taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B387CDFFF99263FF26F8EFF18325B4.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CHINA. Zhejiang Province: Lishui City, Jingning County, Baiyun Protection Station. 1131.3 m elev., 27 ° 72 ′ 57.76 ″ N, 119 ° 64 ′ 12.09 ″ E, on bark of Cunninghamia R. Br., 2 December 2020, C. G. Zhao & Lu L. Zhang 20211617 (Holotype in SDNU).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFF99263FF26F8EFF18325B4.taxon	description	Thallus corticolous, up to 3 cm across, suborbicular, sometimes flaking off, loosely to firmly appressed to the substrate, felty to byssoid, dull, white in the center, whitish grey to greyish green along the margin, in section up to 200 µm thick, with abundant calcium oxalate crystals throughout the thallus (insoluble in KOH, dissolving and recrystallizing as colourless, needle-shaped crystals in 10 % H 2 SO 4), with 1 – 2 µm wide hyphae. Hypothallus whitish, byssoid, composed of 1 – 2 µm wide hyphae. Prothallus up to 2 mm broad, whitish, indistinct, byssoid, composed of interwoven and radiating hyphae. Pseudisidia numerous, sparse to dense, dispersed or 2 – 3 in coralloid aggregations, often branched, swollen, subglobose to ± vermiform, rounded at the top, of the same colour as the thallus, compact with few projecting hyphae, 0.15 – 0.18 mm in diam., or 0.22 – 0.3 × 0.11 – 0.18 mm. Photobiont trentepohlioid, single or a few cells aggregated; cells yellowish, 10 – 12.5 × 7 – 8 μm. Asci and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry and spot tests: Thallus and prothallus K−, C−, P + bright yellow, UV−, I + blue in medulla. TLC: psoromic acid (major), 2 ’ - O-demethylpsoromic acid (minor).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFF99263FF26F8EFF18325B4.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The epithet “ glaucescens ” refers to the whitish grey colour of the thallus and the pseudisidia.	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFF99263FF26F8EFF18325B4.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and distribution: The new species was found growing on bark of Cunninghamia R. Br. at the Baiyun Protection Station in the Zhejiang Province and the bark of other trees in the Daming Mountain National Nature Reserve of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFF99263FF26F8EFF18325B4.taxon	discussion	Note: This species is characterized by a thallus with swollen, compact, subglobose to ± vermiform, often branched pseudisidia, with few projecting hyphae, and the presence of psoromic and 2 ’ - O-demethylpsoromic acids. Although H. globosum G. Thor (2009: 42) also has globose pseudisidia and contains psoromic acid, it lacks calcium oxalate crystals, has a red hypothallus and prothallus, the upper parts of its pseudisidia are dark red and often with black spots (Aptroot et al. 2009). Herpothallon biacidum Frisch, Elix & G. Thor (2010: 286) possesses a loosely attached thallus with abundant calcium oxalate crystals, globular to short cylindrical pseudisidia, up to 0.30 × 0.12 mm, in small coralloid aggregations, but it has a brown to blackish brown hypothallus and produces gyrophoric and norstictic acids (Frisch et al. 2010). Herpothallon coralloides Jagadeesh (2014: 40) is also similar to H. glaucescens because of its firmly to loosely appressed thallus and white prothallus, cylindrical pseudisidia that are simple to irregularly branched and coralloid, but the pseudisidia of H. coralloides are much larger, up to 1.0 × 0.1 mm. The two species also differ in chemistry, H. coralloides containing confluentic and norstictic acids (Jagadeesh Ram 2014). Phylogenetically, H. glaucescens is the sister taxon to H. echinatum (Fig. 1), they are similar in containing psoromic acid as a major secondary metabolite, but H. echinatum has a much softer thallus, often seemingly farinose due to loose soredioid fragments, and its pseudisidia are cylindrical, more elongated, up to 0.5 × 0.1 mm, and are mostly unbranched, felty with projecting hyphae.	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFF99263FF26F8EFF18325B4.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimen examined: CHINA. Guangxi Province: Nanning City, Wuming County, Daming Mountain National Nature Reserve, 592.0 m elev., 23 ° 30 ′ 12.336 ″ N, 108 ° 26 ′ 08.231 ′′ E, on bark of a tree, 30 December 2020, X. Zhang et al. 20211618 (SDNU).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFF9261FF26FBF2F3AD27E3.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Yang Jia Ao township, Bi Er Tang village. 874 m elev., 27 ° 52 ’ 27.59 ” N, 107 ° 58 ’ 10.71 ” E, on rock, 10 June 2022, L. L. Liu, Y. X. Bi, Z. H. Jiang & D. C. Yan 20220232 (Holotype in SDNU).