identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.text	038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena Motschulsky 1860	<div><p>Genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860</p> <p>Type-species: Parena bicolor Motschulsky, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Parena Motschulsky, 1860: 31; Chaudoir, 1877: 207; Peringuey, 1896: 242, (misspelled as Pazena); Andrewes, 1928: 16; Jeannel, 1949: 971; Jedlička, 1963: 439; Habu, 1967: 149; Habu, 1982: 109; Shpeley, 1986: 269; Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 185; Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1022; Kirschenhofer, 2006: 87.</p> <p>Phloeodromius Macleay, 1871: 85, Type-species: Phloeodromius piceus Macleay, by monotypy; Sloane, 1898: 493; Andrewes, 1919: 483; Andrewes, 1921: 179; Andrewes, 1928: 16 (synonymized with Parena Motschulsky).</p> <p>Umgenia Peringuey, 1898: 324, Type-species: Umgenia formidulosa Peringuey, by monotypy; Peringuey, 1904: 296 (synonymized with Metallica Chaudoir); Basilewsky, 1961: 213 (synonymized with Parena Motschulsky).</p> <p>Prymira Fairmaire, 1899: 76, Type-species: Prymira stigmatica Fairmaire, by monotypy; Alluaud, 1917: 87 (subgen. of Crossoglossa); Csiki, 1932: 1455 (synonymized with Parena Motschulsky).</p> <p>Euprymira Fairmaire, 1901: 122. redundant replacement name for Prymire Fairmaire.</p> <p>Recognition.</p> <p>In addition to the characters states of subtribe Metallicina (Shpeley, 1986: 268), adults of the genus Parena can be recognized by: Head and pronotum yellowish brown to piceous, not metallic; elytra color various, unicolor or with pattern, metallic or not; antennomeres 5–11 with sensory pits on ventral and dorsal surfaces; elytral interval 9 less than half width of normal intervals; each claw with six to ten long pectinations; male mesotarsi with biseriate adhesive setae ventrally. Endophallus of male genitalia with a well chitinized primary sclerite; without flagellum or with flagellum much shorter than aedeagus (compared to Euproctinus); without a group of spines (compared to Metallica and Pachycallida). Gonocoxite II of female ovipositor subquadrate or dichotomous, with four to seven ensiform setae, without membranous apex.</p> <p>Compared with other Lebiini genera showing similar appearances (e.g., Calleida, Paraphaea, Peliocypas), Parena can be recognized by the combination of following external features: mandibles strongly widened; mentum without median tooth; apex of glossal sclerite with four or more apical setae; terminal palpomeres fusiform; cleaning spur close to inner margin of protibia; tarsomeres 4 bilobed; claws strongly pectinate.</p> <p>Morphology.</p> <p>General features: Members of genus Parena are median-sized truncatipennes ground beetles, body length between 6.3–11.7 mm; body form sub-depressed, slightly widened at the apical third of elytra.</p> <p>Color: The head uniformly reddish brown to piceous in most species. Frons with a triangular red patch in some dark species of subgenera Parena and Bothynoptera. Clypeus same color as frons or paler (in some dark species). Mouthparts slightly paler than the head in most species, with terminal palpomeres gradually lightened to apex. Antennomere 1 yellowish or reddish brown, slightly paler than head in most species. Antennomeres 2–4 same color as antennomere 1 in most species, but nearly black in some species of the P. testacea species group. Antennomeres 5–11, and also the apical half of antennomere 4 darkened in the subgenus Crossoglossa and part of the subgenus Parena, but same color as basal antennomeres in the subgenus Bothynoptera and part of the subgenus Parena. Pronotum with disc same color as the head, usually without a well-defined pattern, but with a pair of black stripes in P. emarginata sp. n.; lateral explanations somewhat lighter than disc. Elytral colors varied: uniformly brown or metallic, with diverse dark or light patterns, or with black or metallic lateral stripes. For some of those patterned species, the style of elytra pattern is stable and has importance in species determination; but in other cases, the elytra patterns present dimorphism (e.g., P. africana) or pleomorphism (e.g., P. fasciata), or are varied individually (e.g., P. nigrolineata) or in different geographical populations (e.g., P. malaisei). The entire venter same color as the pronotum in most species, with the exceptions of P. sciakyi sp. n. and P. heteronycha sp. n., which have the metasternum much darker than other parts. Major parts of the legs are usually in the same color as the pronotum. Femora are unicolor in most species, but those of P. picipes sp. n. are black at the apical half. Tibiae are usually the same color as the apical half of femora, with the only exception that the tibiae of P. cruralis are black in contrast to the pale yellow femora. Tarsomeres are the same color as the femora and tibiae for most species, but slightly lighter in some dark species (e.g., P. obscura), or distinctly darkened in all members of the P. testacea group and some of these African species.</p> <p>Microsculpture: Head and pronotum without microsculpture. Labrum with distinct isodiametric microsculpture. Elytra without microsculpture or with shallow isodiametric microsculpture (no species with transverse microsculpture). The presence of elytral microsculpture has no sexual dimorphism but is sometimes variable within species (e.g., P. tripunctata).</p> <p>Head: Vertex shallowly swollen, with surface smooth or finely punctate. Dorsal surface of the head without accessory setae, but with sparse short setae behind the vertex in some species (e.g., P. dorsigera). Frons with a Vshaped depression in the middle, shallow in some species but always recognizable. Frontal furrows shallow and wide, terminated before midpoint of the eyes. Frontoclypeal suture distinct in most species, but partly fused at the middle in some species. Clypeus subquadrate and bisetose. Eyes very large, hemispheric, and strongly convex. Tempora abruptly narrowed, very short with length approximately one-eighth diameter of eye in most species, but much longer in the P. tesari group (one-third to half diameter of eye). Head behind the tempora constricted, parallel-sided, forming the neck-constriction. The sum of the length of the neck-constriction and tempora (namely the distance between the posterior margins of eyes and pronotal anterior angles) is approximately one-third the diameter of the eye in most species, but more than two-thirds of the diameter of the eye in the P. tesari group. Postgenae with a pair of long suborbital setae close to the gular sutures in all species of subgenera Crossoglossa and Bothynoptera (Fig. 3E). Suborbital setae are similar length to the supraorbital setae, but are short (less than half length of the supraorbital setae) in P. heteronycha sp. n. In the subgenus Parena, the suborbital setae absent (Fig. 3F) for most species, but present in species of the P. bicolor and P. stigmatica groups. In a few individuals of the P. dorsigera group, there are two suborbital setae on each side.</p> <p>Antennae: Similar to other arboreal groups of Lebiini, members of Parena have relatively short antennae, barely extended to the base of pronotum in the subgenera Crossoglossa and Parena, extended about one antennomere length beyond the elytral base in the subgenus Bothynoptera. Antennomere 1 thick and arcuate, with a depressed posterior surface (accommodating the convex eyes), with dorsal-posterior margin distinctly ridged and ventral-posterior margin indistinctly ridged. Antennomere 1 with two primary setae near the apex, with the ventral one less than half length of the dorsal one (Figs 1A, 1B, 1C) in most species, but only slightly shorter in the P. scutata group (Fig. 1D). Antennomere 2 has two primary setae of similar length near the apex. Antennomere 3 has five or six primary setae forming the apical ring. The accessory setae on antennomeres 1–3 are absent or represented only by sparse, very short and fine ones in the subgenera Crossoglossa and Parena (Figs 1A, 1C, 1D). Accessory setae are more abundant and longer in the subgenus Bothynoptera, with one or two of them on the antennomere 2 of similar length to the primary ones (Fig. 1B). The apical half of antennomere 4 and all of the following more distal antennomeres are pubescent. Sensory pits are on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of antennomeres 5–11 (Fig. 1E).</p> <p>Mouthparts: Labrum (Figs 1F, 1G) nearly quadrate or very slightly dilated towards the apex, length about two-thirds of width. with six apical setae almost evenly arranged. Apical margin nearly straight in most species (Fig. 1F) or slightly convex, very weakly emarginate in several species of the P. tripunctata group and distinctly emarginate in P. emarginata sp. n. (Fig. 46C).</p> <p>Mandibles widened, with arcuate external edges and strongly extended mandibular scrobes, conspicuously widened in subgenera Crossoglossa and Parena, with each roughly semicircular (Figs 2A, 2B), and less widened in subgenus Bothynoptera, with each rounded-triangular (Figs 2C, 2D, 2E). Mandibular apices very shortly hooked and suddenly turned inward, but slightly more elongate and less turned inward in P. heteronycha sp. n. (Fig. 26C). Left mandible with inner edge of the apical hook formed by the shortened terebral ridge and the cutting edge formed by the retinacular ridge. Right mandible with the cutting edge formed by the terebral ridge. Retinacular ridge of right mandible reduced to a retinacular tooth (rr in Figs 2A, 2B) in subgenera Crossoglossa and Parena, but present as a shortened ridge in subgenus Bothynoptera. In most species of Bothynoptera (rr in Figs 2C, 2E), its length is about one-third of the terebral ridge in ventral view, but more than half of the terebral ridge in P. heteronycha sp. n. (Fig. 26C) and P. taiwana (rr in Fig. 2D). Ventral grooves present, more than two-thirds length of the mandibular mesal edges.</p> <p>Maxillae (Fig. 1H): apex of lacinia strongly hooked, with a smooth inner curved surface. Terminal maxillary palpomeres fusiform in both sexes, glabrous and longer than the penultimate palpomere. Penultimate and antepenultimate palpomeres with several short setae near apex.</p> <p>Mentum varied in shape, without a median tooth, with a pair of setae in subgenera Bothynoptera and Parena (very short in the P. nigrolineata and P. latecincta groups) and without such setae in Crossoglossa. In subgenus Crossoglossa (Fig. 3A), lateral lobes extremely large, with inner margins nearly straight and outer margins fully arcuate; apices of lateral lobes widely rounded and extended well beyond the very narrow epilobes. In subgenera Parena and Bothynoptera (Figs 3B, 3C, 3D), lateral lobes relatively short, with inner margins more or less oblique and outer margins nearly straight or arcuate, and the epilobes relatively wide; apices of lateral lobes narrowly rounded or slightly angulate, only slightly extended beyond the epilobes in subgenus Parena (Fig. 3B), but the epilobes extended beyond the lateral lobes (Figs 3C, 3D) in subgenus Bothynoptera. Glossal sclerite apically truncate, with two to four pairs of setae, the paramedian pair longer than the others. Paraglossae fused to the glossal sclerite, with apices membranous and setose. Terminal labial palpomeres fusiform or subcylindrical, similar in both sexes. Terminal and penultimate labial palpomeres shortly setose, the penultimate palpomere with two long setae on the inner margin and one on the dorsal apex.</p> <p>Submentum with two setae on each side in most species, with the outer one much shorter than the inner one. However, there is only one long seta on each side of submentum in P. heteronycha sp. n.</p> <p>Pronotum: Pronotal shapes are varied among species: nearly rectangular to distinctly transverse. The pronotum of the subgenus Crossoglossa is often wider (PW/PL = 1.50–1.82, generally greater than 1.60) than in other two subgenera, and that of the subgenus Bothynoptera is often narrower (PW/PL = 1.19–1.43, generally less than 1.35). The pronotum is much wider than the head (PW/HW = 1.05–1.26, generally greater than 1.10) in the subgenus Crossoglossa, narrower or barely wider than the head (PW/HW = 0.85–1.13, generally less than 1.10) in the other two subgenera. Anterior margin nearly straight or weakly emarginate at middle, without distinct apical angles. Posterior margin nearly straight at the middle, and more or less oblique laterally. Maximum width of pronotum near the anterior third, but in some species of subgenus Bothynoptera (e.g., P. heteronycha sp. n.), distance between posterior angles is almost equal to the maximum width. Lateral margins more or less sinuate before posterior angles in most species, with two marginal setae, at the maximum width point and the posterior angle, respectively. Posterior angles narrowly rounded or faintly angulate at an obtuse or rectangular angle in most species, but not denticulate. The lateral explanations more or less widened. Basal foveae shallow and wide, without distinct limits. Disc moderately convex, glabrous or finely and sparsely punctate, sometimes faintly wrinkled. Median line fine, slightly deepened anteriorly and posteriorly in some species.</p> <p>Elytra and hind wings: Elytra broad and slightly widened apically. Humeri distinct, widely rounded, without a humeral denticle. Basal ridge incomplete, extended medially only to base of the fourth stria. Elytral disc with a pair of large and shallow depressions near the middle of the interval 3 in many species, absent from several species belonging to different subgenera. In ground plan, the discal depressions are elongate or subtriangular, occupying intervals 3 to 6 and one-third to half of the elytra length. Lateral margins are usually shallowly depressed near the basal third. Intervals 7 and 8 more or less tumid near the apex and elytral surface otherwise even; but in P. heteronycha sp. n., humps are present on the base and middle parts of the lateral intervals. Scutellar striae present on interval 1, of similar depth as normal striae, usually with free apex. Basal pore (bp) present adjacent to stria 1, slightly anterior to apex of scutellum (sa). Interval 3 has three discal setigerous pores (except P. dorsigera) with the basal two (d1, d2) adjacent to stria 3 and the apical one (d3) next to stria 2. In P. dorsigera, one additional discal pore (with two or three as individual variants) is present between d2 and d3 adjacent to stria 2. Discal pores simple, with their diameter less than half of the interval width (Fig. 4D) in most species, but are strongly enlarged forming foveae greater than interval width in P. dorsigera (Fig. 4E), or forming black umbilicular spots in P. heteronycha sp. n. (Fig. 4F). In subgenera Crossoglossa and Parena, d1 very close to the elytra base, on the level only slightly posterior to the apex of scutellum. Thus the distance between d1 and bp is subequal or slightly less than the distance between bp and sa (Figs 4A, 4B, 4C). In contrast, in the subgenus Bothynoptera, d1 is distant from the elytra base, on a level much more posterior to the apex of scutellum. Thus the distance between d1 and bp is about two times the distance between bp and sa (Figs 4D, 4E, 4F). Intervals 5 and 7 are without discal pore on most species, but in a few individuals of P. dorsigera, there is one pore near the middle of interval 5. Elytra striae not or shallowly incised, finely punctate. Intervals flat or slightly convex, with very fine and sparse punctures arranged in an irregular row in most species. Stria 7 with one pore near elytral apical margin. The interval 9 less than half-width of the preceding ones. Umbilicular series composed of 18–28 pores. In the truncatipennes groups of Carabidae, the elytral apex is referred to as the apical truncation, although it is not always evidently truncate. The elytral apex is distinctly truncate in most members of the subgenus Crossoglossa, with the sutural angles usually more or less pointed (Figs 14A–G), except for P. sciakyi sp. n. (Fig. 14H), and the outer apical angles well rounded or weakly angulate (Figs 14I–L). In the subgenera Bothynoptera and Parena, the elytral apex is subtruncate in most species, with the sutural angles not pointed and the outer apical angles well rounded (Figs 5A, 5E). However, in three species groups (P. heteronycha, P. dorsigera, and P. scutata groups), the apex is distinctly truncate, with the apical margin nearly straight or slightly concave. In the P. heteronycha and P. scutata groups, the sutural angles are more or less denticulate (Figs 5B–D, 5F). In the P. heteronycha and P. dorsigera groups, the outer apical angles are prominent but apically rounded (Figs 5F–J). Hind wings are fully developed, with large oblongum and wedge cells. (Fig. 6A)</p> <p>Legs: Metacoxae with two long setae, near ante-lateral and post-lateral corners, and numerous shorter setae. Pro- and mesotrochanters each with one long seta near the apex. Metatrochanters with one long seta near the middle. All femora with four or more setae along the ventral surface. Cleaning organ of the protibiae with two cleaning setae and a well-defined cleaning spur very close to the inner margin (Fig. 6H). Mesotibiae of males smooth on the ventral surface, without a notch or denticle. All tarsomeres strongly widened, with tarsomere 1 of all legs and metatarsomere 2 cylindrical, pro- and mesotarsomere 2 and tarsomere 3 of all legs subtriangular to cordate, and tarsomere 4 bilobed. Metatarsomere 1 slightly longer than metatarsomere 2. Tarsomeres sparsely setose dorsally.</p> <p>In all species of the genus, the ventral surfaces of protarsomeres 1, 2, and 3 have biseriate adhesive setae along their full length. However, the adhesive setae on the ventral surface of male mesotarsomeres are always present but varied: the apical half of mesotarsomere 1 has biseriate adhesive setae on its apical portion (Fig. 6I) in many species, but these setae are absent from most species of the subgenus Bothynoptera (except for P. taiwana) and some species of the subgenus Parena (P. latecincta, P. monticola, P. politissima, P. fulva sp. n., and P. plagiata) (Fig. 6J), or rudimentary (i.e., present as a single row near the apex) in P. circumdata. The ventral surface of mesotarsomere 2 has biseriate adhesive setae along its full length or nearly so in most species, but they are restricted to the apical half in some species of subgenera Parena (P. politissima, P. latecincta, P. circumdata) and Bothynoptera (P. kurosai, P. quadrisignata, P. gonggaica sp. n., P. triguttata sp. n.). The ventral surface of mesotarsomere 3 has well-developed biseriate adhesive setae except in P. politissima. Variation in the male mesotarsal adhesive setae in different species of genus Parena is summarized in the diagram in Fig. 7.</p> <p>Tarsal claws strongly pectinate, each with six to ten long pectinations (the medial one much smaller than others in some specimens) with the proximal one very close to the claw base (Figs 6D–G). However, in the related genera Pachycallida and Metallica, there are four or five pectinations on each claw with the proximal one slightly distant from the claw base (Figs 6B, 6C). In the same individual, there can be a difference of one pectination between claws in same or different legs. The tarsal claws are usually symmetric or nearly so, but conspicuously asymmetric in P. heteronycha sp. n. (Figs 6F, 26E–G). In the latter species, the inner claws of meso- and metatarsi are longer than the outer ones (the outer claws of prolegs are homologous to the inner claws of meso- and metalegs, thus the claws of prolegs are in an opposite form), with all pectinations restricted to the basal half of claw and shorter than those on the outer claw. The apical half of the inner claw is smooth and elongated. The outer claw is the same as in other species.</p> <p>Venter: Pro- and mesothoracic venter glabrous or sparsely setose, metathoracic venter finely setose overall. Abdominal sternites each with numerous fine setae in addition to the primary setae. The abdominal sternite VII (terminal ventrite) with two or three primary setae (one or four in some specimens) on each side in both sexes. Apex of sternite VII of females straight in most species of the genus (Fig. 8A), but weakly projected in P. mellea and P. cruralis (Figs 8C, 8D) and more distinctly projected in P. sulawesiensis (Fig. 8B). Apex of sternite VII of males straight (Fig. 8E) in most species of subgenera Crossoglossa and Bothynoptera, but distinctly emarginate in P. mellea (Fig. 8F). In most species of subgenus Parena, apex of sternite VII of males is weakly emarginate (Fig. 8H), but obviously emarginate (Figs 8I, 8J) in P. fasciata and P. andrewesi, or nearly straight (Fig. 8G) in P. monticola, P. circumdata, and P. fulva sp. n.</p> <p>Male genitalia: Median lobe of aedeagus slightly bend near the base with shape varied. Relatively slender (AL/AW = 5.4–6.8) in subgenus Crossoglossa; very stout (AL/AW = 3.4–4.2) in most members of subgenus Bothynoptera, but only moderately stout (AL/AW = 4.5–5.1) in the P. tesari group, or slender (AL/AW = 5.5–6.0) in the P. taiwana group; varied from very to moderately stout (AL/AW = 3.7–5.6) in subgenus Parena. Apical orifice oriented toward the left or ventral-left side of the aedeagus. Apical lamella (the apical portion between the extreme apex and the apical orifice) laminar or relatively thick, often slightly bent toward dorsum in lateral view; right margin often more or less sinuate basal to the apical lamella in dorsal view.</p> <p>The endophallus has distinct sclerites and scaled regions, without large spines (compared to those in Metallica and Pachycallida), with a long flagellum-like sclerite in many species, but not pointed out to the apical orifice (as in Euproctinus). A total of four groups of structures are recognized on the endophallus. These structures exist in all species of the genus but differ in their shape. (1) Primary sclerite (blue in Fig. 9) is a heavily chitinized piece, extended from the base of median lobe. It is composed of a flared basal expansion and an elongated flagellum-like apex in most species of subgenera Parena and Bothynoptera (Figs 9A, 9D). The flared expansion is reduced in the P. bicolor group, thus the primary sclerite is filiform in these species (Fig. 9C). The flagellum is thick and extended to the apical orifice, as in P. kurosai (Fig. 30), or thinner and gradually tapered and terminated before apical orifice such as P. tripunctata (Fig. 9A). The primary sclerite is rudimentary in the subgenus Crossoglossa and is present as a very small triangular piece near the base of median lobe (Fig. 9B). (2) Apical sclerite (magenta in Fig. 9) is a V-shaped (in subgenera Parena and Bothynoptera, Figs 9A, 9C, 9D) or ribbon-form (in subgenus Crossoglossa, Fig. 9B) piece near the apical orifice. It is less chitinized than the primary sclerite. Sometimes the major portion of the apical sclerite is weakly defined (such as in P. kurosai), but its left edge is always well chitinized. The basal core refers to the darkest area near the base of the apical sclerite which is usually heavily scaled. It is usually ovate or strongly elongated, but extended as a transverse scaled belt as in P. fulva (Fig. 75), or indistinct as in P. kurosai (Fig. 30). (3) Squamate sheath (green in Fig. 9) is the large scaled membranous portion extended from the base of median lobe to the apical orifice. It usually surrounds the apical part of the primary sclerite. There is a gap in the middle of the squamate sheath, dividing it into a basal sheath and an apical sheath. The apical sheath is usually much larger and more heavily scaled than the basal sheath. (4) Squamate sac (yellow in Fig. 9) refers to the small scaled sac present on the basal half of median lobe, well separated from the squamate sheath. It is usually on the dorsal side to the squamate sheath, sometimes turns to the right or left side. The squamate sac is simple (such as in P. malaisei, Fig. 44) or divided into two sacs (such as in P. tripunctata, Fig. 9A): The proximal sac is usually like a scaled membranous sac (Fig. 9D) but sometimes has a dentate chitinized apex as in P. bicolor (Fig. 9C). The distal sac is usually the same size as the proximal one, but less chitinized.</p> <p>Left paramere large and rounded, with concave outer surface and rounded or slightly truncate apex. The right paramere is smaller than the left and trifurcate with the apex varied (Fig. 10). The parameres have very little taxonomical value in the genus Parena because they are similar among different species and the apices are somewhat varied infraspecifically.</p> <p>Female genitalia: Gonocoxite I of ovipositor without setae or spines, with its dorsal surface strongly concave in subgenus Crossoglossa, shallowly concave in subgenera Parena and Bothynoptera. Gonocoxite II subquadrate or dichotomous, with four to seven ensiform setae on the apex, without nematiform seta or membranous apical extension.</p> <p>In subgenus Crossoglossa, gonocoxite II dichotomous and strongly bent outwards forming a U-shaped structure (Figs 11Y –γ). The inner branch with two ensiform setae on the apex. The outer branch slightly longer than the inner one in the P. laesipennis group (Fig. 11Z), and similar length in the other two groups. It with two or three ensiform setae on the apex, of similar length to those on the inner branch in the P. testacea group (Figs 11 α–γ) and much shorter in the other two groups (Figs 11Y, 11Z).</p> <p>In subgenera Parena and Bothynoptera, gonocoxite II quadrate or nearly so, with the apex concave, nearly straight, or slightly convex (Figs 11A–X). The apex with an evident tooth near the inner angle (e.g., Fig. 11O) in many species, but the tooth very faint in most species of Bothynoptera and in P. fulva sp. n. (e.g., Fig. 11U). The ventral surface of gonocoxite II with a large depression (e.g., Fig. 11S) in most species, but the depression very shallow in subgenus Bothynoptera and in the P. scutata group of subgenus Parena (e.g., Fig. 11V). The apex with four to seven ensiform setae. In most species of subgenus Bothynoptera, these setae are subequally arranged with two or three of them grouped on the outer angle (e.g., Fig. 11B); but in P. kurosai and P. tesari (probably also P. obscura), there are three or four ensiform setae grouped on the inner and outer angles, respectively (Figs 11C, 11D). In most species of subgenus Parena, there are two or three ensiform setae on the outer angle, two on the inner angle, and another one next to the apical tooth (e.g., Fig. 11N); but in P. fulva sp. n., these setae are nearly equally spaced except the inner two slightly close to each other (Fig. 11U). In the P. bicolor group, P. scutata group, and the other two species of the P. stigmatica group, all of these setae are grouped to the inner and outer angles (e.g., Fig. 11K), but one seta of each group may be slightly distant from others (e.g., Fig. 11W) in some species.</p> <p>Female internal reproductive tracts are similar among different subgenera of Parena (Fig. 12). Spermatheca digitiform without a differentiated pedicel, strongly whorled on the surface of the apical half, inserted on the dorsal surface of bursa copulatrix close to the junction of common oviduct. Spermathecal gland similar in length to spermatheca, more or less branched near base, inserted to the lateral side of spermathecal base. The tubular sac slender and much longer than spermathecal gland, inserted near the base of spermathecal gland.</p> <p>Monophyly and relationships.</p> <p>The subtribe Metallicina was erected by Basilewsky (1984) for Metallica, Pachycallida and Parena. Soon after that, Euproctinus was included in Metallicina as well (Shpeley, 1986).</p> <p>As the result of a preliminary phylogenetic analysis (Shpeley, 1986), the monophyly of the subtribe Metallicina can be suggested by the following synapomorphic character states: antennomeres 5–11 each with ventral sensory pits; apex of glossal sclerite with four or more apical setae; head with suborbital setae; antennomere 1 with a carina. Within the subtribe Metallicina, the genus Parena is presumed to be the sister group of Metallica + Pachycallida, supported only by one synapomorphic character state: the retinacular ridge of right mandible reduced. Nevertheless, this relationship seems reliable as it fits the zoogeographical pattern as well.</p> <p>The monophyly of genus Parena could be supported by the following apomorphic character states: (1) male genitalia with endophallic sclerite; (2) gonocoxite II of ovipositor with four or more ensiform setae, without membranous apex or trichoid setae; (3) female reproductive tracts with extremely long tubular sac. Three subgenera are recognized under the genus Parena. The monophyly of two subgenera (Crossoglossa and Bothynoptera) seems to be well supported, whereas the third (Parena s. str.) could be paraphyletic. Detailed discussions on the infrageneric relationships are provided under each subgenus.</p> <p>Life history and larvae features.</p> <p>Adults of Parena can be found on leaves or trunks of various woody plants. They are frequently collected by beating dense vine plants or dead leaves hanging on small trees. They might be hidden inside the dead leaf rolls in the daytime and active at the night preying mainly on lepidopteral larvae. Many species are attracted by lights, whereas a few very rare species of the subgenus Bothynoptera were only collected from the canopy of trees with height between 5 and 8 m.</p> <p>Based on the literature by Andrewes, Habu, Yokoyama, Nawa, Minamikawa, etc., Habu (1967) reviewed the life history of some common Japanese species: the adults of P. nigrolineata nipponensis (= P. nigrolineata) are reported to prey on various lepidopteral larvae including the silk worm (Bombyx mori L.); the larvae of P. perforata (= P. dorsigera) are predatory on Spilosoma imparilis Butler (Arctiidae); P. cavipennis is predaceous on Phrixolepia sericea Butler (Heterogeneidea); the adults of P. tripunctata were found in the leaf-rolls of Paroplapoderus pardalis Vollenhoven (Attelabidae, Coleoptera), but it remains to be proven whether or not they feed on the weevils. More recently, Habu (1981) reported that P. cavipennis is predaceous on Scopelodes contracta Walker (Heterogeneidae). Mochizuki (1990) reported that P. laesipennis feeds on larvae of Pidorus glaucopis (Drury) (Zygaenidae).</p> <p>In India, P. nigrolineata was reported as a predator of Opisina arenosella Walker (Oecophoridae), the coconut caterpillar (Mohamed et al., 1982; Pushpalatha &amp; Verresh, 1995), Nephopteryx eugraphella Ragonot (Pyralidae), the chiku moth (Sran &amp; Sandhu, 1979), and Atteva fabriciella Swederus (Yponomeutidae), the ailanthus webworm (Misra, 1994).</p> <p>In China (Shandong) and Korea, P. cavipennis was reported as an important predator of Hyphantria cunea (Drury), the fall webworm (Ko &amp; Ko, 1982; Wang et al., 1999). Both adults and larvae can attack larvae of the webworm. Zhao et al. (2011) reported P. cavipennis as a predatory natural enemy of Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville), the tussah silkworm, in Liaoning province. Larvae of the beetle bite the ventral side of the silkworm, sucking its body fluids and causing death in days. P. cavipennis was also reported as predaceous on larvae of various lepidopteral pests, including twenty-eight species belonging to ten families, and Arge captiva (Smith) (Argidae, Hymenoptera) (Zhou, 1988; Zhao et al., 2011). P. latecincta was reported as predaceous on Termioptycha bilineata (Wileman) (Pyralidae), an important pest on the staghorn sumac in Beijing. Both larvae and adults of the beetle can attack pyralid moth larvae inside their leaf rolls (Zhao et al., 2014).</p> <p>In China (Liaoning), P. cavipennis hibernates in the adult stage in dry habitat under trees, such as under dirt clumps, rocks, or dead leaves. Adults are active between May and October. The egg stage starts from middle July, lasting about five days. The average stadia of larvae, prepupa and pupa are 9–12d, 2–3d, 8–10d, respectively (Zhao et al., 2011).</p> <p>Larvae of some East Asian species have been illustrated and described by different authors: Habu et al. (1963) for P. nigrolineata nipponensis (= P. nigrolineata); Habu &amp; Sadanaga (1967) for P. perforata (= P. dorsigera); Habu (1981) for P. cavipennis; Hondo (2012) for P. tripunctata; and Zhao et al. (2014) for P. latecincta.