taxonID	type	description	language	source
0B2C4772FFAEFFCB30A4FD0BFE0DFF13.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Philyra alcocki Kemp, 1915 by present designation. Gender of genus. Feminine	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
0B2C4772FFAEFFCB30A4FD0BFE0DFF13.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace suborbicular, slightly longer than broad; dorsal surface convex, minutely granulated, covered with scattered punctae, regions relatively distinct; gastric, cardiac, branchial, intestinal regions elevated with patches of granules (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, D). Front anterior margin almost straight with single median tooth projecting beyond visible margin of epistome, epistome and anterior boundaries of pterygostomian regions not projecting beyond the edge of front (1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, 3 D). Median ridge faint, undulating posteriorly, running from frontal region posteriorly merging with elevated intestinal region (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, 3 D). Hepatic region excavated forming broad shallow depression, upper and lower margins lined with small rounded granules, not merging anteriorly, posteriorly, depression joining anterolateral margin as well-marked obtuse angle (Figs. 1 A, B, D, 2 A, B, D, 3 A, 3 D). Branchial region with 2 rows of tubercles. Anterolateral, posterolateral and posterior carapace margins granulated (Figs. 1 B, 2 B, 3 A, 3 D). Posterior carapace margin concave with broadly triangular blunt teeth on lateral sides (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, 3 D). Third maxilliped with surfaces granular; ischium longer than wide, longer than merus; exopod elongated, expanded, outer margin convex (Figs. 1 C, 2 C, 5 B). Adult cheliped not prominently elongate or swollen; surfaces minutely granular; merus cylindrical, cutting edges of fingers with narrow gape (Figs. 1 A, 2 A). Ambulatory legs slender, smooth (Figs. 1 F, 2 F). Male thoracic sternite 8 visible when pleon closed, between margins of pleonal somites 2 and 3; sternites covered with scattered punctae; outer lateral margin of sternite 4 swollen forming longitudinal ridge on either side in adults; sternite 5 with large tubercle near inner lateral margin on each side of sternopleonal cavity, adjacent to base of first ambulatory leg; sternopleonal cavity deep; reaching to mid distance between fused thoracic sternites 1 – 3 (Figs. 1 E, 2 E). Male pleon narrow; somites 1 and 2 free; somite 1 longitudinally narrow; somite 2 yoke-like, reaching coxae of fourth ambulatory leg, somites 3 – 5 fused, surface with scattered punctae, unarmed; somite 6 longer than broad, free, surface unarmed, base broader than distal end of preceding somite; telson triangular, longer than wide, with rounded apex (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 5 A). G 1 long, slender, tip with short setae, apical process spatuliform (Figs. 5 C – F). Female pleon longitudinally ovate, somites 1 and 2 free, somites 3 – 6 completely fused to form domed plate; vulvae large, obliquely ovate, on anterior part of sternite 6, without sternal vulvar cover (Figs. 3 B, E).	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
0B2C4772FFAEFFCB30A4FD0BFE0DFF13.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus is named in honour of Alfred William Alcock for his valuable contribution in taxonomy brachyuran crabs of Indian Ocean, in arbitrary combination with the suffix of the genus name Philyra.	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
0B2C4772FFAEFFCB30A4FD0BFE0DFF13.taxon	discussion	Remarks. According to the revision of Philyra Leach, 1817 by Galil (2009), Alcolyra n. gen. falls into the second group of genera in which first two male pleonal somites are free (Figs. 4 B, D). This second group contains genera like Philyra s. str., Afrophila Galil, 2009, Atlantolocia Galil, 2009, Ryphila Galil, 2009 and Ovilyra Ng, 2021. However, Alcolyra n. gen. can be distinguished from these genera in having two tuberculated rows on branchial region of carapace (Figs. 1 B, 2 B) and presence of tubercle on either side near the inner lateral margin of somite 5 of sternum of males (Figs. 1 E, 2 E). Alcolyra n. gen. varies from Philyra s. str. in having following characters: carapace suborbicular (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B) (versus pyriform in Philyra s. str., Galil 2009; Fig. 1 A); clear hepatic facet (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 6 A – C) (versus no clear hepatic facet in Philyra s. str., Galil 2009; Fig. 1 A); branchial regions with two tuberculated rows (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B) (versus branchial region smooth in Philyra s. str., Galil 2009; Fig. 1 A); front with median tooth (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B) (versus no median tooth in Philyra s. str., Galil 2009; Fig. 1 A); surface of cheliped merus minutely granular (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) (versus with large granules present near proximal margin in Philyra s. str., Galil 2009; Figs. 1 A, B); male thoracic