taxonID	type	description	language	source
03E287AEFFA5FFBB86B26CD4FE8DF8A1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: elements of the main song sharply inflected (Fig. 2), differing significantly from those of all other taxa except the resident aeruginosus populations in the Moluccas (Figs. 2, 3); basic morph of Sundaic morphotype (see 3.2.2 (1) above); body medium-sized and tail proportionally long: wing c. 110 – 120 mm, tail / wing ratio 1.00 – 1.12 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa clearly barred dusky on cinnamon, and ventral white barred clearly black with vestigial cinnamon wash; juveniles intermediate in depth of tones and density of markings. Although populations from Sundaland and the Philippines exhibit the greatest variation in song note pace, overlapping many other taxa, their song is characterized by elements of a generally shorter duration (Fig. 4). On bioacoustic grounds, therefore, these populations form a clearly diagnosable taxon group within the complex. Whether as a species or subspecies of variolosus sensu lato, sepulcralis has been recognized by all reviewers since Stresemann (1912) distinguished it from similar-looking but sympatric east Asian Cacomantis merulinus (Table 1).	en	Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard, Rheindt, Frank E. (2022): Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex. Zootaxa 5091 (1): 69-106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3
03E287AEFFA4FFB986B26D80FD94FEC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: main song of two types, one representing the main song in the rest of the complex with elements resembling those of sepulcralis but more variable in form (Fig. 2), and the other a unique and more frequent ‘ locomotive’ vocalization of prolonged series of rapidly uttered clipped whistles on the same pitch; basic morph of Wallacean morphotype (see 3.2.2 (2) above), but paler with light copper-green dorsal sheen and mid brownish rufous ventral surface, and extensive white toothing on inner vanes of outer rectrices; body medium-sized and tail proportionally long: wing c. 112 – 122 mm, tail / wing ratio 1.02 – 1.14 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa dully barred dusky on cinnamon, and ventral white barred clearly black with moderate, if variable, cinnamon wash; juveniles dark-toned with fine markings. The ‘ locomotive’ vocalization (Rheindt & Hutchinson 2007; Tebb et al. 2008; Thibault et al. 2013) has provided grounds for separating this form from sepulcralis at species rank (del Hoyo & Collar 2014; Clements et al. 2019; Gill et al. 2021). Payne (2005) assessed its populations as intergradient with dorsiventrally greyer Australo-Papuan variolosus, using comments from Hartert (1925) in support. We read those comments as referring instead to putative intergradation between two subspecies of variolosus in the Moluccas (see 4.4.1.1 below). Adding to the original six AMNH specimens of the north Moluccan population (heinrichi Stresemann, 1931), we have now traced a further six in AMNH, RMNH, ANSP, identified by tail / wing ratios greater than 1.02. The resulting series, from Obi, Bacan and Halmahera, is uniform in plumage and long-tailed (Table 2), without any phenotypic sign of intergradation with Moluccan populations of variolosus. If the main song common to the complex is ancestral, then the ‘ locomotive’ vocalization in aeruginosus may well have developed as an isolating mechanism against migrant and, in the north, resident populations of variolosus.	en	Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard, Rheindt, Frank E. (2022): Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex. Zootaxa 5091 (1): 69-106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3
03E287AEFFA4FFBA86B269B4FEC7FBFD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: main song of one type, elements short and uniquely ‘ ˄ ’ - shaped (Fig. 2), and delivered faster than in other differentiates except for Philippine sepulcralis; basic morph of Wallacean morphotype (see 3.2.2 (2) above), but darker with mid copper-green dorsal sheen and deep brownish rufous ventral surface, and much reduced white toothing on outer rectrices; body small and tail proportionally very long: wing c. 108 – 116 mm, tail / wing ratio 1.10 – 1.24 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa clearly barred dusky on cinnamon, and ventral white barred clearly black with moderate, if variable, cinnamon wash; juveniles dark in tone and finely marked. In these populations, elements of the main song almost completely lack overlap with other taxa in frequency change from the first to the second portion of the element (when divided into three equal portions; Fig. 4). Furthermore, their short element durations and fast song pace overlap significantly only with Moluccan aeruginosus (Fig. 4); as detailed under 4.3 below, the latter has additional, unique vocalizations. Since Stresemann (1912), this form has been treated as a subspecies of sepulcralis or associated with it because of its rich dark rufous plumage over the entire ventral surface. Eaton et al. (2016) were the first modern source to distinguish it as a species, based on then-unpublished vocal data. Sympatry reported in Sulawesi between virescens and sepulcralis by Inskipp et al. (1996: 47) was not confirmed in the moderately extensive series available to us (n = 47 adults). The ecology of these two taxa appears to differ, virescens occurring mainly within primary or tall forest (Heinrich 1932; White & Bruce 1986: 234; Eaton et al. 2016) and sepulcralis in more open habitat, forest edge and wooded copses.	en	Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard, Rheindt, Frank E. (2022): Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex. Zootaxa 5091 (1): 69-106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3