</p> <p>Diversity and biogeography</p> <p>The genus Parena is composed of 46 species classified into three subgenera. This genus has an extensive distributional range in the Old World Tropics, from West Africa eastward through Madagascar, India, and Indochina to the Malay Archipelago, and easternmost to New Caledonia and Samoa; southward to the eastern coastal region of Australia; and northward through East Asia to Primorye, Russia. The specific diversity of genus Parena from Asia is far richer than that from Africa or Australia. The highest species richness occurs in south China and on the south slope of the Himalayan Range (Map 1). For example, in some regions (e.g., southern Yunnan and Taiwan) of southern China, as many as thirteen species occur in an area of no more than ten thousand square kilometers.</p> <p>Among the three subgenera of Parena, the nominotypical subgenus has the widest distributional range, reaching from Africa and Australia. The other two subgenera are confined to the Oriental Realm, the eastern part of Palaearctic Realm, and Papua New Guinea. The subgenus Crossoglossa is most diverse in the Malay Archipelago, and the subgenus Bothynoptera ranges farther north with its highest diversity in south China.</p> <p>Members of some species groups have strictly allopatric distributions, showing examples of geographical replacement. For example, in the P. tesari species group (Map 7), P. tesari (Jedlička) is widely distributed in south China, while its adelphotaxon, P. obscura Mateu, is only from Bhutan and Nepal. In the P. nigrolineata species group (Map 10), P. nigrolineata (Chaudoir) is widely distributed in the area west to Weber's Line, while its adelphotaxon P. picea (Macleay) is from the area east of Weber's Line. In the species groups of P. laesipennis, P. testacea, P. scutata, and P. plagiata, all species are strictly allopatric with some very widely distributed and others restricted to small areas.</p> <p>Although some species are very common and widely distributed (e.g., P. nigrolineata from Asia, and P. africana from African Continent), several species in the genus are relatively rare in collections. Some of these rare species are very narrowly distributed (e.g., P. picipes sp. n. and P. pendleburyi Andrewes are endemic to north Borneo, and P. heteronycha sp. n. is endemic to north Laos). A few species are only known from the holotype material (e.g., P. gonggaica sp. n. from Sichuan, and P. dorae Basilewsky from Angola), however some others are relatively widely distributed but still known from only very few specimens (e.g., P. monticola Shibata from China, and P. fulva sp. n. from Southeast Africa). It seems to be very difficult to collect these rare species on low vegetation, because individuals of some species (e.g., P. emarginata sp. n. from China) of the subgenus Bothynoptera were only collected from the canopy of medium-sized trees, by using a long-stick sweeping net.</p> <p>Species excluded from genus Parena</p> <p>Andrewes (1947) described Bothynoptera sticta based on four specimens collected from Kambaiti in Burma. This species was mentioned by Jedlička (1963) but its taxonomic status has not been discussed after that. In recent catalogues (Lorenz, 2005; L̂bl &amp; L̂bl, 2017), it was placed in the genus Parena.</p> <p>A few years ago, the senior author examined one paratype (Fig. 13B) of this species in NHML, and later, the holotype (Fig. 13A) and another paratype deposited in NHRS were examined through photos thanks to the help of Dr. J. Bergsten. Based on these, we found that this species is different from all members of the genus Parena in the following aspects: (1) mandibles not widened, outer margins nearly straight; (2) interval 3 of elytra with only two setigerous pores; (3) terminal palpomeres acuminate to apex; (4) eyes not hemispheric, much less convex than other species of Parena; and (5) metatarsomere 1 longer than the combination of following two tarsomeres. Although we didn’t study the ventral or genital characters of this species, all the above character states support well that this species actually belongs to the genus Peliocypas Schmidt-Ĝbel. We propose the new combination herein: Peliocypas stictus (Andrewes, 1947) comb. nov.</p> <p>Materials examined. Holotype (NHRS): examined by photo, "N.E. BURMA / Kambaiti, 7000 ft. / 3/5 1934 / R. MALAISE", " Bothynoptera / sticta / Type Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.". "Typus" [red label], "Figured / Specimen", "7883 / E91+" [blue label], "NHRS-JLKB / 000020252" &lt;Figs 13A, 13C&gt;. Paratypes: 1 ex (NHRS), examined by photo, "N.E. BURMA / Kambaiti, 7000 ft. / 4-8/6 1934 / R. MALAISE", " Bothynoptera / sticta / Cotype Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.". " Paratypus " [red label], "7884 / E91+" [blue label], "NHRS-JLKB / 000020253". 1 ex (NHML), "N.E. BURMA / Kambaiti, 7000 ft. / 20/6 1934 / R. MALAISE", " Bothynoptera / sticta / Cotype Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.". "Co- / type" [round label with green circle label] &lt;Fig. 13B&gt;.</p> <p>Checklist of genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860</p> <p>Subgenus Crossoglossa Chaudoir, 1872</p> <p>1. Parena cavipennis species group</p> <p>[1] Parena cavipennis (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>rufotestacea Jedlička, 1934 syn. nov.</p> <p>2. Parena laesipennis species group</p> <p>[2] Parena laesipennis (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>[3] Parena levata Andrewes, 1931</p> <p>[4] Parena obenbergeri Jedlička, 1952</p> <p>3. Parena testacea species group</p> <p>[5] Parena testacea (Chaudoir, 1872)</p> <p>[6] Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, 2006</p> <p>[7] Parena mellea (Chaudoir, 1872)</p> <p>[8] Parena cruralis Andrewes, 1935</p> <p>[9] Parena sciakyi sp. nov.</p> <p>Subgenus Bothynoptera Schaum, 1863</p> <p>4. Parena heteronycha species group</p> <p>[10] Parena heteronycha sp. nov.</p> <p>5. Parena dorsigera species group</p> <p>[11] Parena dorsigera (Schaum, 1863)</p> <p>perforata (Bates, 1873) syn. nov.</p> <p>nepalensis Kirschenhofer, 1994 syn. nov.</p> <p>kunmingensis Kirschenhofer, 1996 syn. nov.</p> <p>[12] Parena kurosai Habu, 1967</p> <p>wrasei Kirschenhofer, 2006 syn. nov.</p> <p>6. Parena tesari species group</p> <p>[13] Parena tesari (Jedlička, 1951)</p> <p>esakii Habu, 1969</p> <p>nantouensis Kirschenhofer, 1996 syn. nov.</p> <p>kataevi Kirschenhofer, 2006 syn. nov.</p> <p>[14] Parena obscura Mateu, 1977</p> <p>7. Parena taiwana species group</p> <p>[15] Parena taiwana Hua, 2008</p> <p>formosana Ohkura, 1978 [homonym]</p> <p>8. Parena tripunctata species group</p> <p>[16] Parena tripunctata (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>piceola Chaudoir, 1877</p> <p>[17] Parena shapingensis Xie &amp; Yu, 1993</p> <p>yunnana Kirschenhofer, 1994 syn. nov.</p> <p>[18] Parena monostigma (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>japonica Jedlička, 1946</p> <p>koreana Kirschenhofer, 1994 syn. nov.</p> <p>[19] Parena malaisei (Andrewes, 1947)</p> <p>albomaculata Habu, 1979 syn. nov.</p> <p>[20] Parena quadrisignata Mateu, 1977</p> <p>phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer, 2011 syn. nov.</p> <p>[21] Parena emarginata sp. nov.</p> <p>[22] Parena gonggaica sp. nov.</p> <p>[23] Parena triguttata sp. nov.</p> <p>Subgenus Parena Motschulsky, 1860</p> <p>Oriental-Australian species 9. Parena bicolor species group [24] Parena bicolor Motschulsky, 1860 [25] Parena rubripicta Andrewes, 1928 [26] Parena fasciata (Chaudoir, 1872) plagiata (Macleay, 1876) sloanei Csiki, 1932 sellata (Heller, 1921) syn. nov.</p> <p>hastata (Heller, 1921) syn. nov.</p> <p>sellatoides (Jedlička, 1940) syn. nov.</p> <p>unicolor Louwerens, 1949 syn. nov.</p> <p>sumatrana Kirschenhofer, 2011 syn. nov.</p> <p>10. Parena nigrolineata species group</p> <p>[27] Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir, 1852)</p> <p>nipponensis Habu, 1964 syn. nov.</p> <p>schillhammeri Kirschenhofer, 2006 syn. nov.</p> <p>[28] Parena picea (Macleay, 1871)</p> <p>[29] Parena amamiooshimensis Habu, 1964</p> <p>[30] Parena picipes sp. nov.</p> <p>[31] Parena andrewesi Jedlička, 1934</p> <p>[32] Parena politissima (Chaudoir, 1883)</p> <p>11. Parena latecincta species group</p> <p>[33] Parena latecincta (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>viridilineata (Jedlička, 1939)</p> <p>[34] Parena circumdata Shibata, 1987</p> <p>[35] Parena monticola Shibata, 1987</p> <p>[36] Parena pendleburyi Andrewes, 1931</p> <p>African species</p> <p>12. Parena stigmatica species group</p> <p>[37] Parena stigmatica (Fairmaire, 1899)</p> <p>[38] Parena dorae Basilewsky, 1955</p> <p>[39] Parena fulva sp. nov.</p> <p>13. Parena scutata species group</p> <p>[40] Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud, 1917)</p> <p>alluaudi Jeannel, 1949 syn. nov.</p> <p>[41] Parena valeriae Facchini, 2011</p> <p>[42] Parena scutata (Alluaud, 1917) stat. res.</p> <p>[43] Parena ruficornis sp. nov.</p> <p>14. Parena plagiata species group</p> <p>[44] Parena ferruginea (Chaudoir, 1878)</p> <p>[45] Parena plagiata Motschulsky, 1864</p> <p>formidulosa (Peringuey, 1898)</p> <p>[46] Parena africana (Alluaud, 1917)</p> <p>Key to subgenera of genus Parena</p> <p>1. Pronotum strongly transverse (PW/PL = 1.50–1.82, generally greater than 1.60), distinctly wider than head (PW/HW = 1.05– 1.26, generally greater than 1.10); mentum without seta, lateral lobes extremely large, inner margin nearly straight, epilobes very narrow (Fig. 3A); gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, each branch with two or three ensiform setae apically (Figs 11Y –γ); median lobe of aedeagus slender, endophallus with very small primary sclerite near base (Fig. 9B)......................................................................................... subgen. Crossoglossa Chaudoir</p> <p>- Pronotum less transverse (PW/PL = 1.19–1.55, generally less than 1.50), narrower or barely wider than head (PW/HW = 0.85–1.13, generally less than 1.10); mentum with a pair of setae (in some species very short), lateral lobes relatively short, inner margin more or less oblique, epilobes rather wide (Figs 3B–D); gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, apex with five to seven ensiform setae (Figs 11A–X); median lobe of aedeagus stouter, endophallus with large primary sclerite (Figs 9A, 9C, 9D)................................................................................................ 2</p> <p>2. First setigerous pore on elytral interval 3 close to elytral base, very near level of scutellar apex (Figs 4A, 4B, 4C); mandibles strongly widened, semicircular in form (Fig. 2B); mentum with apex of epilobes not exceeding lateral lobes (Fig. 3B); antennomere 2 with two long setae near apex, accessory setae absent or very short (Figs 1C, 1D); male mesotarsomere 1 with adhesive setae ventral on apical half in most species................................................ subgen. Parena s. str.</p> <p>- First setigerous pore on elytral interval 3 distant from elytral base, far behind level of scutellar apex (Figs 4D, 4E, 4F); mandibles moderately widened, rounded-triangular in form (Figs 2C, 2D, 2E); mentum with apex of epilobes exceeding lateral lobes (Figs. 3C, 3D); antennomere 2 with three or more setae of similar length near apex, in addition to a few short but distinct setae (Fig. 1B); male mesotarsomere 1 without adhesive setae in most species............ subgen. Bothynoptera Schaum</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623625EFFF92DEFB341FA7B5FA2.text	03877623625EFFF92DEFB341FA7B5FA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Crossoglossa Chaudoir 1872	<div><p>Subgenus Crossoglossa Chaudoir, 1872</p> <p>Type-species: Crossoglossa testacea Chaudoir, 1872. Subsequently designated by Jeannel, 1949: 971.</p> <p>Crossoglossa Chaudoir, 1872: 177; Chaudoir, 1878: 151 (misspelled as Ceroglossa); Jakobson, 1907: 395; Alluaud, 1917: 85; Andrewes, 1919: 483 (synonymized with Phloeodromius); Jeannel, 1949: 972; Jedlička, 1952: 210.</p> <p>Crossoglossa was erected by Chaudoir (1872) to accommodate his three species without considering the earlier name Parena Motschulsky, 1860. The name Crossoglossa was then widely used, and several species were described under that name (e.g., Bates, 1873; Alluaud, 1917). However, the type species of Crossoglossa was not fixed until Jeannel (1949) designated Crossoglossa testacea Chaudoir for it. The concept of Crossoglossa (sensu Bates, 1873; Alluaud, 1917) was similar to the genus Parena at present until Andrewes (1919, 1928) synonymized it with Phloeodromius and Parena. Thereafter, Crossoglossa was used as a subgenus name in different concepts (Jeannel, 1949; Jedlička, 1952).</p> <p>In the present study, Crossoglossa is treated as a subgenus of Parena to accommodate species related to P. testacea, which are different from members of the other two subgenera of the genus in the following unique character states: (1) pronotum much wider (PW/PL 1.50–1.82) than other species of the genus; (2) mentum without setae, lateral lobes extremely large, inner margin nearly straight, epilobes very narrow (Fig. 3A); (3) male genitalia rather slender, endophallus with the primary sclerite rudimentary; (4) gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous.</p> <p>The present concept of the subgenus Crossoglossa is similar to that of Jedlička (1952), containing nine species distributed through East Asia, all parts of the Oriental Realm, Papua New Guinea, and easternmost to the Solomon Islands. They are not known from Africa or Australia. Three species groups are recognized in the subgenus, each of them containing one or several strictly allopatric species.</p> <p>The exceptional male and female genital characters suggest Crossoglossa is monophyletic. However, its relationship in the genus Parena is difficult to infer before a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis is conducted. Based on the modified male and female genitalia, Crossoglossa is considered to be a highly specialized group in the genus.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsal surface generally unicolor (except P. sciakyi sp. n.), pale yellow to reddish brown. Tempora very short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of the eye; accessory setae on antennomeres 1–3 absent or very short and sparse; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; mandibles extremely widened, semicircular, retinacular ridge of right mandible reduced to an elongate retinacular tooth; mentum without a pair of setae, lateral lobes extremely large, inner margins nearly straight, outer and apical margins widely arcuate, epilobes very narrow, apex much shorter than lateral lobes. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL 1.50–1.82, generally greater than 1.60; much wider than head, PW/HW = 1.05–1.26, generally greater than 1.10; lateral explanations very wide; lateral margins usually slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles obtuse-rounded. Elytral interval 3 with three setigerous pores, first one very close to elytra base, near level of scutellar apex; disc with large depressions near middle of intervals 3 to 6 (except for P. levata), lateral sides depressed near anterior third. Apex of abdominal sternite VII with two or three setae on each side, straight or slightly notched in males, straight or projected at middle in females. Male mesotarsi with biseriate ventral adhesive setae on basal three tarsomeres. Male genitalia with median lobe slender, AL/AW 5.4–6.8; apical lamella thin and wide, apical orifice opened to left; endophallus with primary sclerite reduced to a small triangular piece near base, apical sclerite ribbon-form, squamate sheath large and heavily scaled, squamate sac simple or divided. Female ovipositor with dichotomous gonocoxite II, inner branch with two ensiform setae apically, outer branch with two or three ensiform setae apically.</p> <p>Key to species of subgenus Crossoglossa Chaudoir</p> <p>1. Dorsum reddish yellow to reddish brown, tarsi same as or slightly darker than dorsum............................... 2</p> <p>- Dorsum pale yellow, tarsi black, distinctly darker than dorsum. (3. P. testacea group)............................... 5</p> <p>2. Elytral sutural angles only faintly pointed (Fig. 14A), outer apical angles completely rounded (Fig. 14I); striae well incised, finely punctate; intervals slightly convex (1. P. cavipennis group)............................ [1] P. cavipennis (Bates)</p> <p>- Elytral sutural angles distinctly pointed, extended as short spines (Figs 14B, 14C), outer apical angles more or less rounded-angulate (Fig. 14J); striae not incised, replaced by rows of fine punctures; intervals flat (2. P. laesipennis group).......... 3</p> <p>3. Elytra not depressed on intervals 3 to 6; Sumatra, Borneo.................................... [3] P. levata Andrewes</p> <p>- Elytra more or less depressed near middle on intervals 3 to 6; other localities...................................... 4</p> <p>4. Elytral outer apical angles only weakly angulate, forming rounded obtuse angles; apical lamella of aedeagus wider, LL/LW 1.50–1.65; widely in East Asia and Southeast Asia, except the Malay Archipelago............... [2] P. laesipennis (Bates)</p> <p>- Elytral outer apical angles distinctly angulate, forming sharper obtuse angles; apical lamella of aedeagus narrower, LL/LW approximately 1.75; Java............................................................ [4] P. obenbergeri Jedlička</p> <p>5. Elytral disc with large black patch; sutural angles not pointed (Fig. 14H); Solomon Islands........... [9] P. sciakyi sp. nov.</p> <p>- Elytra uniformly yellow; sutural angles more or less pointed; other localities...................................... 6</p> <p>6. Elytral sutural angles sharply pointed, forming short spines (Figs 14D, 14E)....................................... 7</p> <p>- Elytral sutural angles gently pointed, forming small denticles (Figs 14F, 14G)..................................... 8</p> <p>7. Antennomere 1 yellow, other ten antennomeres black; elytral intervals with dense punctures, similar density as punctures in striae, so that striae poorly defined; apical lamella of aedeagus shorter, LL/LW = 1.0–1.1; India, Nepal, Vietnam, China.................................................................................... [5] P. testacea (Chaudoir)</p> <p>- Antennomeres 1 to 3 yellow, other eight antennomeres black; elytral intervals with sparse punctures, much sparser than punctures in striae, so that striae clearly defined; apical lamella of aedeagus longer, LL/LW approximately 1.3; Sulawesi................................................................................ [6] P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer</p> <p>8. Tibiae yellow; elytra disc with depressions distinct; Maluku Islands, Adonara Island, Papua New Guinea, E. Java, Sumatra, the Philippines........................................................................[7] P. mellea (Chaudoir)</p> <p>- Tibiae black; elytra disc with depressions absent or very shallow; W. Java, Borneo.............. [8] P. cruralis Andrewes</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623625EFFF92DEFB341FA7B5FA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623625CFFF92DEFB131FA6A5EAF.text	03877623625CFFF92DEFB131FA6A5EAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena cavipennis (Bates 1873)	<div><p>1. Parena cavipennis species group</p> <p>Only one species is included in this species group, which is widely distributed in East Asia (Map 2). This species group is characterized by: dorsal surface entirely yellowish brown; elytral striae well incised, intervals slightly convex; elytral sutural angles faintly pointed, outer apical angles rounded; apical lamella as long as wide (LL = LW).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623625CFFF92DEFB131FA6A5EAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.text	03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates 1873)	<div><p>[1] Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 15. Male genitalia: Fig. 16. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11Y.</p> <p>Bates, 1873: 316 (original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Hiogo; lectotype in MNHN); Jacobson, 1907: 403 (Crossoglossa); Andrewes, 1930: 257 (China); Habu, 1942: 78 (misidentification of Parena laesipennis); Jedlička, 1946: 8; Jedlička, 1952: 210; Jedlička, 1963: 440; Habu, 1967: 165; Habu, 1981: 68 (larva description); Habu, 1982: 117; Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 192 (China: Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Guizhou, Taiwan); Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1023 (Nepal); Park &amp; Kwon, 1998: 36 (South Korea); Park &amp; Szél, 2004: 221 (North Korea); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 88; Kirschenhofer, 2011: 66.</p> <p>Synonym: Parena rufotestacea Jedlička, 1934: 17 (type locality: Tatsienlu; Holotype in NMPC); Jedlička, 1946: 8 (Taiwan); Jedlička, 1952: 210; Jedlička, 1963: 440 (China: Sichuan, Yunnan, Fujian; Vietnam: Tonkin). Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 194 (misidentification of Parena laesipennis); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89 (misidentification of Parena laesipennis); Park et al., 2006: 102 (misidentification of Parena laesipennis). syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa cavipennis Bates: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 15A), designated herein: male, pin mounted, "TYPE" [red label], " Japan ", "Ex- Musaeo / H.W. BATES / 1892", " Crossoglossa / cavipennis / Bates ", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR ", "LECTOTYPE / Crossoglossa cavipennis / Bates, 1873 / des. SHI H. L. 2011" [red label]. Paralectotypes: 1 female (MNHN), " Hiogo ", "PARATYPE" [red label], "Ex Musaeo H.W. Bates, 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR ", "PARALECTOTYPE / Crossoglossa cavipennis / Bates, 1873 / des. SHI H. L. 2011" [red label]. 1 female (NHML), "Type" [round label with red circle]; " HIOGO "; " Japan./ G. Lewis. / 1910-320"; " cavipennis / Bates ".</p> <p>Parena rufotestacea Jedlička: Holotype (NMPC, Fig. 15B): female, board mounted, "TATSIENLU / Prov Setschuan / CHINA MEMID."; "Type" [red label]; " Parena / rufotestacea type, sp. n. / DET. ING. JEDLIČKA" [pink label], " = Parena / cavipennis / (Bates) / Det. SHI H.L., 2011". Paratype (NHML): 1 male, left elytra missing, " Yunnan / fou"; "Bought / Donckier"; "Cotype" [red label]; " Parena / rufotestacea / Cotype sp. n. / DET. ING. JEDLIČKA" [pink label]; " H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97".</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Crossoglossa cavipennis Bates: This species was originally described from an unspecified number of specimens from "Hiogo", but more than one specimen was implied. In the collection of MNHN and NHML, a total of three specimens from Bates's collection are perfectly in accord with the original description. We herein designate the one deposited in MNHN bearing Bates's handwriting label (Fig. 15A) as the lectotype.</p> <p>Parena rufotestacea Jedlička: The holotype (NMPC) and paratype (NHML) examined herein are perfectly in accord with the original description. They are all identical to P. cavipennis. P. laesipennis with dark color from southwest China and Southeast Asia was misidentified as P. rufotestacea by Xie &amp; Yu (1993) at first and then applied in later literature (Kirschenhofer, 2006; Park et al., 2006).</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Korea: 2 ex (MTMB), "Korea, Kangwon Prov. Kumgang-san, 10.06.1991, Ronkay &amp; Vojnits". China: 1 male (IZAS), "Beijing, Shangfangshan, 400 m, 1961.VII.16, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 3 males, 1 female (IZAS), "Beijing, Shangfangshan, 400 m, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Beijing, Shangfangshan, 400 m, 1961.VII.17, Zhang Xuezhong lgt.". 2 males, 1 female (IZAS), "Beijing, Pinggu, 1960.VI.8 ". 1 male (IZAS), "Beijing, Badaling, 700 m, 1964.VI.24, Zhou Qin lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Beijing, Badaling, 700 m, 1962.VI.30, Li Tiesheng lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Beijing, Miaofengshan, 1964.VI.7, Yang Jikun lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Beijing, Wofosi, 1956.VI.29 ". 1 female (IZAS), "Beijing, Xiangshan, 1956.VIII.18 ". 1 female (IZAS), "Beijing, 1960.VI.11, Yang Jikun lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Beijing, 1960.VI.30, Yang Jikun lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Peiping". 2 males, 4 females (IZAS), "Beijing, Haidian, Baiwangshan, 2009.VI.20, Shi Hongliang &amp; Yang Ganyan lgt." &lt;Figs 1F, 1G, 1H, 3A, 6A, 10A, 12A, 15C, 16A&gt;. 3 ex (IZAS), "Tianjin, Jixian, Xiaying vill., 2008.7.19 " &lt;Fig. 8E&gt;. 1 ex (MNHN), "Tien-Tsin, coll. L. Fairmaire, 1906" [=Tianjin]. 1 female (HBUM), "Hebei, Zunhua forestry station, 1998.VII.22–25, Ren Qiuzhuang et al. lgt.". 1 male (HBUM), "Hebei, Yuxian, Xiaowutai, Jinhekou, 1998. VII.29, Liu Shiyu lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), "Hebei, Qinglong forestry station, 1998.7.23 –26, Ren Qiuzhuang et al. lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Shandong, Laoshan (Jiushui), 800 M". 2 females (IZAS), "Henan, Shaolinsi, 850 m, 2002. VII.16, Zhang Lijie lgt.". 1 female (IZAS),"Henan, Jigongshan, 700 m, 2001.VII.14, Ge Siqin lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Henan, Neixiang, Getiaopa, 600 m, 1998.VII.12, Zhang Youwei lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Henan, Huixian, Baligou, 850 m, 2002.VII.13, Li Wenzhu lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Henan, Xixia, Taiping town, 800 m, 1998.VII.18, Zhang Youwei lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Henan, Shangcheng, Jingangtai, 2005.VII.23, Gao Chao &amp; Wang Jiliang lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Henan, Dengfeng, Shaolinsi, 2002.VII.16, Yang Xiujuan lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), "Henan, Linzhou, Shibanyan, 2006.VII.22, Wang Fengyan &amp; Huang Wenjing lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), "Henan, Jiyuan, Wangwushan, 2006.VII.30, Wang Fengyan &amp; Huang Wenjing lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Henan, Xinyang city, Xin county, Liankangshan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.7868&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.654" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.7868/lat 31.654)">Laomiao station</a>, N31.6540 E114.7868, 227 m, 2020.VII.10 N1, light trap, Zhu Pingzhou lgt.". 2 females (IZAS), "Shaanxi, Zhouzhi, Louguantai; light trap; N34.05378, E108.29294, 680 m, 2008.VI.22–26, Jiang Jianguo lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Shaanxi, Zhouzhi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.29294&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.05378" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.29294/lat 34.05378)">Louguantai</a>, 680 m, 2008.VI.25, Liu Wangang lgt." &lt;Figs 2A, 14A, 14I &gt;. 1 female (IZAS), "Shaanxi, Liuba, Miaotaizi, 1350 m, 1998.VII.21, Yao Jian lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Shaanxi, Foping, 900 m, 1999.VI.27, He Tongli lgt.". 1 male (HBUM), "Shaanxi, Langao county, 2003.VII.4–5, Liu Yushuang, Yuan Caixia et al. lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Shaanxi, Langao county, Minzhu town, 2003.VII.4, Liu Yushuang, Yuan Caixia et al. lgt.". 4 males, 3 females (HBUM), "Shaanxi, Ziyang, Maoba town, 2003.VII.8, Yuan Caixia &amp; Liu Yushuang lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Shaanxi, Ziyang, Maoba town, 2003.VII.7–8, Liu Yushuang, Yuan Caixia et al. lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Xi'an, Qinling Wild Zoo, 2008.VIII.25, Song Qiongzhang lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Gansu, Kangxian, Yangba, 1000 m, 1999.VII.11, Yao Jian lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Gansu, Kangxian, Yangba, 1020 m, 1999. VII.10, Wang Hongjian lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Anhui, Huangshan, Yungusi, 1977.VII.19, Yang Jikun lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Huangshan, 1936.VI.24 ". 1 female (HBUM), "Anhui, Yuexi, Yaoluoping, 2007.VII.30–VIII.4, Ba Yubin, Lang Juntong &amp; Wang Fengyan lgt.". 1 male (HBUM), "Anhui, Yuexi, Yaoluoping, 2007. VII.17–21, Ba Yubin, Lang Juntong &amp; Wang Fengyan lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Hangzhou, 1931.VI.29 ". 1 male (IZAS), " Mokanshan, 1931.V.31, O. Piel". 1 female (IZAS), "Zhejiang, Changhua, 1978.VI, Chen Qihu lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Zhejiang, Tianmushan, Laodian, 1000 m, 2000.VII.27, Ge Siqin lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Zhejiang, Anji, Longwangshan, 1995.VII.12, Wu Hong lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "" Kuling, 1934.IX.16, O. Piel". 1 female (IZAS), " Kuling, 1934. IX.18, O. Piel". 1 male (IZAS), "Hubei, Shenongjia, Yangri, 420 m, 1980.VII.7, Yu Peiyu lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Hubei, Shennongjia, Honghua, 1980.VII.22, Yu Peiyu lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Hubei, Shennongjia, Xinhua, light trap, N31°35’55’’, E110°53’24’’, 760 m, 2003.VIII.12, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.598612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.89/lat 31.598612)">Liang Hongbin</a> lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Hubei, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.598612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.89/lat 31.598612)">Zhuxi</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.598612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.89/lat 31.598612)">Huiwan</a>, N32.1222 E109.8058 366 m, Liu X lgt. 2017.7.15 ". 1 ex (IZAS), "Hubei, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.598612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.89/lat 31.598612)">Zhuxi</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.598612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.89/lat 31.598612)">Quanxi</a>, N32.0356 E109.6930 892 m, Liu X lgt. 2017.7.13 ". 1 female (IZAS), "Hubei, Hefeng, 770 m, 1989.VII.24, Xiao Ningnian lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Hubei, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1670 m, 1993.VII.23, Sun Baowen lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Hubei, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1100 m, 1993.VII.20, Yang Xingke lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Hubei, Xingshan, Longmenhe, 1350 m, 1993.VII.15, Sun Baowen lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Hunan, Guzhang, Gaowangjie, 460–600 m, 1988.VII.31, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Hunan, Cili, 1988.IX.5 ". 1 female (IZAS), "Fujian, Shaowu, 1981.VIII.5 ". 1 male (IZAS), "Fujian, Chongan, Xingcun, Sangang, 720–850 m, 1960.VI.4, Jiang Shengqiao lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Sichuan, Tongjiang county, 1980.VIII.11, Shen Yongguang lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Sichuan, Emeishan, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 1957.IV.24, Zhu Fuxing lgt.". 1 male, 1 female (IZAS), "Sichuan, Emeishan, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 1957.IV.24, Huang Keren lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Sichuan, Emeishan, Qingyinge, 800–1000 m, 1957. VI.29, Huang Keren lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Sichuan, Qingchenshan, 3100 m, 1979.VI.2, Shang Jinwen lgt.". 2 males (IZAS), "Sichuan, Muchuan, Wumaping, 1984.V.30, Zheng Xijin lgt.". 1 female (CRS), "China, N. Sichuan, Jiujaigow, 2500 m, 15.07.04". 1 male (IZAS), "Sichuan, Wanxian, Wangerbao, 1200 m, 1994.V.29, Yang Xingke lgt.". 3 females (IZAS), "Sichuan, Fengdu, 200 m, 1994.VI.1, Zhang Youwei lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Chongqing, Nanchuan, Jinfoshan, 2003.VII.21–30, Yuan Caixia &amp; Liu Yushuang lgt.". 4 males, 1 female (HBUM), "Chongqing, Chengkou county, Xiuqi twon, 2003.VII.13, Yuan Caixia &amp; Liu Yushuang lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Chongqing, Chengkou county, Pingba twon, 2003.VII.10, Yuan Caixia &amp; Liu Yushuang lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Chongqing, Chengkou county, Pingba town, 2003.VII.11, Yuan Caixia &amp; Liu Yushuang lgt.". 1 male (HBUM), "Chongqing, Chengkou county, Pingba town, 2003.VII.10–13, Yuan Caixia &amp; Liuyushuang lgt.". 