sternite 5 with tubercle on each side of sternopleonal cavity (Figs. 1 E, 2 E) (versus tubercle absent in Philyra s. str., Galil 2009; Fig. 1 B); pleonal somites 3 – 5 fused (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, C, 5 A) (versus somites 3 – 6 fused in Philyra s. str., Galil 2009; Fig. 1 B); male pleonal somite 6 with a proportionately wider proximal margin (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, C, 5 A) (versus with margin more narrow in Philyra s. str., Galil 2009; Fig. 1 B); and the G 1 apical process is spatuliform (Fig. 5 C – F) (versus G 1 with alate apical process in Philyra s. str., Galil 2009; Fig. 2 A). Alcolyra n. gen. differs from Afrophila Galil, 2009 in having following characters: carapace suborbicular (versus subovate in Afrophila, Galil 2009; Fig. 4 A); branchial regions with two tuberculated rows (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B) (versus branchial region smooth in Afrophila, Galil 2009; Fig. 4 A); front with median tooth (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B) (versus no median tooth in Afrophila, Galil 2009; Fig. 4 A); adult cheliped merus slender (Figs. 1 B, 2 B) (versus swollen in Afrophila, Galil 2009; Fig. 4 A, B); male thoracic sternite 5 with tubercle on each side of sternopleonal cavity (Figs. 1 E, 2 E) (versus no tubercle present in Afrophila, Galil 2009; Fig. 4 B); pleonal somites 3 – 5 narrow (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, C, 5 A) (versus very broad in Afrophila, Galil 2009; Fig. 4 B); and G 1 straight with a spatuliform apical process (Fig. 5 C – G) (versus G 1 arched distally with rounded apical process in Afrophila, Galil 2009; Fig. 2 C). Alcolyra n. gen. differs from Atlantolocia Galil, 2009 in having following characters: carapace suborbicular (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B) (versus subpentagonal in Atlantolocia, Galil 2009; Fig. 5 A); branchial regions with two tuberculated rows (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B) (versus branchial region smooth in Atlantolocia, Galil 2009; Fig. 5 A); front with median tooth (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B) (versus no median tooth in Atlantolocia, Galil 2009; Fig. 5 A); surface of cheliped merus minutely granular (Figs. 1 A, 2 A) (versus large granules present near proximal margin in Atlantolocia, Galil 2009; Fig. 5 A, B); male thoracic sternite 5 with tubercle on each side of sternopleonal cavity (Figs. 1 E, 2 E) (versus no tubercle present in Atlantolocia, Galil 2009; Fig. 5 B); pleonal somites 3 – 5 fused (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, C, 5 A) (versus somites 3 – 6 fused in Atlantolocia, Galil 2009; Fig. 5 B); pleonal somite 6 narrow with almost straight lateral margins (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, C, 5 A) (versus very broad with convex lateral margins in Atlantolocia, Galil 2009; Fig. 5 B); and the G 1 shaft is straight with the apical process spatuliform (Fig. 5 C – F) (versus G 1 coiled twice and distally digitate in Atlantolocia, Galil 2009; Fig. 2 D). Alcolyra n. gen. differs from Ovilyra Ng, 2021 in that the carapace is only slightly longer than wide (CL / CW = 1.07 – 1.1) (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, D) (versus carapace prominently longer than wide (CL / CW = 1.17 – 1.26) in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Figs. 1 A, B); the carapace is suborbicular (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, D) (versus subovate in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Fig. 1 A, B); the carapace surface is distinctly punctate (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, D) (versus less so in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Fig. 1 A, B); the branchial regions have two tuberculated rows (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, D) (versus with single granulated row in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Fig. 1 A, B); the lower margin of the hepatic facet lower margin lacks a tooth (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, D) (versus with broad tooth present on distal one-third in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Fig. 1 A, B); the posterior margin of carapace is concave (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B, 3 A, D) (versus almost straight in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Fig. 1 A, B); the adult male chelipeds are slender (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, D) (versus robust in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Figs. 1 A, 2 A); the pollex cutting edge has small teeth of similar sizes (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, D) (versus with large subproximal lobe present followed by small teeth of similar sizesin Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Fig. 2 A); the thoracic sternum is proportionately much wider (Figs. 1 E, 2 E) (versus proportionately narrow in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Figs. 1 E, 2 E); male thoracic sternite 5 has a prominent tubercle on each side of the sternopleonal cavity (Figs. 1 E, 2 