identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
EF0FA647357CC259FFB0FD30D37159FD.text	EF0FA647357CC259FFB0FD30D37159FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudohydrosme Engl. Sect. Chorianthera Engl. (Engler 1911	<div><p>Pseudohydrosme Engl. (Engler, 1892: 455; Brown in Thistleton-Dyer, 1901: 160; Engler, 1911: 47; Mayo, Bogner &amp; Boyce, 1997: 221–222)</p> <p>Type species: Pseudohydrosme gabunensis Engl. (Lectotypified by N. E. Brown in Thistleton-Dyer, 1901: 160).</p> <p>Zyganthera N. E. Br. (Brown in Thistleton-Dyer, 1901:160). Heterotypic synonym.</p> <p>Type and only species: Pseudohydrosme buettneri Engl. (Engler, 1892).</p> <p>Large, seasonally dormant, monoecious herbs. Rhizome shallowly subterranean, the growing point at ground level, subglobose or cylindrical with annular leaf scars, and erect to horizontal or obliquely inclined, growing continuously and not renewed with each growing period. Roots fleshy, produced along length of rhizome, sometimes reproductive (the distal ends rising to the surface and producing new plants). Leaf solitary, large, emerging from several cataphylls; petiole cylindrical, erect, long, with minute and sparse prickles, sheath very short and inconspicuous. Blade transitioning from simple, sagittate and entire in seedlings, leaves of older plants developing slits and divisions (see above), in mature plants leaves dracontoid: trisect, primary divisions pinnatisect, distal lobes mostly truncate and bifid, sessile and decurrent, proximal lobes acuminate; primary lateral veins of ultimate lobes pinnate, often forming a regular submarginal collective vein (P. ebo) or an irregular collective vein, or veins running into margin (often in P. gabunensis), higher order venation reticulate.</p> <p>Inflorescence solitary, appearing separately from the leaf. Cataphylls paperymembranous, (3–)4–6, proximal ± triangular, small, distal oblong-elliptic, exceeding spathe tube, pink-brown or red-brown, sometimes (P. gabunensis) spotted white. Peduncle concealed by cataphylls at anthesis, terete, very short &lt;1/10th the length of the spathe, with minute, sparse, prickles. Spathe large, fornicate, unconstricted/very broad, with flaring auriculate margins; tube convolute, fleshy, obconic, with a few sparse prickles on the outer surface proximally. Spadix short, about 1/10–1/4 length of spathe, sessile, female zone subcylindric (P. ebo) obconic (P. buettneri) or gently obconic or conic (P. gabunensis), male zone cylindric, obtuse or rounded, subequal to ± twice (±four times in P. buettneri) as long as female, completely covered in flowers and fertile to apex (P. gabunensis) or with a distal appendix twice as long as the fertile portion and covered in sterile male flowers (P. buettneri) or flowers only laxly covering the spadix axis in the female zone and with the distal part of the axis of the female zone completely naked in places (P. ebo).</p> <p>Flowers unisexual, perigone absent. Male flower 2–5-androus, stamens free, subprismatic, compressed, anthers sessile, connective thick, broad, overtopping thecae, thecae oblong, long, lateral, dehiscing by apical pores. Pollen extruded in strands, inaperturate, ellipsoid-oblong, very large (mean 106 micrometres diam.) exine psilate to slightly scabrous. Sterile male flowers (P. buettneri) composed of subprismatic, free staminodes. Female flower ovary globose to broadly ellipsoid, usually prismatic, 2–3- locular, ovules 1 per locule, anatropous, funicle short, placentation axile, at base of septum, stylar region attenuate to cylindric, narrower than ovary, stigma thick, shallowly 2–3- lobed or subdiscoid, concave centrally, wet when receptive.</p> <p>Infructescence with slightly accrescent peduncle. Berry at first white, ripening dark purple, fleshy, wrinkled when mature, oblong-ellipsoid, laterally compressed to slightly bilobed, stipitate, large; stigma and style persistent (known only in P. gabunensis). Seeds subglobose to broadly ovoid, one side convex, the other slightly flattened, testa thin, whitish, smooth, papery, transparent; embryo large, outer surface green, inner white, endosperm absent, raphe distinct, hilum and micropyle purple, plumule with leaf primordia. Three species.</p> <p>This description is based on that of Mayo, Bogner &amp; Boyce (1997), with the addition of descriptions of the fruit, seed and roots of P. gabunensis, mainly from (Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner, 2013), with novel features of the nervation, spathe and spadix from P. ebo (below in this article)</p> <p>Phenology: flowering September and October (or March in cultivation in Europe); in leaf Dec.-April.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat: Cameroon, Gabon and Congo(Brazzaville), lowland evergreen forest on coastal sediments (Gabon) or inland foothills on basement complex rocks (Cameroon) (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Etymology: meaning “false Hydrosme”, Hydrosme Schott is a synonym of Amorphophallus.</p> <p>Local name and uses: none are documented.</p> <p>Conservation: all species are highly infrequent and globally threatened according to IUCN (2012) criteria (see species accounts below), and P. buettneri is possibly extinct (not seen for over 100 years, the majority of its former habitat destroyed).</p> <p>Pollination in the wild has not been investigated in detail in Pseudohydrosme, but is almost certainly by insects as is usual in Araceae. Two different species of flies, and two of beetles were reported to visit P. gabunensis (see below). In cultivation the stigmas are reported to be wet and receptive for only two days, and the scent reported to be faint, of lettuce (Lactuca) in the same species (see below also). Following successful fertilisation, seed development is reported to take up to 10 months in P. gabunensis (see below). Seed dispersal is probably by either ground-dwelling mammals or birds consuming the thinly fleshy purple berries.