taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F8A34BFFD214614ACBFF5A3FD6996F.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PARAGUAY: [Pastoréo-mi à la Est de la Cordillère de Villarica], 25 September 1874, B. Balansa 568. Lectotype, designated by Moldenke (1970: 365) as “ type ” and corrected here, B! [B 10 0247854] fragment, isolectotypes BR! [BR 0000008554048], F photo! [F 0045750 F] fragment, G! [G 00004573], G! 2 X [G 00195500], K! [K 000587311], LE! [LE 00001137], P! [P 00713450], P! [P 00716650], P! [P 00716651], NY! [NY 00102796] fragment, S! [S-R- 3866].	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Echternacht, Lívia (2023): Notes on Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from central Brazil and Paraguay. Phytotaxa 598 (2): 145-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4
03F8A34BFFD214614ACBFF5A3FD6996F.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Paraná: [Serra dos Dourados, PR. Cerradinho. Campo úmido], October 1958, R. Braga & R. Lange 92. Holotype LL! [LL 00374665], isotype UPCB! [UPCB 0002273]. syn. nov.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Echternacht, Lívia (2023): Notes on Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from central Brazil and Paraguay. Phytotaxa 598 (2): 145-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4
03F8A34BFFD214614ACBFF5A3FD6996F.taxon	discussion	Notes: — Ruhland (1903) described Paepalanthus balansae based on the specimens B. Balansa 568 collected in Paraguay and distributed trough many European and North American herbaria. Moldenke (1970) stated that the specimen at B is the type and the specimens in other herbaria are isotypes. Although Wilhelm Ruhland annotated on the exsiccate labels that the specimen in BR is a type specimen and the specimen at B is a fragment of the specimen from BR, Moldenke’s (1970) designation is not in serious conflict with the published protologue, as the specimen at B has enough material to enable us to distinguish the species, and the designation satisfies the ICN articles 7.10, 7.11, 9.10, and 9.23 (Turland et al. 2018). Therefore, although it is not the best option, the specimen at B should be treated as the lectotype (McNeill 2014, Prado et al. 2015), and Moldenke (1970) “ type ” citation is here corrected. Moldenke (1962) described Paepalanthus balansae var. densiflorus based on the specimen R. Braga & R. Lange 92 collected in Paraná (Brazil) and said to be deposited in his personal herbarium in Yonkers, New York. The only specimen matching the collection number, date, and place is the specimen now housed at LL, and it also bears the typical Moldenke “ type ” label. There are however specimens deposited in NY [NY 00501296] and in US [US 01932715] holding labels with the same collector number, but with a posterior date and from different collection sites. We consider thus that the only specimen fully matching the protolog is the specimen at LL with a duplicate found at UPCB. These specimens should be treated as the holotype and isotype of the species, respectively. Moldenke (1962) distinguished P. balansae var. densiflorus based on the globose and many-flowered capitula of ca. 1 cm in diameter. Such circumscription falls within the range of morphological variation of the typical variety and the heterotypic variety is thus proposed here as synonymous. When detailing Paepalanthus balansae, Moldenke (1970) cited the name P. scholiophyllus var. balansae Ruhland ex Moldenke as its synonym with additional references. The name indeed appears only in lists of species and in the label of a few specimens numbered as Hassler 9499 (e. g. US [US 01932714]). As no proper description or diagnosis was published, the name is considered as nudum according to article 38 of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018). As indicated by Moldenke (1970), the specimen Hassler 9499 is within the range of morphological variation of P. balansae and should be treated only at the species level. Exsiccate list: — Arbo 8857 (HUEFS, MO); Balansa 568 (B, BR, F, G, LE, K, P, NY, S); Basualdo 4694 (MO); 6447 (MO); Braga 92 (LL, UPCB); 92 (NY, US); Brunner 1510 (MO, SPF); Casas 3865 (NY); 4006 (NY); 7539 (NY, MO); Hahn 1774 (MO); Hassler 4448 (NY, MO, P, US); 9499 (NY, MO, P, US); 11345 (P); Hatschbach 48461 (MBM, MO, US); 58708 (MBM); Mereles 1051 (MO); Pedersen 15045 (L, MBM, MO); Rojas 4067 (MO); Schinini 5820 (NY).	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Echternacht, Lívia (2023): Notes on Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from central Brazil and Paraguay. Phytotaxa 598 (2): 145-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4
03F8A34BFFD2146C4ACBF93A3D939CFD.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. S „ o Paulo: [In humidis Araracoara et Va Franca], May 1834, L. Riedel 2204. Lectotype, designated by Trovó & Sano (2010: 277), B! [B 10 0243935], isolectotypes G! [G 00099098], G! [G 00099099], K! [K 000587299], L! [L 0821070], LE! [LE 00001128], LE! [LE 00001129], NY! [NY 00102899], P! [P 00716707], P! [P 00716708], S! [S-R- 3897], U! [U 0008294], UPS! [UPS V- 232910].	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Echternacht, Lívia (2023): Notes on Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from central Brazil and Paraguay. Phytotaxa 598 (2): 145-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4
