taxonID	type	description	language	source
082A87BA790182176AF409CDFBE0FB14.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotypus (designated here): MADAGASCAR. Prov. Antsiranana: “ North Madagascar ”, 1891, Baron 6408 (K [K 000192962]!; isolecto-: NY [NY 00137322] image seen, P [P 00440395]!). Syntypus: MADAGASCAR. Prov. Antsiranana: “ North Madagascar ”, 1891, Baron 6151 (K [K 000192961]!).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA790182176AF409CDFBE0FB14.taxon	distribution	Distribution, ecology and conservation status. – Clerodendrum aucubifolium appears to be relatively rare, having been collected only infrequently, even in areas where inventory work has been conducted. It is known with certainty from three localities within the subhumid bioclimatic zone in the northern part of Madagascar, notably in the protected areas of Ampasindava- Galoka-Kalobinono and Manongarivo. Precise localities for four older collections cannot be determined. Available information indicates that the species occurs in dense humid forest including degraded clearings, and on rocky outcrops, at elevations between 150 and 800 m, and flowering has been documented between the months of May and October. The three known precise locations represent three separate subpopulations, each of which falls within a protected area, none of which are known to be threatened, and no decline in the extent of occurrence or area of occupancy of the species can be projected. Clerodendrum aucubifolium is therefore assessed as “ Least Concern ” [LC] following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA790182176AF409CDFBE0FB14.taxon	discussion	Observations. – Clerodendrum aucubifolium was based on two syntypes, both collected in “ North Madagascar ” (with no other locality information) by Richard Baron (1847 - 1907), who collected extensively in Madagascar between 1972 and 1907 while based in Antananarivo for the London Missionary Society. Apparently he made a 5 - month tour of the north of the country in 1891 (Dorr, 1997), and it is presumably at this time that the two collections were made. The two syntypes are very similar, both comprise flowering and vegetative material and the Kew sheets were both annotated “ Type ” by Baker. They clearly represent the same species, but we select Baron 6408 as the lectotype of C. aucubifolium, since it is known to be represented in at least three herbaria, while the other syntype, Baron 6151, is only known to be present at Kew. The differences between typical C. aucubifolium and the two varieties that we raise to species level in this article are discussed above and are summarised in Table 1. The species can be generally distinguished from other species of the group by the combination of membranous, elliptic leaves up to c. 150 mm long; calyx c. 22 X 7 mm; corolla tube c. 45 mm long.	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA790182176AF409CDFBE0FB14.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. – MADAGASCAR. Prov. Antsiranana: Ambanja, Ambobaka Fkt., forêt de Tsiandianatalata, 13 ° 44 ’ 11 ” S 48 ° 30 ’ 05 ” E, 345 m, 25. VIII. 2002, Hong-Wa et al. 63 (MO, P, TAN, TEF); sur grès liasiques des env. du Sambirano, V. 1909, Perrier de la Bâthie 10225 (P [2 sheets]); Ambilobe, Beramanja, Anketrabe Bilinta, village Ambahatra, forêt de Galoko, 13 ° 35 ’ 33 ” S 48 ° 42 ’ 34 ” E, 149 m, 7. X. 2013, Randriatsivery et al. 461 (MO, P, TAN); Manongarivo, vallée de l’Ambahatra, cours moyen, Bemamboly (rive droite), 13 ° 14 ’ 30 ” S 49 ° 11 ’ 13 ” S, 415 m, 26. V. 2001, Wohlhauser et al. 441 (G, P, TAN, TEF). Prov. Mahajanga: Befandriana Nord, 800 m, 30. X. 1942, Herb. Jard. Bot. Tana. 5302 (P, TAN).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA790082166A0B090DFB1FFBC3.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: MADAGASCAR. Prov. Antsiranana: Sambirano, Massif de Manongarivo, [14 ° 04 ’ S 48 ° 16 ’ E], 200 m, V. 1909, Perrier de la Bâthie 10229 (holo-: P [P 00440396]!; iso-: P [P 00440397, P 00440398]!).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA790082166A0B090DFB1FFBC3.taxon	vernacular_names	Vernacular name. – “ Ambora ” (Antilahimena 2089).