</p> <p>DNA analysis was performed by Cabrera et al. (2008) for Pseudohydrosme gabunensis, using five regions of coding (rbcL, matK) and noncoding plastid DNA (partial trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL–trnF spacer). These sequences were subsequently used by Cusimano et al. (2011) and Nauheimer, Metzler &amp; Renner (2012). The voucher is Wieringa 3308 (WAG), identified by Hetterschied, GenBank codes are AM905760, AM920582, AM932319 + AM933315.</p> <p>Cultivation of one species, Pseudohydrosme gabunensis is unknown in Africa yet widespread but infrequent in the tropical glass-house collections of several large extra-African botanical gardens, mainly in Europe, Australia and N. America (see under that species).</p> <p>Chromosome numbers are reported of one species, Pseudohydrosme gabunensis, as 2n = ca. 40 (Mayo, Bogner &amp; Boyce, 1997; Bogner &amp; Petersen, 2007).</p> <p>Germination in Pseudohydrosme gabunensis is cryptocotylar and takes 3 weeks to 10 months. The large seed embryo remains buried, producing a single hastate seedling leaf (Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner, 2013). The seedling type is C2 in the classification of Tillich (2014).</p> <p>Medicinal uses, and chemistry is unreported in Pseudohydrosme. However, the much more frequent sister genus Anchomanes, is harvested as a traditional medicine for example in Cameroon, and contains bioactive compounds (Cheek, 1992)</p> <p>Identification key to the sections and species of Pseudohydrosme</p> <p>1. Spadix with distal half covered in sterile male flowers. Sect. Zyganthera.......................................................... 1. P. buettneri</p> <p>1. Spadix lacking sterile flowers, distal part with fertile male flowers only.................................................. Sect. Pseudohydrosm e …2</p> <p>2. Male and female zones of spadix contiguous; entire spadix covered in flowers densely arranged in both male and female zones; spathe blade inner surface yellow, greenish yellow or white with abrupt transition to a central dark red area; stigmas 2(–3)-lobed. Gabon (probably Congo-Brazzaville)........... 2. P. gabunensis</p> <p>2. Male and female areas of spadix incompletely contiguous; female flowers laxly arranged with axis of female zone partly naked especially distally; spathe blade inner surface light reddish brown or pink, with wide green veins, very gradually becoming darker towards the centre; stigmas 3(–2)-lobed. Cameroon............................... 3. P. ebo</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF0FA647357CC259FFB0FD30D37159FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cheek, Martin;Tchiengué, Barthélemy;van der Burgt, Xander	Cheek, Martin, Tchiengué, Barthélemy, van der Burgt, Xander (2021): Taxonomic revision of the threatened African genus Pseudohydrosme Engl. (Araceae), with P. ebo, a new, critically endangered species from Ebo, Cameroon. PeerJ 9: 1-32, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10689, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10689
EF0FA6473571C259FFB0FCB8D18558F0.text	EF0FA6473571C259FFB0FCB8D18558F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zyganthera (N. E. Br.) Engl. (Engler 1911	<div><p>Sect. Zyganthera (N. E. Br.) Engl. (Engler, 1911: 49)</p> <p>Type (and only) species: Pseudohydrosme buettneri Engl.</p> <p>Zyganthera N. E. Br. (Brown in Thistleton-Dyer, 1901:160). Basionym</p> <p>Male flowers with stamens in pairs; distal half of spadix covered in sterile male flowers; ratio of female:male (including sterile male) spadix portions c.1:4</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF0FA6473571C259FFB0FCB8D18558F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cheek, Martin;Tchiengué, Barthélemy;van der Burgt, Xander	Cheek, Martin, Tchiengué, Barthélemy, van der Burgt, Xander (2021): Taxonomic revision of the threatened African genus Pseudohydrosme Engl. (Araceae), with P. ebo, a new, critically endangered species from Ebo, Cameroon. PeerJ 9: 1-32, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10689, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10689
EF0FA6473571C25AFFB0FBADD0F35D81.text	EF0FA6473571C25AFFB0FBADD0F35D81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudohydrosme buettneri Engl. (Engler 1892	<div><p>1. Pseudohydrosme buettneri Engl. (Engler, 1892:456; Engler &amp; Prantl, 1897: 59; Brown in Thistleton-Dyer, 1901: 160; Engler, 1911: 49).— Figs. 3 and 4.</p> <p>Holotype: Gabon, Estuaire Province, Libreville “Gabun, Mundagebiet; Sibange-Farm ” fl. Sept. 1884, Buettner 519 (Holotype B destroyed or mislaid).</p> <p>Terrestrial herb, rhizome vertical, subglobose, 2.5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, surface tuberculate, roots fleshy, from along the length of the rhizome. Leaf unknown.</p> <p>Inflorescence: Cataphylls three or more, 2–13 × 0.9–1 cm; peduncle 3 cm long, colour and indumentum unknown. Spathe 80 cm long, within pale except for the median longitudinal part which is dark purple. Spadix subcylindrical, 7–8 cm long, c. 1.3 cm diam. Female zone obconic 1.3 cm long. Fertile male zone 2 cm long. Appendix (of sterile male flowers) 5 cm long, c. 1.5 cm diam.</p> <p>Female flowers 4 mm long, ovary globose-ovoid, 3 mm diam., style 1 mm long, slender; stigma bilobed, 1 mm diam., thick; ovules shortly ovoid, solitary in each locule and attached near the base of the septum. Male flowers with stamens 2 mm long, 2 mm wide, usually the two stamens of a flower, appressed to one another, with bilocular subextrorse thecae nearly reaching the stamen apex. Staminodes subprismatic, 4–6-sided, lacking anther thecae and much smaller in diameter than the stamens (description taken from Engler, 1892: 456 and tab. XV).</p> <p>Phenology: flowering in September.</p> <p>Local name and uses: none are known.</p> <p>Etymology: named for the collector of the only known, and type specimen, Oscar Alexander Richard Buettner (Büttner)—(1858–1927), traveller and collector.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology: known only from Sibang in Libreville, coastal lowland evergreen forest dominated by Aucoumea klaineana Pierre.</p> <p>Additional specimens: none are known.