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFF9261FF26FBF2F3AD27E3.taxon	description	Thallus corticolous or saxicolous, up to 3.5 cm across, irregular shaped, sometimes flaking off, loosely appressed to the substrate, rather soft, felty, often seemingly farinose, dull, white to cream white, in section up to 200 µm thick, with many calcium oxalate crystals throughout the thallus (insoluble in KOH, dissolving and recrystallizing as colourless, needle-shaped crystals in 10 % H 2 SO 4), with 1 – 2 µm wide hyphae. Hypothallus whitish, byssoid, composed of 1 – 2 µm wide hyphae. Prothallus up to 0.8 mm broad, whitish, indistinct, byssoid to cottony, composed of interwoven and radiating hyphae. Pseudisidia numerous, unbranched, soft, whitish subglobose or irregularly cushion-shaped, fluffy-felty with many projecting hyphae, basally of the same colour as the thallus, upper parts often lilac to lilac grey, 0.1 – 0.45 mm in diam .. Photobiont trentepohlioid, in short, irregular threads; cells yellowish green, 10 – 15 × 5 – 8 μm. Asci and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry and spot tests: Thallus and prothallus K−, C−, P + bright yellow, UV−, I + blue in medulla, the lilac to lilac grey parts K + black blue, C−. TLC: psoromic acid (major), an unknown substance (minor), 2 ’ - O-demethylpsoromic acid (minor).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFF9261FF26FBF2F3AD27E3.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The epithet “ lilacinum ” refers to the lilac to lilac grey pseudisidia.	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFF9261FF26FBF2F3AD27E3.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and distribution: The new species was found growing on rock wall by the roadside and bark of a tree in Guizhou Province.	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFF9261FF26FBF2F3AD27E3.taxon	discussion	Notes: This species is characterized by the subglobose or irregularly cushion-shaped, lilac to lilac grey, fluffy-felty pseudisidia, 0.1 – 0.45 mm in diam., the psoromic and 2 ’ - O-demethylpsoromic acids, and an unknown substance chemistry. Herpothallon lilacinum is most similar to H. weii Yuliang Chen & Haiying Wang (2012: 440): both contain psoromic acid and the similar unknown substance, but H. weii has a tightly appressed thallus, an I− medulla, a distinct prothallus, pinkish and larger, and not whitish subglobose pseudisidia, up to 1 × 0.5 mm (Cheng et al. 2012). Crypthonia albida (Fée) Frisch & G. Thor (2010: 290) also has fluffy-felty pseudisidia and contains psoromic acid as its major substance, but has loosely byssoid, whitish pseudisidia, up to 1.0 × 1.0 mm (Frisch & G. Thor, 2010). Herpothallon himalayanum Jagadeesh & Sinha (2009: 40) and H. capilliferum Pengfei Chen & Lulu Zhang (2022: 02) are also similar to H. lilacinum in producing fluffy-felty pseudisidia, but they differ in secondary chemistry: Herpothallon himalayanum contains gyrophoric acid as its major substance (Jagadeesh & Sinha, 2009), and H. capilliferum only contains norstictic acid (Chen et al. 2022). Phylogenetically, H. lilacinum clusters with H. echinatum and H. glaucescens (Fig. 1), they all possess psoromic acid as major, but H. echinatum and H. glaucescens have subglobose or cylindrical pseudisidia, all without the unknown substance.	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFF9261FF26FBF2F3AD27E3.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimen examined: CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Yang Jia Ao township, Bi Er Tang village. 874 m elev., 27 ° 52 ’ 27.59 ” N, 107 ° 58 ’ 10.71 ” E, on rock, 10 June 2022, L. L. Liu, Y. X. Bi, Z. H. Jiang & D. C. Yan 20220231, 20220237, 20220238, 20220239, 20220240, 20220253 (SDNU); Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Xu Jia Ba town, Zhang Jia Gou village, along the stream. 851 m elev., 27 ° 55 ’ 33.38 ” N, 108 ° 1 ’ 59.13 ” E, on bark of a tree, 11 June 2022, L. L. Liu, Y. X. Bi, Z. H. Jiang & D. C. Yan 20220090 (SDNU).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFD9261FF26FE19F44E2E5F.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — CHINA. Fujian Province: Longyan City, Dongxiao National Forest Park, Barbecue field. 450 m elev., 24 ° 58 ’ 25.33 ” N, 117 ° 0 ’ 56.67 ” E, on bark of a tree, 12 July 2022, L. L. Liu, J. X. Xue & L. Wang 20220468 (Holotype in SDNU).