03F8A34BFFD2146C4ACBF93A3D939CFD.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Goiás: [Capelinha de Santo Antonio, dans le campo sec], 23 October 1894, A. F. M. Glaziou 22315. Lectotype, designated by Moldenke (1976: 142) as “ type ” and corrected here, B! [B 10 0157344], isolectotypes C! [C 10011013], G! [G 00099073], K! [K 000640023], LL! [LL 00374792] fragment, P! [P 00741982]. syn. nov.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Echternacht, Lívia (2023): Notes on Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from central Brazil and Paraguay. Phytotaxa 598 (2): 145-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4
03F8A34BFFD2146C4ACBF93A3D939CFD.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. S „ o Paulo: [Corrego Fundo], 14 November 1899, A. Loefgren 1485. Holotype R! [R 000181863], isolectotypes LL! [LL 00374748] fragment, P! [P 00741966], SP! [SP 032319].	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Echternacht, Lívia (2023): Notes on Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from central Brazil and Paraguay. Phytotaxa 598 (2): 145-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4
03F8A34BFFD2146C4ACBF93A3D939CFD.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Goiás: Campo Alegre de Goiás, 16 August 1980, G. Hatschbach 43162. Holotype LL! [LL 00374785], isotype HBG! [HBG 506613], MBM! [MBM 067641], US! [US 00088391]. syn. nov.	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Echternacht, Lívia (2023): Notes on Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from central Brazil and Paraguay. Phytotaxa 598 (2): 145-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4
03F8A34BFFD2146C4ACBF93A3D939CFD.taxon	discussion	Notes: — K ̂ rnicke (1863) described Paepalanthus lundii based on the syntypes Riedel 2204 and Lund s. n., being mainly distinguished by the linear to lanceolate leaves (ca. 6 – 10 × 0.1 – 0.3 cm) with longer trichomes at the base and more sparsely pilose towards the acute apex, the cream-coloured capitula, and the noteworthy paleaceous, linear to lanceolate involucral bracts. Trovó & Sano (2010) designated the specimen Riedel 2204 collected in humid areas of the state of S „ o Paulo and deposited at B as the lectotype of the species, and placed P. macrotrichus under synonymy with P. lundii. In the protolog of P. scholiophyllus, Ruhland (1903) describes this very same set of characters, but with the leaves and scapes being slightly longer (ca. 15 – 20 × 0.2 – 0.35 cm). Ruhland (1903) places P. scholiophyllus in P. subsect. Aphorocaulon Ruhland (1903: 167) due to the very brief foliose lateral branches, while P. lundii belongs to P. ser. Paepalanthus. Costa & Sano (2013), when merging P. subsect. Aphorocaulon into Actinocephalus, excluded P. scholiophyllus from the re-circumscribed Actinocephalus. After evaluating the type specimens, recent specimens, and collecting along the species distribution range including the surroundings of the type localities, we argue that Paepalanthus scholiophyllus should be treated as synonymous with P. lundii. The presence of the short foliose lateral branches bearing a single or a few inflorescences is observed in specimens along the entire distribution, not justifying the initial Ruhland (1903) segregation. We also observed a significant variation in size and indumentum of leaves, even within the same population. The gynoecium morphology corroborates the synonymization, with both taxa having simple stigmatic branches. This new circumscription is also congruent with the geographical distribution, as the species grows in usually humid places along the Paraná River Basin in the hydrographic mesoregions of Tietê, Grande, and Paranaíba (Fig. 4). We observed ants visiting the inflorescences of populations in the field at localities in Brasília (Distrito Federal) and Cristalina (Goiás state), corroborating the ant pollination syndrome described for the P. lundii populations from Uberlândia (Del-Claro et al. 2019). The specimens from the Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais state) being treated as conspecific to Paepalanthus lundii extend the morphological variation of this species, as such specimens have usually longer and wider leaves (up to 25 × 1.5 cm) and sometimes bear more than one inflorescence in each lateral foliose branch. The specimens from Cristalina present an intermediate morphology, being smaller but also with wider leaves. Such larger individuals from the Serra da Canastra and Cristalina were seen growing usually in drier soils, which may reflect in the morphology of these individuals. We also observed collections gathered in the same area in the Distrito Federal varying from larger (Irwin 8700, NY) to