</p> <p>Notes: Pseudohydrosme buettneri has the largest inflorescence by far of all known species of the genus, with an 80 cm long spathe (however, 70 cm has been reached for P. gabunensis in cultivation in Australia according to Hay in litt.). The type specimen had lost the top part of the spathe, but dimensions were given by the collector (Engler, 1892).</p> <p>The type, and only known specimen was at B, but is reported to be no longer there (Bogner, 1981). It may have been lost in the allied bombing of Berlin in March 1943, when most of the specimens at B were destroyed. However, the type specimen of P. gabunensis (see below) dating from about the same time, and also housed at B, has survived.</p> <p>No additional specimens of this species have been found in the 136 years ensuing from collection of the type specimen. Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner (2013) have questioned whether this species is not just a variant of P. gabunensis. However, this seems highly unlikely, because the specimen differs in three independent characters from P. gabunensis (and P. ebo):</p> <p>1. the ratio between the female zone and the male zone (of fertile and sterile flowers) differs greatly between the two. In P. buettneri the ratio is 1:4+, while in the other two species it is less than 1:2.</p> <p>2. in P. buettneri most of the spadix consists of an appendix of sterile male flowers. No such sterile appendix occurs in the other two species. In fact this character is otherwise unknown in the entire Aglaonemateae / Nephthytideae clade</p> <p>3. in P. buettneri the stamens are paired (Engler, 1892), while in the other two species the stamens are not reliably paired, but also present in an indistinct ring of three to five.</p> <p>Additional differences between the species can be seen in the pistil and spadix. The style in P. buettneri is &lt;1/4 the width of the ovary. In P. gabunensis it is 1/2. The spadix of P. buettneri is cylindrical, and unconstricted, while that of P. gabunensis shows a pronounced constriction at the junction of female and male zones, and the male zone attains a greater width than the female zone.</p> <p>Conservation. Pseudohydrosme buettneri is here assessed as Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). This is because it has only been found once, at a single site, in the “Munda region” at Sibang Farm or Plantation, in 1884. At that time Sibang was far outside Libreville and consisted largely of forest, some of which was exploited to produce forest products such as timber and rubber, and cleared to produce agricultural products by Europeans for international commerce for example by the Woermann company (Cheek, Harvey &amp; Onana, 2011: 45). The Munda is the estuary that forms the eastern edge of the peninsula on which Libreville sits. Tributaries of the Munda drain the Sibang area. Beginning in 1960, the population of Libreville expanded 20-fold, and its footprint expanded. Only a small part of the original forest formerly known as Sibang survived. This part measures about 400 m × 400 m as measured on Google Earth (see further details under P. gabunensis, below) and is now entitled the ‘Sibang Arboretum’. This minute remnant of forest is probably the most visited by botanists in the whole of Gabon because it is immediately adjacent to the site of the current National Herbarium, LBV (M. Cheek, 2002, personal observation). In the unlikely although hoped-for rediscovery of Pseudohydrosme buettneri, the area of occupancy would be expected to be calculated as 4 km 2 using the IUCN preferred gridcells of this size, and the extent of occurrence of the same size. If it should be found anywhere in the vicinity of Libreville it is likely to be threatened by human pressures since most of the population of Gabon is concentrated here.</p> <p>The Libreville region has the highest botanical specimen collection density in Gabon, with 5359 specimens recorded in digital format. It also has the highest level of diversity of both plant species overall and of endemics (Sosef et al., 2005). The coastal forests of the Libreville area are known to be especially rich in globally restricted species (Lachenaud et al., 2013). These authors detail 19 species globally restricted to the Libreville area, of which eight have not been seen recently and which are possibly extinct. Among these is Octoknema klaineana Pierre, a rainforest tree “only collected in the immediate area of Libreville at the beginning of the 20th century, and only once since” (Gosline &amp; Malecot, 2011). Most of the collections of this possibly extinct species of Octoknema were also, as with Pseudohydrosme buettneri, from Libreville-Sibang, and were mainly made in the period 1896–1912, during the colonial period, before the city expanded to its current extent. The other seven species recorded as globally restricted to the Libreville area and as possibly extinct by Lachenaud et al. (2013): are Ardisia pierreana Taton (Taton, 1979), Dinklageella villiersii Szlach. and Olszewski (Szlachetko &amp; Olszewski, 2001), Eugenia librevillensis Amshoff (Amshoff, 1958), Hunteria hexaloba (Pichon) Omino (Omino, 1996), Pandanus parvicentralis Huynh (Huynh, 1986), Psychotria gaboonensis Ruhsam (Ruhsam, Govaerts &amp; Davis, 2008) and Tristemma vestitum Jacq.-Fél. (Jacques-Félix, 1986). These species have also not been seen in several decades, or more, in the case of the penultimate species, since 1861.</p> <p>The explanation for this hotspot of unique species, fast disappearing if not already extinct, at Libreville may be that it has the highest rainfall in Gabon (Gosline &amp; Malecot, 2011), with c.2.9 m p.a.</p> <p>It seems likely that Pseudohydrosme buettneri is an additional lost endemic species to the Libreville area, likely rendered extinct by the expansion of the city. Let us hope it is rediscovered in a fragment of forest in the greater Libreville area, although this seems extremely unlikely given that it was the most spectacular species of the genus with by the largest spathe (80 cm long) known in the genus, and that as stated above, the Libreville area is the most intensively botanically surveyed part of Gabon (Sosef et al., 2005).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF0FA6473571C25AFFB0FBADD0F35D81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cheek, Martin;Tchiengué, Barthélemy;van der Burgt, Xander	Cheek, Martin, Tchiengué, Barthélemy, van der Burgt, Xander (2021): Taxonomic revision of the threatened African genus Pseudohydrosme Engl. (Araceae), with P. ebo, a new, critically endangered species from Ebo, Cameroon. PeerJ 9: 1-32, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10689, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10689