1 ex (ZWWC), "Chongqing, Beibei, Nantianmen, 2006.VII.15, Zhang Weiwei lgt.". 1 ex (ZWWC), "Chongqing, Shizhu county, Mawu town, Hanshui, 2007.VIII.2, Zhang Weiwei lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Guizhou, Meitan, Chashutian, Xia Huai-en lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Guizhou, Meitan, 1984, Xia Huai-en lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Guizhou, Guiyang, 1979". 1 female (IZAS), "Guizhou, Chishui, Jinsha vill., 500 m, 2000.IX.21, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), "Guizhou, Xishui, Dabaitang, 2000.IX.25–29, Ren Guodong lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Guiyang, Huaxi, Pingqiao, 2009.VII, Wu Xinbei lgt.". 1 ex (MNHN),"Kouy-Tcheou, Kouy-yang, P.P. Cavalerie"[=Guiyang, Guizhou]. 1 ex (MNHN), "Kouy-Tcheou, Reg. De Pin-Fa, Pere Cavalerie, 1908" [=Guizhou]. 5 ex (MNHN), "Kouy-Tcheou, Gan Chouer, Hin Y fou et Tchen-fong Tcheou, P. Cavalerie, 1918" [=Zhenfeng, Guizhou]. 1 female (IZAS), "Guangxi, Baishou, 1942.VII.4 ". 1 male (HBUM), "Guangxi, Leye, Yachang forestry center, 2004.VII.24, Yu Yang &amp; Gao Chao lgt.". 1 female (CAU), "Guangxi, Guilin, Longsheng, 2003.VII.7, Cui Jianxin lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Kunming, Tiefeng’an, 1942. V.22 ". 1 ex (MNHN), "Yunnan-Sen, Yunnan". 1 ex (MNHN), "Yunnan". 1 ex (MNHN), "Chine, Yunnan, Recu de Lou-Nan, 1931". 1 male, 1 female (CCCC), " Taipei, Wulai, Fushan, 2009.VI.1 N" &lt;Fig. 16B &gt;. 1 female (CCCC), " Taipei, Wulai, 1994.V.10 " &lt;Fig. 11Y &gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. cavipennis is similar to and sympatric with P. laesipennis, but can be readily distinguished from the latter species by: (1) elytral striae well incised, intervals slightly convex (in P. laesipennis elytral striae not incised, replaced by rows of fine punctures, intervals almost flat); (2) elytral sutural angles very faintly pointed, outer apical angles fully rounded (in P. laesipennis sutural angles sharply pointed, forming short spines, outer apical angles weakly angulate); (3) LL subequal to LW (in P. laesipennis LL more than 1.5 times LW). Besides above, for Japanese specimens, P. laesipennis is usually much larger than P. cavipennis; and for Chinese specimens, P. laesipennis is usually much darker than P. cavipennis.</p> <p>Despite the very different external features, P. cavipennis is similar to P. testacea in their male genitalia, in particular for the shape of the apical lamella. However, in P. cavipennis, the dorsal and ventral margins of the median lobe are parallel before apical orifice, and then abruptly narrowed to the apex. While in P. testacea, the dorsal and ventral margins are not parallel, but gradually attenuate from base to apex.</p> <p>Description. Body length 8.8–10.5 mm. Dorsum yellowish brown; basal three antennomeres, and basal half of antennomere 4 yellow, remainder of antennae nearly black; venter yellowish brown. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.58–1.66, much wider than head, PW/HW = 1.13–1.19; widest at anterior third, lateral explanations very wide. Elytra without microsculpture; striae shallow, but well incised, finely punctate; intervals slightly convex, very finely and sparsely punctate; disc depressed near middle of third to sixth intervals; apices subtruncate, outer apical angles completely rounded; sutural angles very faintly pointed, without distinct tooth. Median lobe of aedeagus with dorsal and ventral margins parallel before apical orifice, and then abruptly narrowed to apex; apical lamella slightly narrowed to apex, LL subequal to LW, apex rounded. Endophallus (Fig. 16) very coarsely scaled on basal sheath, base of apical sheath subquadrate in dorsal view; squamate sac not divided, situated on basal fifth of median lobe, right to squamate sheath. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, inner branch with two long ensiform setae apically, outer branch with three ensiform setae apically, much shorter than those on the inner branch (Fig. 11Y).</p> <p>Distribution (Map 2). China (Liaoning, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Taiwan), Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam, Nepal (?).</p> <p>This species is widely sympatric with P. laesipennis in south China, but much more common in eastern provinces of China and less common in Taiwan and southwest China.</p> <p>Kirschenhofer (1994: 1023) reported P. cavipennis from Nepal. However, we only examined specimens of P. laesipennis from Nepal and adjacent regions (N. India, S. Xizang), but P. cavipennis were not seen. Probably his record was based on the misidentification of P. laesipennis. P. cavipennis was erroneously reported from Indonesia without specific specimen examination (Xie &amp; Yu, 1993). Their record is far from all confirmed records of this species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236259FFFC2DEFB2ECFD915CD0.text	038776236259FFFC2DEFB2ECFD915CD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena laesipennis	<div><p>2. Parena laesipennis species group</p> <p>This species group contains three very similar and allopatric species, distributed from East Asia to western part of Indonesia, but not known from south India or islands east of the Wallace line (Map 3). This species group is characterized by: dorsal surface entirely yellowish brown to reddish brown; elytral striae not incised, replaced by lines of punctures, intervals flat; elytral sutural angles more or less pointed, forming short spines, outer apical angles more or less angulate; LL much bigger than LW.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236259FFFC2DEFB2ECFD915CD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D.text	038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates 1873)	<div><p>[2] Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 17A–D. Male genitalia: Figs 18, 19. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11Z.</p> <p>Bates, 1873: 317 (original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Nagasaki; lectotype in MNHN); Jacobson, 1907: 403 (Crossoglossa); Jedlička, 1946: 8; Jedlička, 1963: 439; Habu, 1967: 168; Habu, 1982: 118; Lafer, 1989: 213; Park &amp; Kwon, 1998: 36 (South Korea); Kirschenhofer, 2011: 66. Karube et al., 2012: 3 (Ogasawara Is.).</p> <p>Misidentification: Parena cavipennis (Bates): Habu, 1942: 78 (Japan).</p> <p>Misidentification: Parena rufotestacea Jedlička: Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 194 (China: Fujian, Yunnan); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89; Park et al., 2006: 102 (Vietnam).</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa laesipennis Bates: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 17A), designated herein: female, body length = 11.9 mm, pin mounted, " NAGASAKI ", "TYPE" [red label], " Ex Musaeo H.W. Bates, 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR", " Crossoglossa laesipennis Bates " [hand written]. Paralectotype (MNHN): 1 female, teneral, without abdomen, labia glued on board and solely pinned, " NAGASAKI ", "PARATYPE" [red label], " Ex Musaeo H.W. Bates, 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR".</p> <p>Notes on types. This species was originally described from an unspecified number of specimens from " Nagasaki ", but more than one specimen was implied. In the collection of MNHN, a total of two specimens from Bates's collection accord with the original description. We herein designate the one bearing Bates's handwriting label (Fig. 17A) as the lectotype. We also examined a female in NHML labeled as "type", with a determination label not in accord with Bates's handwriting, and the locality "Hiogo" different from the type locality in the original description. Thus, this one is considered to be mislabeled as type and excluded from the type series.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Japan: 1 female (NHML), "HIOGO", "Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320", " Type " [round label with red circle], " Crossoglossa / laesipennis / Bates ". 1 male (IZAS), "Mt. Tatsurayama Tsushima Is. Nagasaki Pref., 1989.VIII.2, M. Ito leg.". 1 male (OMNH), "Iwawaki Osaka, 1959.VI.27, T. Kawatsu". 1 female (OMNH), "Izumi, Osaka-Pref., 1986.VII.20, leg. O. Tohinaga". 1 male (OMNH), "Mt. Karasuga-dake, nr. Mikumo. Kouga Shiga, 1980.XI.30, Mitsuo Goto leg.". 1 female (OMNH), "Mt. Oikedake Mie-Pref., 1956.IV.22, Coll. Zen. Naruse". China: 1 female (SNU), " Zhejiang, Lin’an, W. Tianmushan, 2008.VI., Huang Hao lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Zhejiang, W. Tianmushan, 1200 m, Bi Wenxuan lgt., 2010.V.2 ". 1 female (IZAS), " Zhejiang, W. Tianmushan, Song Haitian lgt., 2010.V.1 ". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hunan, Ningxiang, Huaminglou, Shili vill. 2015.IX.29 D, 152 m, N28.0974 E112.6638, Zhao KD. lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hunan, Ningxiang, Huaminglou, Shili vill. 2015.IX.27 D, 148 m, N28.0939 E112.6640, Yao J. lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Hunan, Mangshan, 2007.VIII.24, Tang Guo lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Fujian, Jianyang, Huangkeng, Guilin, 270–340 m, 1960.IV.8, Zhang Yiran lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Guangdong, Ruyuan, Nanling, Ruyang station, N24.93450, E113.01588; 1266 m, 2008.VII.20, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Hainan, Bawangling, 1000 m, 1997.V.22, Yu Peiyu lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Hainan, Limushan, Sanquling, 2007.11.30, Zhu Xiaoyu lgt.". 1 female (CAU), " Hainan, Yinggeling, Baisha, Hongmao vill., 2007.X.19, Wang Fang lgt.". 1 male (ZWWC), " Chongqing, Jiangjin, Simianshan, 2007.X.22–23, Zhang Weiwei lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Mengzhe, 870 m, 1958.VI.30, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 850 m, 1957.X.24, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Meng’a, 1050–1080 m, 1958.V.11, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Mengla, Menglun 55 km, 703 m, 2013.X.3, Yang Xiaodong lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan, Fugong county, Pihe, Bajiao, N26.54816, E98.89576, 1120 m, 2005.VIII.23, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 female (CAS), " Yunnan, Tengchong county, Mangbang, Longwenqiao, N25.02329, E98.67710, 1290 m, 2006.VI.5, Liang Hongbin &amp; Hu Peng lgt.". 1 female (CAS), " Yunnan, Tengchong coungty, Mangbang, Longwenqiao, N25.02396, E98.67675, 1285 m, 2006.VI.5, Kavanaugh D. &amp; Brett R. lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Gongshan county, btw. Pulahekou and Gazutian, 2007.IX.25, Shi Hongliang lgt." &lt;Figs 11Z, 17C&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), "Tengchong, Qushi, Heiyuhe, 1490 m, 2002.X.1, Situ Yingxian lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Yongde county, Yinchang, 2300 m, 2002.VI.29, Song Jinxin &amp; Huang Kunyun lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Ruili, Nongdao town, way btw Dengga and Sepengqiao, N23.95285, E97.59808 – N23.97518, E97.56944, 927– 807 m, 2009.VIII.11, on vegetation, Shi Hongliang lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan, Jingmai, Huimin, Lancang, 100°01’34.42’’E, 22°12’04.79’’N, 1488 m, Jianfeng Liang, Chengcong Yu, 2017.VII.11, Net capture". 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan, Ruili, Bangda vill, 1432 m, 2015-IX-3, Yang Xiaodong lgt." &lt;Fig. 18B&gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Ruili, Bangda vill, 1432 m, 2015-IX-10, Yang Xiaodong lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "China, Yunnan, Wenshan, Zhuilijie, 1734 m, 2019.V-23, Leg. Y.-Q. LU"&lt;Fig. 18A&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), " Xizang, Mêdog county, 1111 m, 2014-VII-30, Yang Xiaodong lgt.". 1 male, 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taitung county, Orchid Island, 2006. V.9, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taipei, Yingchiling, 1999.VI.30, Chou Wen-I lgt." &lt;Fig. 19B&gt;. 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Nantou county, Puli town, Shitsaitou, 1994.IV.15, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Pintung county, Hengchun town, Nanrenshan, 1992.XII.17, Chou Wen-I lgt." &lt;Figs 4C, 14J&gt;. 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taipei county, Sanhsia town, 1992.V.2, Chen Changchin lgt.". 2 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taoyuan county, Fuhsing, Sankuang, 1994.VII.14 ". 1 ex (MTMB), "Taiwan, Nantou county, Puli, singled, 19.XI.2002, leg. H.R. Tzuoo". Vietnam: 1 ex (MNHN), "Tonkin, Reg de Hoa Binh, A. de Cooman, 1927". 1 female (CRS), "Vietnam, Lao Cai prov., near Sa Pa, Cat Cat vill. env. H= 1200 m, 10–20.V.2018 " &lt;Fig. 14B&gt;. Laos: 1 male (NHMB), "LAO, Phongsaly prov. 21°41-2' N 102°6 -8'E, 28.v.-20.vi.2003, Phongsaly env., ~ 1500 m, Pacholatko leg.". 2 ex (NHMB), "LAO, Phongsaly prov. 21°41-2' N 102°6 -8'E, 28.v.-20.vi.2003, Phongsaly env., ~ 1500 m, Vit Kuban leg.". 2 ex. (NHMB), "LAOS-NE, Xieng Khouang prov. 19°37-8' N 103°20 -1'E, 30 km NE Phonsavan: Ban Ba Lam- Phou Sane Mt., 1300–1700 m, 10–30.v.2009, M. Geiser leg.". 3 ex (NHMB), "LAOS-NE, Xieng Khouang prov. 19°37-8' N 103°20 -1'E, Phonsavan (30km NE): Phou Sane Mt., 1400–1700 m, 10-30.v.2009, D. Hauck leg." &lt;Fig. 19A&gt;. 1 ex (NHMB), "LAOS-NE, Xieng Khouang prov. 19°37-8' N 103°20' E, Phonsavan (30km NE): Phou Sane Mt., 1400–1500 m, 10-30.v.2009, Z. Kraus leg.". 1 ex (NHMB), "LAOS-NE, Houa Phan prov. 20°11-13’ N 103°59’ -104°1’E, Ban Saluei-Phou Pane Mt, 9.-17.vi.2009, 1300–1900 m, M. Geiser leg.". Myammar: 1 female (NHML), "Birmah, Rubymes, Dohelly", "60863", "Fry coll. 1905.100". Thailand: 1 ex (CMB), "N.W. Thailand, Mae Hong Son, 17– 18.5.1999, R. Grimm". 1 ex (CSF), "Thailand, Chiang Mai prov. 25 km N of CHIANG DAO, 28- 30.6.2002, WGS 84: 19°40'N, 098°50'E, lgt. Fouque R.+H.". 1 ex (CSF), "Thailand, 7.-12.5. MAE HONG SON prov. SOPPONG, 1500 m, 19°27' N 98°20' E, lgt. S. Becvar, 1996". India: 1 ex (NHMB), "Durpin 1200 m, 26.III.1986 "; "Indian Darjeeling D. Bhakta B.". 1 ex (NHMB), "Chuba Busty, 1080 m, 18.IV.1984 "; "Darjeeling D. India Bhakta B.". 1 ex (NHMB), "India VII–VIII, Darjeeling D. Bhakta B. 1985". 1 male (NHMB), ""Indien Darjeeling D. Bhakta B.", "Reenak, 9-13.V.90". 1 ex (NHMB), "Kalimp. 1000 m, Rinkingpong, 22.IV.1987 "; "Indien Darjeeling D. Ch.J. Rai". 1 ex (NHMB), "Kalimpong, 5.VII.1981 "; "Darjeeling Distr. India Bhakta B.". 1 ex (MNHN), "Rhenok, 3000p., VII. VIII.1900, Sikkim?". 1 female (NHMB), "NE India, Meghalaya, Tura peak, 600– 1000 m, 25°30’ N 90°14 "E, L. Dembicky leg., 12.-22.vi.2007 ". Nepal: 1 ex (NHMB), "Burhanilkanth, 1440–1650 m, 16.VI.1983 "; "Nepal, Kathmandu v., M. Brancucci". 1 ex (NHMB), "Nepal Kathmandu V., Godavari 1500 m, M. Brancucci"; "21.-27.VI, 1989". 1 ex (NHMB), "Nepal Kathmandu V. Burhanikanth"; " 19.V.1989 1450 m, M. Brancucci". 1 ex (NHMB), "Nepal Kathmandu V. Godavari 1500 m "; " 21-27.V.1989 1450 m, M. Brancucci". 1 male (NHMB), "Godavari 1500–1700 m, 21.5", "Nepal, 1977 Wittmer, Brancucci". 1 male (NHMB), "Balaju 23.V. 1350 m", "Nepal, 1977, Wittmer, Brancucci" &lt;Figs 17D, 19C&gt;. 1 ex (NHMB), "Nepal Bagm ati, Sindhupalchok, Parahang-Dapkakharka", " 2100 m, 11.VI.99, M. Brancucci". 1 ex (NHMB), "Nepal: Kosi - #13 Depitar 27°27’N/ 87°17E to Barabishe 27°26N/87°18’E, 1250– 560 m, 12.vi.01". 1 ex (NHMB), "Nepal: Kosi - #10 Mure 27°30’N/ 87°16E 2000–2100 m, 6–8/11–12.vi.01". 1 ex (CSF), "NEPAL Annapurna Himal, Lumle, 17. – 22.06.1999, A. Kudrna JR. Lgt.". Malaysia: 1 male (NHMB), "MALAYSIA, PAHANG, 2003 Cameron Highlands; TANAH RATA, 1500–1700 m, P. Pacholatko leg. 24.-31.i.".</p> <p>Comparisons. P. laesipennis is most similar to P. obenbergi, and also might be confused with a sympatric species, P. cavipennis. See "Comparisons" under the latter two species.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.5–12.6 mm. Dorsum yellowish brown to reddish brown; basal three antennomeres, and basal half of antennomere 4 brown, remainder of antennae black; venter brown. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.50–1.65, usually much wider than head, PW/HW = 1.05–1.14; widest at anterior third, lateral explanations very wide. Elytra without microsculpture, or with very weak isodiametric microsculpture near apices; striae not incised, replaced by rows of fine punctures; intervals completely flat, very finely and sparsely punctate; disc well depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6, depressions subtriangular; apical truncation distinct, straight or slightly curved, outer apical angles weakly angulate, forming very blunt obtuse angles; sutural angles sharply pointed, forming short denticles. Median lobe of aedeagus gradually narrowed to apex, ventral margin straight or gently curved; apical lamella more or less bent toward dorsum, length 1.50–1.65 folds as its basal width, apex rounded. Endophallus very densely scaled on basal sheath, base of apical sheath discoid in dorsal view; squamate sac equally divided, situated on basal fifth of median lobe, right to squamate sheath, distal sac slightly closer to base than proximal sac (Fig. 18A). Gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, inner branch with two long ensiform setae apically, outer branch slightly longer than the inner one, apex with two or three ensiform setae, much shorter than those on the inner branch (Fig. 11Z).</p> <p>Distribution (Map 3, red). China (Zhejiang, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Xizang, Taiwan), Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, India (Darjeeling), Nepal.</p> <p>Geographical variation. The southwestern specimens (from southwest China, Laos, Thailand, Nepal, and India, Figs 17C–D, 18A, 18B, 19A, 19C) of P. laesipennis are slightly different from the typical specimens (from Japan and Taiwan, Figs 17A–B, 19B). They are usually slightly darker and smaller sized (9.5–11.0 mm versus 11.0– 12.6 mm), and with elytral microsculpture less obvious. The male genitalia also differ slightly as well: in the southwestern specimens, the apical lamella is generally slightly more bent to the dorsum, and the ventral margin is slightly more curved in lateral view. However, the above differences are subtle, not always stable, and intermediate status is present in some individuals from Eastern China. Therefore, we believe that the above characters gradually vary by distance from northeast to southwest, and that all the above populations should be classified as the same species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236265FFC02DEFB2ECFCCC5EE4.text	038776236265FFC02DEFB2ECFCCC5EE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Crossoglossa) levata Andrewes, Borneo. D 1931	<div><p>[3] Parena (Crossoglossa) levata Andrewes, 1931</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 17E, 17F.</p> <p>Andrewes, 1931a: 77 (type locality: Sumatra: Sibolangit; holotype in NHML); Jedlička, 1952: 210.</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena levata Andrewes: Holotype (NHML, Fig. 17E), female, body length = 9.6 mm, " 8.x.1925 / Sibolangit / Kamy ", "Type"[red label], " Parena / levata /Type Andr. /H.E. Andrewes det.", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97".</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 female (IZAS), "Boreno: Sahah, Keningau district, Jungle Girl Camp. N5.4430, E116.4512, 1182 m; Shi H.L. &amp; Liu Y. lgt. light trap, Ins. Zoo., CAS. 2016.IV.29 N" &lt;Figs 14C, 17F&gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. levata is distinguishable from the other two species in this species group by its elytra disc not depressed near the middle of intervals 3 to 6. Despite this, the external features of P. levata is almost identical to specimens of P. laesipennis from Southeast Asia.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.5–9.6 mm. Dorsum reddish brown; basal three antennomeres, and basal half of antennomere 4 brown, rest parts of antennae black; venter brown. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.55–1.60, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.05–1.07; lateral explanations very wide. Elytra without microsculpture; striae not incised, replaced by lines of fine punctures; intervals completely flat, very finely and sparsely punctate; disc not depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6; lateral sides depressed near anterior third shallower than in other species; apical truncation distinct, straight, outer apical angles weakly angulate, forming very blunt obtuse angles; sutural angles sharply pointed, forming short denticles. Male genitalia unknown. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, inner and outer branches each with two ensiform setae apically, setae on outer branch much shorter than those on the inner one.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 3, blue). Sumatra, Borneo (Sabah).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236265FFC02DEFB2ECFCCC5EE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236265FFC02DEFB66BFC105AF0.text	038776236265FFC02DEFB66BFC105AF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Crossoglossa) obenbergeri Jedlicka. A Habitus 1951	<div><p>[4] Parena (Crossoglossa) obenbergeri Jedlička, 1951</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 20A. Male genitalia: Fig. 20B.</p> <p>Jedlička, 1952: 210 (type locality: Java; holotype in NMPC).</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena obenbergeri Jedlička: Holotype (NMPC, Fig. 20), male, body length = 9.9 mm, " g. Roesa / Java ", "TYPUS" [red label], " Obenbergeri / sp. n. / det. ING. JEDLIČKA" [pink label].</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 female (NNML), " Nederland Indie / Java 1800'-2400' / Tjiajoenan / Soekanegara / eind kot. 1941 / J.M.A.v. Groenendael". 1 ex (NHML), "Bato-raden / G. Slamat. Java / F.C. Drescher. / 9.VI.1938 "; " Andr. / FCD / 201 "; " Parena / mellea/? Chd. / H.E. Andrewes det."; "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97".</p> <p>Comparisons. P. obenbergeri is very similar to P. laesipennis. It differs from the latter species only in having the elytral apical truncation more distinct and the outer apical angles sharper. However, with the male genitalia of P. obenbergeri having the apical lamella distinctly narrower than in P. laesipennis and the wide distributional gap between them, we treat it as a distinct species.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.9 mm. Dorsum reddish brown; basal three antennomeres, and basal half of antennomere 4 reddish brown, rest parts of antennae nearly black; venter brown. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.60, slightly wider than head including eyes, PW/HW = 1.08; lateral explanations very wide. Elytra without microsculpture; striae not incised, replaced by lines of fine punctures; intervals completely flat, very finely and sparsely punctate; disc depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6, depressions subtriangular; apical truncation distinct, straight, outer apical angles well angulate, forming distinct obtuse angles; sutural angles pointed, forming short spines. Median lobe of aedeagus gradually narrowed to apex, ventral margin almost straight; apical lamella slightly bent to dorsum, length 1.75 folds as its basal width, apex rounded. Endophallus very densely scaled on basal sheath, base of apical sheath ovate in dorsal view; squamate sac indistinctly divided, on basal fifth of median lobe, right to squamate sheath. Female ovipositor not studied.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 3, green). Only known from the western part of Java.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236265FFC02DEFB66BFC105AF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236263FFC62DEFB2ECFD9D5C8B.text	038776236263FFC62DEFB2ECFD9D5C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena testacea (Chaudoir 1872)	<div><p>3. Parena testacea species group</p> <p>This species group contains five allopatric species, distributed all through the Oriental Realm and eastern to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. They are characterized by: dorsum pale yellow, elytra entirely yellow or with large dark median patch; tarsi black, distinctly darker than other portions of legs; antennae bicolor, basal one or three antennomeres yellow, apical antennomeres black; elytral striae not incised, replaced by lines of punctures, intervals flat; elytral sutural angles pointed or not, forming denticles or spines, outer apical angles well rounded to distinctly angulate; median lobe of aedeagus slightly stouter than previous two groups, gradually attenuate to apex, apical lamella more or less bent to dorsum.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236263FFC62DEFB2ECFD9D5C8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F.text	038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir 1872)	<div><p>[5] Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir, 1872)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 21A, 21B. Male genitalia: Fig. 22. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11 α.</p> <p>Chaudoir, 1872: 178 (original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Deccan; lectotype in MNHN); Andrewes, 1929: 314 (misidentification of Parena mellea); Andrewes, 1930: 258 (Nepal); Jedlička, 1952: 210; Darlington, 1968: 139 (misidentification of Parena mellea); Shibata, 1987: 63 (Taiwan); Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 194 (China: Jiangsu, Yunnan); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89, 102.</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa testacea Chaudoir: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 21A), designated herein: female, body length = 10.1 mm, pin mounted, "TYPE" [red label, added by Mateu], " testacea / Chaud. / Indes Orient. / S. Stevens " [ex Chaudoir’s box label, pinned under specimen now], "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". Paralectotype (MNHN): 1 male, without head, " PARATYPE " [red label], "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR".</p> <p>Notes on types. This species was originally described from one male and one female from "Deccan", perfectly in accord with the two type specimens in MNHN that we examined. Because the male is incomplete (head missing), we herein designate the complete female as lectotype.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. China: 1 male (IZAS), "Zi-ka-wei, 1912.VI.24 " &lt;Figs 10B, 22B &gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Putuoshan, 1974.X.9, Li Fasheng lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Pinghu, 1981.VIII.28 ". 1 female (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Longquan, 1982.VII.11 " &lt;Fig. 11 α &gt;. 1 male (IZAS), " Guangdong, Shenzhen, Futian, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.02/lat 22.56)">Meilinhoushan</a>, N22.56, E114.02, 233 m, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.02/lat 22.56)">Mai Zuqi</a> lgt., 2020-3-15 " &lt;Figs 14D, 14L, 21B &gt;. 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Damenglong, 650 m, 1958.IV.18, Zheng Leyi lgt.". 1 male (MNHN), " Yang-tsze Kiang ", " Ex. Musaeo H.W. BATES, 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 male (NHML), "Kuraru. Formosa. 1932 5. Leg. Y. Yano ". 2 females (NHML), " Kasapin. Near avi, Formosa. 10-V-1938 ", "coll. Yoshio Yano ", " H.E. Andrewes Coll. B.M. 1945-97". Vietnam: 1 male, 1 female (MNHN), " Chu ganh, 5.1914", "MUSEUM PARIS, Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD". 1 ex (CMB), " Vietnam: Buonmathuot, Prov. Daklak, 23- 26.6.1985 ". India: 1 male (MNHN), " Inde coll. Boucard 1919", "MUSEUM PARIS, Ex Coll. M. MAINDRON, Coll. G. BABAULT, 1930", " Crossoglossa testacea Chaud. " &lt;Fig. 22A&gt;. 1 ex (MHNL), "Belgaum / Bombay/ H.E. Andrewes "; " Phloeodromius / testaceus/ Chaud. / compared with / type H.E.A."; " H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97". 1 male (MHNL), " Maissour / Shimoga / Juin 1897 "; " Ex. Coll. / R. Oberthur "; " H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97". Nepal: 1 female (MHNL), "Nepal".</p> <p>Comparisons. P. testacea is distinguishable from the other four species in this group by the combination of: only antennomere 1 yellow; elytral intervals with dense punctures, strial puncture rows poorly defined; elytra sutural angles sharply pointed, forming long spines; outer apical angles distinctly angulate; terminal sternite with apical margin straight at middle in both sexes.</p> <p>This species is similar to P. sulawesiensis in the shape of elytra sutural angles (Figs 14D, 14E), but the latter species is different in: (1) basal three antennomeres yellow; (2) punctures on elytra intervals slightly finer and much sparser than in P. testacea, so that strial puncture rows well defined; (3) elytra outer apical angles completely rounded, not forming distinct angles as in P. testacea; (4) apical lamella of aedeagus slightly longer; and (5) female terminal sternite strongly projected at middle (Fig. 8B).</p> <p>In the color of antennae, some specimens of P. mellea are similar to P. testacea. These two species are distinguishable by the different shape of elytral sutural denticles and the apical lamella of male genitalia.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.5–10.1 mm. Dorsum pale yellow; antennomere 1 yellow, antennomeres 2 and 3 black or dark brown, remainder of antennae black; apices of mandibles black; terminal labial palpomere black, terminal and penultimate maxillary palpomeres black; tarsomeres black, in strong contrast with light yellow tibiae; venter pale yellow. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.70–1.80, much wider than head, PW/HW = 1.13–1.22; widest at anterior third, lateral explanations very wide. Elytra without microsculpture; striae not incised, intervals completely flat, striae and intervals with similar very fine punctures, thus striae difficult to distinguish; disc depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6, depressions large and shallow; apical truncation distinct, straight or slightly curved inward, outer apical angles sharp, forming clear obtuse angles; sutural angles sharply pointed, forming long spines. Apex of abdominal sternite VII straight in both sexes. Median lobe of aedeagus gradually attenuate to apex, apical lamella weakly bent toward dorsum, length subequal to its basal width (LL/LW = 1.0–1.1), apex rounded or slightly truncate. Endophallus densely scaled on basal sheath, base of apical sheath ovate in dorsal view; squamate sac not divided, on basal fifth of median lobe, right to squamate sheath (Fig. 22). Gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, inner and outer branches each with two short ensiform setae apically (Fig. 11 α).</p> <p>Distribution (Map 4, red). China (Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Yunnan, Taiwan), Vietnam, India, Nepal.</p> <p>P. testacea was recorded from Papua New Guinea by Darlington (1968) without a detailed description. We did not examine any materials from Papua New Guinea, but according to the distribution, this record should be based on the misidentification of P. mellea.</p> <p>Geographical variation. We studied male genitalia of specimens from India and China (Shanghai). They have very slight differences in the shape of apical lamella, with the apex slightly truncate in specimens from India (Fig. 22A), and completely rounded in specimens from China (Fig. 22B). They are identical in other characters.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236261FFCB2DEFB78EFB975BC4.text	038776236261FFCB2DEFB78EFB975BC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer. D 2006	<div><p>[6] Parena (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, 2006</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 21C, 21D. Male genitalia: Fig. 23. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11 β.</p> <p>Kirschenhofer, 2006: 95 (type locality: Sulawesi; holotype in CDW).</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer: Holotype (CDW, Fig. 21C): male, body length = 10.7 mm, board mounted, " INDONESIA (C. Sulawesi) / Kab. Donggala, village Toro / UTM51 S (WGS-84) / X 9833613, Y 170666. Alt 815 m / From: T. cacao under diverse, / planted shade (canopy fogging) / 24-XII-2003 M.M. Bos leg. / 05C241203E", " CAR. 7B " [green label], " Holotypus / Parena / sulawesiensis sp. n. / det. Kirschenhofer" [red label], "COLL. WRASE / BERLIN" &lt;Fig. 23B&gt;.