identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038A87CCFF9F4400FF30FADDAC6C5732.text	038A87CCFF9F4400FF30FADDAC6C5732.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrocnephia Craig & Currie & Gil-Azevedo & Moulton 2019	<div><p>Austrocnephia n. gen. Craig, Currie, Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton</p> <p>Type Species: Simulium aurantiaca Tonnoir 1925: 234</p> <p>Diagnosis. Adults: moderate to large-sized species (total body length 2.2–5.0 mm) with yellow-orange thorax, both sexes with markedly domed thorax. Antenna with nine flagellomeres. Female: frons narrowed; sensory vesicle of palpomere III half or more length of article, (terminal) palpomere V elongate; mandible with teeth only on medial side except strenua; cibarium unarmed, cornuae flared posteromedially and well sclerotized apically; wing a:b ratio 1.0:2.5–2.7, basal medial cell poorly expressed or absent, apex of wing and anal lobe slightly fumose, anterior veins yellowish, as is membrane, pigmentation at junction of r-m cross vein and R 1 absent to strongly expressed, costa with both hair-like and spine-like setae, the latter of varied thickness and color; apices of R 1 and Rs not joined together or closely appressed before joining C, Rs slightly branched apically in aurantiaca species-group, unbranched in tonnoiri species-group, CuA slightly sinuous, CuP extended essentially to wing margin, as also A 1 in some species; katepisternum as wide as deep, sulcus wide and shallow; metathoracic furcasternum with flange on dorsal arms; hind basitarsus with distinct row of ventral spines and calcipala well-developed, tarsomere II with poorly expressed pedisulcus usually obscured by calcipala; claw bifid, with basal tooth moderately-to-well expressed, directed slightly laterally, claw heel scarcely-to-moderately expressed; cercus and anal lobe elongated; spermatheca darkly pigmented, surface smooth to somewhat wrinkled, with variously-sized membranous area at junction with spermathecal duct. Male: eye with relatively few (15–20) large upper ommatidia; gonocoxa strengthened posteromedially and fluted, gonostylus quadratic to cone-shaped, typically with two or three (rarely four) apical spines; ventral plate with apex directed slightly- to markedly ventrally, basal arms moderately elongate, paramere connector short but substantial; median sclerite not markedly developed; parameres plate-like, triangular, size various; parameral spines absent, although variously expressed substantial microtrichia may be present on adjacent aedeagal membrane; dorsal sclerite absent. Pupa: gill arborescent, consisting of 21–50 short, pseudoannulated filaments; head without postorbital spine on ocular sclerite; head and thorax not tuberculate; dorsocentral setae with curled tips; abdomen with tuberculae poorly expressed or absent, but well expressed in tonnoiri, posterior abdominal segments with pleurites present in tonnoiri species-group, absent in aurantiaca species-group, grapnel-like hooks absent from segment IX. Cocoon: silk of irregular weave, cocoon poorly defined, covering abdomen and thorax of pupa, and incorporating various amounts of foreign material. Larva: body relatively robust; first instar larvae with well-developed labral fans; antenna with distal article subequal in length to medial article, not extended beyond labral fan stem; cephalic sensilla not markedly expressed; first mandibular spinous tooth of normal length to markedly elongated; cervical sclerites typically connected to postocciput by narrow strap; hypostoma with teeth either borne on three variously expressed lobes, or teeth arranged in delta-like fashion with tooth 0 most prominent; postgenal cleft small, inverted-U or subrectangular shaped, extended less than quarter distance to hypostomal groove; posterior tentoral pits either rectangular or rounded in shape; prothoracic proleg lappets present, or absent; lateral plate of proleg either L- or V-shaped; abdominal segment nine without ventral tubercles; rectal papillae of three simple lobes; anal sclerite with posteroventral arms markedly developed, in some species with posterolateral arm also; membrane between arm and circlet of hooks with either many or few campaniform sensilla; posteromedial gap between ventral arms either open or closed (hole); posterior circlet of hooks markedly expressed and directed slightly ventrally, some species with large numbers of hooks.</p> <p>Etymology. The name Austrocnephia preserves the original assignment of these species to Cnephia (an otherwise exclusively northern hemisphere taxon), while reflecting the geographical endemicity of the segregate. The gender is feminine.</p> <p>Distribution. The genus is widely distributed in mesic subtropical and temperate areas along the eastern and southern seaboards of Australia. Most species range from the Atherton Tablelands near Cairns, Queensland, south along the Great Divide Mountains to Victoria and Tasmania, then westward to southeastern-most South Australia. One species, Austrocnephia tonnoiri, however, is disjunct from the others in the southwestern-most corner of Western Australia and there occurs sporadically in fast flowing portions of more productive, often lower gradient streams. Austrocnephia fuscoflava of the tonnoiri species-group appears to be restricted to lowland coastal streams of southeastern Queensland. Austrocnephia orientalis is also sporadic in distribution. Detailed locality data is given for each species, as is a distribution map for each species-group (Figs. 196, 197).</p> <p>Remarks. Monophyly of the five species considered herein is supported by a suite of diagnostic character states, inter alia: adult thorax yellow/orange and markedly domed; wing vein CuA only slightly curved; maxillary palp of female with sensory vesicle ca. two-thirds length of palpomere III; cercus of female distinctly longer than length of anal lobe; larva with abdomen elongate, expanded at segments VII and VIII, tapered markedly to posterior proleg on segment IX. While none of these character-states by themselves is unique within the Simuliidae, taken collectively, they are constitutive for the five species at this phylogenetic level. Austrocnephia aurantiaca and A. tonnoiri are morphologically variable, probably representing complexes. Cytological and/or molecular analyses are needed to clarify the specific boundaries of nominal species recognized in this study. Two species groups are recognized to reflect the overall similarity of included species.</p> <p>Constituent species. The following described species are assigned to Austrocnephia n. gen. and new combinations therefore established.</p> <p>aurantiaca species-group: Austrocnephia aurantiaca (Tonnoir 1925) n. comb., A. strenua (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950) n. comb.</p> <p>tonnoiri species-group: Austrocnephia fuscoflava (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1949) n. comb., A. orientalis (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950) n. comb., A. tonnoiri (Drummond 1931) n. comb.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87CCFF9F4400FF30FADDAC6C5732	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Douglas A.;Currie, Douglas C.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.;Moulton, John K.	Craig, Douglas A., Currie, Douglas C., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Moulton, John K. (2019): Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera. Zootaxa 4627 (1): 1-92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4627.1.1
038A87CCFF9D4402FF30F875A9A9520A.text	038A87CCFF9D4402FF30F875A9A9520A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrocnephia aurantiaca (Tonnoir 1925) Craig & Currie & Gil-Azevedo & Moulton 2019	<div><p>aurantiaca species-group</p> <p>Diagnosis. Adults: larger, lighter-colored species, female total body length 2.8–5.5 mm; vein Rs slightly thickened distally, or with evidence of branching; junction of r-m cross vein and R 1 with faintly expressed dark spot or, if spot not evident, then with r-m cross vein darker than adjacent veins; pedisulcus absent, represented at most by a slight wrinkling of cuticle on dorsal base of hind tarsomere II; tarsal claw basal tooth a third or less length of main talon, claw heel moderately expressed; genital fork with anterior stem of normal width, not markedly bent; male gonostylus angulate, with two or three apical spines; ventral plate with apex markedly narrowed in ventral view, apex directed ventrally, producing concave appearance; parameres well sclerotized and distinct. Pupa: gill with numerous (38–50) filaments; abdominal tuberculation absent; pleurites absent from segments VI &amp; VII. Larva: mandible apex with spinous teeth markedly expressed; hypostomal teeth 5–7, poorly expressed; lateral hypostomal serrations absent; posterior tentorial pits rectangular; prothoracic proleg lateral sclerite L-shaped, lappets not commonly present; anal sclerite with posterolateral arms variously present; area between posterolateral arms and circlet of hooks with large number of campaniform sensilla; posterior proleg with large number (10,000 –17,000) of hooks; larvae occur in flows of high velocity.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87CCFF9D4402FF30F875A9A9520A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Douglas A.;Currie, Douglas C.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.;Moulton, John K.	Craig, Douglas A., Currie, Douglas C., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Moulton, John K. (2019): Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera. Zootaxa 4627 (1): 1-92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4627.1.1
038A87CCFF9C441FFF30FD7EAC6A56D6.text	038A87CCFF9C441FFF30FD7EAC6A56D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrocnephia aurantiaca (Tonnoir 1925) Craig & Currie & Gil-Azevedo & Moulton 2019	<div><p>Austrocnephia aurantiaca (Tonnoir 1925). New combination.</p> <p>(Figs. 1 –57)</p> <p>Simulium aurantiacum Tonnoir 1925: 234; original designation.</p> <p>Simulium (Cnephia) aurantiacum. Edwards, 1931: 147.</p> <p>Cnephia aurantiacum. Smart, 1945: 498. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1948: 238. 1949: 383.</p> <p>Cnephia A. Rothfels, 1979: 522; cytological study, perhaps aurantiacum ?</p> <p>‘ Cnephia of authors’ aurantiacum. Crosskey, 1987: 443; undetermined genus, Prosimuliini.</p> <p>aurantiacum. Crosskey, 1989: 222; unplaced species of Prosimulinii.</p> <p>Paracnephia aurantiaca. Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997: 18; new combination.</p> <p>Paracnephia aurantiaca. Bugledich, 1999: 327.</p> <p>‘ Cnephia ’ aurantiacum. Moulton, 2000: 98. Moulton, 2003: 47.</p> <p>Paracnephia aurantiaca. Crosskey &amp; Howard, 2004: 10; unplaced to subgenus.</p> <p>Paracnephia aurantiaca. Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008: 28; transferred to Simulinii, unplaced to subgenus. Hernández-Triana et al. 2017: 350. Adler, 2019: 32.</p> <p>Redescription. Adult female (based on three paratypes and numerous other specimen). Body (Figs. 1, 2): head dark orange, thorax yellowish orange, abdomen blackish; total length 3.2–5.0 mm. Head (Fig. 3): overall dark in colour; width 0.96 mm; depth 0.70 mm; postocciput densely hirsute with long pale hairs, frons parallel-sided, not markedly narrow, dark brown-black, sparse long black hairs laterally; frons:head-width ratio 1.0:12.0. Eye: interocular distance ca. 0.1 mm; upper ommatidia reddish orange, lower ommatidia darker, ommatidia diameter 0.022 mm; ca. 36 rows across and 44 down at mid-eye. Clypeus: width 0.29 mm; mottled dark brown, vestiture of long hairs laterally. Antenna (Figs. 3, 4): elongate, extended well beyond posterior margin of head; total length 0.95 mm; scape and pedicel pale, similar in size to flagellomere I; flagellomere II–VII similar in size and shape, flagellomeres VIII &amp; IX slightly more elongated. Mouthparts: feebly developed, ca. 0.28× length of head depth; maxillary palp (Fig. 5) total length 0.83 mm, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomere III broader and darker than other palpomeres, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.8:1.6, respectively; sensory organ moderately elongated, 0.33–0.50× length of palpomere III, opening small, 0.2× vesicle width; mandible (Fig. 6) with ca. 30 weakly developed inner teeth, outer teeth absent; lacinia with 16 and 10 teeth on inner and outer edge respectively; cibarium (Fig. 7) with cornuae sclerotized apically and lightly sculpted, medial gap angulate. Thorax: length 1.2–1.8 mm; width 1.2–1.3 mm; evenly yellowish orange; postpronotal lobe well developed with longer hair than on scutum; scutellar depression with similar vestiture; scutellum slightly paler than scutum, vestiture of sparse very fine yellowish hairs; postnotum concolourous with scutellum, vestiture similar; antepronotal lobe with dense patch of yellow hairs; proepisternum and fore coxa with sparse hairs; anepisternal (aka plural) membrane yellowish brown, bare; katepisternal dark brown, sulcus shallow and broad. Wing (Figs. 8, 9): length 4.1–5.0 mm; width 1.6–2.2 mm; membrane slightly fumose on apex and anal lobe; veins dark orange; costa with mixture of thin and thickened hairs on distal 2/3rds, the latter not markedly darkened; Rs narrowly divided distally (R 2+3 occasionally expressed as row of a few fine hairs); a:b ratio 1.0:2.5; r-m cross vein darker than adjacent veins, but pigmentation not extended into surrounding membrane; basal medial cell minute or absent; M 1 appearing doubled or tripled; CuA not markedly sinuous; CuP extended nearly to wing margin, as does A 1. Haltere: stem clear, knob yellowish orange. Legs (Fig. 10): forelegs evenly pale; mid and hind legs medium brown; hind basitarsus with ventral row of regular stout spines; calcipala subequal in length and breadth; pedisulcus absent; tarsomere II 2.0–2.4× as long as distal width; claw (Fig. 11) with main talon strongly curved and evenly tapered, basal tooth 0.25–0.50× length of talon, heel substantial and angulate. Abdomen (Fig. 12): basal scale (tergite I) dark brown, vestiture of long dense hairs; anterior few segments pale and yellowish, other segments mottled dark brown; tergites lightly sclerotized, barely discernable from remainder of dorsum, broader in posterior segments; vestiture better expressed on posterior segments. Genitalia: markedly small; sternite VIII with distinct microtrichial array medially, with larger stronger hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (Fig. 13), lightly pigmented, vestiture of triads of microtrichia and strong hairs, medial edges of valves slightly concave, but not touching, broadly rounded apically, valves slightly domed medially; cercus in lateral view (Fig. 14) elongated with slight medial depression, anal lobe also elongate, both with vestiture of long hairs; genital fork (Fig. 15) with anterior stem relatively long and narrowed, slightly expanded apically, no indication of membranous lateral areas, lateral arms narrow, apodeme as membranous triangular region, lateral plates small, trapezoidal- or subtriangularshaped; spermatheca ovoid (Fig. 16), markedly wrinkled, without internal spines, membranous area at junction with spermathecal duct small.</p> <p>Adult male (based on a paratype and numerous other specimens). Body: overall yellow including head and thorax, abdomen black (Figs. 17, 18); total body length variable, specimens from Pretty Valley, VIC. 3.3–4.5 mm; those originally described by Tonnoir (1925: 234) 2.0– 2.5mm. Head (Fig. 19): width 0.98 mm; depth 0.7 mm. Eyes: upper ommatidia dark orange, not markedly enlarged, diameter 0.04 mm, ca. 23 across and down; lower ommatidia black to blackish orange, markedly smaller, diameter 0.02 mm, ca 24 across, 38 down. Clypeus: black; width 0.19 mm; vestiture of sparse fine black hairs. Antenna (Fig. 20): total length 0.71–0.75 mm; pedicel and scape dark brown; scape short, pedicel wider than broad, flagellomere I narrower than scape and longer than broad, pale basally, other flagellomeres evenly medium brown and tapered slightly to apical flagellomere. Mouthparts: insubstantial; length 0.3× head depth; maxillary palp (Fig. 21) 0.68 mm long, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomeres III &amp; IV subequal in length, palpomere V fine and elongated, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.8:1.7 respectively, sensory vesicle small, spherical, occupying 0.22× or less palpomere length, opening 0.33× vesicle width; lacinia small, lacking teeth, but with apical hairs; mandible lacking teeth. Thorax: length 1.4 mm; width 1.3 mm; markedly domed, lateral outline semicircular, head angled anteriorly; postpronotal lobe concolourous with scutum, bearing long fine pale hairs; antepronotal lobe with patch of sparse fine pale hairs; proepisternum bare; scutum evenly pale yellow, vestiture of sparse long fine pale hairs, longer in scutellar depression; scutellum lighter than scutum, with markedly long yellow hairs laterally; pleurae yellow, anepisternal membrane bare; katepisternum brown, sulcus distinct, but shallow. Wing: length 3.7–4.3 mm, width 1.7–2.3 mm; membrane slightly fumose at apex, anal lobe very slightly so; anterior veins dark orange; costa with mixture of thin and thickened hairs; Rs narrowly but distinctly branched distally (Fig. 22); a:b ratio 1.0:2.6; basal medial cell present, but minute; M 1 appearing doubled or tripled, CuA not markedly sinuous; CuP extended nearly to wing margin. Haltere: stem pale, knob tan. Legs: overall yellowish, hind leg with darker coloured distal tibia; hind basitarsus, slightly expanded medially with ventral row of stout spines, calcipala and pedisulcus as for female; tarsomere II 2.6× as long as distal width; tarsal claw with short talon, grappling hook of 25–27 teeth (Fig. 23). Abdomen (Fig. 24): black dorsally and posteriorly, pale anteroventrally, vestiture of markedly long golden hairs, more so anteriorly; basal scale (tergite I) black, hairs markedly golden and long, extended to posterior of tergite II; tergite II V-shaped, remainder broad; sternite I present, sternite II absent, sternites III–VIII rounded, distinctly hirsute. Genitalia (Fig. 25): small and lightly sclerotized; cerci well developed; gonocoxa 1.1× longer than its basal width, vestiture of long black sparse hairs and microtrichia; gonostylus 1.6× longer than basal width, markedly shorter than gonocoxite, narrow in ventral view, broad in lateral view (Fig. 26), with two or three apical spines; ventral plate small, 1.6× wider than long in ventral view, apex directed ventrally producing appearance of medial concavity, vestiture absent except for a few hairs medially (Fig. 27), basal arms elongated and narrow; median sclerite in the form of two short, darkly sclerotized, arms arising from anterior edge of ventral plate; parameres plate-like basally, tapered distally; adeagal membrane with 7–15 short stout spines near apex of paramere, membrane otherwise adorned with microtrichia.</p> <p>Pupa (based on numerous specimens). Body: female length 3.3–4.0 mm, male length 3.3–3.8 mm (Fig. 28). Head: frons of female truncated with ratio of basal width to vertex width 1.0:1.5, and basal width to length 1.0:1.7 (Fig. 29), that of male more ovoid (Fig. 30), ratios 1.0:1.9 and 1.0:3.1 respectively; cuticle faintly patterned; frontal and facial setae present, epicranial setae present near antennal sheath; postorbital spine absent; antennal sheath of female with apex extended beyond margin of ocular shield, that of male not extended to margin of ocular shield. Thorax: markedly domed, smooth, with dorsal setae trichoid, short, curved, but not curled at tip (Fig. 31). Gill: total length ca. 1.3–1.5 mm, with 40–50 light brown filaments arising from 5 or 6 short trunks (Fig. 32); filaments paler apically, some branched at irregular distances from base; ventral filaments directed anteriorly, dorsal filaments directed mainly dorsally, but with one or two longer filaments reflexed posteriorly over thorax; filament surface pseudoannulated throughout (Fig. 33). Abdomen (Fig. 35): well sclerotized, especially the anterior tergites, with minute rounded tubercules; tergites III &amp; IV extended more ventrad than other tergites, separated from pleurite by narrow band of striate membrane; tergite V separated from pleurite by band of striate membrane; pleurites absent from segments V &amp; VI; sternites VI &amp; VII divided medially by a semimembranous longitudinal band, sternite VIII a single lightly sclerotised plate with medial marking. Abdominal armature moderately well developed; tergite I with fine hairs; tergites II–IV each with 4+4 dorsal and 3+3 lateral anteriorly directed recurved hooks, the latter smaller than dorsal hooks; tergite V with four hairs and poorly expressed spine comb; tergites VI &amp; VII each with a welldeveloped transverse row of spine comb, plus a double pair of fine hairs anteriorly and posteriorly on either side; tergite VIII with a small spine comb and a pair of fine hairs posteriorly on either side; segment IX without spine comb, tapered posteriorly, with slightly curved terminal spines, other setae simple, long and curved; sternite III with 2+2 anteriorly directed recurved hooks; sternite IV with 5+5 anteriorly directed recurved hooks; sternite V with 6+6 anteriorly directed recurved hooks, sternite VI with 2+2 anteriorly directed recurved hooks, sternite VII with 1+1 anteriorly directed recurved hooks, sternite VIII with a single hair on either side.</p> <p>Cocoon. A closely fitting shapeless sac covering abdomen and variable proportions of the thorax, head and gills; silk fibers thick (Fig. 34), some markedly so, often with extraneous material incorporated.</p> <p>Larva (based on numerous last instar larvae, multiple localities). Body (Figs. 36, 37): total length various, mainland populations 8.6–10.1 mm, Tasmanian populations 5.8–7.1 mm; evenly expanded from anterior to posterior abdomen; colour varied, from mottled brown, darker posteriorly, to evenly yellowish brown, or greenish, to pale (particularly for Tasmanian populations). Head (Fig. 38): evenly dark brown to light mottled brown, apotome slightly lighter than genae; head spot pattern weakly developed, tending to negative; length 0.87–1.2 mm, maximum width 0.71–0.78 mm; distance between antennal bases 0.44–0.48 mm; head widest just posterior to stemmata, narrowed irregularly anteriorly, convex posteriorly; cervical sclerites variously developed, fused to postocciput. Antenna (Fig. 39): short, apex not extended to end of labral fan stem; total length 0.33–0.36 mm, basal article unpigmented proximally, darker brown distally, medial article and distal articles evenly brown, basal article markedly shorter than medial article, proportional lengths of basal, medial and apical articles 1.0:1.5:1.2; medial article slightly expanded distally. Labral fan: stem short and broad, not markedly pigmented, unpigmented in early last instar larvae and in some last instar larvae, ca. 50 dark brown substantial rays, 10 posterior rays finer than others, length 1.0 mm, midray width 0.01 mm; no conspicuous microtrichial pattern—most of similar length with longer ones (0.02 mm) at irregular intervals. Mandible (Figs. 40, 41): short and darkly pigmented; brushes well expressed; outer teeth short; apical tooth moderately developed; subapical teeth small and subequal in length; ca. six spinous teeth, the two distal teeth markedly expressed; serration various, not markedly developed; two sensilla present on slightly convex base; blade region short and convex. Maxilla (Fig. 42): heavily pigmented; palp cone-shaped, 1.9× as long as basal width; hair tuft at base of palp markedly developed. Hypostoma (Figs. 44, 45, 46, 47): darkly pigmented; tooth 0 with apex extended anteriorly to about the same level as that of tooth 4, giving anterior margin of hypostoma a poorly expressed trilobed appearance; tooth 1 closely associated with tooth 0; teeth 2 and 3 shorter and less prominent; tooth 4 longer and flanged; teeth 5–8 decreasing in prominence laterad of tooth 4; lateral serrations typically absent, rarely present in some populations; 4–6 substantial hypostomal setae on each side; ratio of hypostoma: postgenal bridge: postgenal cleft 1.0:1.6:0.7. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 43): shallow, conspicuously wider than deep, with irregular anterior margin; posterior tentorial pits small, rectangular; postgenal bridge lightly pigmented, contrasting with the darker-brown genae. Thorax (Fig. 48): yellowish; gill histoblast with 4–6 primary trunks visible, anterior one thickened with bifurcations showing, all directed ventrally then posteriorly to produce thick L-shaped lobe, filament tips paler and directed anterodorsally. Prothoracic proleg: well developed, hooks of two sizes, lateral plate with vertical portion well-developed and darkly sclerotized, giving plate an overall L-shaped appearance (Fig. 49); lappets typically absent, if present then shorter than apical article of proleg (Figs. 49, 50, 51). Abdomen: evenly expanded from anterior to posterior segments, not markedly expanded at segments VII &amp; VIII; paler anteriorly, darker posteriorly; colour ranging from banded mottled yellowish brown, to yellow, or grey. Rectal papillae: three simple lobes. Ventral tubercles: absent. Anal sclerite (Figs. 52, 53, 54): anterior arms markedly flared, relatively lightly sclerotized; main body of sclerite with conspicuous hole posteromedially; posterolateral arms usually absent, but slightly expressed in some populations (e.g., Fig. 54); posteroventral arms narrower and more heavily sclerotized than anterior arms, of varied lengths; faintly expressed posteriorly directed extensions projecting from proximal base of each arm into the dorsal junction of hooks in circlet; numerous sensilla situated in membrane immediately anterior to arms (e.g., Fig. 53); membranous area between posteroventral arms and circlet of hooks with 12–14 campaniform organs (often as short stout trichoid setae). Posterior circlet: markedly developed and directed slightly ventrally, ca. 260 rows of hooks with 30–33 hooks per row (total ca. 8,320 hooks).</p> <p>Etymology. Not given by Tonnoir, but no doubt in reference to the yellowish- orange adults.</p> <p>Types. Holotype. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.37&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.37/lat -38.5)">Pinned</a> female. NSW, Blue Mountains, Mount Wilson, S38.5000° E150.3700°. 19 Nov. 1921. Coll. Tonnoir. ANIC. Not examined. Exact labeling not recorded. Bugledich (1999: 327) listed the holotype plus 12 female paratypes in the ANIC, with two male paratypes in The British Museum (Natural History).</p> <p>Paratypes. One was examined and photographed by LHG-A in 2007 (Fig. 1). Only four were found in ANIC by DAC (pers. obs.) in 2011. Two others are known (Daniels, 1978:416) from the Australian National Museum (Sydney), but were not examined:- Pinned female, label data:- [K.51170– Cnephia aurantiacum – Australia, New South Wales, Blue Mountains, Mount Wilson, (33° 30’ 4” S, 150° 23’ 41” E), 19 Nov. 1921, Paratype]. Pinned male, [K.51171– Cnephia aurantiacum – Australia, Victoria, Sassafras, (41° 17’ S, 146° 30’ E), 22 Oct. 1922, Paratype]. The following in ANIC: adults elbow-pinned (as for MacGillivray, 1903). Pinned male, [Tasm./Cradle Val./ 19 Jan. 1923 / A. Tonnoir] [(blue) PARATYPE / (handwritten – Simulium / aurantiacum)/ A. Tonnoir det.] [(green) Aust. Nat./ Ins. Coll.] [Examined by /D. A Craig/2013] [male symbol]. Condition—antennae absent, right wing with costa broken at half length, left fore- and mid-legs absent, other legs lacking tarsal claws and distal tarsomeres, otherwise in good condition. (S41.6400º E145.9299º). Pinned female, label as for male plus [Examined by /D. A. Craig/2013] {♀}. Condition—head complete, apical half of left wing missing, left hind leg absent, right hind leg missing tarsus, right hind leg absent, overall good condition. Pinned female [Victoria / Sassafras/ 22 Oct. 1922 / A. Tonnoir.], [(blue) PARATYPE / (handwritten—Simulium/ aurantiacum)/ A. Tonnoir det.] [(green) Aust. Nat./ Ins. Coll.] [Examined by /D. A. Craig/2013] {♀}. Condition—poor, all extremities absent. Female, [Victoria / Sassafras/ 22 Oct. 1922 / A. Tonnoir.] [(blue) PARATYPE / (handwritten—Simulium/ aurantiacum)/ A. Tonnoir det.] [(green) Aust. Nat./ Ins. Coll.] [Examined by /D. A. Craig/2013] {♀}. Condition—good, left antenna and middle legs absent.</p> <p>Additional material examined. Two reared pinned adults with pupal exuviae in microvial—label data:- [Austrocnephia aurantiaca] [AUSTRALIA: Vic/ unnamed stream/ ex. M31 (Hume Fwy/ b/w Boho &amp; Benalla/ 23 IX 1996 / {M}/ Coll. J.K. Moulton] [ANIC Database No./ 29 026637] and {F} [ANIC Database No./ 29 026636]. Seven pinned adults (two males, five female) with pupal exuviae in microvials—label data:- [Austrocnephia aurantiaca] [AUSTRALIA: VIC/ Steavenson Falls @/ Marysville/ S 31º 31.4’ / E 145º 46.6’ / 21 September 1996 / Coll. J.K. Moulton] [ANIC Database No./ 29 026638–026644]. Alcohol material: Considerable material, largely collected by H. &amp; P. Zwick, mainly of larvae and pupae [ANIC Database No. / 29 026540–026557; 29 026745– 026843], [UASM #/ 352049, 352050, 352325, 353462, 353471–353475, 354121, 354123]. Slide mounts: All stages [UASM #/353349–3534621, 370732–370748, 370831].</p> <p>Bionomics. Tonnoir (1925: 236) noted that A. aurantiaca females had never been recorded as biting humans, even when occurring in considerable numbers. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1949: 384) made the same observation. This is in agreement with the markedly small teeth on the mandible, but is at variance with distinct teeth on the lacinia and size of the CO 2 sensory vesicle (Lutz’s Organ) on the maxillary palp (McIver, 1987; Sutcliffe et al., 1987). A similar suite of character states is discussed by Craig et al. (2012) in regard to non-biting behaviour of Austrosimulium females in New Zealand. Given that A. aurantiaca females possess a distinct basal tooth on the claw (Fig. 11), perhaps they are strictly ornithophilic?</p> <p>Label data from the extensive Zwick collection indicates that for higher altitude localities in NSW, water temperatures ranged from 8.0°C to 20.0°C, between July to January. For VIC, temperatures were from 6.0°C to 16.0°C, between May to February; in Tasmania, 11.5°C to 17.5°C during December. For localities known at the time, Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1949: 384) give dates of collection from October to February.</p> <p>The majority of habitats comprise clear, fast-flowing streams and rivers (Fig. 57). Tonnoir (1925: 236) provides details of habitats visited by him. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1949: 384) similarly note that A. aurantiaca is mainly associated with clear mountain streams. Using unpublished notes of Tonnoir’s they reported that he considered it to be an uncommon species, with larvae found in isolation and pupae in clusters, typically on moss and less often on stones. This is in agreement with habitat details included with the Zwick collections of this species. More recent collections, however, show that larvae can be found clustered in large numbers. Velocity determinations were made during the current investigation using the stand-pipe technique, also known as the head-tube technique (Craig, 1987b: 178. Ciborowski, 1991: 110). The water velocities recorded by us for A. aurantiaca immatures ranged from 0.8–1.1 m/s.</p> <p>Tonnoir (1925: 219) observed that the following species co-occur with Austrocnephia aurantiaca in Tasma- nia: Austrosimulium (A.) cornutum Tonnoir, A. (Novaustrosimulium) furiosum (Skuse) (as simile), A. (N.) victoriae (Roubaud) (as tasmaniense) and A. (N.) torrentium Tonnoir. Blephariceridae have been recorded from A. aurantiaca habitats collected by H. &amp; P. Zwick in 1977, 1981 &amp; 1998. We have also occasionally encountered blepharicerid larvae in A. aurantiaca habitats—an indication of the high-velocity of breeding sites.</p> <p>Of the large number of simuliid samples examined by us, only two localities, Godfreys Creek (NSW, 11 Oct. 1972. Zwick) and Bellell Creek (Highway C153, NSW, Sept. 2014. Craig), yielded each a single parasitized larva. The organism appears as tightly packed spheres (dia. 0.03–0.05 mm) in the abdominal cavity (Fig. 55); similar to that shown by Adler et al. (2004; their Fig. 6.2). Examination at higher magnification reveals that the spheres have a refractive wall and fine grained contents (Fig. 56). It appears to be the Blastocladiales (previously known as a Chytridiales fungus), Coelomycidium simulii Debais 1919. That species is known too for New Zealand Austrosimulium larvae (Craig et al., 2012: 33, 294), similarly from cold water, as was the Bellell Creek locality. The organism may, however, possibly be the protist, Tetrahymena sp. (Adler et al., 2004: 92). As far as is known, this is the first record of such an organism from an Australian simuliid. Litchwardt &amp; Williams (1990) discuss trichomycete gut fungi of Australian simuliid larvae and trichomycetes are now known for Bunyipellum gladiator (Moulton et al., 2004: 8) and Ectemnoides (Moulton et al., 2018: 45).</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 196). This is a widely distributed species, ranging from Queensland to Tasmania and southwest to the Grampians National Park and the Otway Range, Victoria.</p> <p>Queensland: Mt. Bartle Frere, Josephine Falls, S17.4420º E145.8600º. 27 Oct. 2002. Adults. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.18/lat -18.95)">Mt. Spec</a>, NW Townsville, S18.9500º E146.1800º. 22 Apr. 1955. Adult. Coll. Norris &amp; Common (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=153.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 153.27/lat -28.18)">Little Nerang Creek</a>, near Gold Coast, S28.1800º E153.2700º. 10 Aug. 1948, 16 Aug. 1950. Adults. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=153.271&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.1896" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 153.271/lat -28.1896)">Springbrook</a>, Twin Falls (Little Nerang) Creek, S28.1896º E153.2710º. 23 Jun. 1971. Larvae, pupae, reared adults. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=153.2709&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.1898" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 153.2709/lat -28.1898)">Springbrook</a>, Purling Brook Creek, S28.1898° E153.2709°. 9 Nov. 1973. Larvae. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.225&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.225/lat -25.055)">Carnarvon Gorge National Park</a>, Moss Garden &amp; Hell Hole Gorge, S25.0550º E148.2250º. 13 Feb. 1997. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=153.0859&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 153.0859/lat -28.15)">Lamington Plateau</a>, Elabana Falls, S28.1500º E153.0859º. 26 Dec. 1954. Coll. Mackerras (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.48/lat -28.25)">Wilson’s Peak</a>, Teviot Brook, S28.2500º E152.4800º. 27 Apr. 1971. Larvae. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM).</p> <p>New South Wales: Mt. Ebor, Gooch’s Water, S30.4000º E152.3400º. 30Sept.1950.Reared male. 28 Sept. emerged 2 Oct. Reared female. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). New England <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.58" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.46/lat -30.58)">National Park</a>, S30.5800º E152.4600º. 12 Nov. 1961. Coll. I.F.B. Common &amp; M.S. Upton (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=151.4166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.8833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 151.4166/lat -31.8833)">Tubrabucca Falls</a>, S31.8833º E151.4166º. 16 Nov. 1953. Females. Coll. Neboiss (ANIC). Barrington Tops, Upper Allyn River, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=151.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 151.5/lat -32.17)">Whiterock</a> campground, S32.1700º E151.500º. 24 Feb. 2001. Female. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=151.7605&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.4064" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 151.7605/lat -32.4064)">Williams River</a>, S32.4064º E151.7605º. 7 Mar. 1953. Larvae, pupae. Coll. B. McMillan (UASM). Newcastle, S32.9300º E151.7800º. Male, female. Coll. Unknown (UASM). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.11/lat -33.18)">Crown Creek</a>, S33.1800º E150.1100º. 14 Nov. 1971. Larvae. Coll. Hynes (ANIC). Crown Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.1179&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.1818" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.1179/lat -33.1818)">Woods Pl</a>, S33.1818º E150.1179º. 11 Oct. 1972. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC &amp; Australian National Museum [K51170]). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.37&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.37/lat -33.5)">Mt. Wilson</a>, S33.5000º E150.3700º. 19 Nov. 1921. Larvae, female. Coll. A.L. Tonnoir (ANIC). Govetts Leap Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.3129&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.6333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.3129/lat -33.6333)">Bridal Veil Falls</a>, S33.6333º E150.3129º. 18 Oct. 2014. Larvae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (ANIC, UASM). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.3742&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.7274" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.3742/lat -33.7274)">Wentworth Falls</a>, S33.7274º E150.3742º. 18 Nov. 1921. Male. Coll. A.L. Tonnoir; 22 Nov. 1953. Male. Coll. Neboiss (ANIC). Jenolan Caves, S33.8200º E150.0500º. Coll. J. C. Wiburd. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1949): Janolan Caves River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.0269&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.8202" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.0269/lat -33.8202)">below Blue Lake</a>, S33.8202º E150.0269º. 20 Oct. 2014. Larvae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (ANIC, UASM). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.116" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.7/lat -34.116)">Godfreys Creek</a>, S34.1160º E148.7000º. 2 Apr. 1972, 11/ 12 Oct. 1972. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Minnamurra Falls, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.716/lat -34.633)">Wollongong</a>, S34.6330º E150.7160º. 20 Feb. 2001. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick &amp; Theischinger (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.4825&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.647" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.4825/lat -34.647)">Fitzroy Falls</a>, S34.6470º E150.4825º. 22–27 Nov. 1937. Male. Coll.A.L. Tonnoir (ANIC). Pierce Creek State Forest, creek en route to <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.9152&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.3372" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.9152/lat -35.3372)">Vanity Crossing</a>, S35.3372º E148.9152º. 11 Oct. 2014. Larvae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (ANIC, UASM). Brindabella, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.741&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.3835" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.741/lat -35.3835)">Bramina Creek</a>, S35.3835º E148.7410º. 10 Oct. 2011, 4 Oct. 2014. Larvae, pupae, reared adults. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (ANIC, UASM). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.03/lat -36.28)">Geehi River</a>, S36.2800º E148.0300º. 9 Nov. 1961. Female. Coll. D. H. Colless (ANIC). Mt. Kosciuszko, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.51&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.51/lat -36.28)">Diggers Creek</a>, S36.2800º E148.5100º. 11 Feb. 1924. Coll. Nicholson (ANIC). Mt. Kosciuszko, near Mare Creek, trib. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.23&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.23/lat -36.28)">Bogong River</a>, S36.2800º E148.2300º 10 Nov. 2005. Larvae. Coll. Theischinger &amp; Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Kosciuszko, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.4891&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.3377" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.4891/lat -36.3377)">Diggers Creek</a>, below falls, S36.3377º E148.4891º. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Kosciuszko, Alpine Way, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.2029&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.3563" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.2029/lat -36.3563)">Bogong Creek</a>, S36.3563 E148.2029. 17 Sept. 2006. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Kosciuszko, Geehi River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.18/lat -36.38)">Alpine Way</a>, S36.3800º E148.1800º. 4 Nov. 2007. Pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Kosciuszko, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.4347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.3839" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.4347/lat -36.3839)">Pipers Creek</a>, S36.3839º E148.4347º. 21 Nov. 1972, 4 Jan. 1973. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.4347&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.3839" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.4347/lat -36.3839)">Pipers Creek</a>, right falls, S36.3839º E148.4347º. 26 June 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Kosciuszko, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.0/lat -36.4)">Snowy River</a>, island, S36.4000º E148.0000º. Aug. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Kosciuszko, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.32/lat -36.43)">Guthrie’s Creek</a>, S36.4300º E148.3200º. 22 Nov. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Kosciuszko, Snowy River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.3222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.4302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.3222/lat -36.4302)">Charlottes Pass</a>, S36.4302º E148.3222º. 22 Nov. 1972, 5 Jan. 1973. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Kosciuszko, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.3/lat -36.5)">Threadbo River</a>, S36.5000º E148.3000º. 22/ 23 Oct. 1972. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Brown Mountain, February 1939. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Brown Mt., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.4511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.565" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.4511/lat -36.565)">Rutherford Creek</a>, S36.5650º E149.4511º. 10 Mar. 1961. Male. Coll. D.H. Colless (ANIC). Brown Mountain, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.58" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.55/lat -36.58)">Rutherford Creek</a>, S36.5800º E149.5500º. 10 Mar. 1969. Coll. D.H. Colless (ANIC).</p> <p>Australian Capital Territory: Blundell’s, S35.2900º E149.1400º. October. Coll. A.L. Tonnoir (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.9504&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.3228" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.9504/lat -35.3228)">Cotter River</a>, bridge, S35.3228º E148.9504º. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Coree <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.88/lat -35.33)">Creek</a>, S35.3300º E148.8800º. 21 Jan. 1931. Coll. Unknown. Det. A.L. Tonnoir (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.95/lat -35.36)">Paddy’s River</a>, S35.3600º E148.9500º, 30 Sept. 1962. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.9293&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.4897" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.9293/lat -35.4897)">Namadgi Nat. Park</a>, Gibraltar Falls, S35.4897º E148.9293º. Larvae. 8 Oct. 2002. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.8313&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.4156" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.8313/lat -35.4156)">Namadgi Nat. Park</a>, Bushrangers Creek, S35.4156º E148.8313º, 8 Oct. 2002. Pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Gibraltar <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.9345&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.4871" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.9345/lat -35.4871)">Creek Falls</a>, S35.4871º E148.9345º. 26 Aug. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.8166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.8166/lat -35.5)">Mt. Gingera</a>, Snowy Flats Creek, S35.5000 E148.8166º. Coll. Unknown (ANIC).</p> <p>Victoria: Omeo Hwy, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.44/lat -36.68)">Lightning Creek</a>, S36.6800º E147.4400º. 13 Apr. 1972. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.1/lat -36.7)">Tawonga</a>, S36.7000º E147.1000º. 16 May 1972. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Buffalo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.8421&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.7171" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.8421/lat -36.7171)">Eurobin Creek</a>, downstream falls on crossing, S36.7171º E146.8421º. 12 April. Pupae. 7 Nov. 2005. Males. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Buffalo, Eurobin Creek and <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.8365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.7199" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.8365/lat -36.7199)">Falls</a>, S36.7199º E146.8365º. 13 Apr. 1972, 24 Nov 1972, 10 Oct. 2002. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Stirling, headwater stream, N of summit on <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.73" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.28/lat -36.73)">Circuit Rd</a>, S36.7300º E147.2800º. 23 Nov. 2005. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Slippery Rock Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.16&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.733" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.16/lat -36.733)">Mt. Beauty Falls</a>, S36.7330º E147.1600º. 14 Apr. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. McKay, Pretty Valley, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.25/lat -36.833)">Howmans Gap</a>, stream, S36.8330º E147.2500º. 7 Jan. 1973. Larvae, pupae, adults. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.2802&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.8633" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.2802/lat -36.8633)">Falls Creek</a>, west bank, S36.8633º E147.2802º. 7 Jan. 1973. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Ben Cairn, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=144.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 144.42/lat -36.95)">Myrtle Creek</a>, S36.9500º E144.4200º. 7/ 9 Oct. 1972, 25 Dec. 1972. Larva, pupae, males. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mansfeld, Mt. Buller, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.12" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.44/lat -37.12)">Chalet Creek</a>, S37.1200º E146.4400º. 6 Nov. 2005. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mansfeld, Mt. Stirling, S37.1200º E146.4400º. 23 Nov. 2005. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mirimbah, Mt. Buller, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.397&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.1098" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.397/lat -37.1098)">Delatite River</a>, S37.1098º E146.397º. 17 Feb. 2001. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mirimbah, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.3982&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.1098" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.3982/lat -37.1098)">Delatite River</a>, S37.1098º E146.3982º. 11 June 1972, Feb. 1987. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mirimbah, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.4166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.1333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.4166/lat -37.1333)">Buller Creek</a>, S37.1333º E146.4166º. 1 Sept. 1972, 24 Nov. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mansfield, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.169&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.1389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.169/lat -37.1389)">Delatite River</a>, S37.1389º E146.1690º. 20 Dec. 1972, Jan. 1987, 06 Nov. 2005. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.44/lat -37.14)">Mt. Buller</a>, white bridge, S37.1400º E146.4400º. 11 Apr. 1972, 20 Dec. 1972, 8 Jan. 1973, 17 Feb. 2001. Larvae, adults. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Buller, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.44/lat -37.14)">Chalet Creek</a>, S37.1400º E146.4400º. 17 Feb. 2001. Larvae, pupae, adults. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mansfield, Mt. Stirling, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.5562&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.149" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.5562/lat -37.149)">Bindaree Falls</a>, S37.1490º E146.5562º. 23 Nov. 2005. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.44/lat -37.15)">Buller Creek</a>, S37.1500º E146.4400º. 2 Oct. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Howgua River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.22" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.18/lat -37.22)">Stockyard Flats</a>, S37.2200º E146.1800º. 15 Apr. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Eildon Lake, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.0703&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.3456" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.0703/lat -37.3456)">Fryers Creek</a>, S37.3456º E146.0703º. 3 Oct. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Big River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.23" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.97/lat -37.23)">Lake Eildon</a>, S37.2300º E145.9700º. 3 Dec. 1972, Feb. 1987. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Taponga River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.05/lat -37.37)">Eildon Lake</a>, S37.3700º E146.0500º. 11 June 1972, 17 Dec. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). The Grampians, Mackenzie River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.4087&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.1109" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.4087/lat -37.1109)">McKenzie Falls</a>, S37.1109º E142.4087º. 30 Sept. 1954, Larvae. Coll. Neboiss (ANIC), 27 Sept. 1996, Larvae, pupae. Coll. J. K. Moulton (JKM, UASM). Grampians, Halls Gap, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.537&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.239" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.537/lat -37.239)">Fyans Creek</a>, nr <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.537&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.239" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.537/lat -37.239)">Mt. Williams Road</a>, S37.2390º E142.5370º. 11 Nov. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Cole, 20 ml S. Ararat, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.24/lat -37.31)">Ferntree Falls</a>, S37.3100º E143.2400º. 8 Nov. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.133&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.133/lat -37.27)">Jamieson River</a>, S37.2700º E146.1330º 3 Oct. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Baker Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.14&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.14/lat -37.3)">Jamieson</a>, S37.3000º E146.1400º. 28 Apr. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.88/lat -37.3)">Snobbs Creek Falls</a>, S37.3000º E145.8800º. 9 Nov. 1972, 19 Dec. 1972, 28 Dec. 1972, 6 Feb. 1973. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). The Grampians, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=142.6187&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.3229" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 142.6187/lat -37.3229)">Kalymna Falls</a>, S37.3229º E142.6187º. 9 Nov. 1972. Larvae, pupae, adults. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.8833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.3833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.8833/lat -37.3833)">Royston River</a>, S37.3833º E145.8833º. 28 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Flourbag Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.212&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.384" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.212/lat -37.384)">Jamieson</a>, S37.3840º E146.2120º. 28 Apr. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Kinglake West, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.2496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.4283" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.2496/lat -37.4283)">King Parrot Creek</a>, S37.4283º E145.2496º. 18 Oct. 1953, 13 Dec. 1953. Male. Coll. Neboiss (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.02/lat -37.44)">Taponga River</a>, S37.4400º E146.0200º. 19 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Gaffneys Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.1893&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.4606" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.1893/lat -37.4606)">Woods Point Road</a>, S37.4606º E146.1893º. 27 Jan. 1972, 11 Oct. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Kinglake, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.248&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.49" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.248/lat -37.49)">Masons Falls</a>, S37.4900º E145.2480º. 13 Dec. 1953. Coll. Neboiss (ANIC). Marysville, Taggerty River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.7957&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.5045" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.7957/lat -37.5045)">Lady Talbot Drive</a>, S37.5045º E145.7957º. 21 Nov. 2005. Female. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Narbethong, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.6884&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.5284" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.6884/lat -37.5284)">Acheron River</a>, S37.5284º E145.6884º. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Marysville, upper Big River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.9035&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.562" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.9035/lat -37.562)">Cumberland Rd</a>, S37.56200º E145.9035º. 22 Nov. 2005. Pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Maryville, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.7727&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.5317" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.7727/lat -37.5317)">Steavenson Falls</a>, S37.5317º E145.7727º. 26 Apr. 1972, 11 June 1972, 8 Sept. 1972, 4 Nov. 1972, 29 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC) Marysville, Steavenson River, turbine house, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.7728&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.53144" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.7728/lat -37.53144)">Steavenson Falls</a>, S37.53144º E145.7728º. 24 Sept. 2014, 22 Oct. 2014. Larva, pupae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (ANIC, UASM). Healesville, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.51&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.59" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.51/lat -37.59)">Myer’s Creek</a>, S37.5900º E145.5100º. 16 Jul. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Marysville, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.8391&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.6004" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.8391/lat -37.6004)">Keppel Falls</a>, S37.6004º E145.8391º Feb 1987. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Marysville, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.77&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.63" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.77/lat -37.63)">Cumberland Falls</a>, S37.6300º E145.7700º. 11 June 1972, 28 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Acheron River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.75/lat -37.68)">Acheron’s Gap</a>, S37.6800º E145.7500º. 20 Apr. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Warburton, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.7542&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.7239" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.7542/lat -37.7239)">Cement Creek</a>, S37.7239º E145.7542º. 2 Feb. 1972, 4 Feb. 1972, 1 Mar. 1972, 4 July 1972, 7 Oct. 1972, 8 Nov. 1972, 25 Dec. 1972, 20 Nov. 2005. Larvae, pupae, female. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Dandenong Range, Barbers Road, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.3763&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.829" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.3763/lat -37.829)">Olinda Creek</a>, S37.8290º E145.3763º. 26 Oct. 2014. Larva, pupae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (ANIC, UASM). Noojee, Torongo Fall, S37.8481º E146.0512º. 3 Jan. 1973. Female. Coll. Zwick. ANIC. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.86" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.35/lat -37.86)">Baw Baw</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.86" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.35/lat -37.86)">East Tanjil River</a>, S37.8590º E146.1873º. 18 Nov. 2005. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC &amp; Australian National Museum [K51171]). Sassafras, S37.8600º E145.3500º. October. A.L. Tonnoir (1925) (ANIC). Mt. Dandenong, Sherbrooke Falls, S37.8874º E145.3513º. October. A.L. Tonnoir (1925). 7km W Neerim, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.89/lat -37.95)">Torago River</a>, S37.9500º E145.8900º, 1 March. 1972. Adult. Coll. Neboiss (MM). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.1496&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.9851" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.1496/lat -37.9851)">German Creek</a>, S37.9851º E146.1496º. 23 Nov. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Gippsland, North of Moe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.24/lat -38.16)">Tyers</a> Riv- er, S38.1600º E146.2400º. 17 Nov. 2005. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Otway Ranges, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.8101&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.6876" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.8101/lat -38.6876)">Carisbrook Creek Falls</a>, S38.6876º E143.8101º. 18 Aug. 1972, 13 Oct. 2002. Larvae, pupae, male. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Great Ocean Road, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.8092&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.6909" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.8092/lat -38.6909)">Carisbrook Creek</a>, bridge, S38.6909º E143.8092º. 20 Nov. 201. Larvae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (ANIC, UASM). Great Ocean Road, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.7617&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.7033" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.7617/lat -38.7033)">Smythe Creek</a>, S38.7033º E143.7617º. 21 Nov. 2014. Larva, pupae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (ANIC, UASM).</p> <p>Flinders Island (Bass Strait): Mt. Strezlecki, S40.2400º E148.0800º. Jan. 1953. Coll. R. Mykytowycz. Larvae (1 slide), pupae (ANIC).</p> <p>Tasmania: Cradle Valley, S37.8600º E145.3500º. 19 Jan. 1923. A.L. Tonnoir (ANIC); Jan, February. (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1949). Duck River, 6km SW Roger River, S41.0058° E145.0672°, 29 Nov 1974. Adult. Coll. Neboiss (MM). Roger River, Buffs Road, Roger River Road, S41.0432º E145.0172º, DUCK28. 16 Mar. 1995. Larvae. Coll. M. Nelson, DPIPWE (TMAG). Burnie, S41.0500º E145.8900º. Coll. Tonnoir (1925). Penguin, Penguin Creek, Hayward Street, S41.1139º E146.0690º, BLYT04. 5 Apr. 2006 Larvae. Coll. D. Horner, DPIPWE (TMAG). Meander River, Falls Road, S41.2307º E147.6098º, MEAN13. 14 Nov. 2002. Larvae. Coll. D. Horner, DPIPWE (TMAG). Hogarth Rivulet, end of Falls Road, S41.2307º E147.6098º, GFOR31. 19 Nov. 2002, 20 Mar. 2003, 7 Oct. 2003, 5 Oct. 2004, 19 Apr. 2005, 4 Nov. 2005, 1 Apr. 2009. Larvae. Colls. T. Krasnicki, D. Horner, S. Meyer, Latton, DPIPWE (TMAG). Mackenzie Valley Road, Mackenzie Rivulet, S41.2312º E147.5494º, GFOR35. 10 May 2005. Larvae. Coll. D. Horner, DPIPWE (TMAG). Wilmot River, Alma Reserve, S41.2606º E146.2323º, FORT06. 17 Mar. 2004. Larvae. Coll. A. Foley, DPIPWE (TMAG). Arthur River, Pykes Bridge, S41.2636º E145.5154º, ARTH01. 27 Oct. 2004. Larvae. Coll. A. Harvey, DPIPWE (TMAG). Great Forester River, off East Diddleum Road, S41.2670º E147.5070º, GFOR17. 6 Oct. 2003, 4 Oct. 2004, 8 Nov. 2005. Larvae. Colls. M. Read, S. Meyer, D. Horner, T. Krasnicki, DPIPWE (TMAG). Hellyer River, S41.2700º E145.6100º. 2 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). St. Patricks River, Corkerys Road, S41.2936º E147.4160º, NESK22. 29 Mar. 1995. Larvae. Coll. D. Oldmeadow, DPIPWE (TMAG). South George River, St. Columba Falls Road, S41.2981º E147.9572º, GEOR07. 30 Mar. 1995. Larvae. Coll. D. Oldmeadow, DPIPWE (TMAG). St. Patrick River, S41.3600º E147.3100º. Coll. Tonnoir (1925). Launceston Gorge, S41.4400º E147.1200º. 8 Dec. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Whyte River, Waratah Road, S41.4667º E145.3906º, PIEM02. 27 Oct. 2004. Larvae. Coll. J. Latton, DPIPWE (TMAG). Cradle Mt. road waterfall, near Celthana Dam, S41.4700º E146.1600º. 9 Dec. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mersey River, upstrm of Union Bridge, S41.5100º E147.3300º, MERS06. 14 Nov. 2002. Larvae. Coll. D. Horn- er, DPIPWE (TMAG). Dove Lake, S41.6660º E145.9666º. 9 Dec. 1972. Pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Meander River, dwnstr dam site, S41.5200º E147.0300 º, MEAN10. 22 Oct. 2003. Larvae. Coll. T. Krasnicki, DPIPWE (TMAG). Mersey River, Dogs Head Hill, S41.5210º E145.2870 º, MERS07. 11 Nov. 2002. Larvae. Colls. D. Horner, C. Amos, DPIPWE (TMAG). Blythe River, South Riana Road, S41.5688º E147.2391º, BLYT01. 29 Oct. 2003. Larvae. Coll. A. Foley, DPIPWE (TMAG). Jackeys Creek, dwnstrm of Jackeys Marsh, S41.6716º E146.6467º, MEAN31. 19 Oct. 2006. Larvae. Coll. D. Spiers, DPIPWE (TMAG). Liffey River, upstm of Liffey, S41.6809º E146.9260º, MEAN16. 23 Oct. 2003, 18 Nov. 2005, 11 Oct. 2006. Larvae. Colls. A. Foley, T. Krasnicki, J. Beard, DPIPWE (TMAG). Forth River, waterfall, S41.6900º E146.0750º. 29 Jun. 1967. Adult. Coll. E. F. Riek. 10 Dec. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Farrell, S41.7500º E145.6300º. Coll. Tonnoir (1925). Fish River, Mersey Forest Road, S41.7714º E146.2251º, MERS34. 15 Nov. 2005. Larvae. Coll. T. Krasnicki, DPIPWE (TMAG). Stitt River, upstream of Roseberry, S41.7919º E145.5409º, PIEM22. 11 Apr. 1995. Larvae. Coll. M. Nelson, DPIP- WE (TMAG). Mackintosh River, S41.8833º E145.8833º. 3 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Ewart Creek, Zeehan Highway, S41.9576º E145.4631º, HENT13. 29 Apr. 2003, 16 Mar. 2004, 26 Oct. 2004, 28 Mar. 2006. Larvae. Colls. J. Latton, A. Harvey, M. Read, D. Warfe, DPIPWE (TMAG). Queenstown, Ewarts Creek Road, S41.9941º E145.4716º. 3 Dec. 1972, 6 Dec. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Allens Rivulet, Kaoota Road, S42.0199º E147.1652º, HOBA15. 5 Oct. 2005. Larvae. Coll. J. Latton, DPIPWE (TMAG). Strahan, Botanical Creek, Hogarth Falls, S42.1498º E145.3479º. 4 Nov. 2014. Larvae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (UASM). Collingwood River, S42.1600º E145.9200º. 4 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Henry River, S42.2200º E146.0210º. 3 Dec. 1972. Pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Florentine River, Florentine Road, S42.4433º E146.5052º, UDER008. 16 Mar. 2004, 19 Oct. 2005, 16 Oct. 2006. Larvae. Colls. D. Horner, K. Hoyle, D. Spiers, DPIPWE (TMAG). Russell Falls, S42.6700º E146.7100º. Dec. 1922. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Tonnoir (UASM) Mt. Field Nat. Park, Lady Barron Falls, S42.6838º E146.7172º. 6 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Field Nat. Park, Russell Falls, S42.6841º E146.7199º. 5 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Field National Park, Lady Barron Creek, S42.6881º E146.6989º. 7 Nov. 2014. Larvae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (UASM). Mt. Field Nat. Park, Tyenna River, S42.7200º E146.6700º. 6 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Ferntree, nr Hobart, S42.9200º E147.2600º. 7 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). North West Bay River, Betts Road, S42.9544º E147.2066º, HOBA02. 20 Apr. 2006. Larvae. Coll. D. Horner, DPIPWE (TMAG). North West Bay River, upstream of Allens Rivulet, S42.9818º E147.1996º, HOBA06. 21 Oct. 2005. Larvae. Coll. D. Horner, DPIPWE (TMAG). North West Bay River, Margate weir, S42.9893º E147.2214º, HOBA05. 28 Apr. 2006. Larvae. Coll. D. Horner, DPIPWE (TMAG). Hartz Mts., Huon River, S43.1600º E146.6900º. 6 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Kermandie River, Oigles Road, S43.1681º E146.8787º, HUON013. 24 Oct. 2003, 28 Sept. 2005. Larvae. Colls. D. Warfe, D. Spiers, DPIPWE (TMAG). Hartz Mts., Arve River, S43.2600º E146.8000º. 7 Dec. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Esperance River, Esperance River Road, S43.2774º E146.8765º, HUON046. 8 Apr. 2004, 12 Oct. 2006. Larvae. Colls. A. Harvey, D. Spiers, DPIPWE (TMAG). Bruny Island, S43.4000º E147. 2600º. Coll. A.L. Tonnoir (1925).</p> <p>Remarks. Austrocnephia aurantiaca is a highly variable species, as noted by Tonnoir (1925: 236) in his original description. Based on our examination of a large series of material from many localities, ranging from near Cairns in Queensland, south along the Great Divide Mountain Range to Tasmania and west to the Otway Range and the Grampians in Victoria, we conclude that several species likely occur under this name. In fact, Rothfels (1979: 522), in a cytological study of what might have been A. aurantiaca (as Cnephia A), reported the presence of two sibling species. Of particular note are the morphological difference between larvae of mainland A. aurantiaca (Fig. 36) and those from Tasmania (Fig. 37). The latter are distinct in colour, shape and size of the pupal gill histoblast, and size of the posterior proleg. The male paratypes designated by Tonnoir (1925) from Tasmania also exhibit differences from mainland material. It is highly likely that the Tasmania population of A. aurantiaca is specifically distinct from those on the mainland. Another character state, the presence of small but distinct prothoracic proleg lappets in certain populations (Figs. 49–51) is perhaps also indicative of specific difference. This feature is markedly expressed in A. strenua, but is entirely absent from most populations of A. aurantiaca. The intermediate stage as expressed in certain populations of ‘ A. aurantiaca ’ requires further scrutiny. Finally, the apically branched Rs, is distinct in some populations and less so in others (i.e., is represented by just a few hairs in a row). Further morphological cytogenetic and molecular studies are needed to confidently circumscribe entities in this complex.</p> <p>Males of A. aurantiaca and A. strenua are distinct, although the latter exhibits a great deal of colour variation (Tonnoir, 1925: 236). Overall the body in A. aurantiaca males is bright yellow (Fig. 18) whereas that of A. strenua is darker brown (Fig. 73). Further, the eyes of A. strenua males have fewer rows of larger upper ommatidia and are dark brown.</p> <p>The ventral plate of A. aurantiaca is rather complex and must be interpreted with caution. Few of the males examined so far have the depressed apex of the ventral plate as illustrated by Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: their Fig 3), where it is described as being ‘distinctly concave’. When examined in three dimensions, the tip is directed ventrally, giving the plate a concave appearance in ventral view (Fig. 25), thence the original description. If the ventral plate is flattened out on a slide mount (Fig. 27), it appears to be rounded apically. All males examined have parameres plate-like and broadly attached to both the gonocoxa and basal arms, with the paramere connection apparently absent. The parameres are tapered posteriorly with various development of small spines distally on the aedeagal membrane. Apical spines of the gonostylus are poorly developed in A. strenua (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, loc. cit.). Female A. aurantiaca possess a rugose-wrinkled spermatheca as originally described (Fig. 16). Pupa possess only a small pleurite on abdominal segment V (Fig. 35) and this agrees largely with Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 169) who state that pleurites are absent.</p> <p>Tonnoir (1925: 226. His Fig. 10B) illustrated the anal sclerite of A. aurantiaca larvae as having a distinct ‘hole’ at the posteromedial base of the structure and the posterolateral arms single, albeit substantial. With the widespread collections now available, the first character still is of value for identification, but the second not. The posteroventral arms are varied and while can be single, may be substantial and paralleled by a posterolateral arm, as seen in larvae of A. strenua. Similarly, as for A. strenua larvae, there are a large number of campaniform sensilla between the posterolateral arm, as there are number of hooks in the posterior circlet—indeed, these two character states are diagnostic for the aurantiaca species-group.</p> <p>Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1955:105) noted that the Flinders Island (Bass Strait) population of Austrocnephia aurantiaca was subtly different from those of the mainland and Tasmania, but did not give any details. We illustrate (Fig. 46) the larval hypostoma, but with no recent material available we have not pursued their observation. However, with the gross differences in larvae (cf. Figs. 36, 37) of A. aurantiaca of the Australian mainland and Tasmania, as noted previously, we are fully of the opinion that they will be shown to be related but separate taxa.</p> <p>Collection data reveals that A. aurantiaca was present in The Grampians National Park and environs from at least the mid 1950s through the mid 1990s; however, more recent efforts (2011, 2014) to collect this species from those same localities have proven unsuccessful. While high-velocity habitats remain within the Park, such as the Mackenzie Falls, the region has recently suffered from drought and intensive forest fires. Consequently, many of the watercourses where A. aurantiaca immatures were previously collected are now dry or characterized by low flow. Could an extended period of drought account for the apparent lack of A. aurantiaca from The Grampians? Other local species of simuliid, such as Nothogreniera fergusoni (Tonnoir) and Simulium ornatipes Skuse, are adapted to breed in intermittent streams that flow during the winter and early spring. Another commonly encountered species, Austrosimulium furiosum, is a generalist species that can breed in a wide variety of running water habitats. Whether Austrocnephia aurantiaca has truly been extirpated from The Grampians warrants further investigation.</p> <p>The record (Fig. 196) of a single A. aurantiaca adult from Mt. Spec, Queensland, (clustered with A. strenua), should be regarded with caution. It is anomalously north of other known localities.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87CCFF9C441FFF30FD7EAC6A56D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Douglas A.;Currie, Douglas C.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.;Moulton, John K.	Craig, Douglas A., Currie, Douglas C., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Moulton, John K. (2019): Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera. Zootaxa 4627 (1): 1-92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4627.1.1
