island (67 ° 43.325 ’ S, 68 ° 20.590 ’ W), depth 6 – 16 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 21 / 02 / 2015. BE- LUM. Mc 2015.742 Rocks on west side of Pleneau Island (65 ° 06.407 ’ S, 64 ° 04.417 ’ W), depth 8 – 12 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.827 Diomedea Island (62 ° 12.185 ’ S, 58 ° 56.760 ’ W), depth 10 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 01 / 03 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 22 A): Yellow branching sponge with branches ~ 0.5 cm in diameter. Specimens can be over 20 cm in height. Branches come abruptly to a sharp point. Some individuals have many branches, some only a few, and sometimes an individual may consist of a single branch. Branches may be undivided or divided. Dividing is sometimes dichotomous but can be very untidy and give the sponge a straggly appearance. Preserved appearance. Fairly soft pale cream branch with smooth surface. Alcohol stained pale yellow. Skeleton (Figure 22 B): Choanosomal ascending columns of styles, up to 10 spicules thick, are joined by brush- es of ectosomal styles at the surface. Spicules (Figure 22 C): Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.742. Styles: 341 (472) 576 by 7.5 (10.9) 14 µm. Thin styles, often slightly curved, heads not tylote. Remarks. The type locality of Axinella balfourensis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 is Kerguelen Island in 37 – 110 m. Axinella supratumescens Topsent, 1907 was described from Ile Wiencke in 2 – 30 m and Booth Island, dead specimen on shore. Both are now placed in Homaxinella (Topsent 1916) and considered synonyms (Van Soest 2002 c). The species has been shown to be heavily impacted by anchor ice, with up to 87 % being lost in a two year period (Dayton 1989). Overwintering specimens may develop thinner branches and have a twiggy rather than bushy appearance (Jade Berman pers. obs.). Distribution. This species is widely distributed in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic, in depths of between 0 and 500 m (Koltun 1964; Brueggeman 1998). Published records include the Ross Sea (Burton 1929, 1934; Dayton 1989), South Georgia (Burton 1932), Kerguelen (Ridley & Dendy 1886), the Antarctic Peninsula (Topsent 1907), and the South Shetland Islands (Hajdu et al. 2016).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFEFFFB1FF59F89BFD02DEB1.taxon	description	(Figure 23)	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFEFFFB1FF59F89BFD02DEB1.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.598 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 1) (65 ° 14.615 ’ S, 64 ° 15.019 ’ W), depth 14 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.645 Rocks near San Martin Is- lands (65 ° 41.297 ’ S, 65 ° 20.091 ’ W), depth 6 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.691 Rocks NW of Laktionov Island (65 ° 45.536 ’ S, 65 ° 47.319 ’ W), depth 6 – 23 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 22 / 02 / 2015. BELUM. Mc 2015.696 Vieugue Island (65 ° 38.758 ’ S, 65 ° 12.540 ’ W), depth 10 – 22 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 23 / 02 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 23 A): Low brown hispid mound with large single pale yellow papillae with single terminal oscule. Preserved appearance. Firm beige sponge. In cross-section choanosome with clearly visible ascending columns. Surface covered with a strongly hispid layer or projecting spicules (up to 5 mm long), giving a fur like texture. Beneath this there is a distinct ectosomal layer (1 mm in diameter). Skeleton: Radiate skeleton of bundles of large styles, these penetrate the ectosome and form the thick surface pile (Figure 23 D). Stellate groups of small tylostyles are present between the fibres. The ectosome is formed of a dense palisade of tylostyles, positioned vertically with their points towards the surface. This layer forms a fibrous cortex to the sponge, easily visible on slides. Spicules: Tylostyles (Figure 23 B): 114 (169) 275 by 5 (8) 11 µm. Fusiform tylostyles with a neat swelling at their head. Some forming stellate clusters between the fibres but these do not seem to represent a separate size category. Styles (Figure 23 C): 1630 (2512) 3167 by 24 (31) 45 µm. Fusiform long styles. Remarks. Our specimens are a good match with the type description and specimens, and correspond to the external form and spiculation of other specimens assigned to this species (Hentschel 1914; Koltun 1964; Brueggeman 1998; Plotkin & Janussen 2008; Goodwin et al. 2012; Hajdu et al. 2016). However, like previous authors, we did not