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 female (NHMB), "Drs. Sarasin, S. Cerebes, Lamontjong", "Lebia sp.? Det. K.M. Heller 1916" &lt;Figs 8B, 11 β, 14E&gt;. 1 male (CRS), "Indon.—C. Sulawesi, Puncak Palopo, II.2013 " &lt;Figs 21D, 23A&gt;. 1 male (NNML), "C.J. Louwerens, W. Celebes 1800', G. Rangkoenau- Paloe, VIII.1937 "; "Museum Leiden, ex. collection, C.J. Louwerens, rec. 1979"; " Parnea mellea Chaud., H.E. Andrewes det.". 1 female (NNML), " Id.. Salayer, Somarisi "; "Museum Leiden, ex. collection, C.J. Louwerens, rec. 1979"; " Parnea mellea ? Chd., H.E. Andrewes det."[Selayar island].</p> <p>Comparisons. P. sulawesiensis is distinguishable from the other four species in this species group by the combination of: basal three antennomeres yellow; elytra sutural angles sharply pointed, forming long spines; outer apical angles almost rounded; female sternite VII strongly projected at middle. This species is most similar to P. testacea. Comparison between them was provided under the latter species.</p> <p>Description. Body length 10.4–10.8 mm. Dorsum pale yellow; antennomeres 1 to 3 reddish yellow, basal third of antennomere 4 reddish yellow, remainder of antennae black; apices of mandibles black; terminal labial palpomere black, terminal and penultimate maxillary palpomeres black; tarsomeres black, in strong contrast with yellowish brown tibiae; venter pale yellow. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.65–1.71, much wider than head, PW/ HW = 1.14–1.22; widest at anterior third, lateral explanations very wide. Elytra with faint isodiametric microsculpture on apical third; striae not incised, with rows of fine punctures; intervals completely flat, with punctures slightly finer and much sparser than in striae; disc depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6, depressions large and shallow; apical truncation distinct, nearly straight, outer apical angles almost rounded, not forming distinct angles; sutural angles sharply pointed, forming long spines. Apex of abdominal sternite VII nearly straight in males, strongly projected at middle in females (Fig. 8B). Median lobe of aedeagus with dorsal margin curved before apical orifice, and then narrowed to apex; apical lamella subrectangular, more or less bent to dorsum, length slightly greater than its basal width (L/W = 1.3), apex slightly truncate. Endophallus very coarsely scaled on basal sheath, base of apical sheath discoid in dorsal view; squamate sac hardly divided, on basal fifth of median lobe, right to squamate sheath (Fig. 23). Gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, inner branch with two ensiform setae apically, outer branch with two or three ensiform setae apically (Fig. 11 β).</p> <p>Distribution (Map 4, green). Only known from Sulawesi, including Selayar Island.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236261FFCB2DEFB78EFB975BC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623626EFFC92DEFB48BFEE75CF7.text	03877623626EFFC92DEFB48BFEE75CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir 1872)	<div><p>[7] Parena (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir, 1872)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 21E, 21F, 21G. Male genitalia: Fig. 24.</p> <p>Chaudoir, 1872: 179 (original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Moluques; holotype in MNHN); Andrewes, 1930: 257 (Andonare Is.). Misidentification: Parena testacea (Chaudoir): Andrewes, 1929: 314 (Sumatra); Darlington, 1968: 139 (Papua New Guinea).</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa mellea Chaudoir: Holotype (MNHN, Fig. 21E): female, body length = 11.3 mm, pin mounted, "Ex Musaeo / Chaudoir", " mellea / Chaud. / Moluques / Lorquin " [ex Chaudoir's box label, pinned under specimen now], "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHÜR", " HOLOTYPE / Crossoglossa mellea / Chaudoir, 1872 / det. SHI H.L. 2011" [red label].</p> <p>Notes on types. This species was originally described from one female collected by Lorquin from " Moluques ", perfectly in accord with the examined holotype in MNHN (Fig. 21E). There is another male (Fig. 21F) in MNHN labeled " Moluques Lorquin" from the ex-collection of Mniszech. This one seems to be collected together with the holotype, but not known to Chaudoir when the species was described.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Maluku: 1 male (MNHN), "Moluques Lorquin" [hand written], "Ex Musaeo Mniszech", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR" &lt;Figs 21F, 24B&gt;. Andonare: 1 ex (NHML), "Laboenarang / Andonare 2-4000' / Doherty XI"; " Phloedromius / mellea / Chaud. / Compared with / type H.E.A."; " H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97". Java: 1 female (NNML), " Banjoewangl, Java, 1911, Mac Gillavry" [=Banyuwangi]. 2 males, 1 female (NNML), "Banjoewangl, Java, 1910, Mac Gillavry". 1 female (NNML), "Java, Drescher, 12.1913, Djoija". 1 male (NNML), " Semarang-Java, P.H.V Doesburg ", " Museum Leiden, ex. collection C.J. Louwerens, rec. 1979", " Parena testacea Chaud., E.B. Britton det. 1947". Sumatra: 1 female (NNHL), " Corporaal, Medan, 8-4-1920 ", "Museum Leiden, Ex coll. B.H. Klynstra ", " Parena testacea Chaud. H.E. Andrewes det.", "Par. Chd. testacea". 1 male (NNHL), " Fort de Kock., (Sumatra) 920 m, December 1921, leg. E. Jacobson. ". 1 female (NHML), " Fort de Kock, (Sumatra) 920 M, 1924, leg. E. Jacobson. ", " H.E. Andrewes Coll. B.M. 1945-97". 1 female (NHML), " Sumatra ", "J.T., 18.3.84", " Coll. Kraatz ", " Ex. Deutsch. Ent. Mus. ", " H.E. Andrewes Coll. B.M. 1945-97". 1 female (NHML), " Medan Mjob. ", " Ex Mus. Stockholm ", " H.E. Andrewes Coll. B.M. 1945-97". 1 female (SDEI), "Sumatra", " Coll. Kraatz ". 1 female (SDEI), " Wai Lima Z. Sum., Lampongs, Karny &amp; Siebers, XI. XII.1921. No261". The Philippines: 1 male (CRS), " Filippine —N Luzon, Ifugao, Pola VIII.2014 " &lt;Figs 8F, 14G, 24A &gt;. 1 female (CRS), " Philippines W Luzon, Zambales, Subic VII.2015 " &lt;Figs 8C, 21G &gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. mellea is distinguishable from the other four species in this species group by the combination of: elytra with sutural angles shortly pointed, forming small denticles; outer apical angles almost rounded; elytra without black patch; tibiae yellowish brown.</p> <p>This species is similar to P. testacea, especially for those specimens from Sumatra and the Philippines, which have the same antennal color as P. testacea. These two species are distinguishable by: (1) elytral sutural angles only slightly pointed, forming small denticles in P. mellea, but sharply pointed forming long spines in P. testacea; (2) elytral outer apical angles less distinct in P. mellea; (3) in P. mellea, elytra intervals with punctures much sparser, and stria with puncture rows more clearly defined; (4) in P. mellea, apex of abdominal sternite VII notched in males (Fig. 8F), and projected in females (Fig. 8C), but straight in both sexes of P. testacea; (5) apical lamella of aedeagus longer in P. mellea.</p> <p>Some specimens of P. mellea are similar in color to P. sulawesiensis, especially for those from the Maluku Islands. These two species are different in (1) elytral sutural angles only slightly pointed forming small denticles in P. mellea, but sharply pointed forming long spines in P. sulawesiensis; (2) in P. mellea, apex of abdominal sternite VII more distinctly notched in males, and less projected in females than in P. sulawesiensis; (3) apical lamella of aedeagus ovate in P. mellea, but subrectangular in P. sulawesiensis.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.5–10.6 mm. Dorsum pale yellow; antennomere 1 yellow, antennomeres 2, 3 and basal third of 4 reddish yellow to dark brown, remainder of antennae black; apices of mandibles black; terminal labial palpomere black, terminal and penultimate maxillary palpomeres black; tarsomeres black, in strong contrast with yellowish brown tibiae; venter pale yellow. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.60–1.69, much wider than head, PW/HW = 1.10–1.23; widest at anterior third, lateral explanations very wide. Elytra without microsculpture or with very faint isodiametric microsculpture near apices; striae not incised, replaced by rows of very fine punctures; intervals completely flat, with punctures sparser than in striae; disc depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6, depressions large and shallow; apical truncation distinct, straight or slightly arched; outer apical angles almost rounded, not forming distinct angles; sutural angles slightly pointed, forming short denticles. Apex of abdominal sternite VII notched in males (Fig. 8F), weakly projected at middle in females (Fig. 8C). Median lobe of aedeagus with dorsal margin curved before apical orifice, and then narrowed to apex; apical lamella ovate, weakly bent to dorsum, length slightly greater than its basal width, apex rounded. Endophallus densely and heavily scaled on basal sheath, base of apical sheath ovate in dorsal view; squamate sac hardly divided, on basal fifth of median lobe, right or right-ventral to squamate sheath (Fig. 24). Gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, inner and outer branches each with two short ensiform setae apically.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 4, blue). Maluku Islands, Adonara Island, Papua New Guinea, East Java, Sumatra, the Philippines.</p> <p>Geographical variation. The antennae color of P. mellea varies between different localities. In specimens from Maluku Islands, Adonara Island, and East Java, antennomeres 2, 3 and the basal third of 4 are reddish yellow, in sharp contrast with the black apical antennomeres (Fig. 21F). In specimens from Sumatra and the Philippines, antennomeres 2, 3, and the basal third of 4 are very dark brown, a color more similar to the black apical antennomeres (Fig. 21G). We studied the male genitalia of specimens from these different localities and found them to be identical (Fig. 24).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623626EFFC92DEFB48BFEE75CF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623626CFFC82DEFB681FC455FF3.text	03877623626CFFC82DEFB681FC455FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E 1933	<div><p>[8] Parena (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, 1933</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 21H, 21I.</p> <p>Andrewes, 1933: 286 (Parena testacea var. cruralis; type locality: Java: Pengalengan; holotype in NHML); Lorenz, 2005: 490 (Parena testacea cruralis).</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena cruralis Andrewes: Holotype (NHML, Fig. 21H): female, body length = 9.4 mm, board mounted, " Java occident. / Pengalengan / 4000’ 1893 / H. Fruhstorfer", "Ex coll. / T. Sloane", " 169 ", "Type" [red label]; " Parena / testacea Chd. / v. Cruralis Andr. / Type H.E. Andrewes det.", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97".</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 female (IZAS), " Boreno: Sahah, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.4512&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.4512/lat 5.443)">Keningau district</a>, Jungle Girl Camp. N5.4430, E116.4512, 1182 m; Shi H.L. &amp; Liu Y. lgt. light trap, Ins. Zoo., CAS. 2016.V.1 N" &lt;Figs 8D, 14F, 21I &gt;. 1 female (CRS), " N. Borneo 1150 m Tambunan distr. Trus Madi m.IV.12". 1 female (CRS), " Malaysia — Borneo Sabah, Trus-Madi III.2007. Gromenko".</p> <p>Comparisons. P. cruralis is distinguishable from the other four species in this species group by the combination of: elytra sutural angles shortly pointed, forming short denticles; outer apical angles almost rounded; elytra without black patch; tibiae black. P. cruralis is very similar to P. mellea, but only different in tibiae black and elytra disc depressions absent or much shallower than in P. mellea.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.4–11.2 mm. Dorsum pale yellow; antennomere 1 yellow, remaining ten antennomeres black; apices of mandibles black; terminal labial palpomere black, terminal and penultimate maxillary palpomeres black; tarsomeres black; tibiae black, middle portion dark brown; venter pale yellow. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.63–1.70; much wider than head, PW/HW = 1.10–1.19; widest at anterior third, lateral explanations very wide. Elytra without microsculpture; striae not incised, replaced by rows of very fine punctures; intervals completely flat, with punctures sparser than in striae; disc not depressed or very shallowly depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6; apical truncation distinct, straight or slightly rounded; outer apical angles almost rounded, not forming distinct angles; sutural angles slightly pointed, forming short denticles. Apex of abdominal sternite VII very weakly projected at middle in females (Fig. 8D). Gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, inner branch with two ensiform setae apically, outer branch with two or three ensiform setae apically. Male unknown.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 4, magenta). West Java and north Borneo.</p> <p>Geographical variation. Specimens from Borneo are somewhat different from the holotype from Java. They are much larger (ca. 11 mm vs 9.6 mm) and elytra disc with very shallow depressions in the middle of intervals 3 to 6 (without depression in the holotype). Based on their similar leg color, we determine them all as P. cruralis.</p> <p>Remarks. P. cruralis was originally described as a variety of P. testacea, and recently (Lorenz, 2005) treated as a subspecific name under P. testacea. However, after the examination of the holotype, we found that P. cruralis is closer to P. mellea than to P. testacea for the similarities in elytra apices and interval punctures. The taxonomic position of P. cruralis is still doubtful because the male is unknown. We treat P. cruralis as a separate species for now because it is markedly different from other species in coloration.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623626CFFC82DEFB681FC455FF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623626DFFCF2DEFB08BFB985B45.text	03877623626DFFCF2DEFB08BFB985B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Crossoglossa) sciakyi Shi & Liang 2023	<div><p>[9] Parena (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. nov.</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 25. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11 γ.</p> <p>Type locality. Guadalcanal of the Solomon Islands.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype (CRS, Fig. 25): female, body length = 11.3 mm, board mounted, "South Pasific, Solomon Is. / GUADALCANAL I., 750–900 m / Karukiki env., 20-25 km SSE / of Honiara, 1-18.XII.2016 / St. Jakl leg."; " HOLOTYPE / Parena (Crossoglossa) / sciakyi sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Figs 6D, 8A, 11 γ, 14H, 14K&gt;.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsum pale yellow, elytra with large median black patch; antennomeres 1 to base of 4 yellow, apical antennomeres black; tibiae yellowish brown except apex dark brown; pronotum strongly transverse; elytra striae not incised, replaced by rows of fine punctures; disc shallowly depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6; sutural angles simple, without pointed denticles (Fig. 14H); female abdominal sternite VII with apical margin straight at middle (Fig. 8A).</p> <p>Comparisons. P. sciakyi sp. n. is the only known species in the subgenus Crossoglossa which has a black patch on elytra. Besides the conspicuous large patch, the new species is also different from all other species of the P. testacea species group by: (1) elytral sutural angles not at all pointed, without denticles or spines; (2) pronotum much wider (PW/PL 1.82) than other species (PW/PL 1.60–1.71); (3) elytra microsculpture stronger than in other species.</p> <p>Description. Body length 11.3 mm. Body wide and stout, elytra subconvex. Color. Head yellowish brown, slightly darker than pronotum, pronotum pale yellow; antennomeres 1 to 3 yellowish brown, apex of 2 and 3 slightly darker, antennomere 4 gradually darkened from brown base to black apex, remaining antennomeres black, apex of antennomere 11 yellow; apex and inner margins of mandibles black; apex of laciniae and galea black; terminal labial palpomere black except apex, terminal and penultimate maxillary palpomeres black except apex. Elytra with margins pale yellow, disc with a conspicuous trapezoidal black patch, extended from basal pore basally to apical pore on interval 3 apically, extended to interval 6 near humerus and to interval 8 on outer apical angle. Scutellum yellow. Tibiae yellowish brown, apex dark brown; tarsomeres black; claws yellow. Venter of head reddish brown; metasternum and metaepisterna black; remaining parts of venter pale yellow. Head without microsculpture, vertex and frons with fine punctures; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora very short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction slightly less than one-third of eyes' diameter; postgenae with a pair of long suborbital setae. Antennae barely reaching pronotum base. Mentum without median seta, lateral lobes extremely large, inner margins nearly straight, outer and apical margins widely rounded, epilobes very narrow; submentum with two setae on each side. Pronotum strongly transverse, PW/PL = 1.82, distinctly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.26; widest at anterior third; lateral margin largely rounded, very weakly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rounded, obtuse; anterior margin slightly curved inward at middle; anterior angles widely rounded. Disc slightly convex, without microsculpture, with very fine and sparse punctures; lateral explanations very wide. Elytra with isodiametric microsculpture, very faint near base, fine but distinct in other regions. Striae well defined, not incised, replaced by rows of very fine punctures; intervals completely flat, with punctures much sparser than in striae; disc shallowly depressed near middle of intervals 3 to 6, depressions subtriangular; lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal pores: first one on level of scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3, second one on basal two-fifth, adjacent to stria 3, third one on apical twelfth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 27 umbilicular pores.Apical truncation distinct, nearly straight; outer apical angles completely rounded; sutural angles not pointed, without denticles. Venter. Metasternum with short setae behind mesocoxae; abdominal sternite III to VI with long setae medially; in female, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two long setae on each side (Fig. 8A). Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor dichotomous, outer branch slightly wider than inner branch, similar in length, each branch with two long ensiform setae on apex (Fig. 11 γ). Male unknown.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 4, orange). Only known by the holotype from the Solomon Islands.</p> <p>Etymology. The new species is named for Dr. Riccardo Sciaky (Milano), who kindly provided several important specimens of Parena under his care for the present study, including this new species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623626DFFCF2DEFB08BFB985B45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.text	03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothynoptera Schaum 1863	<div><p>Subgenus Bothynoptera Schaum, 1863</p> <p>Type-species: Bothynoptera dorsigera Schaum, fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>Bothynoptera Schaum, 1863: 75; Chaudoir, 1872: 181; Jakobson, 1907: 395; Jedlička, 1951: 59; Jedlička, 1963: 445; Habu, 1967: 149 (synonymized with Parena Motschulsky).</p> <p>Bothynoptera was described by Schaum (1863) for B. dorsigera. Later, some Parena species with relatively narrow pronotum were described under this genus (Bates, 1873, Andrewes, 1947, Jedlička, 1951). In Jedlička's monograph (Jedlička, 1963), Bothynoptera was regarded as a separate genus including six species, and distinguished from Parena by the differences in tempora length and pronotum shape. However, the generic characters mentioned are not in accord with all of these six species. Habu (1967) pointed out that Bothynoptera has no generic differences from Parena, and synonymized these two genera.</p> <p>In the present study, we find the following important diagnostic characters supporting a new concept of subgenus Bothynoptera: (1) first setigerous pore on elytral interval 3 distant from elytra base, on a level much behind scutellar apex (Figs 4D, 4E, 4F); (2) male mesotarsomere 1 without adhesive setae ventrally (Fig. 7) in most species; (3) antennomeres 1–3 with well-developed accessory setae (Fig. 1B). (4) mandibles rounded-triangular, less widened than in the other two subgenera (Fig. 2); (5) retinacular ridge of right mandible shortened but not reduced to a retinacular tooth (Fig. 2); (6) apex of mentum epilobes extending slightly beyond lateral lobes (Figs 3C, 3D). The above character states differentiate subgenus Bothynoptera from other members of Parena and are thought to be synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of the subgenus. In addition to the above characters, the following characters present in subgenus Bothynoptera probably have taxonomical importance as well: dorsum not metallic; pronotum relatively narrow; elytra discal depressions very shallow or absent; apex of abdominal sternite VII straight in both sexes; male genitalia in stout form in most species.</p> <p>Most of these above character states are only present in subgenus Bothynoptera and distinguish this subgenus. However, the second character state (adhesive setae absent from male mesotarsomere 1) is also found in five species (P. latecincta, P. monticola, P. politissima, P. fulva sp. n., and P. plagiata) of subgenus Parena. Based on several other important differences, including the pronotum relatively wide, postgenae without a long seta, terminal ventrite slightly emarginate, and the first pore on elytral interval 3 very close to elytra base, these species are considered not to be related to species of Bothynoptera.</p> <p>Subgenus Bothynoptera contains fourteen species, mainly distributed in East Asia, and many of them have relatively wide distributional ranges. China has the most diverse fauna of the subgenus, with twelve species recorded: five of them are endemic to China, five have ranges extended to the south slope of the Himalayan Range and the north part of Southeast Asian counties, and four species range Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. The subgenus Bothynoptera is not found in Africa, Australia, South India, or the Malay Archipelago.</p> <p>Five species groups are recognized in the subgenus, based mainly on differences in male genitalia (except for P. heteronycha for which male genitalia are unknown). The P. tripunctata species group has the highest species diversity, including eight species with very similar stout male genitalia. The P. taiwana group (containing only one species) is the most atypical in the subgenus for the presence of ventral adhesive setae on male mesotarsomere 1 and rather slender male genitalia; but based on the character states mentioned above, it should be assigned to the subgenus Bothynoptera.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsal surface unicolorous or elytra with light or dark patches, without metallic hue. Tempora abruptly or gradually narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction usually more or less longer than one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae, generally in similar length as supraorbital setae (but very short in P. heteronycha); antennomeres 1–3 with distinct accessory setae, one or two of them on the antennomere 2 in similar length as two primary ones. Mandibles moderately widened, rounded-triangular, retinacular ridge of right mandible present, one-third to two-thirds length of terebral ridge; mentum with a pair of setae, setae normally longer than terminal labial palpomere (but very short in P. tesari, P. obsucra and P. heteronycha); lateral lobes short and narrow, apex rounded-angulate, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins nearly straight or slightly arcuate, epilobes relatively wide, apex extending beyond lateral lobes. Pronotum usually relatively narrow, PW/PL 1.19–1.43, narrower or slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 0.85–1.12; lateral explanations narrow; lateral margins clearly sinuate before posterior angles in most species; posterior angles forming indistinct right angles in most species. Elytral interval 3 with three setigerous pores in most species (with four or more in P. dorsigera); first pore distant from elytra base, on a level much behind scutellar apex; disc without depression or very faintly depressed near middle of interval 5, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Abdominal sternite VII with two setae on each side in most species (with three in P. tesari, P. obsucra and P. kurosai), apex straight in both sexes. Male mesotarsomere 1 without adhesive setae ventrally (except P. taiwana), mesotarsomere 2 and 3 with adhesive setae ventrally. Male genitalia with median lobe very stout (AL/AW = 3–4) in most species, but slightly slender in P tesari group (AL/AW = 4.5–5), very slender in P. taiwana group (AL/AW = 5.5–6); endophallus with primary sclerite well chitinized, flared basal expansion well-developed, apical flagellum present, more or less extended to apex; apical sclerite V-shaped. Female ovipositor with gonocoxite II nearly rectangular in most species, apex with five to seven ensiform setae, subequally arranged or grouped at angles.</p> <p>Key to species of subgenus Bothynoptera Schaum</p> <p>1. Tarsal claws asymmetric (Fig. 6F): inner claw elongate with pectinations only present on basal half, outer claw normal (opposite for prolegs); elytra with two distinct small tubercles at basal quarter and middle of interval 6; elytra background color of a gradient from basal dark brown to apical light yellow, elytral setigerous pores forming black umbilicular spots (Fig. 26). (4. P. heteronycha group)................................................................ [10] P. heteronycha sp. n.</p> <p>- Tarsal claws symmetric (Fig. 6E); elytra without tubercles; elytra of different color, setigerous pores same color as background.......................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2. Elytra with apical truncation distinct, bisinuate, straight or concave inward; outer apical angles prominent (Figs 5G–5J). (5. P. dorsigera group)...................................................................................... 3</p> <p>- Elytra with apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, outer apical angles completely rounded (Fig. 5E)............... 4</p> <p>3. Elytral interval 3 with four setigerous pores, five or six in some specimens; elytra depressed at pores, forming fovea slightly wider than interval width.......................................................... [11] P. dorsigera (Schaum)</p> <p>- Elytral interval 3 with three setigerous pores, elytra not depressed at pores........................ [12] P. kurosai Habu</p> <p>4. Tempora gradually narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction two-thirds of diameter of eye or more (6. P. tesari group)....................................................................................... 5</p> <p>- Tempora abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction at most slightly greater than one-third of diameter of eye....................................................................................... 6</p> <p>5. Tempora shorter, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately two-thirds of diameter of eye; apical lamella of male genitalia longer, LL subequal to LW; China, Vietnam....................................... [13] P. tesari (Jedlička)</p> <p>- Tempora longer, length of tempora plus neck-constriction subequal to diameter of eye; apical lamella of male genitalia very short, LL about half as LW; Bhutan, Nepal................................................ [14] P. obscura Mateu</p> <p>6. Elytra interval strongly punctate, distance between interval punctures one to two times as that between stria punctures; antennae longer, exceeding level of first discal pore on elytra; dorsal surface yellow, elytra with a pair of dark spots behind middle, sometimes without these spots or with a pair of additional spots near base (Fig. 36); median lobe of aedeagus slender. (7. P. taiwana group)........................................................................ [15] P. taiwana Hua</p> <p>- Elytra interval without puncture or with punctures much sparser than stria punctures; antennae shorter, hardly reaching elytra base; elytra pattern not as above; median lobe of aedeagus stout. (8. P. tripunctata group)............................ 7</p> <p>7. Elytra unicolor or disc slightly paler, not forming well-defined pattern........................................... 8</p> <p>- Elytra with well-defined pattern.......................................................................... 9</p> <p>8. Elytra unicolor, reddish brown to dark brown........................................... [16] P. tripunctata (Bates)</p> <p>- Elytra yellowish brown, disc gradually turn to pale yellow from base, forming an obscure large pale patch............................................................................................[17] P. shapingensis Xie &amp; Yu</p> <p>9. Elytra reddish brown, with large pale serrate band near middle........................... [19] P. malaisei (Andrewes)</p> <p>- Elytra light yellow to reddish brown, with one to four dark patches............................................. 10</p> <p>10. Elytra with one central black patch behind middle, reaching third or fourth interval outward; Japan, Korea, Russia (Fareast) and east China...................................................................... [18] P. monostigma (Bates)</p> <p>- Elytra with three or four dark patches; southwest China, Laos................................................. 11</p> <p>11. Elytra dark reddish brown, with four black patches, the basal group close to elytra humeri, reaching seventh or eighth interval outward....................................................................... [20] P. quadrisignata Mateu</p> <p>- Elytra light yellow to yellowish brown, basal black patches distant from humeri, at most reaching sixth interval outward.. 12</p> <p>12. Apical margin of labrum strongly emarginate (Fig. 46C); dorsum pale yellow; pronotum disc with a pair of dark stripes; elytra with four black patches: a pair of basal stripes and a pair of well separate subapical spots; Sichuan (Muli), Xizang (Cona)................................................................................... [21] P. emarginata sp. n.</p> <p>- Apical margin of labrum straight; dorsum reddish yellow; pronotum without dark patch; elytra subapical patches more or less continuous at elytral suture forming one large middle patch................................................... 12</p> <p>13. Elytra darker; basal patches distant from elytral base (not covering first discal pore); subapical patch concave at anterior margin; in dorsal view, median lobe of aedeagus strongly narrowed at apex, LW subequal to LL; Sichuan (Luding).......................................................................................... [22] P. gonggaica sp. n.</p> <p>- Elytra lighter, basal patches close to elytral base (covering first discal pore); subapical patch protruded at anterior margin; in dorsal view, median lobe of aedeagus slightly narrowed at apex, LW about twice as LL; Sichuan (Kangding, Ebian)..........................................................................................[23] P. triguttata sp. n.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236269FFD22DEFB755FEF85F97.text	038776236269FFD22DEFB755FEF85F97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha Shi & Liang 2023	<div><p>[10] Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. nov.</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 26A, 26B. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11A.</p> <p>Type locality. NE Laos. Houaphan Prov., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.98333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.98333/lat 20.2)">Mt. Phu Pane</a>, N20°12' E103°59', 1200–1900 m.