E) (versus without tubercle in Ovilyra Ng 2021; Figs. 1 E, 2 E); male pleonal somites 3 – 5 are fused (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, 5 A) (versus somites 3 – 6 fused in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Figs. 1 E, 2 E); pleonal somite 3 is relatively much wider (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, 5 A) (versus only slightly wider in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Figs. 1 E, 2 E); and the G 1 is slender and straight (Fig. 5 C – F) (versus distal quarter sharply bent backwards 120 – 150 ° from the longitudinal axis in Ovilyra, Ng 2021; Fig. 6 A, E). Of the 27 species of Philyra sensu lato left untreated by Galil (2009), five species were described from India, including P. alcocki. The first author is revising the taxonomy of Philyra sexangula Alcock, 1896 which together with a new species as well as P. nishihirai Takeda & Nakasone, 1991 and P. taekoae Takeda, 1972 from the western Pacific, will be placed in a new genus (Trivedi et al., in review). Philyra sagittifera (Alcock, 1896) will also need to be transferred to a new genus along with P. concinnus Ghani & Tirmizi, 1955 from Pakistan (Trivedi et al., in preparation). The generic positions of two more species, P. corrallicola Alcock, 1896 and P. malefactrix (Kemp, 1915) are now under study.	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
0B2C4772FFA8FFC530A4FB5EFE5AFEA3.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 5)	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
0B2C4772FFA8FFC530A4FB5EFE5AFEA3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Types: Lectotype (herein selected), male (CL 12.5 mm; CW 11.9 mm) (ZSI. C 8944 / 10), sandy or muddy bottom, 1.5 to 3 m, Chilika Lake, Odisha state, India, coll. S. Kemp. Paralectotype, female (CL 13.3 mm; CW 11.6 mm) (ZSI. C 8944 / 10), same data as lectotype. Others: 2 males (CL 12.7 mm; 12.1 CW mm; 12.4 CL mm; 11.7 CW mm) (ZSI. C 7734 / 2), sandy bottom, 1.5 to 2 m, Kapuda Ghat, Chilika Lake, Odisha state, India, 4 February, 2016, coll. S. Mitra; 1 male (CL 12.0 mm; CW 11.0 mm), 1 female (CL 15.3 mm; CW 13.7 mm) (LFSC. ZRC- 69), muddy bottom, 1.5 to 2 m, Chilika Lake, Odisha state, India, 1 March, 2020, coll. K. Patel.	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
0B2C4772FFA8FFC530A4FB5EFE5AFEA3.taxon	description	Description. Males: Carapace suborbicular, slightly longer than broad. Dorsal surface convex, covered with punctae, regions relatively distinct; cardiac, branchial, intestinal regions elevated, median ridge relatively faint, extending from frontal region and merging with elevated intestinal region; protogastric region depressed, less punctate (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B); cardio-gastric region separated from branchial region on both sides by shallow depression; intestinal and cardiac regions with patch of tubercles, more strongly developed in males (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B); branchial region with 2 tuberculated ridges originating from posterolateral margin, longitudinal anteriorly, oblique posteriorly, posterior branchial ridge merging anterior branchial ridge longitudinally (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B); hepatic region excavated, forming broad shallow depression margins not merging anteriorly, extended till outer limit of orbit, posteriorly joins anterolateral margin at well-marked obtuse angle, floor of depression smooth with scattered punctae, lower margins of the depression finely beaded, strongly convex inferiorly (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B). Anterolateral, posterolateral, posterior margins beaded; epibranchial angle obtuse; posterolateral margin sinuous, convex (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B). Front anterior margin almost straight with single median tooth projecting beyond visible margin of epistome, small notch on margin of epistome beneath eye (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B). Posterior margin concave in male, broadly triangular blunt teeth on lateral sides (Figs. 1 A, B, 2 A, B). Third maxilliped surface with numerous punctae; merus 0.9 times as long as ischium along inner margin; ischium 1.8 times longer than wide (Figs. 1 C, 2 C, 5 B); propodus and dactylus not visible in external view when reposed, articulating on inner surface of merus, dactylus apex with long setae (Figs. 1 C, 2 C, 5 B). Exopod outer margin convex, much longer than wide, almost twice length of merus, outer and inner margins of ischium, merus and exopod with fringe of setae (Figs. 1 C, 2 C, 5 B). Chelipeds equal, about 1.5 times length of carapace length, surface minutely granulated (Figs. 1 A, 2 A). Merus cylindrical, symmetrical along length, surfaces minutely granulate. Carpus smooth, unarmed. Chela stout, surfaces smooth (Figs. 1 A, 2 A); palm longer than broad, dorsoventrally compressed; fingers almost as long as palm, terminating in sharp tooth, outer margins with scattered setae, dactylus inner surface with single longitudinal groove, pollex with 2 longitudinal ridges on inner surface, cutting edges of fingers with