EF0FA6473572C25DFFB0F97CD11E5E6E.text	EF0FA6473572C25DFFB0F97CD11E5E6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudohydrosme Engl. Sect. Chorianthera Engl. (Engler 1911	<div><p>Sect. Pseudohydrosme</p> <p>Pseudohydrosme Engl. Sect. Chorianthera Engl. (Engler, 1911: 48). Homotypic synonym</p> <p>Type species: Pseudohydrosme gabunensis Engl.</p> <p>Male flowers in indistinct clusters of 3–5 or in pairs; distal half of spadix lacking sterile male flowers; ratio of female:male spadix portions 1:2</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF0FA6473572C25DFFB0F97CD11E5E6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cheek, Martin;Tchiengué, Barthélemy;van der Burgt, Xander	Cheek, Martin, Tchiengué, Barthélemy, van der Burgt, Xander (2021): Taxonomic revision of the threatened African genus Pseudohydrosme Engl. (Araceae), with P. ebo, a new, critically endangered species from Ebo, Cameroon. PeerJ 9: 1-32, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10689, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10689
EF0FA6473575C240FFB0FA2BD63C5F7A.text	EF0FA6473575C240FFB0FA2BD63C5F7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudohydrosme gabunensis Engl.	<div><p>2. Pseudohydrosme gabunensis Engl. (Engler, 1892: 455; Engler &amp; Prantl, 1897: 59; Brown in Thistleton-Dyer, 1901: 161; Engler, 1911: 48; Bogner, 1981: 33; Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner, 2013: 104–113)— Figs. 3 and 5.</p> <p>Holotype: Gabon, Estuaire Province, Libreville, Sibang, “Gabun, Mundagebiet; Sibang-Farm am Ufer des Maveli ” fl. 13 October 1881, Soyaux 299 (Holotype: B100165306, Herbarium specimen, image!)</p> <p>Terrestrial herb, rhizome light brown, ellipsoid or subcylindric, erect or oblique, 9–12 cm diam. to 15 cm long, surface with transverse ridges. Roots fleshy 5–8 mm thick, brownish yellow, sometimes developing new plants at their tips (Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner, 2013).</p> <p>Leaf 1–1.3(–2.2) m tall, petiole terete, 1–1.4 cm diam. at base, dark green olive and spotted, with small yellowish white points; prickles 1–2 mm long. Blade of youngest seedlings sagittate-elliptic c. 5 cm long, 3–4 cm wide, basal sinus c. 2 cm long, breadth variable (see Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner, 2013). Successively formed blades developing slits and divisions. Blade of mature leaves dracontoid, primary divisions 30–35 cm long, pinnatisect, lobes in each division 5–8, dimorphic, larger, distal lobes elliptic (4–)8–23 cm long, (2–)3–7(–11) cm, apex truncate, bifid, (0.5–)1–3 cm long; smaller, proximal leaflets ovate, 4.5–8 cm long, 2.5–5 cm wide, apex cuspidate; lateral veins 4–8 on each side of the midrib, conspicuous on abaxial surface, running to the margin or forming an incomplete submarginal nerve, higher order veins reticulate.</p> <p>Inflorescence: Cataphylls 4–6, membranous, reddish white or brown-purple, slightly spotted, phyllotaxy spiral, proximal ones subtriangular shorter, distal ones becoming longer and oblong elliptic, towards the spathe 1.5–29 cm long, (1–)2–2.5 cm wide; peduncle (3–)5–9 cm long, 1–1.5 cm diam., colour as petiole, with minute sparse greenish white prickles 1–2 mm long. Spathe (30–)40–55(–70) cm long, fornicate, basal half (20–25 cm long) funnel-shaped to subcylindrical, fleshy and to 5 mm thick, limb comprising the distal half of the spathe, flaring widely and curving forward, the apex obtuse, margin undulate; outer surface uniform bright pale yellow, greenish yellow or yellow white; inner surface of blade mostly pale yellow or yellowish white, in an irregular marginal band, with a dark purple central area separated by an irregular margin down to the base of the tube; mouth facing horizontally, usually orbicular or elliptic. Spadix with “unpleasant smell, but not so strong as some Araceae ” (Van der Laan 7641, WAG) or “faintly of lettuce” (Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner (2013)) or “of slightly bad cabbage” (David Prehsler, University of Vienna communication to Cheek November 2020), sessile, subcylindrical, (6–)9–12.5 cm long, (1.5–)2–2.5 cm diam. Female zone (2–)3.5(–4) cm long, female flowers completely covering the surface of the axis, usually contiguous with but constricted at the junction with the male zone. Male zone (3.5–)6–8.5 cm long, at base abruptly wider than the female zone, tapering to the rounded apex, completely covered in fertile male flowers. Sterile appendix absent.</p> <p>Male flowers with 2–5 stamens, stamens densely packed, sometimes paired or in groups of 3 or 5, sessile, 4 mm long, in plan view isodiametric, subprismatic, 5–6- faceted, in cross section c. 1.8(–2) mm × 1.2 mm wide, apex convex purple, sides white, anther thecae c. 3 mm long, opening by an apical pore, pollen orange or yellow, in strings. Female flowers white with ovary yellowish-white globose or ellipsoid, 2–3 mm diam., 2(–3)-locular; style 1–1.5 mm long, 1.5 mm diam., stigma black to reddish brown, surface papillose, 2 mm wide, bilobed, lobes with a broad concave area, apex rounded.</p> <p>Berry, thinly fleshy, transversely ellipsoid, laterally compressed, rarely globose, 0.8–1.2 cm long, 1.5–1.6 cm wide, white, ripening purple-black, surface wrinkled when ripe, style and stigma persistent, (1–)2-seeded, apex rounded-truncate, base stipitate, stipes (2–) 3–4 mm long, c. 2 mm diam. Seeds subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, one side flattened, the other convex, 9 mm long, 7 mm wide.</p> <p>Phenology: flowering in the wild mid-September–late October.