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 26A): female, body length = 8.5 mm, board mounted, "NE LAOS / Hua Phan Prov., MT. Phu Pane / 1200–1900 m, 18.V.-2.VI.2012 / 20°12'N 103°59'E / St Jakl and Lao Collectors Lgt. ", "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / heteronycha sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Figs 26C, 26D &gt;. Paratype: 1 female (CRS), " LAOS NE / PHU PANE prov. / BAN SALUEI 900–1400 M / 10.- 25.6.2010 / ST. JAKL LGT. ", "PARATYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / heteronycha sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Figs 4F, 5F, 6F, 11A, 26B, 26E, 26F, 26G &gt;.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Elytra gradually turned from dark brown at base to light yellow at apex; elytra dorsal pores forming black umbilicular spots, in sharp contrast with yellow background; pronotum lateral margins strongly sinuate before posterior angles; pronotum base and sixth interval of elytra with small humps; mandibles moderately widened with strongly extended apical hooks; claws asymmetric: outer claw normal, inner claw elongate with pectinations restricted on basal half (opposite for prolegs).</p> <p>Comparisons. The new species is conspicuous in the genus, and different from other congenetic species by its distinctive color, asymmetric claws, and many other special features mentioned above.</p> <p>Description. Body length 8.5–8.7 mm; body relatively narrow in the genus, elytra subconvex, widened to apex; dorsum without microsculpture. Color. Head dark brown, clypeus, frons, and genae distinctly lighter; antennae largely light yellow, antennomere 1 slightly darkened; labrum dark brown; mandibles yellow, gradually darkened to apex; mentum yellow, terminal labial and maxillary palpomeres black with yellow apex, other palpomeres yellowish brown. Pronotum dark brown with pale yellow narrow lateral margins. Elytra base dark brown, gradually turned to pale yellow before middle, background of apical half evenly pale yellow; elytral dorsal pores black, forming dark umbilicular spots in sharp contrast with light background; epipleura same color as elytra. Scutellum dark brown. Prosternum light yellow with darker lateral sides; venter of meso- and metathorax dark brown; abdominal sternite yellow, basal two segments slightly darker. Legs pale yellow, meso- and metafemora with dark brown and light yellow stripes, setose area near mesotibiae apex dark brown. Head. Vertex finely punctate and rugose, occiput finely punctate; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora very short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of short suborbital setae, suborbital setae about one-third as long as supraorbital ones. Antennae slightly exceeding pronotum base. Labrum quadrate; mandibles distinctly longer than other species of the genus, lateral margins moderately widened at middle, apical hooks extended and pointed, not evidently turned inward, retinacular ridge of right mandible about two-thirds length of terebral ridge; mentum with a pair of very short median setae, lateral lobes short and narrow, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins slightly curved, epilobes rather wide. Pronotum narrow, PW/PL = 1.19–1.20, slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.88–0.92; widest at anterior third, constricted to base and then widened, posterior margin only slightly narrower than widest point; lateral explanations narrow; lateral margins slightly rounded at anterior half, and then strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles acute, sharply pointed outwards, apex rounded; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin oblique at sides. Disc convex, with very fine and sparse punctures and transverse wrinkles, with a pair of small humps near base; median line interrupted at middle, forming shallow dimples near anterior and posterior ends. Elytra uneven at base, interval 6 with two small humps at basal quarter and middle, interval 8 shallowly uneven through its length. Striae not incised, replaced by rows of very fine punctures; intervals with fine and sparse punctures. Elytral basal pore present on base of first stria; interval 3 with three large discal pores in black color: first one on a level much behind scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3, second one on middle, adjacent to stria 3, third one largest, on apical twelfth; interval 9 with 21–22 umbilicular pores, with six or seven small ones near outer apical angles yellow, the others larger and black; interval 7 with one black pore near apex. Apical truncation distinct, nearly straight; outer apical angles distinct; sutural angles slightly pointed, forming short denticles. Legs. Metatarsomere 4 asymmetrically bilobed, outer lobe much longer than inner one; tarsomere 5 slightly longer and slenderer than in other species of the genus, with lobes of tarsomere 4 only reaching its basal third; claws asymmetrical: inner claw of meso- and meta-legs longer than outer one (opposite for prolegs), with seven or eight pectinations restricted to basal half of claw and shorter than those on outer claw, apical half smooth and elongated; outer claws as in other species, with seven or eight longer pectinations. Venter. Metasternum densely and shortly setose; abdominal sternite III to VI with a few accessory setae; in females, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly greater than basal width, apex curved, with six ensiform setae nearly evenly arranged. Male unknown.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 5, red). Only known from NE Laos, Houaphan Province. Localities of two known specimens are very close to each other, both not far from Ban Saleuy (20°13'30" N 103°59'26" E).</p> <p>Etymology. The scientific name of the new species is composed of two Greek roots, " hetero- " meaning unequal and " onych- " meaning claw, referring to its asymmetric claws.</p> <p>Remarks. The highly derived external features of this species, in particular the elongated mandible apex (Fig. 26C) and asymmetric claws (Figs 26E–G), suggest a specialized habitat. However, no biology data are available for this species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236269FFD22DEFB755FEF85F97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236277FFD22DEFB164FB55594B.text	038776236277FFD22DEFB164FB55594B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena dorsigera (Schaum 1863)	<div><p>5. Parena dorsigera species group</p> <p>This species group contains two species distributed throughout East Asia, north to Japan, south to Laos and Vietnam, and west to Nepal. They are characterized by: dorsum uniformly brown, elytra with indistinct middle paler patch in a few specimens; pronotum nearly quadrate; elytral apices truncate, outer apical angles distinct (Figs 5G–J); median lobe of aedeagus stout to very stout (AL/AW 3.5–4.2), apical lamella short, coniform; gonocoxite II of ovipositor rectangular, apex with five to seven ensiform setae, subequally arranged or grouped at angles.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236277FFD22DEFB164FB55594B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.text	038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum 1863)	<div><p>[11] Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum, 1863)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 27A–F. Male genitalia: Figs 28, 29. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11B.</p> <p>Schaum, 1863: 76 (original: Bothynoptera; type locality: N. India; holotype in MNHU); Chaudoir, 1872: 181 (Bothynoptera); Jacobson, 1907: 403 (Bothynoptera); Andrewes, 1927a: 108 (Bothynoptera); Andrewes, 1930: 47 (Bothynoptera; Tonkin); Jedlička, 1951: 59 (Bothynoptera); Jedlička, 1963: 445 (Bothynoptera); Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 190 (Yunnan); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 88; Park et al., 2006: 103 (Vietnam).</p> <p>Bothynoptera perforata Bates, 1873: 313 (type locality: Japan: Hiogo; lectotype in MNHN); Jacobson, 1907: 403 (Bothynoptera); Jedlička, 1951: 59 (Bothynoptera); Jedlička, 1963: 445 (Bothynoptera); Habu, 1967: 161; Habu, 1982: 115; Lafer, 1989: 213 (Russia: Far East); Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 191 (China: Sichuan, Yunnan); Kryzhanovskij et al. 1995: 162; Park &amp; Kwon, 1998: 36 (South Korea); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Parena nepalensis Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1021 (type locality: Nepal: Kosi; holotype in NMW: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienne, Austria). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Parena kunmingensis Kirschenhofer, 1996: 770 (type locality: Yunnan: Kunming; holotype in NMW); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 88. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Bothynoptera dorsigera Schaum: Holotype (MNHU, Fig. 27A): female, body length = 10.4 mm, pin mounted, "42351", " Bothynoptera / dorsigera m. / Ind. bor. " [yellow label]; " Bothynoptera / dorsigera Schaum " [yellow box label].</p> <p>Bothynoptera perforata Bates: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 27B), designated herein: male, body length = 11.0 mm, pin mounted, " Hiogo / Japan ", "TYPE" [red label], " Bothynoptera / perforata / Bates ", "Ex Musaeo / H.W. Bates / 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR", " LECTOTYPE / Bothynoptera perforata / Bates, 1873 / des. SHI H.L. 2011" [red label]. Paralectotype (NHML): 1 ex, "Type" [round label with red circle]; "HIOGO", " Japan./ G. Lewis./ 1910-320", " perforata / Bates ".</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Bothynoptera dorsigera Schaum: This species was originally described from a single specimen from Northern India. The female we examined in the collection of MNHU in accord with the original description is the holotype.</p> <p>Bothynoptera perforata Bates: This species was originally described from three specimens from Hiogo. We found two specimens in the collection of MNHN and NHML in accord with the original description. We herein designate the male deposited in MNHN bearing Bates's handwriting label (Fig. 27B) as lectotype.</p> <p>As indicated in the original description (Bates, 1873), B. perforata is different from B. dorsigera in having the pronotum wider, elytra without yellow patch and the dorsum a lighter color. However, as discussed below, all these differences are considered as geographical variations, and specimens with intermediate features occurs in several localities of China. So, B. perforata is treated as a junior synonym of P. dorsigera herein.</p> <p>Parena nepalensis Kirschenhofer: In the original description (Kirschenhofer, 1994), this species was compared only with P. andrewesi Jedlička but not with any species previously placed in Bothynoptera. We did not examine the type of this species. However, from the original description and illustration, it is identical to the holotype of P. dorsigera and other specimens examined from Nepal (Fig. 27D). So, we synonymize it with P. dorsigera (Schaum) herein.</p> <p>Parena kunmingensis Kirschenhofer: The original description (Kirschenhofer, 1996) pointed out that this species is very similar to P. nepalensis, and has small differences in pronotum shape, elytral pore size, and shape of elytral apices. As discussed below, these differences are considered as geographical variations. Thus, we synonymize this species with P. dorsigera (Schaum) herein.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Japan: 2 ex (MNHN), "leg. A. Habu, Mt. Hiko, Fukuoka P., IX.15,1952". 1 ex (MNHN), "(Pref. Tokyo), Mt Tukao, Jun.14.1951". 1 ex (MNHN), "Yatsugatake, 4.8.52". 1 ex (MNHN), "Japan; Janson, Acq. 1884". 1 ex (MNHN), "Japan". 1 female (IZAS), "[Japan: Honshu] Nagano, Koumi, Toyosato, Yamanokami (1602-1608 m), 36°02'51.9''N~ 36°02'54.9''N, 138°24'16.3''E ~ 138°24'20.83''E 7.VIII.2007 Junhao Huang" &lt;Fig. 5J&gt;. China: 1 female (IZAS), " Beijing, Changping, Huyu; 1997.VII.14, Zhou Haisheng lgt." &lt;Fig. 5I&gt;. 1 female (HBUM), " Henan, Dengfeng, Shaolinsi, 2002.VII.16, Yang Xiujuan lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Foping, Shangshawo, on vegetation, N33.59716 E108.01366, 1107 m, 2007.VIII.15, Shi Hongliang &amp; Yang Ganyan lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Foping, Longcaoping, on vegetation, N33. 67662 E107.97975, 1369 m, 2007.VIII.17, Shi Hongliang &amp; Yang Ganyan lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Ningshan, Huoditang, on vegetation, N33.43368, E108.44747, 1538 m, 2007.VIII.18, Shi Hongliang &amp; Yang Ganyan lgt." &lt;Fig. 11B&gt;. 1 ex (IZAS), " T’ienmu Shan, 1936.VII.27, O. Piel coll.". 1 male, 1 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Tianmushan, Xianrending, light trap, 1998.VII.29, Wang Xue lgt." &lt;Figs 10C, 27F, 28A&gt;. 1 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Tianmushan, Xianrending, light trap, 1998.VIII.17, Wu Hong lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Lin'an, W. Tianmushan, Tianmushuyuan-S.Gate, 2006.VI.30, Huang Junhao lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Lin'an, W. Tianmushan, 2008.VI, Huang Hao lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Lin'an, W. Tianmushan, Laodian-Xianrending, 1020 m, N30°18' E119°25', 2009.VII.3, Zhu Yijin lgt.". 1 male (CRS), "China, Hangchow/ 30°18’ N 120°07’ E/ 10.vi.1921 / Eigin Suenson leg.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hunan, Cili, 1988.IX.3-6 ". 3 ex (IZAS), " Sichuan, Luding, Moxi, Hailuogou, light trap, N29.60261, E102.06402, 2130 m, 2007.IX.11 N, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 ex (CAS), " Sichuan, Luding, Moxi, Hailuogou, light trap, N29.60261, E102.06402, 2130 m, 2007. IX.12 N, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 ex (CAS), " Sichuan, Luding, Hailuogou, 2007.IX.12, light trap, David Kavanaugh lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Sichuan, Emeishan, Baoguosi, 550-750 m, 1957.VI.4, Lu Youcai, lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), " Sichuan, Jiulong, Hongba, Shi Fuming lgt., 2008.9.23 ". 1 ex (IZAS), " Guangxi, Guilin, Longsheng, Huaping, 2008.V.2, Cao Liangming, Li Hu lgt.". 1 male (CCCC), " Guangxi, Jinxiu, Dayaoshan, Luoyingou, 1250 m, 2019.VIII-06, leg. J.- T. Zhao" &lt;Fig. 4E&gt;. 1 female (CCCC), " Guangxi, Jinxiu, Dayaoshan, Pingbantun, 1250 m, 2019.IV-19, leg. J.-T. Zhao". 1 female (CCCC), " Guangxi, Jinxiu, Dayaoshan, Laoshanlinchang, 1500 m, 2019.V-31, leg. J.-T. Zhao" &lt;Figs 2C, 3C&gt;. 1 male (CCCC), " Guangxi, Jinxiu, Dayaoshan, Laoshanlinchang, 1599 m, 2017.IX-15, leg. J.-T. Zhao". 1 female (CAU), "Lijiang, Yulong, Mingyin, Jiazi vill., 2818 m, 2020.06-17, 100.26927 E 27.1281 N, Huang Weidong lgt. 5307211NSMT0008". 1 ex (IZAS), "Yunna, Pingbian, Yuping, Shuiweicheng, 22.91278 103.69760 2058 m, 2021.5.18. Wang Yong coll.". 1 ex (NHMB), " Yunnan, 8-10 Jun, Yipinglang, 1800 m, 25.05 N 101.53 E, Bolm lgt. 1993". 1 ex (IZAS), " Yunnan, Menglong Banna, Mengsong, 1600 m, 1958.IV.26, Zhang Yiran lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Yunnan, Menglong Banna, Mengsong, 1600 m, 1958.IV.26, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), "China, Yunnan, Gongshan, Galabo, 2680 m, 2019.VIII-11, Leg. Y.-B. LI" &lt;Fig. 5H&gt;. 2 females (CCCC), " Yunnan, Kunming, Xishan, 2017.X-6, alt. 2122 m, Yang Xiaodong leg." &lt;Figs 12B, 27C&gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Weixi, Pantiange, 2750 m, 1981.VII.22, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), " Xizang, Mêdog, Hanmi, 2380 m, 2003.VIII.9, Ren Guodong lgt.". 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Nantou county, Chushan, Shanlinhsi, light trap, 2006. IX.27-29, C.J.K &amp; C.C.R lgt." &lt;Figs 27E, 28B&gt;. Vietnam: 1 ex (NHML), "Tonkin. Chapa., May 1916., R.V. de Salvaza". Laos: 1 ex (NHMB), "Lao-NE, Hua Phan prov. ~20°12’ N 104°01’ E, Phu Phan Mt. 1500-1900 m, 17.v.- 3.vi.2007, M. Brancucci leg.", "NHMB Basel expediton to Laos, 2007". India: 1 ex (MNHM), " dorsigera Schaum, Ind. Orient bor., Bacon. C. Laferte". 4 ex (MNHN), "Harmand, Sikkim, 1890" &lt;Fig. 29B&gt;. 1 ex (NHML), "Gopaldhara, Br. Sikkim. H. Stevens.". 1 ex (MNHN), "Kurseong, R.P. Decoly, 1898". 1 ex (NHML), "Inde Angalise, Pedong, Region de Darjeeling., Chasseurs indigenes, 1935". 1 ex (NHMB). "NE India, Meghalaya; 1999, 3km E Tura; 1150 m; 25°30’ N 90°14’ E; 4.v.; Dembicky &amp; Pacholaiko leg.". 1 ex (NHMB). "NE India, Megalaya, SW of Shillong; 1600 m, 25°34’ N91°51’20’’ E; L. Dembicky leg. 14.v.2004 ". 1 ex (NHML), "Allahabad". Nepal: 1 ex (NHMB). "Nepal, Kosi-#4, Pakhribas 27°03’N/ 87°18’E to Mangmaya 27°07’N/ 87°15’E, 1700- 300 m, 29.v.01", "NHMB Basel, expedition to Nepal 2001". 1 ex (NHMB). "Nepal: Kosi-#13, Depitar 27°27’N/ 87°17’E to Barabishe 27°26’N/ 87°18’E, 1250- 560 m, 12.vi.01", "NHMB Basel, expedition to Nepal 2001". 1 male (CRS), "Nepal Bagmati / Nuwakot", "Pati Bhanjyang/ 1900 m 16-18.VI.89/ M. Brancucci" &lt;Figs 27D, 29A&gt;. 1 ex (CMB), "Nep: Mahakali / Darchula, env. Batar, slope above, Chamliya Khola, 1900 m, 29°50’54’’N, 80°54’03’’E, 12.VI.2005, leg. A. Weigel".</p> <p>Comparisons. P. dorsigera is easily distinguishable from all other species of the genus in having four (occasionally five or six) very large setigerous pores on elytral interval 3. In the subgenus Bothynoptera, P. kurosai and P. tesari are somewhat similar to P. dorsigera in their relatively large body size and dorsum dark brown without a patch, but differ in having elytral interval 3 with only three discal pores. P. tesari also different from P. dorsigera in having the elytral apices evenly rounded.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.2–11.0 mm. Dorsum reddish brown to piceous, head with a triangular light patch on frons in many specimens, elytral interval 1 often lighter, elytra disc sometimes with a vague light patch. Tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes; postgenae with a pair of long suborbital setae. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.20–1.40, usually slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.90–1.02; lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, and then somewhat sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular. Elytra without microsculpture; striae not incised, replaced by rows of fine punctures; intervals completely flat, with very sparse fine punctures; lateral intervals sometimes slightly uneven; interval 3 with four setigerous pores, with five or six in some specimens, first two pores adjacent to stria 3, the others adjacent to stria 2, pores very large and strongly concave, forming fovea slightly wider than interval width; interval 5 with one pore near middle in a few specimens; apical truncation rather distinct, bisinuate, straight, or concave inward, outer apical angles prominent but apically rounded; sutural angles indistinct or with very faint denticles. Apex of abdominal sternite VII with two setae on each side in both sexes, occasionally three. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 2 and full length of mesotarsomere 3. Median lobe of aedeagus moderately stout (AL/AW = 4.0–4.3), apical lamella short, coniform. Endophallus with large primary sclerite, apical flagellum reaching middle of median lobe; apical sclerite well defined, basal core ovate; basal sheath small, finely scaled, apical sheath heavily scaled; squamate sac not divided, large, near middle of median lobe, right to squamate sheath. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, inner angle slightly pointed to apex, apex with six or seven ensiform setae, subequally arranged.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 6, blue). China (Beijing, Henan, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xizang, Taiwan), Russia (Primorye), Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Nepal, North India.</p> <p>Geographical variation. This species has a wide distributional range in East Asia, northeast to Japan and southwest to Nepal (Map 6). Its external features vary geographically in the following aspects:</p> <p>(1) Coloration: the dorsum is gradually darkened from north to south. In northern localities such as Japan, Russia, Korea, and North China, the dorsum is always reddish brown (Figs 27B, 27F); in southern localities such as Vietnam, Laos, and Taiwan, the dorsum is often piceous (Fig. 27E), but dark brown individuals occur as well. In the western localities such as Yunnan, Nepal, and Sikkim, the dorum is usually dark brown to reddish brown (Figs 27C, 27D).</p> <p>(2) Elytra patch: the reddish yellow elytra central patch only presents in specimens from Nepal and North India (Fig. 27D), such as the types of P. dorsigera and P. nepalensis. However, the background color of the elytra is light brown in some specimens, so that the patch is somewhat indistinct (Fig. 27A).</p> <p>(3) Elytral apex: the elytral apical truncation is very distinct with prominent outer apical angles in this species. However, the shape of elytra apices varies slightly from northeast to southwest. In specimens from Japan and Primorye, the elytra apical truncation is bisinuate with the inner half curved outward and the outer half slightly concave inward (Fig. 5J), as in the type of P. perforata. In specimens from northern and eastern China, the elytra apical truncation is often nearly straight (Fig. 5I). In southern localities, such as Nepal, Vietnam, and southernmost China, the elytra apical truncation is strongly concave inward (Fig. 5H). However, the degree of curvature gradually increases from north to south in China.</p> <p>Although these above differences are evident, we apply a wide species concept of P. dorsigera, without dividing it into subspecies, because these characters gradually vary by distance, and there is no significant difference in male genitalia among specimens from different localities (Figs 28, 29).</p> <p>Remarks. Xie &amp; Yu (1993) recorded P. dorsigera from Yunnan, and indicated that this species is different from P. perforata in having five setigerous pores on interval 3 and one pore on interval 5. After the examination of their specimen, we found the description of P. dorsigera was based on an aberrant individual.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823.text	038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu 1967	<div><p>[12] Parena (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, 1967</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 27G–I. Male genitalia: Figs 30, 31. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11C.</p> <p>Habu, 1967: 164 (type locality: Japan: Tokyo; holotype in NIAES: National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Japan); Habu, 1982: 116.</p> <p>Parena wrasei Kirschenhofer, 2006: 98 (type locality: Japan: Hyogo; holotype in CDW). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena wrasei Kirschenhofer: Holotype (CDW, Fig. 27G): male, body length = 10.9 mm, board mounted, " Japan (Hyogo) / Asako-gun / Okuno-cho / Tochihara / 29.VII.1990 T. Ito", " Parena /? perforata BATES / Ito det.", " Parena / spec. / nr. Perforata BAT / D.W. Wrase det. 01 ", " Foto / 2005-16 ", " Holotypus / Parena / wrasei sp. n. / det. Kirschenhofer 04" [red label], "COLL. WRASE / BERLIN".</p> <p>Notes on synonym. Parena wrasei Kirschenhofer: In the original description (Kirschenhofer, 2006), this species was only compared with P. cavipennis. After examining the holotype, we found that it is identical to P. kurosai.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Japan: 1 male (IZAS), " Japan, Fukuoka, Li Hu leg., N.33.49116 E130.32441, 200 m, 2011.7.29, Inst. of Zoology CAS" &lt;Figs 5G, 30&gt;. China: 1 male (HBUM), " Hunan, Shimen, Hupingshan, 2004.VIII.17, Wang Jiliang lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Fujian, Meihuashan, 2007.06, Huang Hao lgt.". 2 males (IZAS), " Guangdong, Ruyuan county, Nanling reserv., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.0211&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.9373" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.0211/lat 24.9373)">Ruyang station</a>, N24.93730, E113.02110, 1148 m, 2008.VII.19, on vegetation, Liang Hongbin lgt." &lt;Figs 27I, 31B &gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " Guangxi, Longsheng county, Huaping, Hongtan, 2007.VII., Liu Chunxiang lgt.". 1 male, 2 females (IZAS), " Yunnan, Baoshan, Mangkuan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.79367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.30764" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.79367/lat 25.30764)">Baihualing</a>, N25.30764, E98.79367, 1625 m, 2005.VI.2, D. Kavanaugh lgt." &lt;Fig. 11C &gt;. 1 male, 1 female (CAS), " Yunnan, Jietou, Shaba, 2006.5.25, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " China, Tibet, Mêdog, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.17586&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.22163" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.17586/lat 29.22163)">Baibung</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.17586&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.22163" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.17586/lat 29.22163)">Gelin</a>, along roadside, 29.22163, 95.17586, 1662 m, 2019.8.6 N, Liang HB &amp; Xu Y lgt. ". 1 female (CCCC), " Xizang, Nyingchi, Mêdog, 1111 m, 2016-VIII-3, Yang Xiaodong leg.". Laos: 2 ex. (NHMB), "Lao-NE, Hua Phan prov. ~ 20°12'N 104°01'E, Phu Phan Mt. 1500-1900 m, 17.v.-3.vi.2007, M. Brancucci leg.", "NHMB Basel expediton to Laos, 2007". 1 ex. (NHMB), " Lao, Phongsaly prov., 21°41-2'N 102°06-8E, 28.v.-20.vi.2003, Phongsaly env., ~ 1500 m, Vit Kuban leg.", "Collection Naturhistorisches Museum Basel". India: 1 ex (NHMB), " Choka 2900 m, 15.10.1977 ", "N. Sikkim, Bhakta B.", " Parena dorsigera Schaum, J. Mateu det. 1981". Nepal: 1 male (NHMB), "Kali-G. Khola, Khopchepani-Gasa, 1600-2000 m, 19.VI.1986 ", "W-Nepal, Dhawalagiri, Myagdi D., C. Holzschuh " &lt;Figs 6E, 27H, 31A &gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. kurosai is distinguishable from all other species of subgenus Bothynoptera by the combination of: body size relatively large, dorsum reddish brown without elytral pattern, apical truncation of elytra distinct, elytral interval 3 with three setigerous pores. P. kurosai is somewhat similar to P. tesari and P. dorsigera, but differs from them in the shape of elytral apices and number of pores on elytral interval 3, respectively.</p> <p>Description. Body length 10.2–11.9 mm. Dorsum reddish brown. Tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes; postgenae with one pair (occasionally two pairs) of long suborbital setae. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.25–1.43, slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.93–0.98; lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, and then slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular. Elytra wide, slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture; striae not incised or shallowly incised (only for specimens from Japan), with fine puncture rows in striae; intervals flat or slightly convex, with very fine punctures; interval 3 with three setigerous pores, occasionally two (the basal one absent); pores only slightly depressed, forming fovea less than half of interval width; apical truncation rather distinct, usually weakly bisinuate: the inner half slightly curved outward and the outer half slightly concave inward; sutural angles indistinct or with very faint denticles. Apex of abdominal sternite VII with three setae on each side in both sexes, four in a few specimens. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 2 and full length of mesotarsomere 3. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout (AL/AW = 3.5–3.8), apical lamella short, coniform. Endophallus with very large primary sclerite, flared basal expansion large and strongly chitinized, apical flagellum much thicker than other species, reaching base of apical orifice; apical sclerite poorly defined, basal core indistinct; basal sheath reduced to very fine scales surrounding base of flagellum, apical sheath well defined, finely scaled; squamate sac not divided into proximal and distal sacs, attached to base of apical sheath, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly greater than basal width, apex nearly straight, with four ensiform setae on outer angle, and three on inner angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 6, red). Japan, China (Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Xizang), Laos, Nepal, India (Sikkim).</p> <p>Geographical variation. Specimens of P. kurosai from Japan are slightly different in having the elytral striae slightly incised, and the intervals slightly convex with denser punctures (Fig. 27G). In contrast, specimens from the Asian mainland have the elytral striae not incised, and the intervals completely flat with very sparse punctures (Figs 27H, 27I). However, the male genitalia are almost identical between them (Figs 30, 31).</p> <p>Remarks. P. kurosai is similar to P. dorsigera in the shape of the elytral apices and male genitalia, so we place them into the same species group. However, P. kurosai is also similar to P. tesari and P. obscura in: (1) abdominal sternite VII usually with three setae on each side; (2) gonocoxite II of ovipositor with ensiform setae grouped on outer and inner angles of the apex. These two characters are thought to be important because they are sexual and only present in these three species in subgenus Bothynoptera. Thus, it is inferred that these two species groups could be closely related. In addition, P. kurosai is unique in the genus in having an endophallus with a very large and thick apical flagellum of the primary sclerite, the apex of which is extended to the base of apical orifice.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623627EFFDB2DEFB7BBFF3C5B8C.text	03877623627EFFDB2DEFB7BBFF3C5B8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena tesari (Jedlicka 1951)	<div><p>6. Parena tesari species group</p> <p>This species group contains two very similar and allopatric species distributed in East Asia, east to Taiwan and west to Nepal. They are characterized by: dorsum uniformly brown or piceous; tempora long, gradually narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction two-thirds of diameter of eye or more; mentum with a pair of short setae; pronotum nearly quadrate; elytral apices evenly rounded; median lobe of aedeagus slightly slender (AL/AW 4.5–5.0), apical lamella thin; gonocoxite II of ovipositor rectangular, apex with two to four ensiform setae on each angle.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623627EFFDB2DEFB7BBFF3C5B8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623627FFFDE2DEFB62EFDAD5E50.text	03877623627FFFDE2DEFB62EFDAD5E50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlicka 1951)	<div><p>[13] Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička, 1951)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 32A–D. Male genitalia: Figs 33, 34. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11D.</p> <p>Jedlička, 1951: 60 (original: Bothynoptera; type locality: Taiwan: Karenko; holotype in NMPC); Jedlička, 1963: 446 (Bothynoptera); Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 192 (Zhejiang); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89.</p> <p>Parena esakii Habu, 1969: 115 (type locality: Taiwan: Taichu-shu; holotype in KUK: Entomological Laboratory of Kyushu University, Japan); Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 194; Kirschenhofer, 2006: 90 (synonymized with Parena tesari).</p> <p>Parena nantouensis Kirschenhofer, 1996: 769 (type locality: Taiwan: Nantou; holotype in NMW: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienne, Austria). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Parena kataevi Kirschenhofer, 2006: 97 (type locality: Hubei, Muyuping; holotype in CDW). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Bothynoptera tesari Jedlička: Holotype (NMPC, Fig. 32A): female, body length = 10.5 mm, pin mounted, " Formosa / Karenko, -19. / VII 20-VIII 4. / T. Okuni", "TYPUS" [red label]; " Bothynoptera / Tesari sp. n. / det. ING. JEDLIČKA" [pink label].</p> <p>Parena kataevi Kirschenhofer: Holotype (CDW, Fig. 32B): female, body length = 10.2 mm, board mounted, " China, W Hubei, 20.-21.VI. / MUYUPING S. env. / 31.45N 110.4E, ~ 1300 m / Jaroslav Turna leg. 2003", "Holotypus / Parena / kataevi sp. n. / det. Kirschenhofer 2004" [red label], "COLL.WRASE / BERLIN".