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA790082166A0B090DFB1FFBC3.taxon	distribution	Distribution, ecology and conservation status. – Clerodendrum giganteum is known from five localities scattered across the northern part of Madagascar, spanning the humid and subhumid bioclimatic zones, and all within Madagascar’s protected area network (Ampasindava-Galoka-Kalobinono, Makira, Manongarivo, and Marojejy). The species would appear to be relatively rare, having been collected few times despite having highly conspicuous flowers and generally occurring in areas where inventory work has been conducted. The collections have all been made in forest or woodland, frequently near streams, on a variety of substrates, at low elevations (near sea-level to 200 m) in the west and mid to high elevations (900 to 1200 m) in the east. The localities are taken to represent five separate subpopulations, none of which are known to be threatened, and no decline in the extent of occurrence or area of occupancy of the species can be projected. Clerodendrum giganteum is therefore assessed as “ Least Concern ” [LC] following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA790082166A0B090DFB1FFBC3.taxon	discussion	Observations. – Clerodendrum giganteum was distinguished by Moldenke (1950: 393) from typical C. aucubifolium by its much larger calyx - “ 4.5 - 5 cm long, flaring to 2.5 cm wide at the apex ” at anthesis, and by its slender corolla tube - “ up to 18 cm long ”, expanding to a funnelshaped mouth, with its lobes c. 2 cm long, and a deeply lobed fruiting-calyx. The species is not known to have been collected again at the type locality (the Manongarivo Massif in north-western Madagascar), but the type can be matched with material from a number of other sites in the north of the island. The exceptionally large size of the calyx and corolla of this plant is confirmed by our study, but the stated diameter of the calyx apex was mis-reported, all of the flowers on the type collection have a calyx diameter of no more than c. 10 mm. The mouth of the corolla is considerably larger in diameter, and it is possibly this dimension that was given in error. Careful examination of the holotype and two isotypes at P, reveal considerable variation in the length of the corolla tube, and some of the open flowers of these specimens are only c. 8 cm long. This trend is seen in other specimens of C. giganteum, and we hypothesise that the corolla tube, the filaments and style might continue to expand during anthesis. Perhaps an adaptation of this kind could facilitate pollination by a range of different pollinators, but clearly field observations are needed to confirm or refute this hypothesis. Otherwise, calyx and corolla dimensions vary little among the other specimens now available. Clerodendrum giganteum can be distinguished f rom C. thouarsii by its smaller (13 - 18 X 4.5 - 5.5 vs. 13 - 27 X 8 - 13 cm) leaves which are narrowly elliptic-obovate and membranous vs. broadly elliptic-obovate and sub-coriaceous, and also by its less contracted inflorescences with much smaller bracts (the bract subtending the inflorescence unit 3 X 3 mm vs. 13 - 16 X 8 - 10 mm, and the bract subtending the flower 7 X 1 mm vs. 15 X 2 mm). The corollas of C. giganteum generally have longer tubes, but shorter lob es than those of C. thouarsii. See Table 1 for more details of the different between the two species.	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA790082166A0B090DFB1FFBC3.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. – MADAGASCAR. Prov. Antsiranana: partie occidentale du Massif de Marojejy (NE) de la vallée de l’Ambatoharanana au bassin supérieur de l’Antsahaberoka, 1000 - 1200 m, 9. XI- 2. XII. 1959, Humbert & Saboureau 31407 (P); Bemanevika, affluent de la riv., péninsule d’Ampasindava, 13 ° 46 ’ 03 ” S 47 ° 58 ’ 52 ” E, 34 m, 30. I. 2009, Rakotovao 4339 (G, MO, P, TAN). Prov. Toamasina: Masoala NP, Ambohitsitondroina Mahalevona, 15 ° 26 ’ 07 ” S 49 ° 57 ’ 27 ” E, 1172 m, 4. X. 2003, Antilahimena 2089 (MO, P, TAN); Sahatany, Andongona, Makira, Bevory River, 15 ° 27 ’ 55 ” S 49 ° 20 ’ 10 ” E, 24. XI. 2003, Antilahimena 2375 (MO, P, TAN).