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology: Gabon, Estuaire, Moyen-Ogooué (probably) and Woleu-Ntem Provinces, known from five sites in lowland rainforest sometimes with Aucoumea gabonensis (Burseraceae); 0–100 m alt. Possibly also in Congo (location unknown, see notes below).</p> <p>Etymology: meaning “coming from Gabon” (formerly, in German “Gabun”).</p> <p>Local names and uses: none known.</p> <p>Additional specimens: Gabon, Woleu-Ntem Province, c. 15 km NE Asok, 600–700 m alt., (leg. Breteler and De Wilde s.n. 21 August 1978) cult. Wageningen, fl. 13 March 1984, Van der Laan 764 (Bot. Gard. No. 978PTGA550), WAG0351246, WAG0351247 images!); Estuaire Province, Libreville, Sibang: “Sibang”, hinter der Station forêstier; wächst im sandigen Lehmboden im Regenwald, sehr schattig, c. 20 m, fl. 29 October 1973, Bogner 664 (K!, M n.v. US n.v.); Sibang, st. 10 April 1994, Wieringa and Haegens 2710 (WAG0181636, WAG0181637 images!); Sibang Forest, st. 1 Dec. 1994, Wieringa 3308 (WAG0181631, WAG0181632, WAG 0181633, WAG0181634, WAG0181635 images!); Sibang Arboretum fl. 25 Oct. 2005, Sosef et al. 2029 (WAG 0223594, WAG0223595 images!, WAG8004057, WAG0108030, WAG.1665445); Kango, plantations de Assouko, près de poste de Kango, le Komo (estimated as 0 Ǫ 10′ 41.8″ N, 10 Ǫ 06′ 45.54″ E), fl. 2 Oct. 1912, Chevalier 26828 (P02093245 image!); Forêt de la Mondah, road from Libreville to Santa Clara, fl. 16 Sept. 1981, Breteler, Lemmens, Nzabi 7772 (WAG0449339, WAG0449339, WAG0449340 images!); St. Clara, Tussen ± 50–100 m, Linkerkant, Zij-pod naar St. Clara, sterile, no date, Breteler s.n. (WAG044938, image!); Moyen-Ogooué Province: “Congo français”. Ogooué (estimated as 0 Ǫ 41′ 18″ S, 10 Ǫ 13′ 55″ E), fl. 1894–95, Leroy 23 (PO2093240, PO2093241 images! two sheets).</p> <p>Cultivated in Europe exact source unknown: ex Gabon, probably Sibang, fl. April 2012, leg. Bogner 3006 (BR0000019808871, image!).</p> <p>Those specimens listed above which are sterile, for example Wieringa 3308 (voucher for DNA studies of the genus, see above), Wieringa and Haegens 2710, are only provisionally identified as P. gabunensis. It is possible that these specimens might belong to another species of the genus (although unlikely since these specimens were collected at Sibang Arboretum where in recent years only this species of the genus has been collected in flower). Equally they may even represent a species of the genus Anchomanes.</p> <p>Conservation: Pseudohydrosme gabunensis is possibly extinct at some of its historical locations and is threatened at all of those which remain. At the type location, Sibang, formerly far outside Libreville, at least four gatherings have been made in what is now a small and highly visited forest patch inside Libreville (see notes under P. buettneri above). Measured on Google Earth, the forest is approximately a square, c. 470 m N to S and 420 m W to E, or about 0.25 km 2 (grid reference: 0 Ǫ 25′ 56.05″ N, 9 Ǫ 29′ 23.64″ E, 49 m alt.). It is now completely surrounded by the dense urban settlement of Libreville which has expanded greatly in the last 60 years. In 1960, at independence, the population of Libreville was 32,000. Since then it has expanded 20-fold to, in 2013, 703,904</p> <p>(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville, accessed 19 September 2020) and has a vastly greater footprint. Sibang Arboretum, the surviving patch of forest of a once much greater area, is now known as one of the top two tourist destinations in Libreville.</p> <p>At the Cap Santa Clara location, the Forêt de la Mondah, known since 2012 as the Raponda Walker Arboretum (Walters et al., 2016), two collections were made, one in 1981 (see additional specimens). Since created as a protected area in 1934, it has been reduced in size, losing 40% of its area in 80 years to habitat clearance and degradation due to its close proximity (c. 15 km) to the metropolis of Libreville which draws upon its trees for timber and firewood (Walters et al., 2016). It is not clear if either of the two specimens from St. Clara were from within the current protected area.</p> <p>The species has not been recorded from the Ogouué River since it was collected there by Leroy (1894–1895), despite intensive recent surveys in the lower reaches of the river whence it was probably collected. We have georeferenced the Leroy record on Lambarene since in Leroy’ s time this was a trading post on the lower reaches of the river and it is credible that he stopped and collected there, but this is uncertain. The historic site on the Komo River at Kango, whence it was collected by Chevalier (26828, P; fl. 2 Oct. 1912) is now on a major transnational route, and on Google Earth shows multiple cleared areas due to development. It is possible that it no longer survives at this location, especially since it has not been recorded here or anywhere near, in a century, despite the peak decades of botanical collection in Gabon having been at the end of the 20th century (Sosef et al., 2005). Pseudohydrosme gabunensis was assessed as Endangered, EN B2ab (ii, iii) by Lovell &amp; Cheek (2020) since it is or was known from ten specimens at five locations globally, with an area of occupation estimated as 24 km 2 using the 4 km 2 cell sizes preferred by IUCN (2012) and the threats detailed above. Threats in the Libreville area have already resulted in the possible global extinction of nine species, including Pseudohydrosme buettneri (see under that species, above). The extent of occurrence is calculated as 4,150 km 2. If the identification of the Congolese specimen can be completely confirmed as this species, and the site of its collection discovered, the area of occupation will likely be increased to 28 km 2 and the extent of occurrence also increased.</p> <p>Notes. The location given in the protologue for the type specimen (see above) is similar to that of Pseudohydrosme buettneri but more detailed. The Munda is the estuary that forms the eastern edge of the peninsula on which Libreville sits. Tributaries of the Munda drain the Sibang area, one of which may have been known as the Maveli, on the forested banks of which Soyaux recorded collecting the type of Pseudohydrosme gabunensis.</p> <p>Herman Soyaux is reported to have collected herbarium specimens from Loango in Gabon from 1875 to 1882 (Anon, 1901).