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFD9261FF26FE19F44E2E5F.taxon	description	Thallus corticolous, up to 2 cm across, suborbicular to sometimes irregular, not flaking off, loosely to firmly appressed to the substrate, soft, minutely felty, dull, blue green to greenish grey, in section up to 120 µm thick, with few calcium oxalate crystals throughout the thallus (insoluble in KOH, dissolving and recrystallizing as colourless, needle-shaped crystals in 10 % H 2 SO 4), with 1 – 2 µm wide hyphae. Hypothallus whitish, byssoid, composed of 1 – 2 µm wide hyphae. Prothallus up to 0.9 mm broad, whitish, distinct, byssoid, composed of interwoven and radiating hyphae. Pseudisidia numerous, unbranched, globular, of the same colour as the thallus, soft, felty with many projecting hyphae, 0.06 – 0.12 mm in diam .. Photobiont trentepohlioid, single or a few cells aggregated; cells yellowish green, 12.5 – 15 × 5 – 10 μm. Asci not seen. Pycnidia embedded in the tips of some pseudisidia, opening with a apical pore, pigmentation occasionally extending along the pycnidial wall. Conidia simple, hyaline, short bacilliform, 3 – 4 × 1 – 1.5 μm. Chemistry and spot tests: Thallus and prothallus K−, C−, P−, UV−, I− in medulla. TLC: confluentic acid (major), 2 ’ - O-methylmicrophyllinic acid (minor).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFD9261FF26FE19F44E2E5F.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The epithet “ tomentosum ” refers to the pseudisidia felty with many projecting hyphae.	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFD9261FF26FE19F44E2E5F.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology and distribution: The new species was found growing on bark of trees beside a stream of Dongxiao National Forest Park and on bark of trees beside a mountain path of Tianzhu Mountain Forest Park of Fujian Province.	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFD9261FF26FE19F44E2E5F.taxon	discussion	Notes: This species is characterized by the globular pseudisidia each containing a pycnidium, 0.06 – 0.16 mm in diam., and the presence of confluentic and 2 ’ - O-methylmicrophyllinic acids. Herpothallon tomentosum is most similar to H. cinereum G. Thor (2009: 34) in its minutely felty thallus, the white, byssoid-felty prothallus and the presence of confluentic and 2 ’ - O-methylmicrophyllinic acid in its thallus. However, H. cinereum has a loosely appressed thallus, up to 200 μm thick, and cylindrical pseudisidia up to 0.5 × 0.1 mm, without pycnidia at their tips. Herpothallon tomentosum has the same chemistry as H. confluenticum Aptroot & Lücking (2009: 36); both have pycnidia at the tips of their pseudisidia, but the latter has a rather firm thallus delimited by a dirty whitish prothallus, on a whitish to brownish hypothallus, and cylindrical pseudisidia that are partly cauliflower-like at the tips, up to 0.6 × 0.2 mm (Aptroot et al. 2009). The specimens of H. echinatum that Bungartz et al. collected from Ecuador (2013: 752) also have a non-pigmented thallus, prothallus and hypothallus, globular pseudisidia with pycnidia at the tips, and bacilliform conidia (3 – 4 × 1 – 1.5 μm), but they contain psoromic acid (Bungartz et al. 2013). Two other morphologically similar species are H. biacidum and H. subglobosum Pengfei Chen & Lulu Zhang (2022: 07): both have a minutely felty thallus and globular pseudisidia, but differ in chemistry: H. biacidum contains gyrophoric and norstictic acids (Frisch et al. 2010), whereas H. subglobosum contains gyrophoric, lecanoric and umbilicaric acids (Chen et al. 2022). Phylogenetically, H. tomentosum belongs into a different monophyletic clade from the other species in clade B (Fig. 1), demonstrating that it is a distinct species. As part of our survey, we collected multiple specimens of the new species in two areas. These specimens are similar in morphological and anatomical characters except that some of the specimens lack pycnidia. In our phylogenetic analysis this material appears on the same branch, with a relatively close evolutionary distance, strongly supported (BS = 100, PP = 1.00).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
03B387CDFFFD9261FF26FE19F44E2E5F.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimen examined: CHINA. Fujian Province: Longyan City, Dongxiao National Forest Park, Barbecue field. 450 m elev., 24 ° 58 ’ 25.33 ” N, 117 ° 0 ’ 56.67 ” E, on bark of a tree, 12 July 2022, L. L. Liu, J. X. Xue & L. Wang 20220477 (SDNU); Fujian Province: Longyan City, Dongxiao National Forest Park, Bajiao forest to Suoluo group. 558 m elev., 24 ° 58 ’ 21.42 ” N, 117 ° 1 ’ 1.71 ” E, on bark of a tree, 12 July 2022, L. L. Liu, J. X. Xue & L. Wang 20220565, 20220582, 20220587 (SDNU); Fujian Province: Xiamen City, Tianzhu Mountain Forest Park, No. 3 branch road near the air monitoring station. 183 m elev., 24 ° 35 ’ 46.33 ” N, 117 ° 54 ’ 31.06 ” E, on bark of a tree, 11 July 2022, L. L. Liu, J. X. Xue & L. Wang, 20220442, 20220443, 20220462, 20220463 (SDNU).	en	Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie, Zhang, Lulu (2023): Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 597 (4): 287-296, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4