038A87CCFF814422FF30F8DAAA9F571E.text	038A87CCFF814422FF30F8DAAA9F571E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrocnephia strenua (Mackerras & Mackerras 1950) Craig & Currie & Gil-Azevedo & Moulton 2019	<div><p>Austrocnephia strenua (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950). New combination.</p> <p>(Figs. 58 –98)</p> <p>Cnephia strenua Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950: 170; original description. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1955: 105.</p> <p>Stegopterna (Z) strenua. Colbo, 1974: 67; unpublished reassignment.</p> <p>Cnephia strenua. Rothfels, 1979: 522.</p> <p>‘ Cnephia of authors’ strenua. Crosskey, 1987: 443; Prosimuliini, undetermined genus.</p> <p>strenua. Crosskey, 1989: 222; unplaced species of Prosimulinii.</p> <p>Paracnephia strenua. Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997: 18; Prosimuliini, new combination</p> <p>‘ Cnephia ’ strenua. Moulton, 2000: 110. Moulton, 2003: 47.</p> <p>Paracnephia strenua. Crosskey &amp; Howard, 2004: 10; Prosimuliini, unplaced to subgenus.</p> <p>Paracnephia strenua. Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008: 26, transferred to Simuliini. Adler, 2019:32; unplaced to subgenus.</p> <p>Redescription. Adult female (based on large numbers of adults in alcohol). Body (Figs. 58, 59): head brown, thorax dark orange to dark yellow, abdomen overall black, yellowish anteriorly; total length 2.8–3.3 mm. Head (Fig. 60): width 0.97–1.00 mm; depth 0.70–0.73 mm; postocciput with dense yellow vestiture, frons narrow, parallel-sided, dark brown-black, vestiture of sparse hairs; frons:head width ratio 1.0:10.7; postocciput dark, vestiture of dense hairs. Eyes: interocular distance 0.09–0.11 mm; ommatidia diameter 0.025 mm; ca. 36 rows across and 48 down at mid-eye. Clypeus: width 0.25 mm; mottled in colour. Antenna (Fig. 61): elongate, extended well beyond posterior margin of head; total length 1.1–1.4 mm; scape and pedicel pale and similar in size to darker flagellomere I; flagellomeres II–VII, similar in size, brown, tapered finely to elongated apical flagellomere IX. Mouthparts: well developed, ca. 0.30–0.41× head depth; maxillary palp length 0.8–1.1 mm, palpomeres I &amp; II markedly small, palpomere III darker brown than remainder, not densely hirsute, palpomere V twice as long as palpomere IV, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.6:1.3; sensory organ elongated, 0.5× length of palpomere III, opening large, 0.5× vesicle length; mandible (Fig. 62) of Souita Fall population is unique with ca. 14 outer teeth, 29–32 inner teeth, ca.</p> <p>12 of those recurved and sharp, remainder angulate and blunt, other populations possess just a few outer teeth, most only inner teeth; lacinia with 19–21 outer and 9–13 inner teeth, smaller than in aurantiaca; cibarium (Fig. 63) with medial depression angulate and with apex convex, cornuae broad basally and markedly flared, slightly sculpted. Thorax: length 1.7–2.0 mm; width 1.3–1.7 mm; overall dark yellowish orange, with distinct dorsocentral vittae of golden scales and pale lateral lines; postpronotal lobe well developed with vestiture similar to scutum—even sparse fine small hairs; scutellum markedly paler than scutum, vestiture of sparse very fine yellowish hairs centrally, distinct longer black hairs laterally; postnotum concolourous with scutellum, vestiture similar; antepronotal lobe with sparse yellow hairs; proepisternum and fore coxa with sparse hairs; anepisternal membrane yellowish brown, bare; katepisternum dark brown, as long as deep, sulcus shallow and broad. Wing (Fig. 64): length 4.2 mm; width 2.0 mm; membrane occasionally very slightly fumose on apex and anal lobe, with lightly pigmented spot at junction of r-m cross vein and R 1; distal 2/3 of costa with mixture of hairs and spines, Rs narrowly divided distally (R 2+ 3 in some specimens expressed as simple row of hairs); area between Sc and R light yellow; a:b ratio 1.0:2.5; basal medial cell minute or absent; M 1 typically appearing doubled, sometimes tripled; CuA not markedly sinuous; CuP extended to wing margin in some specimens; A 1 not reaching margin. Haltere: stem clear, knob dark tan. Legs: coxae and femora mostly yellowish, the latter dark brown apically; tibiae with basal quarter yellowish, remainder dark; hind basitarsus with ventral row of sparse stout spines; calcipala markedly longer than wide (Fig. 65); pedisulcus not markedly developed—at most represented by wrinkled cuticle; tarsomere II 2.5–3.1× longer than apical width; claw (Fig. 66), with main talon strongly curved and evenly tapered, slightly serrated along inner edge, basal tooth 0.3× length of claw, heel rounded. Abdomen: basal scale medium brown, vestiture of long dense hairs; anterior few segments yellowish, remaining posterior segments mottled blackish brown; tergite II weakly sclerotized and V-shaped, tergites III &amp; IV rectangular, broader in more posterior segments; vestiture markedly expressed in segments III and further back. Genitalia: markedly small; sternite VIII with distinct microtrichial array medially, larger stronger hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (Fig. 67), lightly pigmented, vestiture of triads of microtrichia and strong hairs, medial edges of valves slightly convex but not touching, anteromedial edges slightly strengthened; narrowly rounded apically with poorly defined edges, medially with raised area; genital fork (Fig. 68) with anterior stem relatively long and narrowed, deflected slightly ventrally, slightly expanded apically, indication of membranous lateral area in stained specimens, posterolateral arms narrow, lateral plate trapezoid or diamond-shaped, without anteriorly directed apodeme; spermatheca ovoid (Fig. 70), elongated, dark brown, lightly tuberculate, internal fine spines (acanthae) absent, with small rounded membranous area at junction with spermathecal duct; cercus (Fig. 69) in lateral view bluntly cone-shaped, slightly constricted medially; anal lobe subequal in size to cercus, both with vestiture of long hairs and dense microtrichia. Egg: sub-triangular in lateral view (Fig. 71), ca. 0.19 by 0.11 mm, with ca. 600 counted in a single dissected female from Lamington National Park, Queensland.</p> <p>Adult male (numerous specimens). Body: pinned specimens light brownish orange (Fig. 72), dark brownish orange and black in ethanol preserved specimens (Fig. 73); total length 3.3–3.5 mm. Head (Fig. 74): width 1.0– 1.2 mm; depth 0.87–1.0 mm. Eyes: upper ommatidia dark brown, enlarged, diameter 0.076 mm, ca. 13–16 across and down; lower ommatidia black to blackish orange/brown, markedly smaller, diameter 0.027 mm, 34–36 across and down. Clypeus: blackish brown; width 0.19–0.27 mm; vestiture of sparse fine black hairs. Antenna (Fig. 75): markedly elongated, total length 0.76–1.0 mm; pedicel and scape darker; scape and pedicel subequal in size, flagellomere I narrower than scape and twice as long as wide, pale basally, flagellomeres less tapered than those in A. aurantiaca, overall light brown. Mouthparts: insubstantial; length 0.14–0.20× head depth; maxillary palp, essentially as for A. aurantiaca, 0.55–0.92 mm long, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomere III shorter than palpomere IV, palpomere V elongated, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.6:1.6, sensory vesicle small, occupying 0.33× palpomere width, opening 0.5× vesicle width; lacinia small, lacking teeth, but with apical hairs; mandible weakly developed and lacking teeth. Thorax: markedly domed, head angled anteriorly; length 1.6 mm; width 1.3 mm; postpronotal lobe with longish fine pale hairs, concolourous with scutum; antepronotal lobe with distinct patch of fine pale hairs, proepisternum bare; scutum evenly yellow, vestiture of evenly sparse short fine pale hairs, dense and long in scutellar depression; scutellum lighter than scutum, with markedly elongate yellow and black hairs; pleuron brown, anepisternal membrane bare, katepisternum dark brown, sulcus distinct, but shallow; metathoracic furcasternum lacking flared anterior flanges. Wing: length 3.6–3.9 mm, width 1.9–2.0 mm; a:b ratio 1.0:2.6; otherwise as for female. Haltere: stem pale, knob tan. Legs: overall yellowish, lighter than female; calcipala markedly longer than wide; pedisulcus poorly developed, at most represented by wrinkled cuticle; tarsal claw with truncated basal tooth and grappling hook of 23–26 teeth. Abdomen: black dorsally and posteriorly, pale anteroventrally, basal scale black, hairs black, extended to posterior of segment IV on contracted abdomen, tergites poorly sclerotized, tergite II 2.5× as wide as long, pigmented only medially, tergite III, narrower, but pigmented laterally, other tergites broader, increasingly so posteriorly and less fully pigmented, vestiture of sparse long hairs, more so posteriorly; sternites moderately developed and hirsute, more so posteriorly. Genitalia: small, not heavily pigmented (Fig. 76); cerci well developed; gonocoxa 1.3× longer than basal width, posteromedially strengthened and slightly fluted, margin extended beyond articulation with gonostylus, hirsute with long black sparse hairs and microtrichia; gonostylus in ventral view narrowed, approximately 1.8× longer than basal width, with two substantial apical spines (Fig. 77); ventral plate small, 1.7× wider than long in ventral view with variably-shaped posterior lip; Souita Falls population (Fig. 76) with lip short, narrowed at base and with broadly rounded apex; Behana Gorge population (Fig. 78) with lip long, not narrowed at based, and with apex narrowly rounded); basal arms elongated; paramere connector short and broad; median sclerite with two short variably expressed sclerotized arms projected dorsally (Fig. 79); paramere in all populations triangular, plate-like basally, slightly strengthened along ventral edge, tapered distally with irregu- lar ridges; adeagal membrane either bare or with a few, short, weakly expressed spinules near apex of paramere.</p> <p>Pupa (numerous specimens, Bartle Frere &amp; Souita Falls). Typically found clumped in large masses (Fig. 80). Body: female length 4.8–5.0 mm (Fig. 81), male length 4.5–4.7 mm; brown and yellow, markedly sclerotized with strong cuticle, with or without tubercles. Head: frons of female (Fig. 82) broad and apically truncated, with ratios of basal width to vertex width and height 1.0:1.2 and 1.0:1.7 respectively; frons of male (Fig. 83) narrow and apically tapered, ratios 1.0:1.8 and 1.0:2.8 respectively; cuticle lightly sculpted but lacking tubercles; dorsolateral frontal setae and facial setae present in males; three sensilla typically present in females, all closely grouped on ocular sclerite beside/beneath antennal sheath, rarely with one on dorsal frons; all setae substantial, without curled tips; antennal sheath of female extended beyond margin of ocular shield, that of male not so extended. Thorax: markedly domed, slightly less so than in A. aurantiaca, smooth, with dorsal trichoid setae short, curved but not curled at tip. Gill (Fig. 84): total length 1.2–1.5 mm, with 48–55 light brown filaments arising from 5 or 6 short pale trunks; filaments not markedly tapered, bifurcated at irregular distances from base, ventral filaments directed anteriorly, dorsal filaments directed dorsally, with one or two longer filaments reflexed posteriorly over the thorax; filament surface pseudoannulated throughout (Fig. 85). Abdomen (Fig. 87): well sclerotized, especially the anterior tergites; tergites III &amp; IV extended more ventrad than other tergites, separated from sternite by narrow band of striate membrane; segment V with small pleurite present, fused to tergite; other pleurites absent, replaced with minute plates underlying lateral hooks on segments VI &amp; VII; abdomen with minute rounded tubercles, present or occasionally absent—when present sparser on terminal segments. Abdominal armature well developed; tergite I with fine hairs; tergites II–IV each with 4+4 central and 3+3 lateral anteriorly directed long thin recurved hooks (similar to the ventral hooks), lateral smaller than central; tergite V with four hairs and poorly expressed spine comb; tergites VI &amp; VII with well developed spine comb anteriorly and posterior double pair of fine hairs on each side; tergite VIII with small spine comb and a pair of fine hairs posteriorly on each side; segment IX with sharply tapered slightly curved terminal spines, numerous other simple, long curved terminal setae; sternite III with 3+3 anteriorly directed simple recurved hooks, sternite IV with 5+5, sternite V with 5+5, sternite VI with 2+2, and sternite VII with 1+1; pleurites VI &amp; VII with 1+1 anteriorly directed simple recurved hooks.</p> <p>Cocoon: Length 3.0–4.0 mm, close fitting, often covering whole pupa, or just to half of the thorax, gills extended; irregular weave, less unorganized than others in the genus, silk fibers (Fig. 86) light brown and thick, some markedly so and strong; extraneous material from substrate incorporated.</p> <p>Larva (based on numerous last instar larvae). Body (Fig. 88): total length 8.0–11.0 mm, evenly mottled brown, smoothly expanded from the head posteriorly, expanded posteroventrally. Head (Fig. 89): relative to body, small, evenly dark brown; head spot pattern poorly developed, but positive; length 0.80–1.15 mm, width 0.73–0.93 mm; distance between antennal bases 0.43–0.55 mm; anterior margins of head tapered anteriorly, straight, broadest posterior to stemmata; ecdysial lines markedly visible, divergent albeit straight until posterior of stemmata, then broadly curved medially; cervical sclerites distinct and finely joined to postocciput, varied; genae markedly dark brown. Antenna: short, not extended to end of labral fan stem; total length 0.30 mm; basal article short and clear proximally, dark brown distally, medial article and distal articles dark brown with marked clear junction, subequal in length; two sensilla at junction markedly pointed; basal article shorter than medial article, proportional lengths of basal, medial, and apical articles 1.0:1.4:1.5; medial article expanded towards distal junction, distal article longer than in A. aurantiacum. Labral fan: stem short and dark brown, ca. 43–50 fine rays, six to ten posterior rays finer than remainder, length ca. 0.66 mm, mid-ray width 0.015 mm; pattern of microtrichia not markedly developed, larger microtrichia longer than ray width, four or five smaller microtrichia interspersed, varied. Mandible (Fig. 90): darkly pigmented; short; brushes markedly developed; dorsal margin slightly more curved than in A. aurantiaca; outer, apical and subapical teeth not accentuated, subequal in length; six to seven spinous teeth, distal two teeth markedly developed (but varied); serration small, often no evidence of sensillum; blade region smoothly convex. Maxilla: palp cone-shaped 1.8–2.0× as long as basal width, darkly pigmented; dense tuft of hair and long spinous hairs at base of palp. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 91): moderately developed, shallow, U-shaped, sclerotized with slightly irregular edges and occasionally a small medial projection; posterior tentorial pits small and rectangular in shape; postgenal bridge evenly lighter brown; elongated posteroventral muscles spots not markedly obvious; ratio of hypostoma: genal bridge: postgenal cleft variable—1.0:1.5(1.7):0.5(0.8). Hypostoma (Figs. 92, 93): small, darkly pigmented and not markedly extended from head margin, lateral margins gently sloped; teeth in various arrangements; tooth 0 prominent, flanked by teeth 1–3, subequal, 2 &amp; 3 sometime smaller and varied; tooth 4 slightly larger than previous teeth, slightly flanged basally, teeth 5–7 markedly small and difficult to observe, tooth 8 often directed laterally; lateral serrations on hypostoma absent; six to eight substantial, closely-packed hypostomal setae on each side; ventral edge of hypostoma not markedly developed, still, slightly obscuring teeth 5–7. Thorax (Fig. 94): anteriorly mottled brown, remainder pale; pupal gill histoblast with 5–7 basal trunks visible, broadly L-shaped, directed ventrally, then sharply posteriorly, broadly rounded with filaments directed anteriorly then dorsally, some bifurcations visible. Prothoracic proleg: strongly developed with distinct L-shaped lateral plates; lateral lappet extensions markedly obvious (Fig. 95), in some localities shorter and broader, or apparently not extended. Abdomen: evenly mottled brown; expanded evenly posteriorly. Ventral tubercles: absent. Anal sclerite (Fig. 96, 97): complex and variable, anterolateral arms basically just anterior flanges of the medial region, itself various; medial region with the well developed posteromedial space sometimes closed off to form a hole, posterolateral arms from medial region parallel the elongated, substantial posteroventral arms—giving appearance of doubled ventral arms (also in earlier instars); elongated extensions from the medial ends of the posteroventral arms between the dorsal junction of circlet of hooks variable—not well developed. Array (14 or 15) of campaniform (sometimes as markedly short setae) sensilla between the posteroventral arms and circlet of hooks, varied. Rectal papillae: three simple lobes. Posterior circlet: markedly developed and directed slightly ventrally on posterior abdomen; large numbers of hooks, ca. 340 rows of hooks with ca. 50 hooks per row (total ca. 17,000).</p> <p>Etymology. Named by Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 172), literally, for the preferred strenuous habitat of larvae—that of high velocity water.</p> <p>Types. The type locality is Queensland, Cairns, Cascades, Freshwater Creek (S16.9300° E145.6900°). Adult. Coll. Mackerras. ANIC. The female holotype and two male paratypes were examined by LHG-A in 2007. Exact labeling not recorded.</p> <p>Additional material examined: Two pinned specimens from ANIC were examined by DAC in detail. One, a female from [Little Crystal Cr./ Mt Spec, N.Q./ 6.12.54] [bred out] [C. strenua / det. J. Prince] [Aust. Nat. Ins. Coll.], the other a gravid female from [Lamington/ Nat. Pk., Qld/ 6-1-. ii.1961 / I. C. Yeo] [Gressitt/ Trap] [Open forest] [Cnephia nr/ strenua/ det. J. Prince] [Aust. Nat. Ins. Coll.]. Both specimens are now slide mounts in ANIC.</p> <p>Alcohol material: Large numbers of larvae and pupae from collections by P. &amp; H. Zwick, made mainly in the 1970’s. [ANIC Database No. 29 026508–523, 29 026525–528, 29 026530–531]. Also, considerable material of all stages collected, in the main, by JKM, 1996. [UASM #/370803–370806, 370827, 370828]. Slide mounts: All stages [UASM #/370749–370781].</p> <p>Bionomics. Both Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950:170) and Colbo (1974) noted that little was known about this species. It appears, however, to be multivoltine since later instar larvae plus pupae have been found from October to June—an Austral early summer to autumn species. Colbo (1974), though, noted that for SE Queensland the season was April to November—an extended ‘winter’ species? For Northern Queensland the season was from September to December, a ‘spring’ species. There is no useful information on water temperatures.</p> <p>There is no record of this species biting humans and no adults have been taken in the field. For the Souita Falls population, however, females possess teeth on both sides of the mandible (unique in the genus), have poorly developed abdominal tergites, maxillary palp sensory vesicle well expressed and a substantial tarsal claw basal tooth, characters that point to probable ornithophily (Shewell, 1955; Sasaki et al., 1985; Adler et al., 2004).</p> <p>The number of eggs from the gravid Lamington specimen, ca. 600, is towards the upper numbers of eggs known for simuliids (Crosskey, 1990: 462) and again, suggests blood feeding rather than autogeny.</p> <p>Larvae and pupae are often clumped, with the latter forming mats of overlapping specimens, most of similar developmental stage. That aspect of the biology is discussed later. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 173) noted that larvae are found in extremely fast flow to the point where they are difficult to collect. Pupae were in lower velocity. Recent collections are in full agreement.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 196). Austrocnephia strenua is the most northerly-distributed member of the genus.