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA79008211695B0C8CFE90FA4E.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: MADAGASCAR. Prov. Toamasina: sine loc., s. d., du Petit Thouars s. n. (holo-: P [P 00440399]!).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA79008211695B0C8CFE90FA4E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – Clerodendrum thouarsii is named in honour of Louis Marie Aubert du Petit Thouars (1758 - 1831), who spent six months in Madagascar between July 1795 and January 1796 (Allorge & Ikor, 2012). He collected mainly along the east coast around Toamasina where he probably collected the type specimen of this species and annoted on his collection the name: “ Volkameria longiflora P. ”, but this name has never been validely published. Du Petit-Thouars (1806) described many genera in Madagascar, and also several species, notably orchids (du Petit-Thouars, 1822).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA79008211695B0C8CFE90FA4E.taxon	vernacular_names	Vernacular names. – “ Antambe ” (Service Forestier 8603); “ Ramidongana ” (Service Forestier 26260); “ Ravinatamba ” (Réserves Naturelles 6661); “ Antafana ” (Réserves Naturelles 12125).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA79008211695B0C8CFE90FA4E.taxon	distribution	Distribution, ecology and conservation status. – Clerodendrum thouarsii is known from humid forest from eight localities, on the eastern escarpment of Madagascar in a restricted area between Betampona and Fenoarivo near the east coast, and inland towards Lac Alaotra. Four of the collection localities fall within the protected area network (Betampona and Zahamena), but others lie outside. Therefore, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of <20,000 km 2 and a projected continuing decline of lowland evergreen primary forest outside the protected area network, C. thouarsii can be assigned a preliminary risk of extinction of “ Vulnerable ” [VU B 1 ab (i, iii, iv, v)] following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA79008211695B0C8CFE90FA4E.taxon	discussion	Observations. – Moldenke (1950) did not provide a direct comparison between this plant and his var. giganteum, distinguishing it from typical C. aucubifolium by its larger coriaceous leaves borne on very stout petioles, by its long broad calyx and by long slender corolla tube and large corolla. Further differences between the three species are discussed in detail above, and summarized in Table 1. A new combination at species level based the varietal name “ longiflorum ” cannot be established since the name C. longiflorum Decne. already exists as a valid name for a species occuring in South-East Asia and Australia.	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
082A87BA79008211695B0C8CFE90FA4E.taxon	materials_examined	Other specimens examined. – MADAGASCAR. Prov. Toamasina: Vavatenina, Sahatavy, Sahalangina, 17 ° 27 ’ 04 ” S 48 ° 57 ’ 17 ” E, 450 m, 24. X. 2000, Andrianjafy & Andriamiarisoa 114 (MO, P, TAN, TEF); Betampona NP, 17 ° 55 ’ S 49 ° 13 ’ E, 300 - 400 m, 5. X. 1994, Andrianarisata et al. 213 (MO, P, TAN); Ambalahady, Vavatenina, [17 ° 28 ’ 36 ” S 49 ° 11 ’ 25 ” E], 100 m, 4. X. 1940, Cours 1540 (P); Betampona NP, 250 m, 17 ° 55 ’ S 49 ° 13 ’ E, 3. X. 2000, Iambana & Fidel 291 (P); env. de Fénérive. [17 ° 22 ’ S 49 ° 21 ’ E], c. 100 m, Perrier de la Bâthie 10197 (P [2 sheets]); Vavatenina, Ambodimangavalo, Manakambahiny I, près du PN de Zahamena, 17 ° 34 ’ S 48 ° 57 ’ E, 18. X. 2000, Ratovoson 291 (CNARP, MO, P, TEF); Betampona NP, [17 ° 55 ’ S 49 ° 13 ’ E], [300 - 550 m], 4. XI. 1953, Service Forestier 8603 (P [2 sheets]); Vavatenina, Antananolobe, [17 ° 27 ’ S 49 ° 00 ’ E], 13. X. 1966, Service Forestier 26260 (P, TEF); Betampona NP, 4. X. 1954, Réserves Naturelles 6661 (P); ibid. loc., 12. VII. 1958, Réserves Naturelles 9734 (P); Zahamena AP, 28. VI. 1962, Réserves Naturelles 12125 (P). SINE LOC.: s. d., Lastelle s. n. (P).	en	Phillipson, Peter B., Callmander, Martin W. (2016): Two varieties of Clerodendrum L. (Lamiaceae) from Madagascar raised to specific rank. Candollea 71 (2): 373-377, DOI: 10.15553/c2016v712a19