03E287AEFFA7FFB986B26C3CFF42F9D2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: main song of one type, elements consistently and characteristically ‘ M’ - shaped (Fig. 2) and delivered at moderate pace; basic morph of Australasian morphotype that varies from pale to dark (see 3.2.2 (3) above); body medium-sized to large and tail proportionally short to mid-length: wing c. 115 – 145 mm, tail / wing ratio 0.80 – 1.06 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa grading from plain with russet flecking on shoulders in paler populations to dully barred dusky on cinnamon in darker birds, and ventral white barred finely dusky in paler populations to boldly black in darker ones, with light to moderate cinnamon wash; juveniles ranging from dark in tone and clouded in markings to pale, brightly and coarsely patterned (Australian populations). In this group, the acoustic impression of the elements of the main song is dominated by the final deflection (Fig. 2). This is reflected quantitatively in terms of the frequency change between element sections, with significant differences from elements in all other primary differentiates (Fig. 4). Element duration is also generally longer, with some overlap only with Sundaic populations (Fig. 4). This species, known traditionally as the “ Brush Cuckoo ” throughout Australasia, varies more regionally than any other in the variolosus complex, and has differentiated into 8 – 9 subspecies, as detailed below (see 4.4.1 following).	en	Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard, Rheindt, Frank E. (2022): Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex. Zootaxa 5091 (1): 69-106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3
03E287AEFFA3FFBC86B26DECFC91FF5D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: main song of one type, elements long and flattened and rather slow-paced (n = 2, Fig. 2); basic morph of Admiralties morphotype (see 3.2.2. (4) above); body small and tail proportionally mid-length: wing c. 106 – 115 mm, tail / wing ratio 0.96 – 1.02 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa dully barred dusky on greyish cinnamon, and ventral white distinct, barred discretely black without cinnamon wash; juveniles intermediate in depth of tones and density of markings, but whiter ventrally than in other differentiates (n = 1). Element shape of song notes is unique except for those in the Solomon differentiate C. addendus (Fig. 2; see below). The bill is also distinctively broad, and this, together with tail proportions, are shared with Bismarck populations and arguably indicative of its derivation (Table 2; also Mayr & Diamond 2001: 235). The greyer dorsum and sharply demarcated grey-and-rufous ventral surface in C. blandus are also unique in the complex, resembling east Asian C. merulinus and leading Rothschild & Hartert (1914 b) to query affinities. White barring in outer rectrices, however, is altogether different — fine teeth in blandus and complete diagonal bars in merulinus. So is the main song, which in merulinus is sepulcralis - like except for falling away in a bubbled jumble of notes at the end. C. blandus has been treated as a subspecies of variolosus by all reviewers since Hartert (1925), based on morphology alone; and its respective phenotypic and vocal similarities to merulinus and Solomon addendus could be either convergent or retained ancestral traits.	en	Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard, Rheindt, Frank E. (2022): Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex. Zootaxa 5091 (1): 69-106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3
03E287AEFFA2FFBC86B269FCFDB4FC6D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: main song of one type or blended with a second ‘ where’s the tea’ vocalization, elements of the main song long and flattened, resembling those of blandus from the Admiralty Islands, but still longer and slower paced (Fig. 2); basic morph of Solomons morphotype (see 3.2.2. (5) above); body medium-sized and tail proportionally long: wing c. 113 – 123 mm, tail / wing ratio 1.09 – 1.15 (Table 2); barred females with dorsa dully barred black on dark cinnamon, and ventral white heavily barred black and pervasively washed cinnamon; juveniles dark in tone and coarsely mottled and barred black on tawny-cinnamon, extending to very broad rufous barring in outer rectrices. Element length, slow song pace and chimeric character of the main song, where main song and ‘ brain-fever’ call run into each other, are unique and render the Solomon population bioacoustically distinct. So does the pervasive rufous wash over the ventrum in barred-morph females and over dorsum and through outer rectrices in juveniles. Except for Rothschild & Hartert (1901), C. addendus has, until now, been treated as a subspecies of variolosus by all reviewers since Hartert (1925).	en	Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard, Rheindt, Frank E. (2022): Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex. Zootaxa 5091 (1): 69-106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3