</p> <p>The specimens Leroy 23 and Chevalier 26828 (both P) had been determined as Amorphophallus until identified by Bogner (M) as Pseudohydrosme gabunensis in Dec.</p> <p>2012. In contrast, Wieringa 4358 (WAG) determined as this species, and cited as such in Sosef et al. (2005) is in fact an Amorphophallus, evident in the larger leaf blade divisions all being acuminate not bifid, and the tuber being described as having the roots from the top (vs.scattered along the length). Similarly, Wieringa 3308 (WAG), correctly cited in Sosef et al. (2005) as Pseudohydrosme gabunensis, was originally collected as an Anchomanes until determined by Hetterscheid in April 1996. Van der Laan 764 (WAG) had been identified as Anchomanes nigritianus Rendle until redetermined by Bogner in September 2012.</p> <p>Pseudohydrosme gabunensis is the most common and widespread member of the genus. However, it is still extremely rare and with a highly restricted range in the wild.</p> <p>It is sought after by private collectors of aroids and live rootstocks and seed attract high prices on the internet. Fortunately, it is found in several large public botanic gardens including in Australia, Germany, France, Netherlands, UK and USA. We believe that plants are probably not collected from the wild (but this cannot be ruled out), rather they are propagated from those already in cultivation, probably from seed derived from the Netherlands.</p> <p>The collection reported in Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner (2013) as from Congo must be treated with caution. Since it is greatly disjunct (at least c. 300 km) from the known range of this species, it may even represent a further new species. We have not been able to view this specimen. However, Hay (in litt.) states that he has seen photographs of flowering material and that it looks extremely like P. gabunensis in terms of spathe shape and colouration, therefore this is the most likely identification. The specimen concerned should be located, the spadix studied carefully to determine the species beyond doubt, and an attempt made to rediscover the source population.</p> <p>Differences between Pseudohydrosme gabunensis and P. buettneri are detailed under the last species. There is no doubt that Pseudohydrosme gabunensis is much more closely similar to P. ebo than to P. buettneri. However, the larger size of the spathes in P. gabunensis, their different colour and patterning, the usually bilobed style and bilocular female flowers densely covering the axis, all serve, together with the vegetative characters, to separate it from P. ebo (see also Table 1 below).</p> <p>Floral visitors: Bogner (1981) collected as inferred pollinators two different flies identified as Diptera: Choridae, Sphaeroceridae, and two different beetles identified as Coleoptera: Scaphidiidae, Staphylinidae in association with Bogner 664.</p> <p>Reproductive biology: Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner (2013: 106) working with cultivated plants, report that the female flowering phase is indicated by a faint yet clear lettuce-like scent as the spathe opens, at which time, for 2 days, the receptive stigmas are wet and sticky. After this time the stigmas turn darker brown, desiccate and are no longer receptive. Individuals are obligate outcrossers. Fruits take up 10 months to mature (Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner, 2013).</p> <p>Germination and development: Germination takes 3 weeks to 10 months, producing a single small sagittate, entire leaf from a small rhizome. For several months to two years, new leaves are produced consecutively, usually each larger than its predecessor (Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner, 2013). From the second leaf onwards slits may develop in the blade, and within two years the successively produced blades first becomes divided and finally develop the mature dracontoid pattern (see description). First flowering has occurred in as little as five years from first sowing (Hetterscheid &amp; Bogner, 2013). In the wild, the time to maturity is likely to take longer due to predation, competition, and likely lower availability of nutrients</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF0FA6473575C240FFB0FA2BD63C5F7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cheek, Martin;Tchiengué, Barthélemy;van der Burgt, Xander	Cheek, Martin, Tchiengué, Barthélemy, van der Burgt, Xander (2021): Taxonomic revision of the threatened African genus Pseudohydrosme Engl. (Araceae), with P. ebo, a new, critically endangered species from Ebo, Cameroon. PeerJ 9: 1-32, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10689, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10689
EF0FA6473568C246FFB0FB37D70A5FD7.text	EF0FA6473568C246FFB0FB37D70A5FD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudohydrosme ebo Cheek & Tchiengué & van der Burgt 2021	<div><p>3. Pseudohydrosme ebo Cheek, sp. nov. —</p> <p>Figs. 1–3, 6 and 7.</p> <p>Differing from Pseudohydrosme gabunensis Engl. in the ovaries 3-locular, the stigma conspicuously 3-lobed, very rarely 2-locular/lobed (vs. usually 2-locular, 2-lobed, rarely 3-locular/lobed), the female zone of the spadix only sparsely covered in flowers, the spadix axis visible between the flowers (vs. completely covered in flowers), the spathe at anthesis 24–30(–34.5) cm long, the outer surface dull white with longitudinal brown stripes, inner surface light reddish brown with wide pale green veins (vs.(30–)40–55(-70) cm long, uniformly white, green or yellow on both surfaces, inner surface bicoloured, the mid-limb area dark purple, sharply demarcated from the marginal white/yellow coloured area).</p> <p>Type: B. J. Morgan 25 (holotype K!; isotypes B! MO! YA!), Cameroon, Littoral Region, Yabassi-Yingui, Ebo proposed National Park, fl. September 2010.</p> <p>Terrestrial herb, to 1.55 m tall. Rhizome cylindric, c. 3 cm diam. obliquely erect to almost parallel to substrate surface, only upper part exposed, surface with transverse ridges (leaf scars) about 2 mm deep, 2 mm apart. Roots adventitious, thick, fleshy, c. 5 mm diam., scattered along length of rhizome, asexual reproduction not detected.