</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Bothynoptera tesari Jedlička: This species was originally described from a single specimen from Karenko. The female we examined in the collection of NMPC in accord with the original description is undoubtedly the holotype.</p> <p>Parena esakii Habu: Kirschenhofer (2006) firstly proposed it is a synonym of P. tesari. We agree with this treatment according to the original description and illustrations.</p> <p>Parena nantouensis Kirschenhofer: We did not examine the type of this species. However, from the description and illustrations in the original description (Kirschenhofer, 1996), this species is almost identical to P. tesari except for its size (slightly smaller) and interval 3 with only two setigerous pores. We examined one specimen of P. tesari from Taiwan with two setigerous pores (the middle one missing) on the right elytron. Thus, we believe that the holotype of P. nantouensis is just an aberrant individual but not representing a separate species.</p> <p>Parena kataevi Kirschenhofer: This species was described from Hubei, Shennongjia. We examined specimens from Hubei and many other localities in central China that are in accord with it. Their male genitalia are identical to that of P. tesari from Taiwan. Thus, we treat P. kataevi as a junior synonym of P. tesari.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. China: 2 males (HBUM), " Anhui, Yuexi, Yaoluoping, 2007.VII.30- VIII.4, Ba Yibin, Lang Juntong, Wang Fengyan lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), " Anhui, Yuexi, Yaoluoping nat. resv., 2007.VII.17- 21, Ba Yibin, Lang Juntong, Wang Fengyan lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Tiemushan, 1927.VI.20 ". 1 ex (IZAS), "Tiemushan, 1936.VI.19 ". 1 ex (IZAS), "Tiemushan, 1935.VIII.18 ". 1 ex (IZAS), "T’ienmu Shan, 1936.VII.24, O. Piel coll.". 1 ex (IZAS), "T’ienmu Shan, 1936.VI.16, O. Piel coll.". 1 ex (IZAS), "T’ienmu Shan, 1936.VII.20, O. Piel coll.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Tianmushan, 1947.IX.7 ". 1 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Tianmushan, 1981.IX.5, Zhang Baolin lgt.". 5 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, West Tianmushan. Traps. 2018.7.16. Li Chao, 1400 m ". 1 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Tianmushan, 1993.VI, Ma Jufa lgt.". 2 ex (IZAS), "Zehjiang, Tianmushan, 1999.VII". 1 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Tianmushan, 1973.VII.22, Yu Peiyu lgt.". 2 males (IZAS), " Zhejiang, Lin'an W. Tianmushan, 2018.VI, Huang Hao leg." &lt;Fig. 34C&gt;. 1 ex (IZAS), " Jiangxi, Wugongshan, forestry station, on vegetation, N27.44591, E114.18827, 1220 m, 2006. VI.29, Liu Ye, Liang Hongbin, Sota T. Lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hubei, Xingshan, Longmenhe, light trap, 1200 m, 1993. VI.14, Li Hongxing lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), " Hubei, Shenongjia, Muyu, 2004.IX.3, Zhang Zhisheng, Chen Huiming lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hubei, Zhuxi, Quanxi, N32.0686 E109.6614, 856 m, Guo PL. Lgt. 2017.7.13 ". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hubei, Zhuxi, Quanxi, N32.0911 E109.6733, 790 m, Xia ZZ. Lgt. 2017.7.13 ". 4 ex (IZAS), " Hubei, Xuan-en, Shadaogou, Longtan station, 29.6998 109.6511, 631 m, 2016.4.30 D Liang HB., Zhao KD. lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hunan, Sangzhi, Tianpingshan, 1370-1570 m, 1988.VIII.13, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hunan, Tianpingshan, 1988.VII.20, Lin Su lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), " Sichuan, Tianquan, Labahe, 2004.VII.29, Yang Xiujuan, Hua Huiran lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Sichuan, Emeishan, Xixinsuo, 1300 m, 2012.VIII.10-15, Huang Hao leg.". 1 female (CCCC), " Sichuan, Emeishan, Xixinsuo, 1350 m, 2017.V.24, Yang Xiaodong leg.". 1 male (IZAS), " Guizhou, Zunyi, Kuankuoshui, 2010.VI.3, Wang Zhiliang lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Guizhou, Leishan, Lanhuaping, 1500-2100 m, 2005.IX.16, Liu Ye lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Guizhou, Leishan, Leigongshan, 1170 m, 1988.VII.3, Zhang Xiaochun lgt.". 1 male (HBUM), " Guizhou, Leigongshan, 2005.IX.13-14, Wang Jiliang, Gao Chao lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Guizhou, Daozhen, Dashahe, 1420 m, 2006.V.13-16, Tang Yi lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), " Guizhou, Daozhen, Sanqiao, Yu Yang lgt., 2004.V.27 ". 1 male (HBUM), " Guizhou, Daozhen, Yangsui, 2004.V.31, Yu Yang lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Guizhou, Jiangkou, Fanjingshan, Huixiangping, 1775 m, 2009.VI.22, Lin Wensin lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Jinping, Fenshuiling, 1870 m, 2009.V.27, Bi Wenxuan leg." &lt;Fig. 32D&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan, Jinping, Fenshuiling, 1900 m, 2010.IV.15, Zhu Xiaoyu leg." &lt;Fig. 34A&gt;. 1 ex (CCCC), "Nantou county, Ren'ai, Songgang, 1994.VIII.24, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), " Nantou county, Ren'ai, Nanshanhsi, 1993.VII.1, Chen Changchin lgt.". 2 ex (CCCC), "Nantou, Puli, Guandaoshan, 1993.VI.15, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), " Nantou county, Ren'ai, Songgang, 2000 m, 1995.IV.17, Lo Chinchi lgt.". 5 ex (CCCC), " Nantou county, Ren'ai, Songgang, 1994.VIII.16 " &lt;Fig. 11D&gt;. 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Nantou, Renai, N. Dongyanshan, 1800 m, 2010.IV.22, Chou Wen-I leg.". 1 ex (SYUM), "Formose Musha (Wuse), Teichung Distr., 1000 m, 1947.VIII.24, J. Linsley, Gressitt". 1 ex (CCCC), "Hsinchu county, Wufeng, Talu Forest Road, 1994.V.8 ". 1 ex (CCCC), " Hsinchu county, Wufeng, Talu Forest Road, 1993.VII.17, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), " Hsinchu county, Wufeng, Taping, 1994.VI.12, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Hsinchu county, Wufeng, Meikang, 1994.IX.10, Chen Changchin lgt.". 2 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Hsinchu county, Jianshi, Ninglao vill., 1997.VI.1, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), "Hsinchu county, Jianshi, 2005.IV.21, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), " Hsinchu county, Skaru, 2005.VIII.29 ". 2 males (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taitung county, Haiduan, 1996.V.18, Chen Changchin lgt." &lt;Fig. 34B&gt;. 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taoyuan county, Fuxing county, Siling, 1996.V.20, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Hualien county, Ruisui Forest Road, 1996.VII.5, Chou Wen-I lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), "Taipei county, Sanxia, Shizaitou, 1994.IX.5 ". 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Miaoli county, Sanyi, Guandaoshan, 1995.VII.2 " &lt;Figs 32C, 33&gt;. 1 female (IZAS), "Taiwan, Hsinpei, Beichatianshan, 1700 m, 2020.VI.12, Huang Jialong lgt." &lt;Fig. 5E&gt;. 3 ex (MTMB), "Taiwan, Ilan county, Mingchyh Forest, Recreation area, 1200 m, at light, 5.IV.2001, leg. Gy. Fabian &amp; O. Merkl". Vietnam: 1 male (CRS), "N. Vietnam Mt. Fan-sipan N-Seite Cha-pa (=Sapa) 1525 m 22.17' N 103.44 'E, prim. Urwald 28.x.- 3.xi.1994 ". 1 ex (MNHN), "Chapa, Tonkin". 1 male (IZAS), "Vietnam, LaoCai Prov., SaPa, Hoang Lien National Park, 2009.VII.5-9, Li Hu leg."</p> <p>Comparisons. P. tesari is different from other species of subgenus Bothynoptera (except for P. obscura) in having the elongate tempora, which are gradually narrowed behind eyes. In other species, the tempora are very short and abruptly narrowed behind the eyes with the length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of the diameter of the eye.</p> <p>Description. Body length 8.8–11.0 mm. Dorsum reddish brown to piceous; in dark color specimens, legs, antennae, and mouthparts distinctly lighter than body. Tempora gradually narrowed behind eyes, tempora plus neck-constriction two-thirds as long as eyes; vertex often with a pair of additional short setae postermedial to the posterior supraorbital seta; mentum with a pair of short setae. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.20–1.32, much narrower than head in most specimens, PW/HW = 0.85–0.95; lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, and then clearly sinuate before posterior angles in most specimens; posterior angles nearly rectangular, more or less pointed outward. Elytra wide, slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture; striae not incised or shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows in striae; intervals flat or slightly convex, with fine and sparse punctures; interval 3 with three setigerous pores, only two in some specimens; apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Males with uniseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 2 and biseriate adhesive setae on nearly full length of mesotarsomere 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII with three setae on each side in both sexes, four pairs present in a few specimens. Median lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW = 4.5–4.8), apical lamella laminar, LL subequal to LW, slightly narrowed to apex, apex rounded. Endophallus with relatively small primary sclerite, flared basal expansion straight, apical flagellum very short, ending at basal third of median lobe; apical sclerite small and well defined, basal core elongate; basal sheath well scaled, apical sheath composed of three heavily scaled regions; squamate sac not divided, large and elongated, near middle of median lobe, right to squamate sheath. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly greater than basal width, apex slightly concave, with three or four ensiform setae on outer angle, and two or three on inner angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 7, blue). China (Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan), Vietnam.</p> <p>Geographical variation. This species ranges throughout southern China. Its external features vary slightly and geographically in the following aspects:</p> <p>(1) Coloration: Dorsum is gradually darker from north to south. In most parts of China, the dorsum is always reddish brown. In southern provinces such as Taiwan and Yunnan, the dorsum is often nearly piceous, but dark brown individuals occur there as well.</p> <p>(2) Elytra striae: For specimens from most localities of China, elytra striae are well incised and intervals slightly convex. However, for specimens from Yunnan and Vietnam (Fig. 32D), the elytra striae are so shallow that striae 7 and 8 are hardly visible in the apical half.</p> <p>(3) Vertex setae: For specimens from mainland China and Vietnam, there is a pair of additional setae on vertex, which are shorter than the primary posterior supraorbital setae and placed posteromedial to them. However, such additional setae are absent from all specimens examined from Taiwan.</p> <p>Based on the above external differences, P. tesari can be divided into three populations: Taiwan, S. Yunnan + N. Vietnam, and other localities of China. We do not think they should be treated as subspecies because their male genitalia are almost identical (Fig. 34).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623627FFFDE2DEFB62EFDAD5E50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623627BFFDD2DEFB12AFD4259B4.text	03877623627BFFDD2DEFB12AFD4259B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) obscura Mateu. F 1977	<div><p>[14] Parena (Bothynoptera) obscura Mateu, 1977</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 32E, 32F. Male genitalia: Fig. 35.</p> <p>Mateu, 1977: 161 (type locality: Bhutan: Wangdi-Phodrang; holotype in NHMB).</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena obscura Mateu: Holotype (NHMB, Fig. 32E): male, body length = 11.0 mm, board mounted, " Wangdi Phodrang / 17 00 m 21 km O ", "Nat.-Hist. Museum / Basel— Bhutan / Expedition 1972", "TYPE" [red label], " Parena / obscura / n.sp. / J. Mateu det. 197 6 ".</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 male (NHMB), "W-Nepal / C.J. Rai", "Pothana / 1900 m / 7-9.VI.84", " Parena / obscura / Det. Sciaky '95" &lt;Figs 32F, 35&gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is very similar in several aspects to P. tesari, especially to specimens of that species from Yunnan and Vietnam. These two species differ mainly in the characters of male genitalia: in P. obscura, apical lamella very short, LL half as LW, endophallus with flared basal expansion strongly bent and basal sheath reduced (Fig. 35); in P. tesari, apical lamella much longer, LL subequal to LW, endophallus with flared basal expansion straight and basal sheath well-developed (Fig. 33). These two species also differ as follows: P. obscura has longer tempora, with the length of tempora plus neck-constriction about the same as length of the eye, and P. tesari has shorter tempora, with the length of tempora plus neck-constriction about two-thirds of the length of the eye.</p> <p>Description. Body length 11.0– 11.2 mm. Dorsum piceous, tarsi, antennae, and mouthparts distinctly lighter than body. Tempora gradually narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction subequal to diameter of eye; vertex with a pair of short additional setae posteromedial to the primary posterior supraorbital seta; mentum with a pair of short setae. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.20–1.21, distinctly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.85; lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, and then clearly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular and slightly pointed outward. Elytra wide, slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture; striae not incised, replaced by fine puncture rows; intervals flat, with fine and sparse punctures; interval 3 with three setigerous pores; apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Apex of abdominal sternite VII with three setae on each side. Males with uniseriate adhesive setae on apical three-fourths of mesotarsomere 2 and biseriate adhesive setae on nearly full length of mesotarsomere 3. Median lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW = 5.0), apical lamella laminar, LL half of LW, apex rounded. Endophallus with relatively small primary sclerite, flared basal expansion strongly bent, apical flagellum very short, ending at basal third of median lobe; apical sclerite elongate and well defined, basal core ovate; basal sheath reduced to fine scales surrounding flagellum, apical sheath composed of two scaled regions; squamate sac not divided, large and square, near middle of median lobe, right to squamate sheath. Female unknown, but inferred to have an ovipositor similar to that of P. tesari.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 7, red). Bhutan, Nepal.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623627BFFDD2DEFB12AFD4259B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236278FFDD2DEFB73BFC925A2C.text	038776236278FFDD2DEFB73BFC925A2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena taiwana Hua 2008	<div><p>7. Parena taiwana species group</p> <p>This species group contains only one species endemic in south China. It is characterized by: dorsum yellowish brown; antennae slender, extended beyond elytra base; retinacular ridge of right mandible about two-thirds length of terebral ridge (Fig. 2D); elytra intervals strongly punctate; elytral apices evenly rounded; males with biseriate adhesive setae near the full length of mesotarsomere 1 ventrally; median lobe of aedeagus very slender (AL/AW 5.5–6.0), apical lamella thin; gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly ovate, apex with six ensiform setae, two on each angle and two near the middle.</p> <p>This species group is unique in the subgenus for its males with adhesive setae on mesotarsomere 1 and male genitalia very slender. These two genital characters are in accord with some groups of the subgenus Parena. In P. taiwana, the adhesive setae occupy nearly the full length of mesotarsomere 1, whereas in subgenus Parena, the adhesive setae at most occupy slightly more than the apical half of mesotarsomere 1. Based on many other important characters mentioned above, we assigned P. taiwana into the subgenus Bothynoptera and considered that it is not closely related to species of subgenus Parena. Although P. taiwana is very similar to the P. tripunctata group in external features and female ovipositor, we consider P. taiwana to be relatively isolated in the subgenus because of its atypical male genitalia and the pattern of tarsal adhesive setae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236278FFDD2DEFB73BFC925A2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B.text	038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua. A 2002	<div><p>[15] Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, 2002</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 36. Male genitalia: Fig. 37. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11E.</p> <p>Hua, 2002: 27. replacement name for Parena formosana Ohkura, 1978.</p> <p>Parena formosana Ohkura, 1978: 29 (type locality: Taiwan: Nantou; holotype in KCMI: Kashihara City Museum of Insects, Kashihara, Japan); Habu, 1979: 58; Shpeley, 1986: 273; Kirschenhofer, 2006: 88. Primary homonym of Parena formosana Jedlička, 1946: 9.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. China: 1 male (IZAS), " Hunan, Yizhang, Mangshan forestry park, Guizizhai, N24.95187, E112.93079, 1271 m, 2008.VII.14 d, Ding Liang lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Hunan, Mangshan, 2008.7.14, Ding Liang lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Guangdong, Ruyuan county, Nanling res., Ruyang station, on vegetation, N24.93730, E113.02110, 1148 m, 2008.VII.19 d, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 female (ZWWC), " Chongqing, Jiangjin, Simianshan, 2007.X.23-28, Zhang, Fu &amp; Zeng lgt.". 1 male, 2 females (IZAS), " Guangxi, Wuming, Damingshan mt., 518 m, 2014.VI.08, Lu Yanquan leg. On flower" &lt;Fig. 36A&gt;. 6 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Nantou, Ren'ai, N. Dongyanshan, 1800 m, 2010.IV.22, Chou Wen-I leg." &lt;Figs 36B, 36C, 37&gt;. 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Nantou county, Ren'ai, Sungkang, 1994.VIII.24, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), " Taiwan, Nantou county, Ren'ai, Sungkang, 2000 m, 1995.VIII.12, Lo Chinchi lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Nantou county, Ren'ai, Sungkang, 2000 m, 2007. VII.3 ". 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Nantou county, Ren'ai, Meifeng, 1994.VI.11, Chen Changchin lgt.". 4 ex (IZAS), "Taiwan, Ilan county, Taiping Shan, Beech Path 38 k, 2020.VI.10, Huang Jialong lgt." &lt;Figs 2D, 3E&gt;. 2 males (CCCC), "Taiwan, Hualien county, Sioulin, Bilyu Scared Tree, 1995.V.2, Chen Changchin lgt." &lt;Fig. 10D&gt;. 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Hualien county, Sioulin, Bilyu Scared Tree, 2006.X.10 ". 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Pingtung county, Dahanshan, 2008.IV.6, Lin Wensin lgt.". 2 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Pintung county, Wutai, 1995.IV.7, Li Chunlin lgt.". 2 females (CCCC), "Taiwan, Pingtung county, Tai24 Road, 1500 m, 1998.V.2 " &lt;Fig. 11E&gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. taiwana is different from all other species of subgenus Bothynoptera in the following four characters: male mesotarsomere 1 with biseriate adhesive setae ventrally; antennae extended beyond elytra base; intervals strongly punctate, distance between interval punctures one to two times as that of strial punctures; median lobe of aedeagus very slender, AL/AW 5.5–6.0. Individuals without elytra spots are somewhat similar to P. shapingensis, but the latter species has a vague pale patch on the elytra. Individuals with four elytra spots are somewhat similar to P. emarginata sp. n., but the latter species has a pair of black stripes on the pronotum, and apex of the labrum dilated and strongly emarginate.</p> <p>Description. Body length 7.1–9.0 mm. Dorsum yellowish brown to pale yellow; elytra with a pair of dark spots centered behind middle of interval 4 one to three intervals wide (Fig. 36A) in most specimens, without these spots (Fig. 36B) or with a pair of additional spots near elytral base (Fig. 36C) in some specimens; legs, antennae, and mouthparts same color as body. Tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes; antennae extended beyond elytra base, to level of first pore on interval 3; antennomere 4 with length approximately two times its width; labrum quadrate, apex straight. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.21–1.31, nearly same width as head, PW/HW = 0.95–1.04; lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, weakly rounded at anterior half, and then weakly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular with rounded apex. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture or with very faint isodiametric microsculpture; striae shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows in striae; intervals weakly convex, strongly punctate, distance between interval punctures one to two times as that of stria punctures; interval 3 with three setigerous pores; apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Apex of abdominal sternite VII with two setae on each side in both sexes. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on venter of mesotarsomeres 1–3; adhesive setae present more than three-fourths length of mesotarsomere 1. Median lobe of aedeagus very slender (AL/AW = 5.5–6.0), ventral margin sinuate, apical lamella thin, LL slightly greater than LW, apex rounded. Endophallus with flared basal expansion of primary sclerite very narrow, apical flagellum very short, ending at basal third of median lobe; apical sclerite elongate and well defined, basal core linear, placed near middle of median lobe; basal sheath reduced to very few scales surrounding base of flared expansion, apical sheath large and well scaled; squamate sac not divided, small and triangular, slightly basal to middle of median lobe, right to squamate sheath. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly ovate, length slightly less than basal width, apex projected near inner angle, with six ensiform setae, two on each angle, and two near middle, on outer side of apical projection.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 5, blue). China (Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Chongqing).</p> <p>Remarks. Parena formosana Ohkura is a primary homonym of Parena formosana Jedlička, although the latter species belongs to the genus Paraphaea now (Shi et al., 2013). A replacement name was proposed by Hua (2002) in the List of Chinese Insects. However, this literature was ignored by recent catalogues (Lorenz, 2005; L̂bl &amp; L̂bl, 2017).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.text	038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena tripunctata (Bates 1873)	<div><p>8. Parena tripunctata species group</p> <p>This species group contains eight species distributed mainly in East Asia. They are characterized by: body smallsized, length 6.4–9.1 mm; retinacular ridge of right mandible about one-third length of terebral ridge (Fig. 2E); mentum with a pair of long setae, longer than terminal labial palpomere; elytra with distinct pattern in most species; antennae extended slightly beyond elytra base; tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; elytral intervals slightly convex, very sparsely punctate; interval 3 with three setigerous pores; elytral apices evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct; males without adhesive setae on mesotarsomere 1; abdominal sternite VII with two pairs of setae in both sexes; median lobe of aedeagus very stout (AL/AW 3.3–4.0); gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly rectangular or rounded-rectangular, apex with five to seven ensiform setae, nearly evenly arranged.</p> <p>The endophallus in this group is very similar among different species: primary sclerite with very wide flared basal expansion, its right-basal angle strongly pointed; flagellum short, ending before the middle of median lobe; apical sclerite widely V-shaped, well-defined, basal core distinct, large, ovate, heavily chitinized and scaled; basal sheath reduced to a triangular scaled structure left-ventral to flagellum; apical sheath large and coarsely scaled; squamate sac divided or undivided, near the middle of median lobe, right to squamate sheath.</p> <p>The species of this group are easily differentiated by their elytra pattern (see the key above), but it is difficult to find other differences on the external features besides the color. Their stout male genitalial shaft and endophallus are also similar in all the species. Although the shape of the apical lamella varies slightly individually in some species, differences in the apex and ventral margin of aedeagus can well define each species (except for P. emarginata sp. n. with male unknown). To interpret these differences better, we provide an alternate key for the male genitalia of this group.</p> <p>Key to species of P. tripunctata group by male genitalia</p> <p>1. In dorsal view, apex of aedeagus very weakly bent to right side................................................. 2</p> <p>- In dorsal view, apex of aedeagus distinctly bent to right side................................................... 3</p> <p>2. In lateral view, ventral margin more expanded; apical lamella rounded-truncate, sides nearly paralleled (Fig. 44)........................................................................................ [19] P. malaisei (Andrewes)</p> <p>- In lateral view, ventral margin less expanded; apical lamella rounded-triangular, slightly narrowed to apex (Fig. 42)...................................................................................... [18] P. monostigma (Bates)</p> <p>3. Apical lamella narrower, in ventral/dorsal view length subequal to its basal width.................................. 4</p> <p>- Apical lamella wider, in ventral/dorsal view length much less than its basal width.................................. 5</p> <p>4. Aedeagus relatively stouter; apical lamella rounded-triangular; in lateral view, ventral margin strongly expanded (Fig. 45)................................................................................ [20] P. quadrisignata Mateu</p> <p>- Aedeagus relatively slender; apical lamella digitate; in lateral view, ventral margin slightly expanded (Fig. 48)............................................................................................. [22] P. gonggaica sp. n.</p> <p>5. In lateral view, ventral margin more or less expanded before middle, apical lamella very weakly bent dorsally (Fig. 39).................................................................................... [16] P. tripunctata (Bates)</p> <p>- In lateral view, ventral margin nearly straight before middle, apical lamella not bent dorsally......................... 6</p> <p>6. Apical lamella more truncate in ventral/dorsal view, thicker in lateral view (Fig. 41)......... [17] P. shapingensis Xie &amp; Yu</p> <p>- Apical lamella more rounded in ventral/dorsal view, thinner in lateral view (Fig. 49)............... [23] P. triguttata sp. n.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.text	038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates 1873)	<div><p>[16] Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 38. Male genitalia: Fig. 39. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11F.</p> <p>Bates, 1873: 314 (original: Bothynoptera; type locality: Japan: Tango; lectotype in MNHN); Jacobson, 1907: 403 (Bothynoptera); Andrewes, 1930: 47 (Bothynoptera); Jedlička, 1951: 59 (Bothynoptera); Jedlička, 1963: 446 (Bothynoptera); Habu, 1967: 160; Habu, 1982: 114; Lafer, 1989: 213 (Russia: Far East); Kryzhanovskij et al. 1995: 162; Park &amp; Kwon, 1998: 36 (South Korea); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89 (Sichuan).</p> <p>Crossoglossa piceola Chaudoir, 1877: 232 (type locality: Amur; lectotype in MNHN); Chaudoir, 1878: 152 (Ceroglossa); Jacobson, 1907: 403 (Crossoglossa); Jedlička, 1963: 441; Lafer, 1989: 213 (synonymized with Parena tripunctata).</p> <p>Type material examined. Bothynoptera tripunctata Bates: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 38A), designated herein: male, body length = 6.9 mm, board mounted, "TANGO", " Bothynoptera / tripunctata / Bates ", "Ex Musaeo / H.W. Bates / 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR", " LECTOTYPE / Bothynoptera tripunctata / Bates, 1873 / des. SHI H.L. 2011" &lt;Fig. 39B&gt;. Paralectotype? (NHML): 1 ex, "Type" [round label with red circle]; " Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320", " tripunctata / Bates ". 1 ex, " Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320", "Ex coll. / Brit. Mus.", "Co-type" [round label with green circle]; " Bothrynoptera / 3-punctata/ Bates ", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945- 97.". 1 ex, " Japan. / G. Lewis. / 1910-320", "Ex coll. / Brit. Mus.", "Co-type" [round label with green circle]; "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.".</p> <p>Crossoglossa piceola Chaudoir: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 38B), designated herein: male, body length = 6.4 mm, board mounted, "COLL. DE CHAUDOIR / 1874", " piceola / Chaudoir / Territ. de l'amour / D'Dybowski " [ex Chaudoir's box label, pinned under specimen now], "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR", " LECTOTYPE / Crossoglossa piceola / Chaudoir, 1877 / des. SHI H.L. 2011" &lt;Fig. 39C&gt;. Paralectotype (MNHN): 1 female, " PARATYPE " [red label], "COLL DE CHAUDOIR / 1874", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR".</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Bothynoptera tripunctata Bates: This species was originally described from an unspecified number of specimens from " Tanga " and "Kawachi". In the collection of MNHN, one male specimen from Bates's collection is perfectly in accord with the original description. We herein designate it as the lectotype (Fig. 38A). There are three other specimens in NHML from the collection of G. Lewis without a detailed locality label that may belong to the type series as well.</p> <p>Crossoglossa piceola Chaudoir: This species was originally described from two specimens from "Amour", perfectly in accord with our examined two syntypes in MNHN. We herein designate the male as lectotype (Fig. 38B). This species was synonymized with P. tripunctata by Lafer (1989). After examining the types of both species, we found that they are only subtly different in the apical lamella of male genitalia (slightly narrower in P. tripunctata), and the synonymy is confirmed.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Japan: 1 ex (MNHN), " Kumanotaira, pr. Karuizawa, 12 Aout 1907; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Nippon Moyen</a> “. 1 ex (MNHN), " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Japon</a>: Mt., IBUKT, pres, Gifu, 6-6-1910, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Edme Gallois</a> ". 1 ex (MNHN), " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Japon</a>: Yumo-, to pres <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Nikko</a>, 23 Aout 1911, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Edme Gallois</a> ". 1 ex (MNHN), " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Nasu</a>, Jun 12 1949, T. Azegami. ". 2 ex (MNHN), " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Nippon Moyen</a>, Env. De Tokio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Et Alpes de Nikko</a>, J. Harmand 1901". 1 ex (IZAS), " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Mt. Takao</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">June</a> 11.32". 1 ex (IZAS), " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Japan</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Honshu</a>, Tokyo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Hachiouji</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Ura-Takao</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.25233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.635086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.25233/lat 35.635086)">Hikagesawarindou</a>, 222-256 m, N35°38’06.3’’, E139°15’08.4’’, 2007.V.9, Junhao Huang". 