record the sceptre-like spicules noted by Plotkin & Janussen (2008) in the cortical palisade, and our styles are of a larger size than those noted by Boury-Esnault and van Beveren (1982). Polymastia invaginata can be distinguished from other Antarctic and Southern Atlantic species of Polymastia by its single inhalant papillae, densely hispid surface and single spicule layer in the cortex (Plotkin & Janussen, 2008). Kirkpatrick (1907) noted that the papillae in all of his specimens was ‘ invaginated’, flush with the surface of the basal mound, this is presumably the origination of the species name. He was studying preserved material and this may have been an artefact of preservation, in all our living specimens the papillae stood proud. Distribution. Originally recorded from Winter Quarters (18 – 55 m depth) and from off Mount Erebus (914 m depth) (Kirkpatrick 1907). Widespread in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic: records from Kerguelen and Heard Islands (Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren 1982); Weddell Sea (Plotkin & Janussen 2008), McMurdo Sound (Burton 1929), South Georgia, South Orkneys and South Shetlands (Burton 1932, Hajdu et al. 2016) in depths of 18 – 1080 m. Polymastia invaginata var. gaussi Hentschel, 1914 was regarded as a synonym by Burton (1932), but this is a much smaller sponge (maximum 8 mm high), and has smaller spicules (styles up to 1792 μm, tylostyles 120 – 600 μm), so is a distinct species (Plotkin & Janussen 2008).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFE1FFB0FF59FDB9FCBFDAEF.taxon	description	(Figure 24)	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFE1FFB0FF59FDB9FCBFDAEF.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.597, BELUM. Mc 2015.606, BELUM. Mc 2015.607 and BELUM. Mc 2015.613 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 1) (65 ° 14.615 ’ S, 64 ° 15.019 ’ W), depth 14 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.620 Grotto Island, Verdansky Base (Site 2) (65 ° 14.529 ’ S, 64 ° 15.451 ’ W), depth 6 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 16 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.635 Rocks near San Martin Islands (65 ° 41.297 ’ S, 65 ° 20.091 ’ W), depth 6 – 21 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 17 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.658; Detaille Island (Site 1) (66 ° 52.373 ’ S, 66 ° 46.967 ’ W), depth 6 – 24 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 18 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.687 Rocks NW of Laktionov Island (65 ° 45.536 ’ S, 65 ° 47.319 ’ W), depth 6 – 23 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 22 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.743 Rocks on west side of Pleneau Island (65 ° 06.407 ’ S, 64 ° 04.417 ’ W), depth 8 – 12 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 24 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.812 and BELUM. Mc 2015.823; Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands (62 ° 59.607 ’ S, 60 ° 33.601 ’ W), depth 7 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 27 / 02 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 24 A): Low oval lobe with densely hispid brown surface. From the lobe transluscent conical papillae, up to 3 cm in length, arise. These are yellow in colour but some are tinged brown. Preserved appearance. Pale brown sponge. Columns visible in interior. Cortical layer about 0.5 – 1 mm thick. Ectosomal projecting spicules very dense, giving a fur like appearance. Project up to 5 mm. Smooth papillae visible but shrunken. Alcohol is yellow. Skeleton (Figure 24 C): From BELUM. Mc 2015.635. Choanosome formed of thick radiating columns of over 20 styles with sphaerotyles nearer the surface. These cross the cortex and form a dense and thick surface hispidation. The cortex is formed of a sub-cortical tangential layer of smaller cortical styles and a dense palisade of tylostyles. Some sphaerotyles project through the surface, either individually or in tufts. Spicules: Measurements from BELUM. Mc 2015.635. Cortical and choanosomal styles (Figure 24 D): 407 (694) 1342 by 8.8 (13.4) 22.0 µm with very slightly tylote heads. Sphaerotyles (Figure 24 B):> 3000 µm long. Heads 20 – 23 µm diameter, shaft 7 – 14 µm diameter. Small tylostyles of cortex and choanosome (Figure 24 E): 116 (135) 155 by 5.0 (6.4) 7.7 µm Spear shaped tylotes with pronounced rounded heads below a constricted neck. Remarks. Our specimens correspond well to the form and size range of spicules given in Plotkin et al. (2017) taken from the lectoype and paralectotypes, although we have not divided the cortical and choanosomal styles into two categories (Styles 900 – 2900 by 20 – 41 µm; Subtylostyles 240 – 630 by 8 – 20 µm; Small tylostyles 100 – 150 by 5.5 – 7 µm; exotyles 1000 – 8000 by 20 – 30 µm). Morley et al. (2016) note that in overwintering specimens of S. antarcticus the papillae elongated and narrowed, and grew long filaments with asexual buds along their length.	