</p> <p>Leaf to 1.55 m tall, petiole terete, to 2 cm. diameter at base, green, inconspicuously spotted yellow, mature plants with minute, patent, extremely sparse prickles 0.5 mm long. Blade of youngest seedlings sagittate-elliptic, 5 × 2.5 cm, apex obtuse, basal sinus 1.5 × 1.5 cm, petiole 6–7 cm long. Older seedlings, in successive years with leaves developing first slits and then divisions, becoming triangular in outline with a broad basal sinus.</p> <p>Blade of mature leaves dracontoid, primary division 35–40 × 38–43 cm, pinnatisect, lobes 5–8, dimorphic, larger, mainly distal lobes oblong 12.5–22 × 3.8–6.5 cm, apex acuminate or truncate-bifid (biacuminate), acumen 0.8–1.5 cm long, smaller, mainly proximal lobes ovate c. 8 × 3.5 cm; lateral veins 6–11 conspicuous on abaxial surface, on each side of the midrib, uniting to form a regular looping submarginal vein 3–6 mm from the margin, higher order veins reticulate.</p> <p>Inflorescence: Cataphylls 4, phyllotaxy spiral, light brown, with light green spots, membranous, successively increasing in size from proximal to distal, the outermost triangular-broadly ovate, amplexicaul 3 × 4 cm, the third in succession narrowly lanceolate-oblong, 12 × 2 cm, the fourth 18–19 × 1.5–4 cm; peduncle 3.5–4.5 × 0.6–0.7 cm, with minute, patent, extremely sparse prickles 0.5 mm long, colour as petiole. Spathe 24–30(–34.5) × 8 cm long basal 1/2–3/4 subcylindric, convolute, funnel-shaped, 1.8–4 cm wide at 2 cm above the peduncle, 6–8 cm wide at 8 cm above the peduncle, and 8–9 cm wide at 15 cm above the peduncle, the distal part (limb), half to one third of the total spathe length, flaring widely and curving forward, hood-like, shielding the spadix, the apex with a triangular acumen 3–4 × 1 cm; outer surface of both tube and limb dull white, with pale brown-red ribs running longitudinally along veins from base of tube to mouth of limb; inner surface of spathe light reddish brown, with wide pale green veins, gradually becoming slightly darker along the midline; mouth facing horizontally, transversely elliptic, 8–10 cm high, 20–25 cm wide, margin entire. Spadix sessile, cylindrical, 50–85 mm long, 10–18 mm diam. Female zone 24 mm long, 15–18 mm wide, female flowers sparsely scattered, c. 30, laxly arranged, covering only about half the surface of the spadix axis, the axis visible between the flowers, sometimes not contiguous with the male zone, the axis then naked for up to 10 mm. Male zone 37–55 mm long, 10–14 mm wide, apex rounded, completely covered in densely arranged male flowers, sterile appendix absent.</p> <p>Male flowers with 2–5 stamens, sometimes paired or in groups of 3–5, stamens free, sessile, prismatic, 5 mm long, isodiametric in plan-view, 5–6 faceted, (1.5–)2 mm diam., apex convex, minutely papillate; anther thecae lateral, tetrasporangiate (Fig. 6F), oblong-elliptic, running the length of the stamen, with apical pore (Fig. 6E). Female flowers with ovary globose, 4 mm diam., 3-locular (Fig. 6I), very rarely 2-locular, style 1–1.5 mm long, 1 mm diam., stigma pale yellow, 0.5 mm thick, 2–2.25 mm wide, strongly 3-lobed (Fig. 7E), lobes with a narrow midline groove, apex rounded. Berry and seed not seen.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology: Cameroon, Littoral Region, known only from three sites at one location in the Ebo forest near Yabassi-Yingui, in late secondary and intact, undisturbed lowland evergreen forest on ancient basement complex geology, rainfall c. 3 m p.a., drier season October-March; 300–400 m alt.</p> <p>Conservation: Pseudohydrosme ebo is known from only one location, with three sites along a section of valley 1.3 km long and only 50–100 mature individuals in total have been seen by the collectors (second and third authors). These sites are along former logging roads which have reverted to forest (X. Van der Burgt, 2019, personal observation) as well as intact forest. In the fourteen years since 2006, botanical surveys have been made almost annually, at different seasons, over many parts of the formerly proposed National Park of Ebo. About 3000 botanical herbarium specimens have been collected, but despite the species being so spectacular in flower, with individual inflorescences lasting potentially two weeks (if they prove to be similar in phenology to those of P. gabunensis), this species has been seen nowhere else in the c. 2000 km 2 of the Ebo Forest. However, much of this area has not been surveyed during the flowering season of the species, or not surveyed at all for plants. While it is likely that the species will be found at additional sites, there is no doubt that it is genuinely range restricted. Botanical surveys for conservation management in forest areas neighbouring Ebo resulting in thousands of specimens being collected and identified have failed to find any specimens of Pseudohydrosme (Cheek et al., 1996; Cable &amp; Cheek, 1998; Cheek, Onana &amp; Pollard, 2000; Harvey et al., 2004; Cheek et al., 2004; Cheek, Harvey &amp; Onana, 2010; Harvey, Tchiengue &amp; Cheek, 2010). It is possible that the species is unique to Ebo and truly localised. The area of occupation of Pseudohydrosme ebo is estimated as 4 km 2 using the IUCN preferred cell-size. The extent of occurrence is the same area. In February 2020 it was discovered that moves were in place to convert the forest into two logging concessions (e.g. https://www.globalwildlife. org/blog/ebo-forest-a-stronghold-for-cameroons-wildlife/ and https://blog.resourceshark. com/cameroon-approves-logging-concession-that-will-destroy-ebo-forest-gorilla-habitat/ both accessed 19 September 2020).