1 ex (IZAS), "Japan, Hiroshima, Garyuyama, 2001.8.6, Cai WZ, Li H. Lgt. ". Korea: 1 male (CMB), " 08.07.2010 / Mudeungsan, Gwangju (Suedkorea)/ leg T. Koelkebeck ". China: 4 ex (IZAS), " Liaoning, Anshan, Qianshan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.12878&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.99767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.12878/lat 40.99767)">Xianrentai</a>, N40.99767, E123.12878, 500 m, 2008.VI.11, Huang Junhao lgt.". 2 ex (IZAS), " Beijing, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen, light trap, 1100 m, 2010.VII.23, Liu Biao lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Beijing, Yanqing, Yudushan, 850 m, 2009.VI.17, Zhou Dakang lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Beijing, Huairou, Baoshan, Sidaohe E. vally, N40.8871 E116.4456, 980 m, Shi Hongliang lgt. 2021.06.23 -26" &lt;Fig. 4D&gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " Beijing, Yanqing, Songshan, 2013.VII.9, Shi Hongliang lgt. light trap ". 1 female (IZAS), " Beijing, Yanqing, Songshan, 2014.7.25, Shi Hongliang lgt." &lt;Figs 2E, 3D&gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " Beijing, Mentougou, Xiaolongmen forestry station, 1100 m, 2017.VIII.16-21, Shi Hongliang lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), " Hebei, Zhuolu, Yangjiaping, 2002.VII.11-19, Shi Aimin lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), " Hebei, Xingtai forestry park, 1998.VII.18, Wang Wei et al. lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Shanxi, Manghe nat. res., 2009.8.22, Yuan Feng lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Ningshan, Huoditang, 1580 m, 1998.VII.26, Yao Jian lgt.". 2 ex (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Ningshan, Huoditang, light trap, 1580 m, 1998.VIII.14, Yuan Decheng lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Ningshan, Huoditang, light trap, N33.43368, E108.44747, 1538 m, 2007.VIII.18, Shi Hongliang &amp; Yang Ganyan lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Ningshan, Huoditang, N33.43368, E108.44747, 1276 m, 2008.VII.8, Jiang Jianguo lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Ningshan, Huodigou, 1580-2000 m, 1998.VIII.18, Yuan Decheng lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Ningshan, Xunyangba, 1350 m, 1998.VII.29, Yao Jian lgt.". 5 ex (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Ningshan, Xunyangba, N33.55083, E107.83776, 1369 m, 2007.VIII.20, Shi Hongliang &amp; Yang Ganyan lgt." &lt;Figs 10E, 38C, 39A&gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " Shaanxi, Zhouzhi, Houzhenzi, light trap, N33.85190, E107.83776, 1271 m, 2007.VIII.10, Shi Hongliang &amp; Yang Ganyan lgt." &lt;Fig. 11F&gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " Henan, Nanyang city, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.12878&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.99767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.12878/lat 40.99767)">Neixiang county</a>, Funiu montain, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.12878&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.99767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.12878/lat 40.99767)">Baotianman forest</a>, N33.5145 E111.0280, 1340 m, 2020. VII.28, light trap, Zhu Pingzhou lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Anhui, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.12878&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.99767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.12878/lat 40.99767)">Jinzhai county</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=123.12878&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.99767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 123.12878/lat 40.99767)">Tiantangzhai town</a>, Wuchuan forestry farm, 882 m, 2021.V.9, light trap, N31.2337 E115.6654, Zhao KD, Zhu XC lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Anhui, Yaoluoping, 2006.VIII, Ding Liang lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Zhejiang, W. Tianmushan, 500 m, 1998.VII.7, Wu Hong lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Fujian, Wuyishan nat. res., 670-1420 m, 2004.IV.24-V.13, Zhou Dakang lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Yunnan, Longyang, Mangkuan, Baihualing, light trap, N25.29560, E98.80298, 1520 m, 2007.X.10-12, Liang Hongbin lgt.".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is easily distinguished from all other species of subgenus Bothynoptera by the small size and dorsum dark reddish brown without elytral pattern. It is similar to the smallest individuals of P. tesari, but differs from the latter in the much shorter tempora.</p> <p>Description. Body length 6.4–7.4 mm. Dorsum reddish brown to dark brown, elytra and pronotum usually much darker than head, elytra without contrasting patch; legs, antennae, and mouthparts yellowish brown. Labrum quadrate, apex straight. Pronotum nearly cordate, PW/PL = 1.22–1.35, slightly wider than head in most specimens, PW/HW = 0.98–1.12, lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, well rounded at anterior half, and then clearly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular with rounded apex. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with or without isodiametric microsculpture; striae shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals with sparse punctures. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical two-thirds of mesotarsomeres 2 and 3. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout, in dorsal view apex distinctly bent to right; in lateral view ventral margin more or less expanded before middle; apical lamella thick and short, LL much smaller than LW, apex rounded-truncate; in lateral view apical lamella very weakly bent dorsally. Endophallus with squamate sac well divided. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly shorter than basal width, apex concave near middle, with five or six ensiform setae, nearly evenly arranged.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 8, red). China (Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Yunnan), Russia (Primorye, Sakhalin), Japan, South Korea.</p> <p>Geographical variation. Most specimens from Japan have distinct isodiametric microsculpture on elytra, but those from China have no elytral microsculpture.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236203FFA42DEFB367FC055C8B.text	038776236203FFA42DEFB367FC055C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie & Yu. B 1993	<div><p>[17] Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie &amp; Yu, 1993</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 40A, 40B. Male genitalia: Fig. 41</p> <p>Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 192 (type locality: Shaping; holotype in IZAS); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89.</p> <p>Parena yunnana Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1019 (type locality: Yunnan: Lijiang; holotype in NMW: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienne, Austria); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena shapingensis Xie &amp; Yu: Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 40A): male, body length = 6.5 mm, board mounted, " Shaping / 27.IX.1943 " [in Chinese], " HOLOTYPE " [red label], " Parena shapingensis / Xie et Yu / Xie Weiping det. 1991", "IOZ(E) 211403" [blue label] &lt;Fig. 41&gt;.</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Parena shapingensis Xie &amp; Yu: The holotype of this species is briefly labeled as "Shaping, 27.IX.1943 " in handwritten Chinese without other explanation of this locality. In the original description, the type locality was explained as Guangdong (Shaping), referring to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.45/lat 29.533333)">Shaping town</a> of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.45/lat 29.533333)">Heshan</a> city. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.45/lat 29.533333)">However</a>, this speculation could be wrong because Guangdong is far from all other known localities of this species. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.45/lat 29.533333)">The</a> handwriting of the locality label is identified that of a famous <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.45/lat 29.533333)">Chinese</a> entomologist, Prof. Sicien Chen. He worked in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.45/lat 29.533333)">Academia Sinica</a> in Chongqing from 1939 to 1946. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.45/lat 29.533333)">Thus</a> the type locality "Shaping" is very likely to refer to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.45/lat 29.533333)">Shapingba</a> (N29°32' E106°27') in Chongqing <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=106.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.533333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 106.45/lat 29.533333)">City</a>.</p> <p>Parena yunnana Kirschenhofer: We did not examine the type of this species, but the specimens from very close to its type locality that we examined are perfectly in accord with the original description and illustration of P. yunnana. So, we confirmed that P. yunnana is identical to P. shapingensis in external and male genital characters.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 female (HBUM), " Sichuan, Lixian, Shangmeng, 2009.VII.24–25, Gao ZH., Niu YP. lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan, Lijiang, Yulongshan, 1979.VIII.12, Zou Huanguang leg." &lt;Fig. 40B &gt;. 1 male (CRS), " China Yunnan, 1800 m, Lijiang 23.6–21.7, 26.53N 100.18E, lgt. S. Becvar 1992". 1 male (IZAS), " Kunming, World Horticultural Expo Garden, 2004.6.27, Ou Xiaohong lgt.".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is easily distinguished from all other species of subgenus Bothynoptera by the small size and elytra light yellowish brown with an indistinct large pale patch. The male genitalia of this species are very similar to those of P. tripunctata, but differ in the ventral margin of median lobe, which is nearly straight, and the apical lamella not bent dorsally.</p> <p>Description. Body length 6.5–6.7 mm. Head and pronotum yellowish red; elytra gradually graded from yellowish brown basally to pale yellow subapically, apical eighth of elytra yellowish red, forming a vague, large pale patch on the middle of elytra; legs, antennae, and mouthparts yellowish brown; venter yellowish brown. Labrum slightly dilated to apex, apex very weakly emarginate. Pronotum nearly cordate, PW/PL = 1.26–1.36, slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.93–0.97; lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, well rounded at anterior half, and then strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular with distinct apex, slightly pointed outward. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture; striae shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals with very sparse punctures. Males with biseriate adhesive setae near apex of mesotarsomere 2 and apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 3. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout, in dorsal view apex distinctly bent to right; in lateral view ventral margin nearly straight before middle; apical lamella thick and short, LL much smaller than LW, apex rounded-truncate; in lateral view apical lamella not bent dorsally. Endophallus with squamate sac partly divided. Female ovipositor not studied.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 8, magenta). China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236203FFA42DEFB367FC055C8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236201FFAB2DEFB059FA6E596F.text	038776236201FFAB2DEFB059FA6E596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates 1873)	<div><p>[18] Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 40C–F. Male genitalia: Fig. 42.</p> <p>Bates, 1873: 316 (original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Japan: Nagasaki; lectotype in MNHN); Jakobson, 1908: 403 (as Crossoglossa monocincta); Jedlička, 1946: 10; Jedlička, 1963: 443; Habu, 1967: 158; Lafer, 1989: 213; Park &amp; Kwon, 1998: 36 (South Korea); Solodovnikov, 1999: 108 (Russia: Amur); Sundukov, 2001: 731 (Russia: Primorye); Park &amp; Szél, 2004: 221 (North Korea).</p> <p>Parena japoincia Jedlička, 1946: 10 (type locality: Japan: Kobe; holotype in NMPC); Jedlička, 1963: 443; Habu, 1967: 158 (synonymized with Parena monostigma).</p> <p>Parena koreana Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1020 (type locality: Korea: Kaesong; holotype in MTMB). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa monostigma Bates: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 40C), designated herein: male, body length = 7.0 mm, pin mounted, " Nagasaki ", "Ex Musaeo / H.W. Bates / 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR", "LECTOTYPE / Crossoglossa monostigma / Bates, 1873 / des. SHI H.L. 2011". Paralectotypes: 1 female (MNHN), " Nagasaki ", "Ex Musaeo / H.W. Bates / 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 female (MNHN), " Hiogo ", " Crossoglossa / monostigma / Bates ", "Ex Musaeo / H.W. Bates / 1892". 1 female (NHML), "Type" [round label with red circle], "Hiogo", " Japan./ G. Lewis. / 1910-320", " monostigma / Bates ".</p> <p>Parena japoincia Jedlička: Holotype (NMPC, Fig. 40D): female, body length = 6.9 mm, board mounted, " Kobe, Jp. / 20.5.907 ", "TYPUS" [red label]; " japonica / sp. n. / Det. Ing. Jedlička" [pink label].</p> <p>Parena koreana Kirschenhofer: Holotype (MTMB, Fig. 40E): female, body length = 7.7 mm, board mounted, " Korea, Prov. Gang-von / district On-dzong, / Kum-gang san, near / Hotel Go-song, 250 m / No. 322. / 6 August 1975 / leg. J. Papp / et A. Vojnits", " ♀ ", " Holotypus "[red label]; " Parena / koreana m. / det.: Kirschenhofer 94 ", " Parena / monostigma / J. Park 04 ".</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Crossoglossa monostigma Bates: Several specimens were mentioned from "Hiogo" and " Nagasaki " in the original description. In the collection of MNHN and NHML, we found four specimens in accord with the original description. We designate the only male of them as lectotype herein, although another female bears Bates's determining label. We examined two additional specimens of this species in NHML labeled as "cotype". However, they do not belong to the type series, because their locality "Miyanoshita" is not listed in the original decription. Bates described this species as having five pores on elytral interval 3; however, we found that all examined type series have only three pores, which are consistent with most species in the genus.</p> <p>Parena japoincia Jedlička: This species was erected based on the different number of pores on the elytral interval 3 compared with P. monostigma. Habu firstly designated it as a synonym of P. monostigma and pointed out that the number of discal pores noted in original description of P. monostigma is incorrect. We agree with this synonymy based on our examined the types of both species.</p> <p>Parena koreana Kirschenhofer: The original description (Kirschenhofer, 1994) noted that P. koreana is different from P. monostigma in having the elytral black patch occupying the inner five intervals (versus three intervals). However, we found that the holotype of P. koreana has the black patch only four intervals wide. This state should be considered as individual variation and occurs in some specimens from Japan as well. Therefore, we herein synonymize P. koreana with P. monostigma.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Japan: 1 female (MNHN), " monostigma Bates, Japon, Lewis ", "COLL. DE CHAUDOIR, 1874", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 male (MNHN), " Japon ", " monostigma Bats ", "Janson, Acq. 1884","MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 male (MNHN), "environs de Gifu. Japon, 19 Avril 1910, Edme Gallois", " Parena monostigma Bat., det. Ing. Jedlička ", "Das 2le Exeamplar, det. Ing. Jedlička ". 1 ex (MNHN), "Suhara, V.10.53". 2 ex (NHML), "Miyanoshita. / 11.V.-14.V.80", " Japan./ G. Lewis. / 1910-320", " Ex. Coll. / Brit. Mus.", "Co-type" [round label with green circle], " Crossoglossa / monostigma/ Bates", " H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97". 1 male (NHML), " Subashiri. / 4.V.-10.V.80.", " Japan./ G. Lewis. / 1910- 320" &lt;Fig. 42B &gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " KYOTO, 9.5.1931 KEKI". China: 1 male (IZAS), " Zhejiang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.45/lat 30.32)">Lin'an</a>, W. Tianmushan, Zhonglieci, N30.32, E119.45, 350 m, 2010.V.1, Song Haitian leg." &lt;Figs 40F, 42A &gt;. 3 females (SNU), " Mt. West Tianmu, Zhejiang prov., alt. 300 m, 27-IV-2008, He &amp; Tang leg.".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is easily distinguished from all other species of subgenus Bothynoptera in having a single black patch in the middle of elytra. Some specimens of P. fasciata are somewhat similar to this species but differ in having the elytral patch wider, at least five intervals wide, and the first setigerous pore on interval 3 very close to elytra base.</p> <p>Description. Body length 6.3–7.7 mm. Head and pronotum reddish brown, elytra yellowish brown, with an elongate black patch on middle, three (or four in some specimens) intervals wide; legs, antennae, and mouthparts yellowish brown; venter yellowish brown. Labrum weakly dilated to apex, apex straight. Pronotum nearly cordate, PW/PL = 1.29–1.40, slightly wider than head in most specimens, PW/HW = 0.98–1.16; lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, well rounded at anterior half, and then strongly narrowed to base and sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular with rounded apex. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with isodiametric microsculpture; striae shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals with sparse punctures. Males with biseriate adhesive setae near apex of mesotarsomere 2 and apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 3. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout, in dorsal view apex only slightly bent to right; in lateral view ventral margin slightly expanded near middle; apical lamella thick and short, slightly narrowed to apex, LL slightly smaller than LW, apex rounded. Endophallus with squamate sac unequally divided. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly less than basal width, apex slightly concave near middle, with five or six ensiform setae, two of them grouped on outer angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 8, green). Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Russia (Amur, Primorye), China (Zhejiang).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236201FFAB2DEFB059FA6E596F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623620FFFA82DEFB2ECFB7B5A13.text	03877623620FFFA82DEFB2ECFB7B5A13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes 1947)	<div><p>[19] Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes, 1947)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 43A, 43B, 43C. Male genitalia: Fig. 44. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11G.</p> <p>Andrewes, 1947: 46 (original: Bothynoptera; type locality: Burma: Kambaiti; holotype in NHRS); Jedlička, 1951: 60 (Bothynoptera); Jedlička, 1963: 447 (Bothynoptera); Kirschenhofer, 1996: 781 (Yunnan); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89.</p> <p>Parena albomaculata Habu, 1979: 55 (type locality: Taiwan: Tottaka; holotype in NMNS: National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 88. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Bothynoptera malaisei Andrewes: Holotype (NHRS, Fig. 43A): male, body length = 7.1 mm, board mounted, "N.E. BURMA / Kambaiti, 7000 ft. / 23/5 1934 / R. MALAISE", "Typus" [red label], "7882 / E91+" [blue label], "Figured / Specimen", " Bothynoptera / malaisei / type Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.", "NHRS-JLKB / 000020251". Paratypes (NHML): 1 ex, "N.E. Burma / Kambaiti, 7000ft. / 18/4 1934 R. Malaise", "Para-type" [round label with yellow circle], "Brit. Mus. / 1947-14", " Bothynoptera / malaisei / Cotype Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.". 1 ex, "N.E. Burma / Kambaiti, 2000 m / 23/5.1934 Malaise", "Co-type"[round label with green circle]; " Bothynoptera / malaisei / Cotype Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.".</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Parena albomaculata Habu: Habu described this species without comparison with P. malaisei, which is very similar in external features. We studied male genitalia of P. malaisei from several localities including Taiwan (Fig. 44B), the type locality of P. albomaculata, and found that they have only very subtle differences in the apical lamella. Thus we treat P. albomaculata as a junior synonym of P. malaisei.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. China: 1 ex (IZAS), "Hubei, Xuan-en, Shadaogou, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.6511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.6998" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.6511/lat 29.6998)">Longtan station</a>, 29.6998 109.6511, 631 m, 2016.4.30 D Liang HB., Zhao KD. lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Hunan, Sangzhi, Tianpingshan, 1330 m, 2014.X.24 D, 29.7712 110.0680, Yao Jian lgt.". 1 ex (HBUM), "Sichuan, Baoxing, Fengtongzhai, 2004.VIII.1-3, Yang Xiujuan, Hua Huiran lgt.". 1 male (HBUM), " Sichuan, Baoxing, Fengtongzhai,, 2004.VIII.1-3, Yang Xiujuan, Hua Huiran lgt.". 1 ex (ZWWC), "Chongqing, Fuling, Damu forestry station, 1600 m, 2006.V.1, Zhang Weiwei lgt.". 2 ex (HBUM), "Guizhou, Leishan, Fangxiang, 2005.IX.15-16, Wang Jiliang, Gao Chao lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Guizhou, Daozhen, Xiannyudong, 650 m, 2006.V.17, Zhou Huizhong lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Guangxi, Tianlin, Linaoshan, 1300-1400 m, 2002.V.28, Liu Jianwen lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Guangxi, Xing'an, Maoershan, light trap, N25.87001, E110.41660, 2005 m, 2006.VI.25, Liang Hongbin, T. Sota lgt.". 1 male (CCCC), "Guangxi, Jinxiu, Dayaoshan, Tiantoutun, 1100 m, 2016.VIII-06, Zhao J.T. lgt." &lt;Fig. 44A&gt;. 1 ex (CCCC), "Yunnan, Gongshan, Xiongdang, 1919 m, 2015-VII-13, Yang X.D. lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), "Yunnan, Gongshan, Menggaguo, 2834 m, 2016-VI-11, Yang X.D. lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), "Yunnan, Lushui, Pianma, 2643 m, 2014-VI-17, Yang X.D. lgt.". 1 ex (CAS), "Yunnan, Baoshan, Longyang, Baihualing, beating on vegetation, N25.30764, E98.79367, 1625 m, 2005.VI.2 d, Kavanaugh D lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Yunnan, Tengchong, Dahaoping, 1980 m, 2002.V.04, Song Jinxin lgt.". 1 ex (CAS), "Yunnan, Houqiao, Guyong, on vegetation, 2006.5.27, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Yunnan, Houqiao, Yangjiatian, beating, 2006.5.28, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Yunnan, Tengchong, Qushi, 2006.08.14, Liu Biao lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Yunnan, Jinping, Fenshuiling, 1870 m, 2009.V.27, Bi Wenxuan lgt." &lt;Fig. 43B&gt;. 1 female (CAU), "Xizang, Zayu, 1700 m, 1978-vi-29, Li Fasheng lgt.". 1 female, (CAU), "Xizang, Yigong, 2300 m, Li Fasheng lgt., 1978-vi-16 ". 1 ex (IZAS), "Xizang, Mêdog, Gedang Xiang, Xingkai vill, 2025 m, 2019.VIII.15 N, N29.46414 E95.73563, Ma Z, Zhou R lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Xizang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.6511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.6998" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.6511/lat 29.6998)">Bomi county</a>, Tongmai bridge, 2025 m, 2019.VIII.19 N, N30.09632 E95.06610, Liang HB, Xu Y. lgt.". 1 ex (MTMB), "Taiwan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.6511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.6998" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.6511/lat 29.6998)">Nantou county</a>, Kao-Leng Dyi, 18km W of Wushe, N24°4.561' E121°8.046', 1945 m, swept from vegetation, 18-19.IV.2002, leg. D. Anstine, Gy. Fabian &amp; O. Merkl ". 5 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Hualien, Bilyu scarce tree, 1995.V.2 " &lt;Figs 11G, 44B&gt;. 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, Hualien, Xiulin, Guanyuan, 2006.VIII.29 ". 1 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.6511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.6998" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.6511/lat 29.6998)">Pingtung county</a>, Tai24 Road, 1500 m, 1988.V.2 ". 2 ex (CCCC), "Taiwan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.6511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.6998" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.6511/lat 29.6998)">Hsinchu county</a>, Wufeng, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.6511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.6998" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.6511/lat 29.6998)">Talu forest</a> road, 1997.V.31, Chen Changchin lgt.". 3 ex (IZAS), " Taiwan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.6511&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.6998" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.6511/lat 29.6998)">Ilan county</a>, Taiping Shan, Beech Path 38 k, 2020.VI.10, Huang Jialong lgt.". Laos: 1 ex (NHMB), "Laos-NE, Houa Phan prov. ~20°13N 104°00'E, Phou Pane Mt., 1.-16.vi.2009, 1350-1500 m, M. Brancucci leg.", "NHMB Basel, NMPC Prague, Laos 2009 Expediton, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, Z. Kraus, D. Hauck, V. Kubari ". Nepal: 1 male (NHMB), " Gorza Dobhan, 2100- 700 m, 6.VI.1985 ", "E-Nepal, Mechi, M. Brancucci ". 1 male (NHMB), "Mure Num, 2000- 1550 m, 4-7.VI.1983 ", "E-Nepal, Arun v., M. Brancucci " &lt;Figs 43C, 44C &gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is easily distinguished from all other species of subgenus Bothynoptera by its exceptional elytra pattern (with serrate pale band). The male genitalia of this species are very similar to those of P. monostigma with the apex of median lobe only weakly bent to the right side, but they have small differences in the shape of the apical lamella and ventral margin.</p> <p>Description. Body length 6.7–8.2 mm. Head reddish brown to piceous, frons generally with red triangular patch; pronotum with disc dark brown, lateral margins light brown; elytra background reddish brown, lateral intervals darker in some specimens, with a splayed, serrate, pale band behind middle, narrowest on interval 4, a pair of small elongate spots often present on basal fifth of interval 5, elytral pale patches with borders much darker than background in most specimens; legs, antennae, and mouthparts yellowish brown; venter yellowish brown. Labrum weakly dilated to apex, apex very weakly emarginate. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.20–1.32, slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.89–0.98; lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, weakly expanded at anterior half, and then slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular with rounded apex. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture; striae shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals with very sparse punctures. Males with biseriate adhesive setae almost on full length of mesotarsomeres 2 and 3. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout, in dorsal view apex only slightly bent to right; in lateral view ventral margin well expanded near middle; apical lamella thick and short, LL usually much smaller than LW, apex rounded-truncate. Endophallus with squamate sac not divided. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly shorter than basal width, apex slightly concave near middle, with six or seven ensiform setae, nearly evenly arranged.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 8, blue). China (Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan, Xizang), Myanmar, Laos, Nepal.</p> <p>Geographical variation. We examined two males from Nepal representing the westernmost limit of this species (Fig. 43C). They slightly differ from specimens from eastern localities (Fig. 43B) in having the elytral pale band strongly extended to elytra base on interval 1 and the pale spots on the interval 5 rounded, not elongate. The male genitalia of this species also vary slightly among specimens from different localities, mainly in the shape of the apical lamella. Among specimens from eastern localities (e.g. Taiwan) to western localities (e.g. Nepal), the apical lamella varies from shorter and wider (Fig. 44B) to slightly longer and narrower (Fig. 44C).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623620FFFA82DEFB2ECFB7B5A13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623620AFFAE2DEFB2ECFBAC5E4F.text	03877623620AFFAE2DEFB2ECFBAC5E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu. A 1977	<div><p>[20] Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, 1977</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 43D, 43E, 43F. Male genitalia: Fig. 45. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11H.</p> <p>Mateu, 1977: 164 (type locality: Bhutan: Wangdi-Phodrang; holotype in NHMB); Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1047.</p> <p>Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer, 2011: 66 (type locality: Laos: Phongsaly; holotype in CDW). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena quadrisignata Mateu: Holotype (NHMB, Fig. 43D): female, body length = 9.0 mm, board mounted, " Wangdi Phodrang / 21km S ", "Nat.-Hist. Museum / Basel-Bhutan / Expedition 1972", "TYPE" [red label], " Parena / 4signata / n.sp. / J. Mateu det. 197 6 ". Paratype (NHMB): 1 female, "PARATYPE" [red label], " 18 km S. Tongsa / Changra 22.6. 1900 m", "Nat.-Hist. Museum / Basel-Bhutan / Expedition 1972".</p> <p>Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer: Holotype (CDW, Fig. 43E): male, body length = 8.4 mm, board mounted, " LAOS / Phongsaly Prov. / PHONGSALY env. / Phu Fa, h: 1450-1600 m ", " 26.VII.2006 / leg. M Geiser / Bergregenwald", "Holotypus / Parena / Phongsalyensis sp. n. / des. Kirschenhofer 2010" [red label], "COLL. WRASE / BERLIN" [green label] &lt;Fig. 45B&gt;.</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer: This species was described from N. Laos without comparison with the very similar species P. quadrisignata. We examined the types of the two species and found that they are slightly different in the following three aspects: the background color of P. phongsalyensis is much darker; the humeral patches smaller and slightly distant from elytra base, and the subapical patches have the oblique extension very narrow and almost invisible. We cannot compare their male genitalia because the types of P. quadrisignata are females. Instead, we examined several specimens from west Yunnan, which geographically intermediate and present intermediate states of these above characters (Fig. 43F). These specimens are almost identical to the holotype of P. phongsalyensis in male genitalia (Fig. 45). Thus, we treat P. phongsalyensis as a junior synonym of P. quadrisignata.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Laos: 1 ex (NHML), "Laos, Nam qiene, le 14-IV.1918, R. Vitalis de Salvaza ", "Bought from Vitalis de Salvaza 1928", " H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.". India: 2 ex (NHMB), "NE India, Arunachal Pr. Dirang vicinity, 1550+- 150 m, 27°21'-23'N92°13'-16' E, L. Dembicky leg. 1.-9.vi.2004 ". China: 1 female (IZAS), "Yunnan, Fugong county, Pihe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.57836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.21221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.57836/lat 25.21221)">Zhiziluo</a>, 2005.8.20, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.57836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.21221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.57836/lat 25.21221)">Liang Hongbin</a> lgt.". 