</p> <p>Queensland: Mossman, Mossman Gorge, S16.4748° E145.3432°. 18 Oct. 2002, Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mossman Gorge, near Cairns, S16.4748° E145.3432°. 20 Feb. 1973. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mossman Gorge, Rex Creek, main stream, S16.4695° E145.3291°. 26 Mar. 1992. Larvae. Coll. H. &amp; P. Zwick (ANIC). Mossman Gorge, S16.4748° E145.3432°. Coll. Cantrell (Colbo 1974). Redlynch, nr. Cairns, Crystal Cascade, tributary, S16.9617° E145.6794°. 5 Apr. 1997, Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Freshwater Creek, nr. Cairns, S16.9617° E145.6794°. 5 Jan. 1973, Larvae. Coll. B. Cheesman (ANIC). Cairns, Freshwater Creek, S16.9617° E145.6794°. 15 Sept. 1949. Larvae. Coll. Mackerras (UASM, ANIC). Malandra, The Crater, S17.2800° E145.6200°. 27 Jun. 1971. Larvae. Coll. E. Riek (ANIC). Ringrose National Park, Atherton, S17.4200° E145.4800°. Coll. Cantrelli (Colbo 1974). Malandra, upper Barron R., Dinner Falls, S17.4331 E145.4833°. 24 Oct. 2002. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Bartle Frere, Josephine Falls, S17.4420° E145.8600°. 6 April 1997. 10 Dec. 1997. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Souita Falls, nr Millaa Millaa, S17.5600° E145.6500°. 6 Mar. 2001. Larvae, pupae. Coll. H. &amp; P. Zwick (ANIC). Atherton Tablelands, Souita Falls, Middlebrook Rd., ex. Old Palmerston Rd, S17.5600° E145.6500°. 18 Oct. 1996. Larvae, pupae, adults. Coll. J. K. Moulton (UASM). Atherton Tablelands, nr. Millaa Millaa, S17.5000° E145.600°. 19 Oct. 2002. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Palmerston Hwy., nr. McHugh Bridge, Little Beatrice River, S17.5521° E145.6092°. 22 Feb. 1973. Larvae. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Atherton Tablelands, Emerald Ck., S17.0580° E145.5470°. 1 Jan. 1998. Larvae. Coll. A. Zwick (ANIC). Fishery Falls, S17.1800° E145.8800°. 29 Jun. 1971. Coll. E. Riek (ANIC). South of Gordonvale, Behana Gorge, Clamshell Falls, S17.1894° E145.8233°. 28 Mar. 1997. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Behana Gorge, nr Cairns, S17.1650° E145.8320°. 12 Feb. 1973. Larvae. Coll. Zwick. 29 Jun. 1971. Pupae. Coll. E. Riek (ANIC). Mt. Bartle Frere, Josephine Falls, S17.4328° E145.8597°. 10 Oct. 1997. Larvae, pupae. Coll. A. Zwick; 24 Mar. 1992. Coll. H. &amp; P. Zwick (ANIC). Little Crystal Creek, 45 m N of Townsville, S18.979° E146.197°. (November-December) Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950). Paluma Range, Mt. Spec Road, Little Crystal Creek, S19.0154° E146.2656° (Bugledich 1999); 19 Mar. 1997, Larvae. Coll. Zwick. 12 Apr. 2002, Coll. A. Zwick (ANIC). Springbrook National Park, Purling Brook Falls, S28.1898° E153.2709° (Colbo 1974). Lamington National Park, S28.2200° E153.1500°. Bugledich (1999: 328). Lamington Plateau, Elabana Falls, S28.2500° E153.1497°. 26 December 1954. Coll. Mackerras (ANIC). Wilsons Peak, Teviot Brook, S28.2500° E152.4800°. 23 Apr. 1971. Larva, pupa. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM) Springbrook, Wilsons Peak, Condamine River, near Queen Mary Falls, S28.3400° E152.3735°. April–November. (Colbo 1974). Lamington Nat. Park, Binna Burra, Lower Ballanjui Falls, S28.2166° E153.2333°. 9 Mar. 1997. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Wilsons Peak, Teviot Brook, S28.2500° E152.4800°. 23 April 1971. Larvae, pupa. Coll. Zwick (ANIC).</p> <p>New South Wales: Blue Mountains National Park, Bridal Veil Falls, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.3129&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.6333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.3129/lat -33.6333)">Govetts Leap</a>, S33.6333° E150.3129°. 5 Nov. 18 1998; Oct. 2014. Larvae, pupae. Coll. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (UASM).</p> <p>Victoria: Warburton, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.7542&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.7239" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.7542/lat -37.7239)">Cement Creek</a>, S37.7239° E145.7542°. 1 April 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Narbethong, Anderson Lane, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.6546&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.54607" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.6546/lat -37.54607)">Stony Creek</a>, S37.54607° E145.6546°. 22 Oct. 2014. Reared males. Coll. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (UASM).</p> <p>Remarks. Austrocnephia strenua is a distinctively large species and was so noted by Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 170). Apart from the large size, in particular that of the larvae, the adults are brightly coloured on the thorax and have pigmentation on the wings. The male eyes have reduced rows of large upper ommatidia, thought at the time to be unique in Australian Simuliidae (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950: 170). That, however, was mainly because most simuliid species in Australia were then described from female adults. This feature of the males is now known to be common for Austrocnephia. Large upper ommatidia are reminiscent of some species of Gomphostilbia Enderlein, such as Simulium (G.) laciniatum Edwards, of Fiji. The markedly domed thorax in both male and female A. strenua adults is also well expressed elsewhere in the genus.</p> <p>There is considerable variation in the degree of tuberculation on pupal abdominal tergites. We illustrate the condition from Bartle Frere (Fig. 87) where it is well expressed. Tubercles, however, are absent from Lamington National Park material and elsewhere. Similarly there is variation in the development of the spinous teeth of the larval mandible. Colbo (1974: 68) noted that South Queensland larvae differed from northern larvae in having a different pattern of microtrichia on the labral fan rays, plus the prothoracic proleg lappet expression was slightly different. The variation in character states in different populations (Fig. 196) of A. strenua, such as teeth on the one or other sides of the female mandible, differences in the apex of the male ventral plate (Fig. 76 vs. 78) from that illustrated by (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950. Their Fig. 3), pupal gill filament number, tuberculation on the pupal abdomen, serrations on the larval mandible, and those mentioned previously, well indicate that as presently defined, A. strenua is likely a complex of closely related entities. There are, indeed, considerable distances between different populations, particularly those to the south. Since, however, we lack complete material from such populations, we refrain from designating new taxa.</p> <p>Palmer &amp; Craig (2000) examined total number of hooks comprising the posterior circlet in larvae of simuliids in relation to velocity of preferred habitat. Such a correlation was noted by Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 172) for A. strenua and for other simuliid larvae by Crosskey (1990: 110), Adler et al. (2004: 58) and Figueiróa et al. (2015), amongst others. Inhabiting extreme velocity flow, an expectation would be that A. strenua might perhaps approach the record number of hooks known for simuliid larvae. While numerous (ca. 17,200), hooks do not approach numbers exhibited by larvae of Freemanellum Crosskey species (Palmer &amp; Craig, 2000: 202), or of those of Daviesellum Takaoka &amp; Adler (Takaoka &amp; Adler, 1997: 18), larvae of which inhabit jets of water impinging on rocky surfaces.</p> <p>There are a number of other character states of larvae and pupae that appear to directly relate to the extreme high velocity habitats, e.g., Souita Falls (Fig. 98)—firstly, the substantial nature and size of the larvae. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 172) commented that the body was very muscular. The anal sclerite is markedly developed with the posteroventral arms paralleled by the posterolateral arms arising from the medial region of the anal sclerite. Further, there are numerous campaniform sensilla between the posterior arm and the circlet of hooks—in other simuliid larvae they generally number four or so. The circlet of hooks is also markedly developed with number of hooks considerable and expression substantive; again fitting well with the extreme habitat. Further, unique to Austrocnephia, and in particular A. strenua, is possession of two anterolateral structures on the prothoracic proleg (Fig. 95). As noted previously, these were termed ‘palp-like processes’ by Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 172), and ‘lapets’ by Colbo (1974: 69) —we use the term ‘lappets’. The proleg also has well expressed L-shaped lateral sclerites and the lappets arise from the internal apices of those, but while the lappets are often pigmented, they are not well sclerotised. Neither does there appear to be any muscular attachment. What function these lappets serve is unknown. Less well developed lappets can occasionally be observed in A. aurantiaca, A. orientalis and A. tonnoiri, but have not been observed in larvae of A. fuscoflava. Homologies of the lappets is moot. Van Oye (1936) illustrates a possible homolog, albeit on the prothoracic proleg of Simulium larvae. For pupae of the aurantiaca species-group, cuticle is well sclerotized and cocoon silk markedly strong.</p> <p>Forming aggregations for aquatic organisms in high velocity flow is a well-known ploy to ameliorate drag forces (e.g., Nowell &amp; Jumars, 1984: 317; Craig, 2003: 1087). In such an arrangement the boundary layer of the water lifts and flows over the aggregation rather than around or between individuals, thereby reducing drag and is known as ‘skimming flow’. However, consequences of such behaviour are probably that for larvae, packed close together, individuals must be elongated and labral fans well expressed to access particulate matter. Indeed, an expanded posteroventral abdomen (Fig. 88) appears characteristic of simuliid larvae that inhabit fast flows (e.g., Craig, 1987a: 396). Similarly, clumped pupae achieving skimming flow would still require the gills to be exposed to flow and thence the cocoons are stacked, with only the posterior of the abdomen attached to the substrate, as noted here for A. strenua and some other members of the genus.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87CCFF814422FF30F8DAAA9F571E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Douglas A.;Currie, Douglas C.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.;Moulton, John K.	Craig, Douglas A., Currie, Douglas C., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Moulton, John K. (2019): Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera. Zootaxa 4627 (1): 1-92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4627.1.1
038A87CCFFBC442DFF30F892ACC751E6.text	038A87CCFFBC442DFF30F892ACC751E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrocnephia tonnoiri (Drummond 1931) Craig & Currie & Gil-Azevedo & Moulton 2019	<div><p>tonnoiri species-group</p> <p>Diagnosis Adults: smaller darker species, female total body length 2.2–2.9 mm; Rs neither thickened nor branched distally; junction of r-m cross vein and R 1 with markedly expressed dark spot; pedisulcus more strongly developed as deeper furrowing of cuticle on dorsal base of hind tarsomere II; tarsal claw basal tooth a third or more length of main talon, claw heel slightly expressed; genital fork with anterior stem markedly broadened and bent; male gonostylus cone-shaped, with two apical spines; ventral plate apex broadly rounded, not markedly directed ventrally; parameres smaller. Pupa: gill with fewer (21–50) filaments; abdominal tuberculation slightly to markedly expressed; pleurites present on segments VI &amp; VII. Larva: four to five hypostomal setae; lateral hypostomal serrations present; posterior tentorial pits small and rounded; prothoracic proleg lateral sclerite V-shaped; anal sclerite with posteroventral arms only; area between posterolateral arms and circlet of hooks with small number of campaniform sensilla; posterior proleg with markedly fewer (1,800 –3,000) hooks; larvae occur in flows of various velocity.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87CCFFBC442DFF30F892ACC751E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Douglas A.;Currie, Douglas C.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.;Moulton, John K.	Craig, Douglas A., Currie, Douglas C., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Moulton, John K. (2019): Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera. Zootaxa 4627 (1): 1-92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4627.1.1
038A87CCFFB34437FF30FDCAAD2B5176.text	038A87CCFFB34437FF30FDCAAD2B5176.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrocnephia fuscoflava (Mackerras & Mackerras 1949) Craig & Currie & Gil-Azevedo & Moulton 2019	<div><p>Austrocnephia fuscoflava (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras). New combination.</p> <p>(Figs. 99–132)</p> <p>Cnephia tonnoiri fuscoflava Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1948: 236; original description.</p> <p>‘ Cnephia of authors’ fuscoflava. Crosskey, 1987: 443.</p> <p>fuscoflava. Crosskey, 1989: 222; unplaced species of Prosimulinii.</p> <p>Paracnephia fuscoflava (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras). Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997: 18; Prosimuliini, unplaced to subgenus, new combination. Bugledich, 1999: 328. Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008: 26, transferred to Simulinii. Adler, 2019: 32.</p> <p>Redescription. Adult female (numerous reared specimens). A smaller species. Body (Figs. 99, 100): head very dark red, thorax tan, abdomen black; total length 2.2–2.4 mm. Head (Fig. 101): overall dark in colour; width 0.80–0.82 mm; depth 0.63–0.70 mm; postocciput markedly hirsute with long pale hairs, frons margins slightly concave, markedly narrowed, dark brown-black, sparse pale hairs; frons:head-width ratio 1.0:8.5–10.1. Eyes: interocular distance 0.08–0.09 mm; upper ommatidia redder than lower ommatidia, diameter 0.019 mm; lower ommatidia lighter in colour with slightly thicker margins, diameter 0.021 mm, ca. 36 rows across and 44 down at mid-eye. Clypeus: width 0.14–0.19 mm, markedly dark brown, densely hirsute. Antenna (Fig. 102): elongate, extended well beyond posterior margin of head; total length 0.63 mm; scape small and pale, pedicel larger and similar in size to flagellomere I, remainder similar in size, flagellomeres bead-shaped, concolourous, slightly tapered to apex. Mouthparts: feebly developed, ca. 0.23× length of head depth; maxillary palp, total length 0.70 mm, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomere III darker brown than remainder with dense vestiture, palpomere IV small, V elongated; proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V, 1.0:0.7:1.6; sensory organ markedly elongated, 0.75× length of palpomere III, opening elongated and 0.6× vesicle width; mandible (Fig. 103) with ca. 26 small inner teeth, arrayed in straight formation (see insert), outer teeth absent; lacinia with 13 teeth on either side; cibarium cornuae flared with narrow terminal extensions, medial gap narrowed and concave, (Fig. 104). Thorax: length 1.3–1.5 mm, width 0.9–1.2 mm; scutum evenly tan; postpronotal lobe well developed with fine hair longer than on scutum, that with overall sparse fine small hairs; scutellar depression similar, concolourous, but with denser long pale hairs; scutellum slightly paler than scutum, vestiture of sparse very fine yellowish hairs centrally, darker laterally; postnotum concolourous with scutellum; antepronotal lobe with distinct patch of yellow hairs; proepisternum and fore coxa bare; pleuron and anepisternal membrane yellowish brown, bare; katepisternum dark brown, sulcus shallow and broad. Wing (Fig. 105): length 2.5–2.8 mm; width 1.2–1.5 mm; very slightly fumose overall, veins yellowish, markedly developed pigmentation at junction of r-m cross vein as well as humeral and other basal cross veins; basal medial cell minute to absent; a:b ratio 1.0:2.4; distal 2/3 of costa with spines, dense apically, Rs not divided apically (Fig. 106); M 1 appears doubled; CuA barely sinuous; CuP extended nearly to wing margin, as does A 1. Haltere: stem clear, knob tan. Legs (Fig. 107): forelegs evenly pale; mid and hind legs blackish brown; hind legs slightly darker; hind basitarsus parallel-sided with ventral row of stout spines; calcipala subequal in length and breadth, as wide as tarsomere; pedisulcus not markedly developed, but obvious; tarsomere II 2.0–2.3× longer than distal width; claws, smoothly tapered, not markedly curved, basal tooth well developed and broad, ca. 0.5× as long as talon, with distinct basal notch, heel small (Fig. 108). Abdomen: mottled dark brown overall, paler anteriorly; basal scale dark brown, vestiture of long dense hair extended to segment IV; tergites markedly poorly sclerotized, barely discernable from remainder of dorsum, broader in posterior segments; vestiture better expressed on posterior segments. Genitalia: markedly small; sternite VIII with no distinct medial region, vestiture of microtrichia, large strong hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (Fig. 109), lightly pigmented, vestiture of triads of microtrichia and strong hairs, medial edges of valves slightly diverged—straight to slightly concave, bluntly triangular apically; cercus in lateral view elongated with faint medial depression, anal lobes smaller, with vestiture of long hairs (Fig. 110); genital fork (Fig. 111) well expressed, anterior arm thickened, flattened laterally, no indication of membranous lateral areas, lateral arms broad, no indication of knee-bend, apodeme absent, lateral plates triangular, small; spermatheca irregularly ovoid to spherical (Fig. 112), externally slightly tuberculate producing mottle effect, internal fine spines present, clear membranous area at junction with spermathecal duct small with series of raised cuticular rings.</p> <p>Adult male (numerous reared specimens, Stradbroke Island). Body: pinned (Fig. 113), head dark, thorax yellowish brown; in alcohol, overall colour darker, head dark red, thorax greyish brown, abdomen black (Fig 114); total body length 1.8–2.0 mm. Head (Fig. 115): width 0.83–0.84 mm; depth 0.83–0.86 mm; relatively large in relation to thorax. Eyes: upper ommatidia dark reddish orange, enlarged, diameter 0.05 mm, ca. 12–15 across and down; lower ommatidia black to blackish orange, markedly smaller, diameter 0.01 mm, ca. 26 across and down. Clypeus: black; width 0.17–0.18 mm; vestiture of fine black hairs. Antenna (Fig. 116): total length 0.59–0.67 mm; overall evenly light brown; scape short, pedicel as long as broad, flagellomere I longer than wide, flagellomeres II–V quadratic in shape, apical three flagellomeres slightly longer than wide. Mouthparts: insubstantial; length 0.2× head depth; maxillary palp 0.55 mm long, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomeres III &amp; IV subequal in length, palpomere IV elongated and as long as III &amp; IV combined, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.8:2.0, sensory vesicle small, spherical, occupying 0.2× palpomere length, opening 0.33× vesicle width; lacinia small, lacking teeth, but with apical hairs; mandible not observed. Thorax: markedly domed, lateral outline semicircular; length 1.1 mm; width 0.9 mm; postpronotal lobe with longish fine pale hairs, antepronotal lobe with patch of sparse fine pale hairs, proepisternum bare; scutum evenly greyish yellow (tan), vestiture of evenly sparse longish fine pale hairs, longer anteriorly and in scutellar depression; scutellum yellower than scutum with markedly long yellow hairs laterally, postpronotal lobe concolourous with scutum; pleuron greyish yellow, anepisternal membrane bare, katepisternum dark brown, sulcus distinct, but shallow. Wing: length 2.8 – 2.9 mm, width 1.1–1.3 mm; membrane slightly fumose at apex; a:b ratio 1.0:2.6; veins slightly yellowish, costa with well expressed spines, more so distally, r-m cross vein junction darkly pigmented, as are basal humeral and other cross veins (appear as two spots), Rs shows no sign of bifurcation or thickening distally, M 1 thickened and appears slightly doubled, CuA slightly sinuous, CuP extended nearly to wing margin. Haltere: stem pale, knob tan. Legs: overall bicoloured, pale and black, hind leg with tibia darker coloured distally; hind basitarsus margins parallel; ventral row of stout spines, sparse; calcipala well developed, narrower than basitarsus, with deep dorsal notch; pedisulcus not markedly developed; tarsomere II 2.3× as long as apical width; tarsal claw small and finely expressed, with truncated basal tooth and smaller basal projection, grappling pad of ca. 23 teeth (as for other species). Abdomen: black dorsally and posteriorly, pale anteroventrally, vestiture of markedly long golden hairs, more so anteriorly; basal scale not markedly pigmented, hairs golden, extended to posterior of tergite II; tergites not markedly sclerotized, increased in width posteriorly and more fully pigmented; pleural cuticle concertinaed; sternites moderately developed, sternite II absent. Genitalia (Fig. 117): small, not heavily pigmented; cerci well developed and distinct; gonocoxa, in ventral view, 2.3× longer than basal width, strengthened posteromedially, extended beyond junction with gonostylus, vestiture of long black sparse hairs, microtrichia, posteromedial margin scalloped; gonostylus short, in ventral view curved, in lateral view cone shaped (Fig. 118), approximately 1.5× longer than basal width, strengthened along inner edge, two insubstantial short, blunt, apical spines; ventral plate (Fig. 119) small, 2.0× wider than long, posteromedial apex directed slightly ventrally, appearing as shallow medial concavity, curved laterally, slightly convex anteromedially, vestiture of sparse coarse hairs medially, basal arms finely expressed, paramere connection not markedly expressed; median sclerite poorly expressed—two widely separated short sclerotized arms projected ventrally; parameres plate-like, lightly expressed, slightly crenulated along inner edge, spines absent; aedeagal membrane adorned with microtrichia.