</p> <p>This would result in logging tracks that would allow access throughout the forest allowing poachers of rare collectable plants such as Pseudohydrosme, and timber extraction would open up the canopy and remove the intact habitat in which Pseudohydrosme grows. Additionally, slash and burn agriculture often follows logging trails and would negatively impact the populations of this species. Fortunately the logging concession was suspended due to representations to the President of Cameroon on the global importance of the biodiversity of Ebo (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200817005135/ en/Relief-in-the-Forest-Cameroonian-Government-Backtracks-on-the-Ebo-Forest accessed 19 September 2020). However, the forest habitat of this species remains unprotected and threats of logging and conversion of the habitat to plantations remain. Pseudohydrosme ebo is therefore here assessed, on the basis of the range size given and threats stated as CR B1+2ab (iii), that is Critically Endangered.</p> <p>Additional specimens: Cameroon, Littoral Region, Ebo proposed National Park, fl. 8 Oct. 2015 van der Burgt 1888 (K! YA!); ibid., st. (leaves) 9 Dec. 2019, van der Burgt 2377 (K!, MO!, P!, WAG!, YA!).</p> <p>Phenology: flowering in September and early October; leaves early December; fruiting unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: named as a noun in apposition for the forest of Ebo, in Cameroon’ s Littoral Region, Yabassi-Yingui Prefecture, to which this spectacular species is globally restricted on current evidence.</p> <p>Local names and uses: none are known.</p> <p>Notes: Pseudohydrosme ebo came to the attention of the first author in late Aug. 2018 on seeing van der Burgt 1888, collected in 2015. Plans were made to revisit the collection site at the next available opportunity, in December 2019, when leaves were found by the third author (van der Burgt 2377), but unfortunately fruits were not found. At the same time a second site was discovered 1.3 km distant from the site found in 2015. In February 2020 van der Burgt found at Kew an overlooked, additional specimen, Morgan 25, which is the earliest known record of the species, dating from 2010, and since it has multiple duplicates, has been selected as type of the new species. The associated collection data previously mislaid was rediscovered in May 2020.</p> <p>Alvarez with van der Burgt, and Ngansop, discovered in December 2019 seedlings of the new species, at three different stages, preserved as Van der Burgt 2377 sheet 1/4 (see Fig 7). Clearly the species at this site is reproducing itself. Associated photographs also show plants of different ages.</p> <p>Abwe &amp; Morgan (2008) and Cheek et al. (2018b) characterise the Ebo forest, and give overviews of habitats, species and importance for conservation. Fifty-two globally threatened plant species are currently listed from Ebo on the IUCN Red List website and the number is set to rise rapidly. The discovery of a new species to science at the Ebo forest is not unusual. Since numerous new species have been published from Ebo in recent years. Examples of other species that, like Pseudohydrosme ebo appear to be strictly endemic to Ebo on current evidence are: Ardisia ebo Cheek (Cheek &amp; Xanthos, 2012), Crateranthus cameroonensis Cheek and Prance (Prance &amp; Jongkind, 2015), Gilbertiodendron ebo Burgt and Mackinder (Van der Burgt et al., 2015), Inversodicraea ebo Cheek (Cheek et al., 2017), Kupeantha ebo M. Alvarez and Cheek (Cheek et al., 2018a), Palisota ebo Cheek (Cheek et al., 2018b).</p> <p>Further species described from Ebo have also been found further west, in the Cameroon Highlands, particularly at Mt Kupe and the Bakossi Mts (Cheek et al., 2004). Examples are Myrianthus fosi Cheek (Cheek &amp; Osborne, 2010), Salacia nigra Cheek (Gosline, Cheek &amp; Kami, 2014), Talbotiella ebo Mackinder and Wieringa (Mackinder, Wieringa &amp; Van der Burgt, 2010)</p> <p>Additionally, several species formerly thought endemic to Mt Kupe have subsequently been found at Ebo, for example Coffea montekupensis Stoff. (Stoffelen et al., 1997), Costus kupensis Maas and H. Maas (Van de Kamer et al., 2016), Microcos magnifica Cheek (Cheek, 2017), and Uvariopsis submontana Kenfack, Gosline and Gereau (Kenfack et al., 2003).</p> <p>Therefore, it is possible that Pseudohydrosme ebo might yet also be found in the Cameroon highlands, for example at Mt Kupe, further extending westward the known range of the genus. However, this is thought to be only a relatively small possibility given the spectacular nature of this plant, and the high level of survey effort at for example Mt Kupe: if it occurred there it is highly likely that it would have been recorded already.</p> <p>Additional characters separating Pseudohydrosme ebo from P. gabunensis are show in Table 1.</p> <p>It is to be hoped that further studies of live plants of P. ebo will be possible to determine if, like P. gabunensis it also reproduces asexually from the root tips.</p> <p>The biogeography of the Cameroonian Pseudohydrosme ebo is very different from that of the two Gabonese species of the genus growing c.450 km to the South. The Gabonese species grow on recently deposited, sandy coastal soils. Although the Gabonese species also experience a wet season of about 3 m of rainfall per annum, it is differently distributed: the dry season in Libreville occurs from June to September inclusive and is colder than the wet season. In contrast at Ebo the geology at the Pseudohydrosme location is ancient, highly weathered basement complex, with some ferralitic areas in foothill areas which are inland, c. 100 km from the coast. The wet season (successive months with cumulative rainfall&gt;100 mm) is almost the inverse of at Libreville, falling between March and November and is colder than the dry season (Abwe &amp; Morgan, 2008). In addition, the affinities of Ebo as indicated by shared plant species, seems to be with other parts of the Cross-Sanaga biogeographic area, the Cameroon Highlands, rather than with Gabon (see above).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF0FA6473568C246FFB0FB37D70A5FD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cheek, Martin;Tchiengué, Barthélemy;van der Burgt, Xander	Cheek, Martin, Tchiengué, Barthélemy, van der Burgt, Xander (2021): Taxonomic revision of the threatened African genus Pseudohydrosme Engl. (Araceae), with P. ebo, a new, critically endangered species from Ebo, Cameroon. PeerJ 9: 1-32, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10689, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10689