very small individuals (Trovó 807, RB), reflecting the species’ morphological plasticity, also probably reflecting drier and more humid sites within the same area. Finally, the specimens collected in the vicinity of Uberlândia (Minas Gerais state) are also morphologically slightly different, consistently presenting numerous inflorescences per plant, more membranaceous leaves, and rarely keeping the older dry leaves retaining the lignified tissues as seen in P. balansae. Ruhland (1903) described Paepalanthus scholiophyllus based on the specimens Glaziou 22315 distributed in many herbaria, as seen by his annotations on the specimen labels. Moldenke (1976: 142) referred to the specimen at B as the type and other specimens as isotypes. Although Costa & Sano (2013) treated the specimen at B as the holotype, we argue that the Moldenke (1976) indication should be treated as an inadvertent lectotype indication (Prado et al. 2015) according to ICN articles 7.10, 7.11, 9.10, and 9.23 (Turland et al. 2018). It is also worth noting that the specimen at P bears the original label precisely describing the location. So, we may conclude that the type specimens were gathered in the vicinity of Santo Antônio do Descoberto along the border of Goiás state and the Distrito Federal. Moldenke (1982) described Paepalanthus pulchellus var. puberulentus based on the collection Hatschbach 43162 from humid areas in the vicinities of Campo Alegre de Goiás. This taxon was distinguished from the typical form of Paepalanthus pulchellus Herzog (1924: 85), a species endemic to Bahia state, solely based on the dense puberulent sheaths (Moldenke 1982). This taxon, however, bears many other differences with its presumed typical variety, such as the paleaceous involucral bracts, the acute to rounded leaf apex, the indument of the leaves, and additional floral differences. Such differences, and the allopatric distribution of these taxa could justify the elevation of the taxon to the species level. However, the morphology of the type specimens of Paepalanthus pulchellus var. puberulentus fits within the morphological variation proposed here for P. lundii, a sympatric taxon with wider distribution and large morphological variation. Paepalanthus pulchellus var. puberulentus is therefore proposed as a synonym. Wilhelm Ruhland annotated some specimens of A. Glaziou 22302 (B, P 2 X) as Paepalanthus scholiophyllus var. minor, but never formally published this name. Moldenke (1976) cited these specimens as types of P. scholiophyllus var. minor Ruhland ex Moldenke, but also never validated the name by publishing a description or a diagnosis according to article 38 of the current ICN (Turland et al. 2018). As seen in the specimens, these individuals flowered after a fire event, a situation already described from other species from central Brazil (Trovó 2018). We may hypothesize that these individuals are small due to fire induced flowering at young stages. Even though small, these specimens are within the range of morphological variation and geographical distribution of P. lundii proposed here. To avoid further nomenclatural mistakes, the specimens A. Glaziou 22302 (B, P 2 X) should be treated only at the species level. Exsiccate list: — Aguiar 150 (HEPH); Amaral 15 a (HUFU); s. n. (HUFU 22607); s. n. (HUFU 27873); s. n. (HUFU 27877); s. n. (HUFU 27898); Assis 877 (HRCB, SPF); Arantes 218 (HUFU); Araújo 1535 (HUFU); 1539 (HUFU); 1811 (HUFU); 2031 (HUFU); Azevedo 247 (HEPH; HUEFS); Barbosa 1337 (HUFU); 1535 (HUFU); 2303 (HUFU); 2304 (HUFU); 2318 (HUFU); 2245 (HUFU); 2368 (HUFU); 2742 (HUFU); 3043 (HUFU); s. n. (HUFU 16963); s. n. (HUFU 32423); s. n. (HUFU 32424); s. n. (HUFU 37888); Bexiga 1 (RB); Carneiro 12 (HUFU); Carvalho 458 (UB); Cavalcanti 3057 (CEN); Coelho s. n. (HUFU 59571); Echternacht 2618 (HUFU); Eiten 5106 (UB, US); Fantinati 13 (SPF); Faria s. n. (HUFU 24041); Farinaccio 201 b (SPF); Fleury-Silva 271 (HUFU); Giroldo 57 (CEN, UB); Glaziou 22302 (B, P); 22315 (B, C, G, K, LL, P); Gonzaga 1081 (RB); Hatschbach 41684 (MBM, MO, NY); 43162 (HBG, LL, MBM, US); 45637 (MBM, NY, US); Hemsing 338 (HUFU); 369 (HUFU); Irwin 8700 (K, NY, US); 9976 (MO, NY, UB, UPCB, US); Loefgren 1485 (LL, P, R, SP); Lund s. n. (G 0099100); Mello-Silva 1979 (UFMG); Munhoz 1858 (SPF); 7844 (UB); 7898 (RB, UB); Nakajima 518 (HUFU); 1005 (HUFU); 2116 (HUFU, SPF); 2881 (HUFU); Oliveira 552 (HUFU); 1203 (HUFU); 1347 (HUFU); 1670 (HUFU); 2013 (HUFU); 2372 (HUFU); Pott 5083 (HUEFS); Queiroz 15104 (HUEFS, SPF); Rezende 177 (CEN, HUEFS); Riedel 2204 (B, G, K, L, LE, NY, P, S, U, UPS); Rodrigues 902 (HEPH); Rodrigues-da-Silva 1138 (HUEFS); Romero 897 (HUFU); 1505 (HUFU); 2863 (HUFU); Silva 79 b (UB); Silva s. n. (HUFU 32289); Splett 49 (UB); Tannus 554 (HRCB); 634 (HRCB); 695 (HRCB); Trovó 196 (SPF); 807 (RB); Vieira 7 (HUFU).	en	Trovó, Marcelo, Echternacht, Lívia (2023): Notes on Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from central Brazil and Paraguay. Phytotaxa 598 (2): 145-156, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.598.2.4