</p> <p>Pupa (based on numerous specimens). Body: female length 2.5–3.0 mm, male length 2.6–2.8 mm; clear yellow cuticle overall. Head: cephalic plates smooth, frons of female bluntly rounded with ratios of basal width to vertex width, and height 1.0:1.3 and 1.0:1.5 respectively (Fig. 121), male ovoid; ratios 1.0:1.7 and 1.0:2.7 respectively (Fig. 122); cuticle lacks pattern; in male, frontal and facial setae present, the former small and fine, the latter substantial and curved, in female facial setae present, frontal setae varied —either present on extreme lateral edge, or absent but on epicranial area; epicranial setae present, closely applied beside antennal sheath; antenna sheath of female extended beyond margin of ocular shield, not so in male. Thorax: notum markedly domed, smooth, but with faint pattern, dorsal setae short, substantial, curled at tip. Gill (Fig 123): total length ca. 0.75 mm; 15–20 brownish grey filaments arising from three or four short basal trunks, paler apically, arranged in antler-like fashion directed anteriorly; filament surface reticulated basally, pseudoannulated distally. Abdomen (Fig. 124): overall, cuticle clear and well sclerotized, with distinct pale yellow sclerites, markedly so for anterior tergites; tergites III &amp; IV connect to the respective sternites with wrinkled cuticle, no pleurites; but pleurites present and well expressed on segments V–VII, pleurite V larger and connected to both tergite and sternite, those of VI &amp; VII smaller and isolated; sternites VI &amp; VII separated medially; abdomen with minute rounded tubercles to absent. Abdominal armature moderately well developed; tergite I with fine hairs; tergite II with 4+4 poorly developed anteriorly directed hooks; tergites III &amp; IV each with 4+4 central anteriorly directed long thin recurved hooks (similar to the ventral hooks), tergite IV with 1+1 lateral hooks, smaller than the more central hooks; tergites V–VIII each with spine comb anteriorly and posterior double pair of fine hairs on each side; segment IX with sharply tapered and slightly curved terminal spines, with other terminal setae simple, long and curved; sternite IV &amp; V with 3+3 (2+2 stronger central and 1+1 poorly developed lateral); sternite VI with 2+2; sternite VII with 1+1 anteriorly directed simple recurved hooks; pleurites VI &amp; VII with 1+1 anteriorly directed, poorly expressed, simple, recurved hooks.</p> <p>Cocoon. Close fitting, may cover complete pupa, but variable in shape; irregular weave, silk fibers fine, dark brown; considerable extraneous material (algal filaments, sand, etc.) incorporated (Fig. 120).</p> <p>Larva (based on numerous last instar larvae). Body (Fig. 125): total length 6.5–7.3 mm, evenly light grey and brown, markedly expanded posteroventrally. Head (Fig. 126): mottled medium brown, head spot pattern poorly expressed, but tending to positive; length 0.74–0.93 mm, maximum width 0.61–0.74 mm; distance between antennal bases 0.36–0.38 mm; apotome broad, ecdysial lines distinct and divergent until posterior of stemmata, cervical sclerites distinct, separate from postocciput and situated medially. Antenna: apex not extended to end of labral fan stem; total length 0.27–0.32 mm, overall brown; basal article short and clear proximally, darker brown distally, medial article and distal articles darker brown than remainder, basal article markedly shorter than medial article, proportional lengths of basal, medial, and apical articles 1.0:1.4:2.0, apical article relatively longer than others of the genus. Labral fan: stem short and broad, pigmentation ranging from pale to light brown, ca. 36–38 dark brown fine rays, ten posterior rays finer than others, length 0.8 mm, mid-ray width 0.01 mm; no microtrichial pattern as such—all of similar length (0.02 mm) and markedly longer than ray width. Mandible (Fig. 127): well pigmented; brushes typical; outer teeth markedly short; apical tooth moderately developed; subapical teeth small and subequal in length, blunt; ca. 7 spinous teeth, first subequal in length to apical tooth, others slightly decreased in length proximally; serrations and sensillum well expressed; blade region slightly convex. Maxilla: heavily pigmented; palp cone-shaped, 2.6× as long as basal width; hair tuft at base of palp not markedly developed. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 128): shallowly V-shaped, with irregular anterior edge; postgenal bridge concolourous with genae. Hypostoma (Fig. 129): darkly pigmented; tooth 0 not prominent, but distinct, subequal to tooth 3, teeth 1 &amp; 2 shorter and less prominent, tooth 4 longer and flanged medially, teeth 5–7 markedly small and not obvious, tooth 8 more basal, small and directed laterally; all teeth as a unit with parallel sides; serrations lightly expressed on convex lateral edge of hypostoma; four to six hypostomal setae on each side, anterior ones more substantial; ratio of hypostoma: genal bridge: postgenal cleft 1.0:1.5:0.7. Thorax (Fig. 130): gill histoblast broadly rounded with four or five substantial dark trunks visible basally, all directed ventrally then broadly posteriorly, then curled anteroventrally, with pale filament endings then turned dorsally along anterior edge of histoblast. Prothoracic proleg: well developed and elongated with sharply V-shaped lateral plates; lappets absent. Abdomen: evenly expanded from anterior to posterior segments, but markedly expanded posteroventrally at segments VII &amp; VIII. Rectal papillae: three simple lobes, well developed. Ventral tubercles: absent. Anal sclerite (Fig. 131): anterior arms flared, strengthened laterally; main body of sclerite not markedly developed, posteromedial clear area open, posterolateral arms absent, posteroventral arms finely expressed and tapered, numerous campaniform sensillae anterolateral of posteroventral arm; seven or eight campaniform sensilla between the posteroventral arms and circlet of hooks; posteromedial extensions into circlet of hooks junction absent. Posterior circlet: well developed and directed posteriorly, ca. 130 row of hooks with 13–15 hooks per row (total ca. 1,820).</p> <p>Eggs. Laid in mats on trailing grass. Typical triangular shape.</p> <p>Etymology. Not expressly given by Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1948: 236), but no doubt in reference to the tan colour (dark blonde) of the adult scutum.</p> <p>Types. Holotype. The female holotype (ANIC) was examined and photographed by LHG-A in 2007 (Fig. 99). Exact labeling not recorded. The type locality (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1948: 236) is merely given as “Dunwich, Stradbroke Island”; the original collection was by E. N. Marks, 28 Nov. 1947. Stradbroke Island is also now known as ‘ Minjerribah’.</p> <p>Paratypes. Bugledich (1999: 328) listed 10 male and nine female paratypes in the ANIC with two male and two female specimens in the Natural History Museum, London. There were 16 ANIC specimens available for our examination, including six paratypes:- three males [Dunwich/ em. 12 Oct. 47] [Cnephia / tonnoiri fuscoflava / M&amp;M/ PARATYPE. {male symbol}] [Aust. Nat./ Ins. Coll.] [ANIC Database No./ 29 031821 –823]. The first numbered is now mounted on a microscope slide. Three females with data as for males, but with female symbol and [ANIC Database No./ 29 031824 –03826]. The first is now mounted on a slide.</p> <p>Additional material examined. Three pinned females [Dunwich, Q./ 11. 8. 51 / {female symbol}] [Aust. Nat./ Ins. Coll.]. A further eighteen (ANIC) slide mounts of all stages were examined, plus topotype material (Queensland Museum) and considerable newer material collected in 1996 by JKM, and that recently in 2015, collected by DCC and JKM. Alcohol material: All stages [ANIC Database No./ 29 026741–026744]; [UASM #/370832–370834]. Slide mounts: All stages [UASM #/ 370835–370846].</p> <p>Bionomics. In the original description, Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1948: 236) noted that eggs were unknown. We have examined, however, a sample collected in 1951: the eggs are laid as a mat on grass leaves and are of normal triangular shape. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1948: 239) further noted that larvae of all ages were abundant in clear, moderately fast, somewhat brown water flowing in a narrow man-made channel, plus in a small, sunlit, natural stream just before it discharged onto a beach, both streams with sand substrate. Larvae were attached to vegetation, submerged sticks and logs, and especially to barely-submerged long grass blades. Pupae were in similar situations as the larvae and covered by irregular cocoons with extraneous material incorporated (e.g., Fig. 120). This is a notable feature for pupae of this species. No adults were originally collected from the type locality and there were no records of any biting. Given that Stradbroke Island is a tourist location and biting, as far as known, not been reported, the species may be autogenous, or highly ornithophilic as are most Cnephia -grade taxa.</p> <p>More recent collections generally corroborate the original data. Of interest is that much of the newer material was collected from fast water (Fig. 132). Given collections from Stradbroke Island contain a full array of stages over an extended period of months, the probability that A. fuscoflava is multivoltine is high.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 197). Austrocnephia fuscoflava was originally known only from Stradbroke Island (aka Minjerribah) near Brisbane (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1948: 236). No other simuliid species has been reported from the island. Bugledich (1999: 328) listed distribution of A. fuscoflava as widespread, from the NE coastal, SE coastal, NSW, QLD, TAS, VIC, but no such material is in the ANIC (DAC pers. obs., 2014). We assume that this given distribution is in error. Still, a single pupa collected by H. Zwick from Cement Creek, Victoria, was considered possibly that of A. fuscoflava. We have re-examined the specimen, but could not make a firm identification. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1949: 384) gave Little Nerang River as a locality, but later (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950: 170) retracted that. Moulton, however, collected A. fuscoflava material in 2002 from the mainland north of Brisbane, at Cooloola Creek, Rainbow Beach Road (S26.0050º E153.0590º), so the species is likely to occur elsewhere, but not as widespread as indicated by Bugledich (loc. cit.).</p> <p>The exact position of the type locality is unknown. Moulton’s 1996 Stradbroke material and that recently in 2015, collected by DCC and JKM was from Capembah Creek, Myora Springs Environmental Park (S27.4687º E153.4257º) (Fig. 132). The stream is generally with sandy substrate and of low gradient, but near the road there was a fast stretch and small waterfall that yielded specimens.</p> <p>Remarks. Number of hooks (ca. 1,800) in the posterior circlet of the Stradbroke Island material is unusually low for the genus and in keeping with the lower velocity inferred for habitats of the original collections—streams with sand substrates. As noted previously, this agrees with the correlation detailed by Palmer &amp; Craig (2000) and others, regarding number of hooks and velocity of flow. That, as also noted elsewhere, is at variance with the abdominal shape—adapted for fast water.</p> <p>An interesting point regarding slides prepared by the Mackerras’s of the October 1947 material, is that some slides, originally labeled as Prosimulium sp., has that crossed out and relabeled Cnephia tonnoiri fuscoflava.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87CCFFB34437FF30FDCAAD2B5176	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Douglas A.;Currie, Douglas C.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.;Moulton, John K.	Craig, Douglas A., Currie, Douglas C., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Moulton, John K. (2019): Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera. Zootaxa 4627 (1): 1-92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4627.1.1
038A87CCFFA94438FF30FB7BABDD5758.text	038A87CCFFA94438FF30FB7BABDD5758.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrocnephia orientalis (Mackerras & Mackerras 1950) Craig & Currie & Gil-Azevedo & Moulton 2019	<div><p>Austrocnephia orientalis (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras). New combination.</p> <p>(Figs. 133–163)</p> <p>Cnephia tonnoiri orientalis Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950: 170; new subspecies. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1955: 105.</p> <p>(‘ Cnephia ’ of authors) orientalis. Crosskey, 1987: 443; Prosimuliini, undetermined genus, raised to species status.</p> <p>(Unplaced species of Prosimuliini) orientalis. Crosskey, 1989: 222.</p> <p>Paracnephia orientalis. Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997: 18; new combination, unplaced to subgenus. Bugledich 1999: 328. Crosskey &amp; Howard, 2004: 10.</p> <p>‘ Cnephia ’ orientalis. Moulton, 2000: 98. Moulton, 2003: 47.</p> <p>Paracnephia orientalis. Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008: 26; transferred to Simuliini. Hernández-Triana et al., 2017: 350. Adler, 2019: 32.</p> <p>Redescription. Adult female (based on holotype, slide mounts and numerous pinned specimens, ANIC). Body (Fig. 133): head and thorax yellow, abdomen black; total length ca. 2.8 mm. Head (Fig. 134): overall dark, width 0.98–1.00 mm, depth 0.70–0.80 mm; postocciput black, vestiture of dense hairs; frons narrowed basally, dark brown, slightly pollinose, vestiture of moderately dense silvery hairs; frons:head-width ratio various 1.0:9.7–12.4. Eyes: interocular distance 0.08–0.10 mm; ommatidia diameter 0.021 –0.023 mm; ca. 37 rows across and 43 down at mid-eye, upper ommatidia slightly yellowish. Clypeus: width 0.14–0.30 mm; dark brown, vestiture of fine silvery hairs apically. Antenna: elongate, extended, but not markedly beyond posterior margin of head; overall pale brown; total length 0.62 mm; scape and pedicel subequal in size to flagellomere I, darker in colour; flagellomere I as wide as long, others broader than long, smoothly tapered to apex. Mouthparts: not markedly expressed, ca. 0.23× length of head depth; maxillary palp, total length 0.6 mm, palpomeres I &amp; II small, III cylindrical, darker brown than others, dense vestiture, palpomere IV small, V elongated; proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.6:1.4; sensory organ markedly elongated, 0.75× palpomere III length, opening elongated, 0.3× vesicle width, internally sensory organs numerous; mandible (Fig. 135) with ca. 25 poorly expressed inner teeth, minor serra- tions only on outer edge; lacinia with 15 and nine teeth on inner and outer sides respectively; cibarium (Fig. 136) cornuae slightly flared apically, medial gap shallow. Thorax: length 1.4 mm; width 1.1 mm; yellowish orange; postpronotal lobe well developed with dense fine hair longer than on scutum, scutellum slightly paler than scutum with vestiture of sparse very fine yellowish hairs; postnotum concolourous with scutellum, vestiture similar; antepronotal lobe haired; proepisternum and fore coxa bare; pleuron and anepisternal membrane light brown, bare; katepisternal dark brown, sulcus shallow and broad. Wing: length 3.3–3.7 mm; width 1.5–1.7 mm; membrane not noticeably fumose; basal medial cell minute; a:b ratio 1.0:2.3–2.7; distal 1/3 of costa with spines, Rs not divided distally, but slightly thickened (occasional row of hairs marks R 2+3), M 1 appearing doubled, but not markedly so; CuA not markedly sinuous; r-m cross vein junction with small distinct pigmented region; wing overall essentially as for A. fuscoflava (e.g., Fig. 105), but slightly blunter apically. Haltere: stem pale, knob darker. Legs: evenly yellowish brown; hind basitarsus with regular row of stout spines; calcipala markedly developed, subequal in length and breadth, distinct dorsobasal notch (Fig. 137); pedisulcus moderately developed; tarsomere II 2.0× as long as distal width; claws with main talon smoothly tapered, basal tooth well developed, 0.3–0.5× length of claw, distinct heel; overall essentially as for A. fuscoflava (i.e., Fig. 108). Abdomen: basal scale (tergite I) dark brown, vestiture of long dense yellow hairs, reaching well over tergite II; anterior few segments yellowish, other segments dark brown, dense vestiture of long yellowish hairs laterally and posteriorly; tergites overall markedly poorly sclerotized, each barely discernable from remainder of dorsum, hirsute, vestiture better expressed on posterior segments. Genitalia (Fig. 138): sternite VIII with distinct anterior edges and medial region, vestiture of microtrichia, large strong hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves, lightly pigmented, vestiture consists of triads of microtrichia and strong hairs apically, medial edges of valves slightly concave, minor strengthening anteromedially, moderately rounded apically; cercus in lateral view cone-shaped, with medial depression minute to absent, anal lobe small and rounded (Fig. 139); genital fork (Fig. 140) with anterior arm markedly strap-like in expression, strongly bent dorsally when emplaced (distorted in image), apically irregular, membranous lateral areas, lateral arms narrow, apodemes absent, posterolateral expansions small; spermatheca ovoid (Fig. 141) lightly pigmented, slightly wrinkled, without internal spines, clear region surrounding junction with spermathecal duct essentially absent.</p> <p>Adult male (based on paratype, topotypes and other specimens). Body: pinned (Fig. 142), overall colour dark with yellow vestiture; in ethanol (Fig. 143) overall yellow and black; total body length 3.1 mm. Head (Fig. 144): width 1.1–1.2 mm, depth 0.8–0.9 mm. Eyes: upper ommatidia yellowish, markedly large, diameter 0.063 –0.067 mm, 15–19 across and ca. 15 down; lower ommatidia black, markedly smaller, diameter 0.023 –0.025 mm, ca. 35 across and down. Clypeus: black; width 0.16–0.20 mm; vestiture of sparse coarse black hairs. Antenna: barely extended beyond head margins; total length 0.63 mm; pedicel small, scape twice as long, rounded and dark brown, flagellomere I slightly narrower than scape, other flagellomeres tapered slightly to small apical flagellomere, all evenly pale brown; flagellomere I not as elongated as in A. fuscoflava, but overall as finely tapered. Mouthparts: markedly insubstantial; length 0.14–0.22× head depth; maxillary palp 0.66–0.71 mm long, palpomeres I &amp; II small, III &amp; IV subequal in length, V elongated, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.8:1.8, sensory vesicle spherical shaped, occupying 0.25× palpomere length, opening 0.5× vesicle width; mandible and lacinia not observed. Thorax: markedly domed, head directed ventrally; length 1.5 mm, width 0.96 mm; postpronotal and antepronotal lobes with sparse longish fine pale hairs, proepisternum bare; scutum dark brown, vestiture of sparse short fine pale hairs, dense and long in scutellar depression; scutellum concolourous with scutum, bare medially, with sparse long pale hairs laterally; postnotum concolourous with scutum; pleurae brown, anepisternal membrane bare. Wing: length 3.3 mm, width 1.6 mm; otherwise as for female; Rs with no indication of branching. Haltere: base of stem pale, knob dark tan. Legs: overall yellowish brown; basitarsus with ventral row of stout spines, calcipala markedly developed and trowel-like; pedisulcus well developed; tarsomere II 2 × as long as distal width; tarsal claw as for other males in genus. Abdomen: overall yellow and black, basal scale hairs black, extended to posterior of segment IV, tergites poorly sclerotized, 3 to 4× as wide as long, markedly hirsute, more so posteriorly; pleurites and sternites apparently absent. Genitalia: overall small and not heavily pigmented (Fig. 145); gonocoxa (Fig. 146) 1.3× longer than its basal width, posteromedially strengthened and fluted, extended beyond articulation with gonostylus, vestiture of sparse hairs, microtrichia in rows, hairs accentuated medially, medial margin depressed and hirsute; gonostylus in ventral view narrowed, approximately 2.5× longer than basal width, in lateral view markedly cone-shaped, 1.3× longer than basal height, strengthened with clear smooth cuticle along one edge, two short blunt apical spines, the preapical one smaller; ventral plate small, simple (Fig. 147), 2.5× wider than long, broadly rounded laterally, shallowly convex anteromedially, vestiture sparse to absent, basal arms broadly expressed, paramere connection small; median sclerite as for other species; parameres plate-like and bluntly tri- angular, slightly strengthened along one side, apex slightly fluted, spines absent; adeagal membrane with sparse microtrichia.</p> <p>Pupa (based on a small number of specimens). Body: female length 3.3–4.0 mm (Fig. 148), male length 3.3–3.8 mm, dark brown. Head: frons of female rounded; ratio of frons basal width to vertex width and height, 1.0:1.2 and 1:2.0 respectively (Fig. 149), that of male ovoid, markedly narrowed basally; ratios 1.0:2.0 and 1.0:3.0 respectively (Fig. 150); both smooth; in male, frontal and facial setae present, in female frontal setae absent, epicranial setae present, (in male well lateral of antennal sheaths, female under antennal sheath); two setal sockets anteromedial of tentorial pits; antennal sheath of female extended beyond edge of ocular shield, that of male markedly not so. Thorax: domed, smooth, dorsal trichoid setae curled at tip. Gill (Fig. 151): total length ca. 1.5 mm; 36–70 filaments arising from numerous short basal trunks (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950: 170, noted that the type locality and southern populations have lower numbers), some filaments bi- and trifurcate; light brown; surface with distinct fine annulations, albeit smooth apically (Fig. 152); tips pale and often broken. Abdomen (Fig. 153): armature as for A. fuscoflava, tuberculation markedly dense.</p> <p>Cocoon. Close fitting, usually covering abdomen and occasionally part of thorax; irregular weave, silk fibers thick; often with extraneous material incorporated.</p> <p>Larva (based on numerous last instar larvae). Body (Fig. 154): total length 5.6–7.2 mm, overall light yellowish brown, evenly expanded from anterior to posterior abdomen. Head (Fig. 155): evenly yellowish; head spot pattern poorly developed, but positive; length 0.85–0.89 mm, width 0.65–0.66 mm; distance between antennal bases 0.34–0.40 mm; anterior margins of head subparallel, straight; ecdysial lines not markedly visible, slightly concave until posterior of stemmata, then very broadly curved medially; cervical sclerites elongated and fused to postocciput; genae brown. Antenna: not extended to end of labral fan stem; total length 0.33 mm; apical and medial sensillae small; basal article short and clear proximally, darker brown distally, medial article and distal articles evenly brown, subequal in length; basal article markedly shorter than medial article, proportional lengths of basal, medial, and apical articles 1.0:1.6:1.8; medial article of even diameter, or slightly diminished medially; otherwise as for A. fuscoflava. Labral fan: stem short and not markedly pigmented, ca. 34–36 dark brown fine rays, five posterior rays finer than others, length 0.66 mm, mid-ray width 0.013 mm; no conspicuous microtrichial pattern—most of similar length with longer ones (length 0.02 mm) at irregular intervals, ‘spines’ at base of ray not markedly developed, rather as series of short microtrichia and ill-defined serrations. Mandible (Fig. 156): various; darkly pigmented; short; apical brushes poorly developed; outer teeth short; apical tooth prominent; subapical teeth small and subequal in length; six or seven spinous teeth, distal one well developed; serration and sensillae moderately expressed; blade region straight. Maxilla: palp cone-shaped, varied, 1.6–2.1× as long as basal width, very dark; hairs at base of palp not markedly developed. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 157): shallow U-shaped; posterior tentorial pits small and rounded; postgenal bridge evenly light brown; elongated posteroventral muscles spots not markedly obvious. Hypostoma (Fig. 158): variable; not prominent; teeth 0–2 smaller and depressed, flanked by larger tooth 3, number and development per side various; tooth 4 well developed with broad base, protruding; teeth 5–7 small, tooth 8 small, but distinct and directed slightly laterally; ventral edge of hypostoma partially obscuring teeth 0–2; lateral serrations small, numerous and overlapping; four or five short substantial hypostomal setae per side; ratio of hypostoma: genal bridge: postgenal cleft 1.0:1.6:0.5. Thorax (Fig. 159): yellowish grey; gill histoblast with five to seven primary trunks visible, occasional bifurcations, directed ventrally, sharply posteriorly then anteroventrally, with filament tips directed anterodorsally, producing overall blunt L-shape. Prothoracic proleg: well developed with distinct Lshaped lateral plates; lappets absent, however, some larvae show rudiments of these (e.g., Fig. 50). Abdomen: not markedly expanded posteriorly, evenly mottled yellowish brown, paler anteriorly, darker posteriorly. Rectal papillae: three simple lobes. Ventral tubercles: absent. Anal sclerite (Fig. 160): variable, complex, anterior arms flared, occasionally with rectal scales; main body of sclerite moderately developed, posterolateral arms absent; posterior extensions into junction of circlet of hooks not markedly developed, not joined, (i.e., ‘hole’ open); posteroventral arms elongated and finely tapered; ca. five campaniform sensilla (typical number) between the posteroventral arms and circlet of hooks. Posterior circlet: not markedly developed, directed posteriorly, ca. 109 – 119 rows of hooks with 16–19 per row (total ca. 2,000).</p> <p>First instar (Three specimens, Purling Brook Falls). Body: length, 0.60–0.66 mm. Head: length and width 0.13 mm. Labral fan: six or seven short rays. Hypostoma (Fig. 161): with straight sides, 15 teeth, tooth 0 prominent, teeth 1–3 small, tooth 4 prominent, teeth 5–7 with the first smaller; a single hypostomal seta. Antenna (Fig. 162): single article, length 0.023 mm; single apical and two basal sensilla. Anal sclerite: not evident. Posterior circlet: ca. 50 rows of hooks with three or four hooks per row (total ca. 175).</p> <p>Pharate 2 nd instar larva (from one of the previous 1 st instar larvae) (Fig. 162). Labral fan: nine or 10 rays. Hypostoma: similar in expression to 1st instar; single hypostomal seta. Antenna: single article, length 0.036 mm; sensillae as for 1st instar. Other characters not evident.</p> <p>Etymology. Not specified by Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 170), but clearly named as the eastern form of Cnephia tonnoiri.</p> <p>Types. Holotype: Female. Little Nerang Creek, south coast Queensland. September. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Exact label data not recorded, but probably as for the paratype. Examined by LHG-A in 2007 (Fig. 133).</p> <p>Paratype: [Little Nerang Cr./S.Q. 10 Aug., 1948] [Cnephia tonnoiri / orientalis M.&amp;M./ PARATYPE. {F}] [Aust. Nat./Ins. Coll.] Collector not indicated. (S28.1900º E153.2700º). Condition good. Originally on minuten pin, now mounted on slide. A male paratype was photographed by LHG-A in 2007 (Fig. 142). Bugledich (1999: 328) listed two male and one female adult paratypes, plus another male, in the British Museum.</p> <p>Additional material. Collected mainly by M. Colbo, DAC and JKM. Alcohol: Larvae, pupae [ANIC Database No./ 29 026748]; [UASM #/ 370729, 370730; 370801, 370802; 370847, 370848]. Slide mounts: All stages [UASM #/ 370782–370800].</p> <p>Bionomics. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 170) state that “ The early stages occur in clear, moderate to fast, turbulent streams, generally adjacent to, rather than in, the line of fastest flow. They are nearly always attached to vegetation, rarely to stones. Adults have not been collected in the field. ” The type locality, Little Nerang Creek (Fig. 163) is shallow with hard rock substrate and fast flow, albeit shallow. Female adults have markedly small mouthparts in relation to head size and reduced numbers of teeth on the lacinia and mandible, plus a well developed claw tooth— indicating ornithophily?</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 197). Queensland. Mt. Haig, 21 km NEE of Atherton, at light, S17.0900º E145.6000º. 17 Nov. 1981. Adult. Coll. D.H. Colless (ANIC). West of Gordonvale, Goldsborough State Forest, Kearneys Falls, S17.2350º E145.7853º. 24 Mar. 1992. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick. Paluma Range Nat. Park, Little Crystal River, cascade, S19.0156º E146.2641º. 25 April 2002. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Carnarvon Nat. Park, Moss Garden &amp; Hell Hole, S25.0552° E148.2114°. Larva, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Carnarvon Nat. Park, Kooraminya Creek, trib. Carnarvon River, S25.0600º E148.2300º, 18 Mar. 1982. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Carnarvon Gorge, S25.0611º E148.2351º. 4 Nov. 1973. Larvae, pupae. Coll. H.A. Standfast (ROM). Mt. Glorious, Brisbane, Cedar Creek Falls, S27.3220° E152.7762°. 2 May 1974. Larvae, pupae. Coll. D.A. Craig. (UASM). Mt. Glorious, Brisbane, S27.3341° E152.7674°. 6 Apr. 1973. Coll. M.H. Colbo (UASM). South Queensland, Upper Mudgeeraba Creek, S28.1630º E153.3100º. 26 Aug. 1950. 10 adults. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Mudgeeraba Creek, S28.1658º E153.3101º. 26 Aug. 1950, 16 Aug. 1950. Female &amp; males. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Springbrook National Park, Purling Brook Falls, S28.1898º E153.27091º. 23 June 1971. Larvae. 9 Nov. 1971. Larvae, pupae. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM). Purling Brook Falls, S28.1898º E153.27091º. December. Coll. Mackerras (1950). Little Nerang Creek, S28.1906º E153.2710º. 10 Aug. 1948. Female paratype. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Springbrook South, Purling Brook, S28.1899º E153.2706º. 4 Dec. 1949. Larvae, pupae, adults. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). South Queensland, Little Nerang River, S28.1890º E153.2710º. Larvae, pupae. Aug. 1948. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). South Queensland, Little Nerang River, S28.1890º E153.2710º. 25 Sept. 1949. Coll. I. &amp; M. Mackerras (ANIC). South Queensland, Little Nerang Creek. S28.1890º E153.2710º. 26 Aug. 1950. Adult. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Springbrook, S28.1901º E153.2709º. 4 Dec. 1949. Male and females. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Springbrook National Park, Twin Falls, S28.2000º E153.2700º. 9 Nov. 1973. Larvae, pupae. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM). Springbrook, Puky Brook, S28.2100º E153.2700º. 4 Dec. 1949. Larvae, pupae, adults. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Lamington National Park, S28.2100º E153.1400º. 5 Nov. 1961. Adult. Coll. I.F.B. Common &amp; M.S. Upton (ANIC). South Queensland, Mudgurata Creek, 26 Aug. 1950. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Springbrook, Blackfellow Creek, S28.4330º E151.4833º. 25 Feb. 1971. Larvae, pupae. Coll. M.H. (ROM). Springbrook, Goomoolahra Falls, S28.2233º E153.2849º. 25 Feb. 1971, 25 Jun. 1971. Larvae, pupae. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM). Wilsons Peak, Teviot Brook, S28.2500º E152.4800º.?- iv-1971. Larvae, pupae. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM). Nerang River. 26 Jun. 1971. Larvae. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM).</p> <p>New South Wales. Coutt’s Water, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.4752&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.3485" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.4752/lat -30.3485)">Ebor</a>, S30.3485º E152.4752º. January. Coll. Unknown (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1952). Ebor, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.349&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.401" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.349/lat -30.401)">Coutts Water</a>, trib., S30.4010º E152.3490º. 10 Jan. 1952. Larvae. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Macdonald River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=151.1577&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.8785" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 151.1577/lat -30.8785)">Bendemeer</a>, S30.8785º E151.1577º. 30 Sept. 1950. Larva, pupae. Coll. Mackerras (ANIC). Barrington Tops, S32.0660º E151.6620º. March. Coll. McMillan. Laheys Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-32.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.31/lat -32.25)">Moonbi Range</a>, S32.2500º E149.3100º. September. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Hartley, small trib. River Lett, S33.5400º E1700º. 12 Oct. 1950. Larvae. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Hartley, S33.5440º E1705º. 9 Dec. 1931. 7 adults. Coll. F.H. Taylor (ANIC). Orange, Mt. Canoblas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.019&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.019/lat -33.335)">Molong Creek</a>, S33.3350º E149.0190º. 10 Oct. 1958. Larvae. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Mt. Canoblas, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.019&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.019/lat -33.335)">Molong Creek</a>, S33.3350º E149.0190º. 12-15 Oct. 1950. two reared adults. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Brown Mt., <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.592" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.445/lat -36.592)">Rutherford Creek</a>, S36.5920º E149.4450º. 17 Jul. 1963. Adult. Coll. Z. Liepa (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.022&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.819" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.022/lat -33.819)">Janolan Caves</a>, S33.8190º E150.0220º. No date. Adult. Coll. J.C. Wiburd (ANIC). Bendimeer, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=151.157&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.892" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 151.157/lat -30.892)">Macdonald River</a>, S30.8920º E151.1570º. 3-6 Oct. 1950. two reared adults. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Several creeks between Mt. Canoblas and <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.06/lat -33.3)">Bumberry</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=149.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 149.06/lat -33.3)">Orange District</a>, S33.3000º E149.0600º. October. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Hartley, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.17&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.54" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.17/lat -33.54)">Lett River</a>, S33.5400º E150.1700º. October, Coll. Unknown (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=150.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 150.05/lat -33.82)">Jenolan Caves</a>, S33.8200º E150.0500º. Male. Coll. J.C. Wilburo (ANIC). Alpine Highway, Tom Grogin, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.1348&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.5377" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.1348/lat -36.5377)">Murray Gorge</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.1348&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.5377" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.1348/lat -36.5377)">Snowy Creek</a>, S36.5377º E148.1348º. 16 Nov. 2011. Larvae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (UASM).</p> <p>Australian Capital Territory. Upper Paddy’s River, S35.4600º E149.0200º. 9 Sept. 1962. Larvae. Coll. Unknown. Det. J. Prince (ANIC). Upper Paddy’s River, S35.4600º E149.0200º. 17 Nov. 1962. Adult. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Paddy’s River, near Cotter Junction, S35.3264 E145.9480. 16 Nov. 1949. Larvae. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Coree Creek, S35.3300º E148.8700º. 25 Jan. 1931. Adult. Coll. A.L. Tonnoir (ANIC). Canberra, S35.2740º E149.1140º. 6 Nov. 1929.Adult. Coll.A.L. Tonnoir (ANIC). Black Mountain, CSIRO. Light trap, S35.2740º E149.1140º.Adults. 10 Aug. 1953. Coll.A. Dyce, 23 Oct. 1959, 9 June 1961. Coll. I. F. B. Common, Black Mountain, Light trap on CSIRO, S35.2748º E149.1134º. 23 Oct. 1959. Female. Coll. I.F.B. Common (ANIC). Canberra, S35.2823º E149.1287º. November (Tonnoir) (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1952, 1955). Cotter River, S35.3200º E148.940º. Nov. (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras). Uniarra State Forest, Coree Creek, S35.3300º E148.8700º. Nov, Jan. (Tonnoir), (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras). Paddy’s River, S35.4500º E149.0500º. Nov. (Mackerras). Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve, trib Tidbinbilla River, Lyrebird Stream S35.4559º E148.8830º. 18 Sept. 2011. Pupa. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (UASM). Pierce Creek Forest, Scenic Road, culvert, 1.7 km from Paddys Road, S35.3498º E148.9491º. 24 Sept. 2011. Larvae. Colls. D.A. &amp; R.E.G. Craig (UASM).</p> <p>Victoria. Log bridge Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.71&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.71/lat -36.21)">West Corryong</a>, S36.2100º E147.7100º. 16 Sept. 2006. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.71&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.71/lat -36.21)">Larvae. Coll. Zwick. Snobs Creek Falls</a>, S37.3300º E145.8990º. 19 Dec. 1972 Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC).</p> <p>South Australia (Adelaide Peninsula). Scotts Bottom, S34.9691º E138.9445º. Sept. Brownhill Creek, S34.9896º E138.6373º. Sept. Sellicks Hill, S35.3300º E138.4800º. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.498&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.376" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.498/lat -35.376)">Oct. Myponga Creek</a>, S35.3760º E138.4980º. Sept. Coll. Lines. (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1955).</p> <p>Tasmania. Cam River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.0172&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.0432" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.0172/lat -41.0432)">Back Cam Road</a>, S41.0432º E145.0172º. CAMR01. 22Aug. 2006. Larvae. Coll. M. Jack. DPIPWE (TMAG). Rheban, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.899&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.646" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.899/lat -42.646)">Sandspit River</a>, S42.6460º E147.8990º. 21 Jan. 1949. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.0/lat -41.28)">Pyengana</a>, S41.2800º E148.000º. 2 Mar. 1963. Adult. Coll. I. F. B. Common &amp; M. S. Upton (ANIC). Penguin, Penguin Creek, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.0689&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.0689/lat -41.114)">Hayward Street</a>, S41.1140º E146.0689º, BLYT04. 18 Nov. 2005. Larvae. Coll. D. Horner, DPIPWE (TMAG). Don River, Sheffield <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.3189&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.2829" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.3189/lat -41.2829)">Road</a>, S41.2829º E146.3189º, MERS37. 18 Oct. 2006. Larvae. Coll. T. Krasnicki, DPIPWE (TMAG). Arthur River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.416&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.2936" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.416/lat -41.2936)">Pykes Bridge</a>, S41.2936º E147.4160º, ARTH01. 21 Mar. 2007. Larvae. Coll. T. Krasnicki DPIPWE (TMAG). Emu River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.9572&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.2981" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.9572/lat -41.2981)">Fern Glade Reserve</a>, S41.2981º E147.9572º, EMUR01, 5 May 2005. Larvae. Coll. D. Horner, DPIPWE (TMAG). Florentine River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.8171&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4947" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.8171/lat -41.4947)">Florentine Road</a>, S41.4947º E146.8171º, UDER008. 22 Mar. 2005. Larvae. Coll. T. Krasnicki, DPIPWE (TMAG). North West Bay River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.2503&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.0084" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.2503/lat -42.0084)">Miandetta Drive</a>, S42.0084º E147.2503º, HOBA04. 12 Oct. 2005. Larvae. Coll. D. Horner DPIPWE (TMAG). Rheban, Griffith River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.8996&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.646" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.8996/lat -42.646)">Sandspit River</a>, S42.6460º E147.8996º. January. Coll. Mackerras. (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950: 170). North West Bay River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.1973&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.9705" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.1973/lat -42.9705)">Huon Highway</a>, S42.9705º E147.1973º, HOBA07. 4 Oct. 2005. Larvae. Coll. S. Meyer, DPIPWE (TMAG). Allens Rivulet, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.207&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.9914" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.207/lat -42.9914)">Sandfly Road</a>, S42.9914º E147.2070º, HOBA13. 13 Oct. 2005. Larvae. Coll. J. Latton, DPIPWE (TMAG). North West Bay River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.2246&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.9923" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.2246/lat -42.9923)">Margate</a> weir, S42.9923º E147.2246º, HOBA05. 12 Oct. 2005. Larvae. Coll. T. Krasnicki, DPIPWE (TMAG). North West Bay River, upstream of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.2245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.9939" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.2245/lat -42.9939)">Allens Rivulet</a>, S42.9939º E147.2245º, HOBA06. 20 Apr. 2006. Larvae. Coll. T. Krasnicki, DPIPWE (TMAG). Mountain River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.0495&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.0138" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.0495/lat -43.0138)">Ranelagh Bridge</a>, S43.0138º E147.0495º, HUON018. 27 Sept. 2005. Larvae. Coll. S. Meyer, DPIPWE (TMAG). North West Bay River, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=147.2655&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-43.0213" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 147.2655/lat -43.0213)">Channel Highway</a>, S43.0213º E147.2655º, HOBA01. 5 Oct. 2005. Larvae. Coll. T. Krasnicki, DPIPWE. TMAG.</p> <p>Remarks. The distribution of A. orientalis is of some interest. It is widespread in Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania, however, not so in Victoria where it is known only from two localities and in South Australia only from the Adelaide Peninsula. Given the intense collecting by the authors in Victoria this gap would appear to be correct. Further collection from the Adelaide Peninsula might be informative.</p> <p>Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 170) noted that it was not possible to distinguish the female adults of the then orientalis fuscoflava from those of fuscoflava and that it was closely related to aurantiaca and tonnoiri, albeit aurantiaca lacked the spot on the wing. They comment on differences in number of gill filaments—the type locality and southern populations having lower numbers—50. Further, those with higher numbers had filaments branching close to the base. Our observations agree in that those with lower numbers do not. Colbo (pers. com., 2012) also knows of populations from Carnarvon Gorge (500+ km NW of Brisbane, S25.0500º E148.2200º) that have much larger numbers of gill filaments. These discrepancies are indicative of closely related entities, similar to that hypothesized for A. aurantiaca. Indeed, material from Springbrook has larvae where the anal sclerite is similar to that of aurantiaca, but the overall head is as for orientalis, however, the maxilla and mandible are aurantiaca -like, while the pupa has abdominal pleurites, as does orientalis s.s.</p> <p>Craig (1974) and Ross &amp; Craig (1978) reconfirmed that 1 st instar larvae of Prosimulinii virtually lack labral fans; apparently first noted by Strickland (1913: 48) and definitively so by Davies (1960: 81). Colbo (1974: His Fig. 4) illustrated the 1 st instar larval head structures of A. orientalis, clearly showing distinct labral fans and we have observed these as well. Similarly for A. tonnoiri (Fig. 193); supporting well the contention that Austrocnephia is not Prosimulinii. Colbo (loc. cit.) also illustrated a minute anal sclerite for A. orientalis. For A. tonnoiri 1 st instar larvae (see latter) there is but a faint trace of this sclerite. This is of interest since Crosby (1974: 23) indicated the anal sclerite was absent in Austrosimulium 1 st instar larvae, developing only in the 2 nd.</p> <p>Other characters of interest in mature larvae are the markedly serrated lateral edges of the hypostoma (Fig. 158) and apparent ‘rectal scales’ on either side of the anal sclerite anterior arms (Fig. 160), unique within the genus. Colbo (1974: 66) noted those as well. Further, while the central gap of the anal sclerite has medial posterior projections as seen in the aurantiaca species-group, the number of campaniform sensilla between the posteroventral arm and the circlet of hooks is four to five—more typical for simuliids.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87CCFFA94438FF30FB7BABDD5758	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Douglas A.;Currie, Douglas C.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.;Moulton, John K.	Craig, Douglas A., Currie, Douglas C., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Moulton, John K. (2019): Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera. Zootaxa 4627 (1): 1-92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4627.1.1