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFE1FFB0FF59FDB9FCBFDAEF.taxon	materials_examined	Distribution. This is a widely distributed species in the Antarctic having been recorded from the Davis Sea, Adelie Land, Bellingshausen Sea, Weddell Sea (Sarà et al. 1992) and the South Shetland Islands 20 – 60 m (Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1989) in addition to the type locality Winter Quarters, McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea. It has been recorded from several shallow-water sites in the Bellinghausen Sea between 12 – 21 m depth (New Rock and Cape Bellue near Palmer Base; Almirante Brown Base, Paradise Bay) and is locally very common in shallow depths on King George Island, South Shetlands (Hajdu et al. 2016).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFE0FFB3FF59F93EFDDBD8FB.taxon	description	(Figure 25)	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
03B087EDFFE0FFB3FF59F93EFDDBD8FB.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens. BELUM. Mc 2015.553 and BELUM. Mc 2015.544 Gøuvernoren Wreck, Enterprise Island (64 ° 32.407 ’ S, 61 ° 59.884 ’ W), depth 8 – 19 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 12 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.813, BE- LUM. Mc 2015.815, BELUM. Mc 2015.822 Nelson Island, South Shetland Islands (62 ° 59.607 ’ S, 60 ° 33.601 ’ W), depth 7 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 27 / 02 / 2015; BELUM. Mc 2015.828 Diomedea Island (62 ° 12.185 ’ S, 58 ° 56.760 ’ W), depth 10 – 18 m; collected by C. Goodwin and E. Priestley, 01 / 03 / 2015. External morphology. In situ appearance (Figure 25 A): Very bright luminous lemon yellow / neon yellow sponge with pronounced spiky conules. Form varies from simple encrusting specimens to ones with many lobes and branches. Specimens can be very large, some of ours were over 1 m total diameter. Preserved appearance. Mass with clearly visible fibres within the tissue and protruding from surface conules. Colour is very dark maroon. Skeleton (Figure 25 B): Dendritic with fibres arising from a basal plate. These project from the surface, the ends forming the surface conules. Spicules: None. Remarks. Some authors have used Dendrilla membranosa (Pallas, 1766) for Antarctic specimens (Burton 1929, 1932, 1934; Koltun 1964; Baker 1995; Bavestrello et al. 2000; von Salm et al. 2016). This seems to originate with Burton (1929, 1932, 1934) who used D. membranosa for his Antarctic specimens as he considered Dendrilla antarctica Topsent, 1905 a later synonym. Dendrilla membranosa was described as Spongia membranosa from an image of Seba (1734). The type locality of this species is the Indian Ocean and western Indo-Pacific, and it is therefore unlikely to be conspecific with Antarctic specimens. Additionally, since there is no type specimen it has been proposed that S. membranosa should be declared a nomen dubium (Berquist 1995) and, even if conspecifity were probable, it does not make sense to synonymise a well-established valid species with an unknown entity. The species is thought to be slow growing with the majority of individuals studied at McMurdo Sound not growing during a ten-year study period (Dayton 1989). This sponge is preyed upon by the nudibranch Doris kerguelenensis (Bergh, 1884) (Barnes & Bullough 1995). Distribution. The type locality of Dendrilla antarctica is the Antarctic Peninsula (Booth Island 25 – 40 m, Wiencke Island 20 m, and Anvers Island, 29 m). It is very common in shallow water along the Antarctic Peninsula (Hajdu et al. 2016). It is found more widely from Southern South America, the Falkland Islands, the subantarctic and the Antarctic (including McMurdo Sound (Brueggeman 1998), Wilheim II Coast, Victoria Land, Graham Coast) from depth 10 – 549 m (Koltun 1964, 1976).	en	Goodwin, Claire E., Berman, Jade, Hendry, Katharine R. (2019): Demosponges from the sublittoral and shallow-circalittoral (<24 m depth) Antarctic Peninsula with a description of four new species and notes on in situ identification characteristics. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 461-508, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.3