blunt denticles with scattered setae (Figs. 1 A, 2 A). P 2 – P 5 subcylindrical (Figs. 1 A, 2 A); total lengths decreasing from first to last pair, merus and carpus glabrous, unarmed; merus longest as compared to carpus, propodus and dactylus, upper and lower margins of propodus and dactylus covered with setae (Figs. 1 A, F 2 A, F). Thoracic sternum transversely broad, surface punctate; sternites 1 – 3 completely fused without trace of sutures (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, C); sternite 3 separated from sternite 4 by shallow groove; sternites 4 – 7 progressively narrow; outer lateral margin of sternite 4 swollen forming longitudinal ridge on either side in adults, sternite 5 with large tubercle near inner lateral margin on either side opposite to base of first ambulatory leg; sternite 8 visible when pleon closed, between margins of pleonal somites 2 and 3; penis arising under constriction between sternites 7 and 8 (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, C). Sternopleonal cavity deep; reaching to mid distance between fused thoracic sternites 1 – 3 (Figs. 1 E, 2 E, 4 A, C). Pleon narrow, long (Figs. 4 A, C, 5 A); somite 1 longitudinally narrow, wide (Figs. 4 A, C, 5 A); somite 2 yokelike, reaching coxae of fourth ambulatory leg (Figs. 4 A, C, 5 A); somite 3 – 5 fused, forming elongated trapezoidal plate, shallow suture just visible between somite 3 and 4, surface sparsely punctate (Figs. 4 A, C, 5 A); somite 6 longitudinally rectangular, free, surface unarmed, broad base with rounded posterolateral corners, posterior margin slightly concave medially (Figs. 4 A, C, 5 A); telson nearly twice longer than broad, triangular, with curved apex (Figs. 4 A, C, 5 A). G 1 long, slender, tip with short setae, apical process spatuliform (Figs. 5 C – F). G 2 short, slender (Fig. 5 G) Females: The female carapace is similar to that of males in appearance except for the straight posterior margin (Figs. 3 A, D) and the adult chelipeds are proportionately shorter (Figs. 3 A, D). The pleon is longitudinally ovate, with somites 1 and 2 free and somites 3 – 6 completely fused to form a domed plate that completely covers the thoracic sternum (Fig. 3 B, E). The telson is triangular and mobile (Fig. 3 B, E). The vulvae are large, obliquely ovate and positioned on the anterior part of sternite 6, without any sign of a sternal vulvar cover (Fig. 3 C, F). Colour. The coloration of fresh specimen slightly varies from that given by Kemp (1915). The carapace is pale brown (pale French grey according to Kemp 1915) with irregular patches of purple red. The chelipeds are dark purple with fingers pale brown; the ambulatory legs are pale brown in colour, and the ventral surface of the cephalothorax is whitish.	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
0B2C4772FFA8FFC530A4FB5EFE5AFEA3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. So far, the species is only known from its type locality Chilika Lake located in Odisha state of India (Kemp 1915; Deb 1995; Mohapatra et al. 2007; Dev Roy and Nandi 2008; Sahoo et al. 2008; Mahapatro et al. 2015; Dev Roy 2017; Dev Roy and Rath 2017; Trivedi et al. 2018).	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
0B2C4772FFA8FFC530A4FB5EFE5AFEA3.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The type and fresh specimens were collected from the depth ranging from 5 to 10 feet with muddy or sandy bottom in Chilika Lake located in Odisha state of India.	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
0B2C4772FFA8FFC530A4FB5EFE5AFEA3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Kemp (1915: 215) noted that he had a total of 16 specimens collected from various parts of Odisha state in India: Rambha to Barkul and Nalbano at Chilika Lake, and that “ the type specimens are registered under no. 8944 / 10 ” (Kemp 1915: 216). No holotype was identified. In the ZSI, there are two specimens catalogued under this number, a male and a female, and as such, both are here regarded as syntypes. The whereabouts of the other 14 specimens is not known, but they should not be regarded as syntypes as they were not identified as such in the original paper. For taxonomic stability, the male syntype is here designated the lectotype of P. alcocki Kemp, 1915. The fresh specimens obtained in the present study agree well with the description and figures of Kemp (1915). They differ only slightly from the types in terms of having faint two tuberculated ridges present on the branchial region which are more prominent in types. With regards to the male pleon, Kemp (1915: 214) commented that “ The first segment is acutely produced on either side and, though it appears distinct, is in reality fused to the succeeding piece. ” We have examined the lectotype male and we confirm that the two somites are actually mobile and not fused, as in the fresh material.	en	Trivedi, Jigneshkumar N., Mitra, Santanu, Ng, Peter K. L. (2022): Alcolyra, a new genus of leucosiid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from India. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 383-392, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.9