038A87CCFFA54442FF30FF76AA875496.text	038A87CCFFA54442FF30FF76AA875496.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrocnephia tonnoiri (Drummond 1931) Craig & Currie & Gil-Azevedo & Moulton 2019	<div><p>Austrocnephia tonnoiri (Drummond 1931). New combination.</p> <p>(Figs. 164–195)</p> <p>Simulium tonnoiri Drummond 1931: 6; original designation.</p> <p>Cnephia tonnoiri tonnoiri. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950: 169; new combination.</p> <p>Cnephia tonnoiri. Rothfels, 1979: 522.</p> <p>(‘ Cnephia ’ of authors) tonnoiri. Crosskey, 1987: 443; undetermined genus in Prosimuliini.</p> <p>(Unplaced species of Prosimuliini) tonnoiri. Crosskey, 1989: 222.</p> <p>Cnephia tonnoiri tonnoiri. Trayler et al., 1996: 286.</p> <p>Paracnephia tonnoiri. Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997: 18; new combination, unplaced to subgenus. Bugledich, 1999: 328. Crosskey &amp; Howard, 2004: 10. Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008: 26; transferred to Simuliini, unplaced to subgenus. Adler, 2019: 33.</p> <p>Redescription. Adult female (based on a few pinned adults plus pharate adults and literature description). Body: head and thorax brownish orange (Figs. 164, 165); abdomen yellow and black; total length ca. 2.8–2.9 mm. Head (Fig. 166): overall reddish brown; width 0.85–0.97 mm, depth 0.57–0.63 mm; postocciput black, vestiture of dense hairs; frons not markedly narrowed, dark brown, vestiture of moderately dense silvery hairs; frons:head-width ratio 1.0.0:6.0–6.2. Eyes: interocular distance 0.16 mm; dark blackish orange, upper ommatidia lighter; ommatidia diameter 0.023 mm; ca. 37 rows across and down at mid-eye. Clypeus: width 0.18–0.24 mm; dark brown, moderate vestiture of fine silvery hairs. Antenna: total length 0.73–0.78 mm, extended well beyond posterior margin of head; evenly dark brown; scape and pedicel slightly broader than flagellomere I, flagellomere II shorter than first, remainder rectangular, barely tapered to apex. Mouthparts: moderately developed, ca. 0.4× length of head depth; maxillary palp, total length 7.4 mm, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomere III darker brown than others, dense vestiture, IV small, V elongated; proportional lengths palpomeres II–V 1.0:0.7:1.5; sensory organ moderately elongated, 0.65× length of palpomere III, opening normal; mandible pointed apically with ca. 27 markedly small inner teeth, outer teeth absent, but with irregular edge, essentially as for A. fuscoflava; lacinia with 13–15 teeth on inner edge, nine teeth on outer; cibarium (Fig. 167) cornuae broad basally, not markedly flared, tapered and curved apically, medial gap small and angulate. Thorax: length 1.4 mm, width 1.3 mm; evenly orange brown; postpronotal lobe well developed with dense fine hair, scutellum slightly paler than scutum, vestiture of sparse very fine yellowish hairs, long black hairs laterally; postnotum concolourous with scutellum; antepronotal lobe with dense pale hair; proepisternum and fore coxa bare; pleuron light brown, anepisternal membrane bare; katepisternal sulcus shallow and broad. Wing: length 2.8–3.4 mm, width 1.5–1.7 mm; membrane slightly fumose on apex and anal lobe, area between costal and radial sector veins faintly yellowish; distal 2/3 of costa with spines, distal 1/3 Sc bare, Rs not branched; a:b ratio 1.0:2.7; M 1 appearing distinctly doubled; CuA slightly sinuous; markedly distinct small pigmented region at r-m cross veins—comprised of pigmented sclerotized region, pigmented veins and concentration of hairs (as for male, i.e., Fig. 176). Haltere: stem pale, knob darker. Legs: evenly yellowish brown, joints tending to darker; hind basitarsus with regular row of stout spines, absent distally; calcipala markedly developed with dorsal notch; pedisulcus only moderately expressed; tarsomere II ca. 1.8× as long as distal width; claw talon fine (Fig. 168) and smoothly tapered, basal tooth cone-shaped, 1/3 length of talon, rounded heel moderately expressed. Abdomen: basal scale dark brown, vestiture of long yellowish hairs; anterior segments yellowish, other segments dark brown, vestiture of dense long pale hairs laterally and posteriorly; tergites markedly poorly sclerotized, barely discernable from remainder of dorsum. Genitalia: sternite VIII dark with distinct anterior edges and medial region, vestiture of microtrichia, large strong hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (Fig. 169) lightly pigmented, vestiture of triads of microtrichia and strong hairs apically, medial edges of valves slightly concave, lightly strengthened anteromedially, moderately rounded apically, with ill-defined edge; cercus in lateral view elongated and rounded apically, with slight medial depression, anal lobe elongated, subequal in length to cercus (Fig. 170); genital fork (Fig. 171) finely expressed, anterior stem narrow, rounded apically, when in situ markedly curved dorsally (distorted in image), no indication of membranous lateral areas, lateral arms narrow, apodeme absent, lateral plates bifurcate; spermatheca elongate and ovoid, dark brown, slightly wrinkled, internal fine spines not obvious, clear membranous area at junction with spermathecal duct small with raised edge (Fig. 172).</p> <p>Adult male (lectotypes and other specimens from ANIC). Body (Figs. 173, 174): overall yellowish orange and black; total length 2.3–3.1 mm. Head (Fig. 175): overall brown; width 0.90–0.95 mm, depth 0.71–0.79 mm; hairs yellow. Eyes: upper ommatidia bright yellowish orange, large, diameter 0.047 mm, ca. 16 across and down; lower ommatidia blackish orange, markedly smaller, diameter 0.018 mm, ca. 32 across and down. Clypeus: black; width 0.13–0.21 mm; vestiture of sparse stiff black hairs. Antenna: total length 0.57–0.75 mm; darker basally, evenly yellowish brown otherwise; scape and pedicel subequal in length, scape dark brown, flagellomere I slightly narrower than scape, other flagellomeres tapered slightly to apex. Mouthparts: insubstantial; length 0.16–0.20× head depth; maxillary palp 0.63 mm long, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomeres III &amp; IV subequal in length, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.8:1.8, sensory vesicle spherical in shape, occupying 0.25× palpomere length, opening 0.5× vesicle width; lacinia with hairs apically; mandible not observed. Thorax: length 1.3–1.4 mm, width 0.80–0.96 mm; markedly domed, head angled ventrally; postpronotal lobe with slightly longer hairs than scutum; antepronotal lobes with sparse clump of longish fine pale hairs, scutum evenly medium brown, vestiture of fine golden hairs longer anteriorly, scutellum concolourous with scutum, vestiture of long pale hairs laterally, postnotum darker than scutum; proepisternum bare; pleuron brown, anepisternal membrane bare. Wing: length 2.9 mm, width 1.4 mm; membrane slightly fumose at apex, slightly so on anal lobe; yellowish tint between C and Sc; basal medial cell not apparent; a:b ratio 1.0:3.0; costa with spines, marked pigmented region at r-m cross veins, comprised of concentration of hairs on R 1 and pigmentation of junction (Fig. 176); Rs not branched; M 1 appearing distinctly doubled, CuA not markedly sinuous. Haltere: base of stem pale, knob dark tan. Legs: overall yellowish with dark articulations; hind basitarsus with ventral row of stout spines, absent distally; calcipala essentially as for female; tarsal claw as for other species. Abdomen: overall yellow and black, basal scale hairs pale yellow, extended to posterior of segment IV, tergites not markedly sclerotized, 2.0–3.5× as wide as long, markedly hirsute laterally, more so on posterior segments, hairs yellowish, long and dense; pleurites absent; sternites essentially absent, slightly expressed posteriorly. Genitalia: overall small and moderately sclerotized (Fig. 177); gonocoxa 2× longer than its basal width, strengthened and scalloped posteromedially, vestiture of sparse hairs (Fig. 178); gonostylus in ventral view narrowed and tapered, broad in lateral view, approximately 1.5× longer than basal width, two substantial, short, blunt, apical spines; ventral plate (Fig. 179) small, simple, 2.0× wider than long in ventral view, posterior edge thickened apically, slightly concave to convex (depending on view), broadly rounded laterally with straight edge angled anteriorly towards basal arms, slightly convex anteromedially, vestiture essentially absent, but with sparse central hairs, basal arms distinct, albeit not markedly developed, paramere connectors well expressed; median sclerite poorly expressed, as two widely separated arms extended just beyond posterior edge of ventral plate, junction with ventral plate not obvious; parameres plate-like basally, tapered distally with corrugations apically, spines poorly expressed as three or four small blunt structures (Fig. 178); adeagal membrane with sparse microtrichia.</p> <p>Pupa (based on numerous specimens). Body: female length 3.0– 4.2 mm (Fig 183), male length 3.2–3.6 mm; cuticle clear brown. Head: frons of female quadratic, ratio of basal width to vertex width and height, 1.0:1.3 and 1.0:1.6 respectively (Fig. 180), that of male ovoid; ratios 1.0:1.9 and 1.0:2.5 respectively (Fig. 181), cuticle not tuberculate; in male, frontal and facial setae present, in female frontal setae absent, in both male and female facial setae are well developed and curved—almost spine-like; antennal sheath of female extended beyond margin of ocular shield, that of male markedly not so. Thorax: smooth, dorsocentral setae, stiff, spine-like, tips usually curled. Gill (Fig. 182): total length ca. 0.95–1.60 mm; antler-like with 26–36 filaments arising from five to seven markedly short basal trunks, branching at irregular intervals, some branches short, surface with distinct fine pseudoannulations, smooth apically; tips often broken in mature pupae, otherwise as for A. orientalis. Abdomen (Fig. 184): essentially as for A. fuscoflava.</p> <p>Cocoon (Fig. 183). Close fitting, usually covering pupa completely, slightly slipper-shaped; irregular weave, silk fibers fine; considerable extraneous material incorporated.</p> <p>Larva (based on numerous specimens, Kangaroo Gully). Body (Fig. 185): total length 6.6–7.6 mm; overall mottled grey; smoothly expanded from the thorax posteriorly. Head (Fig. 186): overall markedly bicolourous, yellow and dark brown, head spot pattern positive; length 0.75–0.96 mm, width 0.71–0.83 mm; distance between antennal bases 0.36–0.43 mm; anterior margins of head subparallel, diverging posterior of stemmata; ecdysial lines well visible, slightly divergent until posterior of stemmata, then very broadly curved laterally then medially; cervical sclerites elongated and fused to postocciput; genae brown. Antenna: not extended to end of labral fan stem; total length 0.30–0.35 mm; basal article pale proximally, darker brown distally, medial article and distal articles evenly light brown; medial article slightly narrowed along length, basal article markedly shorter than medial article, proportional lengths of basal, medial and apical articles 1.0:1.2:1.7. Labral fan: stem short, not markedly pigmented, ca. 26–36 fine rays, ten posterior rays finer than others, length 0.74–0.88 mm, mid-ray width 0.014 –0.018 mm; pattern of microtrichia not marked, longer microtrichia subequal in length to ray width. Mandible (Fig. 187): darkly pigmented; not noticeably short; outer teeth short and distinct; apical tooth prominent; subapical teeth small and subequal in length; ca. six spinous teeth, distal tooth markedly developed, others short; serration and sensilla well developed, slightly complex; blade region short and straight. Maxilla: palp cone-shaped 2.4–2.6× as long as basal width, very dark; hairs at base of palp not markedly developed, various. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 188): markedly shallow with medial projection—variable; posterior tentoral pits distinct and rounded; postgenal bridge evenly pale contrasting with slightly darker genae; elongated posteroventral muscles spots distinct, but not markedly so; suboesophageal ganglion slightly pigmented and obvious. Hypostoma (Fig. 189): well pigmented; tooth 0 distinct but not markedly prominent, teeth 1 &amp; 2, small, tooth 3 larger (various, often absent from one side), tooth 4 well developed and flanged; teeth 5–7 small and various, tooth 8 small, obvious, and directed slightly laterally; ventral edge of hypostoma partially obscuring teeth 5–7; lateral edges of hypostoma straight, six to nine small lateral serrations, other smaller serrations more laterally; four or five substantial hypostomal setae on each side; ratio of hypostoma to genal bridge and postgenal cleft 1.0:1.3:0.3. Thorax: mottled grey; gill histoblast (Fig. 190) broadly L-shaped, with five primary trunks visible, directed ventrally, then posteriorly, then sharply anteroventrally; thinner pale tips of filaments directed anterodorsally. Prothoracic proleg (Fig. 191): lateral plates not markedly developed or L-shaped; lappets sometimes present as small clear tubercles. Abdomen: evenly expanded from anterior to posterior segments, not markedly expanded at segments VII &amp; VIII; evenly mottled medium grey, paler anteriorly, darker posteriorly with some yellow. Rectal papillae: three simple lobes. Ventral tubercles: absent. Anal sclerite (Fig. 192): anterior arms slightly flared; main body of sclerite not well developed; posteromedial hole open, posterolateral arms absent; posteromedial extensions projecting from base of each posteroventral arm into the dorsal junction of hooks in circlet not markedly developed; posteroventral arms elongated and finely tapered; only five to eight campaniform sensilla between the posteroventral arms and circlet of hooks. Posterior circlet: well developed, ca. 150 rows of hooks with 17–23 hooks per row (total ca. 3,100).</p> <p>First instar (one specimen). Body. Length 0.79 mm; head (Fig. 193). Labral fans: ca. 12 fan rays, length ca. 0.08 mm. Hypostoma (Fig. 194): tooth 0 prominent, teeth 1–3 subequal, tooth 4 slightly larger, teeth 5 &amp; 6 present, teeth 7 &amp; 8 barely evident; hypostomal groove distinct. Anal sclerite: barely evident, associated campaniform sensilla distinct. Circlet of hooks: with ca. 45 rows of hooks, with two or three hooks per row (total ca. 112).</p> <p>Etymology. Named by Drummond (1931: 6) in honour of Australasian simuliidologist André Léon Tonnoir.</p> <p>Types. Drummond did not designate a holotype, but labeled material as co-types. Subsequent labeling, probably by the Mackerras’, designated a holotype and an allotype. Bugledich (1999: 329) followed suit listing a male holotype, plus one male and four female paratypes. Under present Code, the former should be referred to as the ‘Lecotype’; the others as ‘Paralectotypes’.</p> <p>Lectotype. Pinned male. Examined by LHG-A in 2007 and photographed (Fig. 173). Type locality Western Australia, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.99" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.05/lat -31.99)">Lesmurdie</a> (S31.9900° E116.0500°). 18 Oct. 1930. Coll. F. H. Drummond. (Fig. 195). Exact labeling not recorded.</p> <p>Paralectotypes. Two pinned specimens examined. Male, head missing. Label data:- [From pupa/ Lesmurdie/ 18. 10. 30 / Coll. F. H. D.] [Co-type Simulium / tonnoiri] [Simulium /tonnoiri {M}/ Drum/ Paratype] [Red card] [Aust. Nat./ Ins. Coll.]. Now as microscope slide. Female, same labels, but with {F}.</p> <p>Additional material. A single specimen is housed in the medical entomology collection, Westmead Hospital, Sydney. Label:- [Species number 01002B1H7] [Lab number (79-1640)] [Cnephia tonnoiri tonnoiri] [01/10/29,] [Tillyard] [Lesmurdie Plains, WA]. This predates Drummond’s collection and is assumed here to be the original discovery of the species, that which led Drummond to collect at Lesmurdie a year later. He made no comment. The specimen was not examined.</p> <p>Alcohol material: All stages; collected variously by D. Bedo, H. &amp; P. Zwick and JKM. [ANIC Database No./ 29 026532–026539; 29 026746; 29 026750; 29 026847]; [UASM #/ 370822–370826]. Slide mounts: All stages [UASM #/ 370807–370821]</p> <p>Bionomics. Drummond (1931: 8) and Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1949: 384) noted that A. tonnoiri breeds in a wide range of stream types. Drummond (loc. cit.) commented that pupae often form clumps with only the posterior tip of the cocoon attached—a behaviour reminiscent of pupae for the aurantiaca species-group. Behaviour of adults is unknown—we assume that the female is non-biting of humans, at least; an assumption supported partly by the markedly small teeth only on the medial side of the female mandible.</p> <p>Prince (1980) in an ecological study of simuliids in Jane Brook, a small stream in the Darling Range, WA, found that larvae of Austrocnephia tonnoiri were present from March until December, with peak numbers in March. Fast flow and rocky substrate were attributes of the habitats. No adults were ever taken in the field. Austrosimulium furiosum, A. bancrofti and Simulium ornatipes occurred in the same stream reach. Simulium ornatipes was, however, largely separated in time, being more common in the summer and A. furiosum preferred the slower flows.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 197). Western Australia. Near Perth, Bullsbrook, S31.6700° E116.0300°. 16 Aug. 1953. Four adults. Coll. D.L. McIntosh (ANIC). Jane Brook, S31.8808° E116.0862°. (Prince, 1980). Walyunga National Park. S31.7300° E116.0600°. 26 May 2007. Larvae. Coll. L. Gil-Azevedo (ROM). Perth, S31.9400° E115.8500°. July 1930. Two adults. Coll. Drummond. 15 Nov. 1924. 20 adults. Coll. Nicholson (ANIC). South of Perth, Serpentine Falls, S32.3690° E116.0065°. 26 Oct. 2002. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Lesmurdie, S.31.9900° E116.0300°. 9 Dec. 1949. Larvae, pupae. Coll. D. Saunders (ANIC). Lesmurdie, S31.9900° E116.0300°. Oct. 1949. Pupae and larvae. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Lesmurdie Fall, S31.9951° E116.0333°. Sept. 1929. Pupae. Coll. A. Tillyard (ANIC). Lesmurdie Plains, S32.0000 E116.0500. 1 Oct. 1929. Coll. Tillyard (WMH). Jarrah Forest, Brookton Highway, Route 40, Kangaroo Gulley, S32.1181° E116.1527°. 7 Nov. 1996. Larvae, pupae, reared adults. Coll. J.K. Moulton (UASM). Kelmscott, Route 40, Brookton Highway, Stoney Brook, S32.1250° E116.0472°. 14 Nov. 1996. Pupae, reared adults. Coll. J.K. Moulton (UASM). Near Perth, Canning Dam, Kangaroo Gulley, S32.1480° E116.1210°. 11 Jul. 1971. Larvae. Coll. D. Bedo (ROM). Wungong Brook, S32.1921° E116.0081°. Aug. Larva. Coll. Nicholson (ANIC). South of Perth, Serpentine River, S32.3700° E 116.0000°. Mar. 1972. Pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Pinjarra, east of Waroona. Lane Poole Reserve, Icy Creek, S32.8090° E116.0950°. Oct 2005. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Harvey, S33.0760° E115.9052°. Mar. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Margaret River, S33.9400° E115.0700°. 10 Nov. 1958. Adult. Coll. E.F. Riek (ANIC). NW Pemberton, Donnely River, S34.1070° E115.9900°. Mar. 1972. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Stirling Ranges, Moingup Springs, S34.4100° E 118.1500°. 28 Oct. 2005. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Beedelup National Park, Carey Brook, S34.4100° E115.8000°. Mar. 1972. Pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Beedelup National Park, Beedelup Falls, S34.4186° E115.8688°. 1972. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Beedelup Falls, S34.4186° E115.8688°. 13 Nov. 1958. Five adults. Coll. E.F. Riek (ANIC).</p> <p>Prince (1980; her Fig. 3) mapped some 70 localities for A. tonnoiri, from north of Perth to Stirling Range National Park, southern Western Australia, but detailed localities were not given.</p> <p>Remarks. Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1949: 380, 384) originally considered material from Canberra and Coree Ck., ACT, as A. tonnoiri, but subsequently (Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950: 170) restricted distribution to Western Australia and considered that the then Cnephia tonnoiri consisted of three subspecies, tonnoiri, orientalis and fuscoflava.</p> <p>Rothfels (1979) in a cytological examination of Australian Austrocnephia (as Cnephia at the time), stated that A. tonnoiri occurred not only in Western Australia, but also Tasmania. That distribution has been cited since (e.g., Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997: 18). Of note was that A. tonnoiri consisted of two chromosomal siblings, but it is not clear if they were separate in Western Australia and Tasmania. This latter point is of biogeographical interest, since no material of A. tonnoiri is currently known from Tasmania, given the broadly-based collections (see Distribution(s) given) that have been made there. Austrocnephia orientalis is, however, widely distributed. Is it possible that A. orientalis of Tasmania is more closely related to the Western Australian A. tonnoiri than to A. orientalis on the neighbouring mainland? Certainly, larvae of Tasmanian A. orientalis are distinct from populations on the mainland, as noted previously.</p> <p>Further, in none of the Mackerras’ work is C. tonnoiri recorded as occurring in Tasmania. Indeed, they comment that Cnephia material from the peninsula south of Adelaide, South Australia, was not as might be expected of C. tonnoiri tonnoiri from Western Australia, but was of the eastern C. tonnoiri orientalis. Prince (1980: 71) also does not report A. tonnoiri (as C. tonnoiri tonnoiri) occurring in Tasmania. Thence, we are of the opinion that the records of A. tonnoiri in Tasmania are, for the present, in error. Bugledich (1999: 329) too has A. tonnoiri present in eastern Australia—again in error?</p> <p>Colbo (1974) described and illustrated the head of a first instar larva of Cnephia tonnoiri orientalis —now Austrocnephia orientalis. That, similar to first instar A. tonnoiri, dealt with already, possesses labral fans, clearly indicating that, as he noted, these species are not Prosimuliini. The hypostoma is similar in first instar larvae of both species (Figs. 161, 194), showing a developmentally plesiomorphic arrangement for those teeth. Similarly, Craig (1975: 466, 1997: 890) showed that highly apomorphic hypostomal teeth in Tahitian larval simuliids, have, in their first instar larvae, a very similar basic arrangement to that shown here—indicative perhaps that this is a plesiomorphic arrangement for Simuliini larval hypostomas? Be that as it may, Colbo (1974: 123) illustrated hypostomas of Austrosimulium bancrofti and Aust. pestilens first instar larvae, expressed both as in their respective mature larvae and not in the suggested plesiomorphic state as above.</p> <p>Drummond (1931: 4) in discussing predators of Australian simuliids, commented that for A. tonnoiri, where the pupa are clumped and accumulate material, chironomid larvae were often present in and around the cocoons. He suggested that perhaps the chironomid larvae were preying on the simuliids, but in a footnote, comments that Tonnoir suggested the chironomids were merely commensals. We too have noted presence of chironomid larvae in the pupal mats and tend to agree with Tonnoir. Drummond (loc. cit.) further commented that cocoons of A. tonnoiri are very rough with a wide array of foreign material incorporated (Fig. 183). Also, that when the cocoons are clumped, often in groups of 10 or more, only the posterior of the cocoon is attached to the substrate (we too have noted this arrangement for aurantiaca and strenua). Cocoons are usually found on stones, rarely on grass, in both fast and slow water (Fig. 195). Also noted was the dichromatic condition of the female eye (Fig. 166) and the marked pigmentation at the r-m veins junction (Fig. 176). That latter character, consists of campaniform sensillae located at the base of Rs, plus a concentration of pigmented hairs on R 1 and slight pigmentation of the wing membrane; producing the appearance of three closely adjacent pigment spots.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87CCFFA54442FF30FF76AA875496	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Douglas A.;Currie, Douglas C.;Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.;Moulton, John K.	Craig, Douglas A., Currie, Douglas C., Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Moulton, John K. (2019): Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera. Zootaxa 4627 (1): 1-92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4627.1.1