1 male, 1 female (CAS), "Yunnan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.57836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.21221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.57836/lat 25.21221)">Tengchong</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.57836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.21221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.57836/lat 25.21221)">Qushi</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.57836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.21221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.57836/lat 25.21221)">Xiangyangqiao</a>, N25.21221, E98.57836, 1500 m, 2006.VI.4 D, Kavanaugh D., Brett R. lgt." &lt;Figs 11H, 45A&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), "Yunnan, Baoshan, Mangkuan, Baihualing, N25.21221, E98.57836, 1635 m, 2005.VI.2 D, Kavanaugh D. lgt." &lt;Fig. 43F&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), "Xizang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.57836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.21221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.57836/lat 25.21221)">Mêdog county</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.57836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.21221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.57836/lat 25.21221)">Dêxing</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.57836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.21221" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.57836/lat 25.21221)">Wainlang</a> vill, alt. 1251 m, 2020.IX.4 D2, N29.36709, E95.34012, Liang Hongbin lgt.".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is easily distinguished from all other species of subgenus Bothynoptera by dorsum dark brown with black patches on elytra. It is also distinctly larger than all other species of the P. tripunctata group. The male genitalia of this species are very similar to those of P. tripunctata, but the apical lamella is rounded-triangular and not bent toward the dorsum. In P. tripunctata, the apical lamella is rounded-truncate and weakly bent toward the dorsum.</p> <p>Description. Body length 8.0– 9.1 mm. Dorsum dark brown, elytra background slightly lighter than pronotum and head; elytra with two pairs of black patches: basal group elongate, very close to elytra base, occupying intervals 5 to 7 or 8, subapical group nearly round, occupying intervals 4 to 7, often with an oblique extension backward to elytral suture; legs, antennae, and mouthparts dark brown; venter dark brown. Labrum slightly dilated to apex, apex very weakly emarginate. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.20–1.28, usually slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.93–1.00; lateral explanations narrow; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, and then moderately to strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular with slightly distinct apex. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture; striae shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals with sparse punctures. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical third of mesotarsomere 2 and apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 3. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout, in dorsal view apex distinctly bent to right; in lateral view ventral margin slightly expanded near middle; apical lamella thick and short, rounded triangular, LL subequal to LW. Endophallus with squamate sac not divided. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length subequal to basal width, apex straight, with five ensiform setae, four of them equally arranged on apical margin, a shorter one on outer margin.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 8, black). Bhutan, Laos, NE. India, China (Yunnan, Xizang).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623620AFFAE2DEFB2ECFBAC5E4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623620BFFAD2DEFB11DFE625A76.text	03877623620BFFAD2DEFB11DFE625A76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) emarginata Shi & Liang 2023	<div><p>[21] Parena (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. nov.</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 46A, 46B. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11I.</p> <p>Type locality. Sichuan, Muli County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.11" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.138/lat 28.11)">Liziping</a> xiang, N28.110, E101.138, 3059 m.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 46A): female, body length = 6.7 mm, board mounted, " China Sichuan Muli county, / Liziping xiang, river bank with / sparse tree / N28.11032 E101.13768 ", "2012,V,6. D 3059 m / Huang Hao leg / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.13768&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.11032" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.13768/lat 28.11032)">Inst. of Zoology</a>, CAS", "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / emarginata sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Figs 11I, 46C, 46D &gt;. Paratype (IZAS): 1 female, " Xizang, Cona county, Lai xiang / 2500 m, Yang Xiaodong leg. / 2013.VI.20 " [in Chinese], "IOZ(E)1700238", "PARATYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / emarginata sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Fig. 46B &gt;.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsum pale yellow, pronotum with a pair of dark stripes, elytra with a pair of short basal stripes and a pair of well separate subapical spots; labrum slightly dilated to apex, apex strongly emarginate; antennae extended only slightly beyond elytral base; elytra intervals with very sparse fine punctures.</p> <p>Comparisons. The new species is different from all other species of the genus Parena by the apex of labrum strongly emarginate (Fig. 46C). Several other species of the P. tripunctata group have the labrum apex very weakly emarginate, but the labrum apex is straight or slightly curved in all other species groups of the genus. The elytral color pattern of the new species is similar to some individuals of P. taiwana with four spots. However, the new species can be easily distinguished from P. taiwana by: labrum apex emarginate; pronotum with a pair of dark stripes; elytral intervals without dense punctures; and antennae shorter, extended beyond the elytra base by the length of only one antennomere.</p> <p>Description. Body length 6.3–6.7 mm; body relatively narrow for the genus; dorsum without microsculpture.</p> <p>Color. Dorsum mostly pale yellow to light brown; head yellowish brown, vertex with indistinct dark brown patch, mouthparts and antennae yellow, apices of mandibles dark. Pronotum disc with a pair of dark stripes aside median line, not extended to anterior or posterior margins. Elytra with four black patches: a pair of short stripes slightly distant from elytra base, about one-fifth as long as elytra, extending from outer half of interval 4 to inner half interval 6; another pair of round spots near apical third of elytra, extending from outer half of interval 3 to inner half of interval 5. Scutellum, epipleura, legs and venter yellow. Head with sporadic fine punctures on vertex and occiput; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae, as long as supraorbital setae. Antennae extended beyond elytral base by length of only one antennomere. Labrum slightly dilated to apex, apex strongly emarginate; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of long median setae, lateral lobes short, apex narrow, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins rounded, epilobes rather wide. Pronotum nearly rectangular, PW/PL = 1.35–1.37, about same width as head, PW/HW = 1.00–1.03, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins fully rounded at anterior half and then narrowed to base with distinct sinuation before posterior angles; posterior angles weakly pointed outwards, forming rectangular angles with rounded apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin oblique at sides; disc convex, with very fine transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex. Striae very shallowly incised at basal half, almost flat at apical half, with rows of fine punctures on basal five-sixth, punctures absent from apical sixth; intervals weakly convex, with very sparse fine punctures. Disc without depression, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present at base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on a level much behind scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 23–24 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. In females, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor rounded rectangle, basal width much greater than length, apex straight, with five or six very short ensiform setae nearly evenly arranged. Male unknown.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 8, dark green). China (Sichuan, Xizang). Only known from two specimens from well separated localities.</p> <p>Etymology. The scientific name of the new species " emarginata " is derived from Latin referring to its labrum apex strongly emarginate, which is the unique character of this species.</p> <p>Remarks. The holotype was collected in a sparse riparian forest, about six meters high in the canopy, using a long-stick sweep net.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623620BFFAD2DEFB11DFE625A76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236209FFB22DEFB2ECFF055C3F.text	038776236209FFB22DEFB2ECFF055C3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica Shi & Liang 2023	<div><p>[22] Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. nov.</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 47A. Male genitalia: Fig. 48.</p> <p>Type locality. Sichuan, Luding County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.605" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.08/lat 29.605)">Hailuogou</a>, N29.605, E102.080, 1940 m.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 47A): male, body length = 6.6 mm, board mounted, "Hailuogou, Luding, Sichuan / 27-VII-2007 / alt. 1940 m Liu, Zhang, Zhou, &amp; Bi lgt." [in Chinese], " HOLOTYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / gonggaica sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Fig. 48&gt;.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsum reddish yellow, elytra with four black spots: a pair of basal spots distant from elytra base, not covering first discal pore; a pair of subapical spots adjacent to interval 1, each of them large and oblique-rounded, divergent from each other toward the elytral base, interval 1 yellow between the two subapical spots; labrum apex straight; median lobe of aedeagus well narrowed at apex, apical lamella narrow and long, LL subequal to LW.</p> <p>Comparisons. The new species is distinguished in subgenus Bothynoptera by its unique elytra pattern. It is most similar to another new species, P. triguttata sp. n., which may be sympatric with it. These two new species differ as follows: (1) in P. gonggaica, the dorsal background color is dark reddish yellow, but in P. trigutata, it is vivid reddish yellow, slightly brighter than P. gonggaica sp. n.; (2) in P. gonggaica, the elytra basal spots are more distant from elytra base, not covering first discal pore on interval 3, but in P. trigutata, the basal spots cover the first discal pore; (3) in P. gonggaica, the elytra subapical patch (composed of two nearly adjacent spots) is concave at the anterior margin, and the interval 1 is yellow between the patches, but in P. trigutata, the subapical patch is extended anteriorly at its anterior margin, and the first interval is black inside the patch; and (4) in P. gonggaica, the median lobe of the aedeagus is more narrowed toward the apex and apical lamella is longer, LL equal to LW, whereas in P. trigutata, the apical lamella is shorter, LW much greater than LL. There are other two species (P. taiwana and P. emarginata sp. n.) that also have four black patches on the elytra, but in these species the subapical spots are well separated, not adjacent to the middle.</p> <p>Description. Body length 6.6 mm; body relatively narrow for the genus; dorsum without microsculpture. Color. Dorsum mostly dark reddish yellow; frons with a triangular light patch, clypeus yellow, mouthparts, and antennae yellow, apices of mandibles dark. Pronotum slightly lighter on lateral explanations and subbasal region. Elytra base dark reddish yellow, gradually graded to light reddish yellow at basal fourth of inner intervals and to half of outer intervals; elytra with four black spots: a pair of basal spots far distant from elytra base, length between first and second setigerous pore on interval 3, extended from interval 4 to inner half of interval 6; a pair of subapical spots adjacent to elytral interval 1, each of them large and oblique-rounded, at widest point extended to inner half of interval 6, divergent from each other toward the elytral base, interval 1 yellow between them. Scutellum, epipleura, legs and venter reddish yellow. Head glabrous on vertex and occiput; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae, as long as supraorbital setae. Antennae extended beyond elytral base by length of only one antennomere. Labrum nearly quadrate, apex straight; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of long median setae, lateral lobes short, apex narrow, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins rounded, epilobes rather wide. Pronotum nearly rectangular, PW/PL = 1.40, about same width as head, PW/HW = 1.03, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins fully rounded at anterior half and then narrowed to base with distinct sinuation before posterior angles; posterior angles weakly pointed outwards, forming rectangular angles with rounded apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin oblique at sides; disc convex, with very fine transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex. Striae shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures, striae absent at elytra apical eighth; intervals slightly convex, with sparse fine punctures. Disc without depression, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on a level much behind scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 18–19 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. In male, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side. Male with biseriate adhesive setae on apical end of mesotarsomere 2 and apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 3. Male genitalia. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout, AL/AW = 3.7; in lateral view, ventral margin weakly expanded near middle, apical lamella slightly bent to dorsum; in dorsal view, apex strongly narrowed and bent to right, apical lamella narrow, LL subequal to LW. Endophallus with squamate sac not divided. Female unknown.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 8, cyan). China (Sichuan). Only known by the holotype collected from Hailuogou.</p> <p>Etymology. The scientific name of the new species " gonggaica " is derived from the type locality of the new species. It was collected from the foot of the famous mountain, Gongga Mt. in the central part of Sichuan Province, China.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236209FFB22DEFB2ECFF055C3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236217FFB12DEFB3CDFC775800.text	038776236217FFB12DEFB3CDFC775800.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata Shi & Liang 2023	<div><p>[23] Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. nov.</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 47B, 47C. Male genitalia: Fig. 49. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11J.</p> <p>Type locality. Sichuan, Kangding County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.161&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.127" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.161/lat 30.127)">Yangchang valley</a>, N30.127, E102.161, 1650 m.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 47B): male, body length= 6.4 mm, board mounted, " Sichuan prov., Kangding county / Guza town, Yangchang valley " [in Chinese], "23.VII.05 / Wen Liang" [in Chinese], "Tsuga"[in Chinese], "IOZ(E)1891837", "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / emarginata sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Fig. 49 &gt;. Paratype (IZAS): 1 female, " CHINA, Sichuan, Ebian / county, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=102.98993&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.03432" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 102.98993/lat 29.03432)">Heizhugou</a> forestry / park, mixed forest / N29.03432 E102.98993 ", " 1800 m, 2012.VI.17, / on vegetation. / HUANG Hao lgt", "IOZ(E)1700239", "PARATYPE / Parena (Bothynoptera) / triguttata sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Figs 11J, 47C &gt;.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsum reddish yellow, elytra with three black patches: a pair of basal spots close to elytra base, covering first discal pore; subapical spots completely continuous at elytral suture, forming single large median patch with anterior margin projected to elytral basal third, interval 1 black inside median patch; labrum with apex straight; median lobe of aedeagus not narrowed at apex, apical lamella short, LW much greater than LL.</p> <p>Comparisons. The new species is distinguished within subgenus Bothynoptera by its unique elytra pattern. It is very similar to P. gonggaica sp. n. Externally, they are only slightly different in the elytra pattern and occur in the same general geographical area. However, their very different male genitalia support their status are distinct species.</p> <p>Description. Body length 6.4–7.0 mm; body relatively narrow for the genus; dorsum without microsculpture.</p> <p>Color. Dorsum mostly vivid reddish yellow, head and pronotum slightly darker than elytra; mouthparts and antennae yellow, apices of mandibles dark. Pronotum with disc slightly darker than sides. Elytra with three black patches: a pair of elongate spots slightly distant from elytra base, length between level of scutellar apex and elytra basal third, width from intervals 4 to 6, its inner margin covering first setigerous pore on interval 3; subapical spots continuous at elytral suture, forming single large median patch near apical third of elytra, extended to interval 6 at its widest point, anterior margin extended to elytral basal third, interval 1 black inside subapical patch. Scutellum, epipleura, legs, and venter reddish yellow. Head with very sparse punctures and short wrinkles on vertex and occiput; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae, as long as supraorbital setae. Antennae extended beyond elytral base by length of only one antennomere. Labrum nearly quadrate, apex straight; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of long median setae, lateral lobes short and wide, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins completely rounded, epilobes wide. Pronotum nearly rectangular, PW/PL = 1.32–1.35, about same width as head, PW/HW = 1.00–1.04, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins fully rounded at anterior half and then narrowed to base with distinct sinuation before posterior angles; posterior angles weakly pointed outwards, forming rectangular angles with rounded apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin oblique at sides and slightly sinuate at middle; disc convex, with very fine transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex. Striae shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures, almost reaching elytral apices; intervals slightly convex, with sparse fine punctures. Disc without depression, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on a level much behind scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 22–23 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. In both sexes, apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical third of mesotarsomere 2 and apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 3. Male genitalia. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout, length / median width = 3.6; in lateral view, ventral margin weakly expanded near middle, apical lamella not bent to dorsum; in dorsal view, apical portion slightly narrowed and strongly bent to right, apical lamella wide, LL much smaller than LW, apex widely rounded. Endophallus with squamate sac well divided. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly less than basal width, apex slightly concave, with six or seven ensiform setae, two or three near each angle, one near middle of apical margin.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 8, orange). China (Sichuan). Only known from two specimens from Kangding and Ebian respectively.</p> <p>Etymology. The scientific name of the new species is composed of two Latin roots, " tri- " meaning three and " gutt- " meaning spots, referring to the three black patches on elytra.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236217FFB12DEFB3CDFC775800	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236214FFB72DEFB7D7FA7B5F12.text	038776236214FFB72DEFB7D7FA7B5F12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena Motschulsky 1860	<div><p>Subgenus Parena Motschulsky, 1860</p> <p>Type-species: Parena bicolor Motschulsky</p> <p>The subgenus Parena s. str. includes twenty-three species, defined by the combination of the following characters: pronotum moderately transverse; mandibles strongly widened, semicircular; mentum with a pair of setae, very short in some species, lateral lobes narrow and short, apex slightly extending beyond epilobes, inner margins strongly oblique; accessory setae on antennomeres 1 and 2 absent or very short; elytral first pore on interval 3 close to base, on level of scutellar apex; gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly rectangular, apex with five to seven ensiform setae. However, all of the above characters are inferred to be plesiomorphic, so subgenus Parena s. str. may be paraphyletic. Moreover, because the species of this subgenus are morphologically similar, treatment of these species as a subgenus is at least convenient for recognition in classification.</p> <p>Subgenus Parena has the widest distributional range of the three subgenera. Thirteen species have Oriental-Australian distributions, with ten species confined to the Oriental Realm (some of them can reach to the south part of Palaearctic Realm), two to the Australian Realm, and one to both realms. Some of these species are very widely distributed in the Oriental Realm (e.g., P. fasciata), while others are restricted to certain islands (e.g., P. andrewesi). Ten species occur in the African Realm, with two of them endemic to Madagascar and the other eight to the Sub-Saharan African mainland.</p> <p>In the present work, we revise the subgenus Parena with African and Oriental-Australian species separately, for the purpose of providing a taxonomy system easier for species determination. Otherwise, some species groups might be difficult to define. Three Oriental-Australian species groups and three African species groups are recognized, based mainly on the presence or absence of the suborbital setae and male genital characters, including the shape of the median lobe and the copulatory piece of the endophallus.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsal surface reddish brown to piceous; elytra entirely reddish brown, with dark patch or lateral stripes, or entirely metallic green or bluish green. Tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; antennomeres 1–3 with sparse very short accessory setae in most species; postgenae with or without suborbital setae; mandibles extremely widened, semicircular, retinacular ridge of right mandible reduced to retinacular tooth (Fig. 2B); mentum with a pair of setae, very short in some species; lateral lobes short and wide, apically rounded, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins slightly arcuate, epilobes relatively wide, apices not extending beyond lateral lobes. Pronotum moderately wide, PW/PL = 1.26–1.56, slightly wider than head in most species, PW/HW = 0.92–1.13; lateral explanations wide; lateral margins usually more or less sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles usually forming rounded angles. Elytral interval 3 with three setigerous pores, first pore close to elytra base, on level of scutellar apex; disc not, weakly, or strongly depressed near middle of interval 5, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Abdominal sternite VII often with two setae on each side, apex straight in females, usually more or less emarginate in males. Male mesotarsomere 1 usually with biseriate adhesive setae restricted on apical half (but without setae in five species), mesotarsomeres 2 and 3 usually with well-developed adhesive setae. Male genitalia with median lobe slender or stout; endophallus usually with large flared basal expansion of primary sclerite (except for P. bicolor group), squamate sheath largely and heavily scaled. Female ovipositor with gonocoxite II nearly rectangular, apex with five to seven ensiform setae.</p> <p>Key to Oriental-Australian species in subgenus Parena Motschulsky</p> <p>1. Postgenae with a pair of long suborbital setae, similar length as supraorbital setae (Fig. 3E); primary sclerite of endophallus linear, base not expanded (9. P. bicolor group).............................................................. 2</p> <p>- Postgenae without suborbital setae (Fig. 3F), occasionally with a few short setae, distinctly shorter than supraorbital setae; primary sclerite of endophallus strongly expanded at base..................................................... 4</p> <p>2. Elytra yellowish brown, disc usually with black patch....................................[26] P. fasciata (Chaudoir)</p> <p>- Elytra metallic green, with bluish or copperish hue in some specimens........................................... 3</p> <p>3. Elytra without a median red patch, first interval entirely metallic green; median lobe of aedeagus with right margin very weakly sinuate before apical lamella in dorsal view; the Malay Archipelago........................[24] P. bicolor Motschulsky</p> <p>- Elytra with a median red patch one to four intervals wide, at least interval 1 red at middle; median lobe of aedeagus with right margin distinctly sinuate before apical lamella in dorsal view; Asian continent...........[25] P. rubripicta Andrewes, 1928</p> <p>4. Elytra not metallic, with or without black lateral stripes; apical lamella of aedeagus thin, apex bent dorsally in lateral view (10. P. nigrolineata group).................................................................................. 5</p> <p>- Elytra with metallic green lateral stripes or completely metallic green; apical lamella of aedeagus coniform, apex not bent dorsally in lateral view (11. P. latecincta group)............................................................... 11</p> <p>5. Elytra yellowish brown to dark reddish brown, with black lateral stripes.......................................... 6</p> <p>- Elytra completely yellowish brown to piceous or with light patch, without black stripes.............................. 8</p> <p>6. Tibiae and apex of femora black; elytra lateral margins and posterior half of epipleura black; median lobe of aedeagus stout (AL/AW 4.4–4.6) with very narrow apical lamella (LW much greater than LW); Borneo..............[30] P. picipes sp. n.</p> <p>- All legs entirely yellow; elytra lateral margins and epipleura yellow; male genitalia not as above...................... 7</p> <p>7. Elytra with lateral black stripes ended before apex, not extended to interval 1; median lobe of aedeagus stout (AL/AW 3.8); Ryukyu Islands..............................................................[29] P. amamiooshimensis Habu</p> <p>- Elytra with lateral black stripes extended to interval 1, ended at sutural angle; media lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW 5.3– 6.0)................................................................... [27] P. nigrolineata (Chaudoir) [part]</p> <p>8. Dorsum yellowish to reddish brown; elytral disc with shallow depressions before middle of intervals 3 to 6; elytral striae well incised, intervals slightly convex......................................................................... 9</p> <p>- Dorsum dark brown to piceous; elytral disc with larger and deeper depressions before middle of intervals 3 to 6; elytral striae very shallowly incised, intervals not convex............................................................... 10</p> <p>9. Elytra yellowish brown; apical lamella of aedeagus narrower, LL slightly bigger than LW; Oriental Realm...................................................................................... [27] P. nigrolineata (Chaudoir) [part]</p> <p>- Elytra dark reddish brown; apical lamella of aedeagus wider, LL subequal to LW; Australian Realm.. [28] P. picea (Macleay)</p> <p>10. Dorsum dark brown, each elytron with three light brown patches; male abdominal sternite VII distinctly emarginate; the Philippines........................................................................... [31] P. andrewesi Jedlička</p> <p>- Dorsum uniformly dark brown to piceous, elytra without paler patches; male abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate; New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Samoa...................................................... [32] P. politissima (Chaudoir)</p> <p>11. Elytra reddish brown, with metallic green lateral stripes, with shallow isodiametric microsculpture, visible at least near apices of inner intervals..................................................................................... 12</p> <p>- Elytra entirely metallic green, without microsculpture....................................................... 13</p> <p>12. Elytral disc without metallic hue in brown area; elytral green stripes wider, extended medially at least to interval 6 at middle; male mesotarsomere 1 without adhesive setae ventrally.................................... [33] P. latecincta (Bates)</p> <p>- Elytral disc with strong purple metallic hue in brown area; elytral green stripes narrower, extended medially only to interval 7 at middle; male mesotarsomere 1 with adhesive setae ventrally near apex.................... [34] P. circumdata Shibata</p> <p>13. Elytra without reddish copper lustre; abdominal sternum reddish brown to dark brown; elytral striae distinctly incised; elytral disc with shallow but distinct depressions near basal third; China............................[35] P. monticola Shibata</p> <p>- Elytra with strong reddish copper lustre on humeri and apices; abdominal sternum piceous; elytral striae barely incised; elytral disc with very faint depressions near basal third; Borneo............................... [36] P. pendleburyi Andrewes</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236214FFB72DEFB7D7FA7B5F12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236212FFB72DEFB0E1FC6A5EA2.text	038776236212FFB72DEFB0E1FC6A5EA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena bicolor Motschulsky 1860	<div><p>9. Parena bicolor species group</p> <p>This species group contains three species, distributed through nearly all of the Oriental Realm and part of the Australian Realm. The two metallic species are very close to each other and are allopatric in geographical distribution. The third species is widely distributed and highly varied in elytra color pattern. Despite the different appearances, similarity in characters of the endophallic copulatory piece suggest a close relationship of these three species.</p> <p>Members of this species group differ from all other Oriental-Australian species in two aspects: (1) postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; and (2) primary sclerite of endophallus linear, without a distinctly flared basal expansion (Figs 51, 52, 54). This group is most similar to the P. stigmatica group from Africa, but in the latter the basal expansion of the primary sclerite of endophallus is distinctly flared.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236212FFB72DEFB0E1FC6A5EA2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236213FFBB2DEFB2ECFBCB5C1B.text	038776236213FFBB2DEFB2ECFBCB5C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky 1860	<div><p>[24] Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, 1860</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 50A, 50B, 50C. Male genitalia: Fig. 51. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11K.</p> <p>Motschulsky, 1860: 31 (type locality: Java; syntype in ZMUM: Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia); Chaudoir, 1877: 207; Andrewes, 1928: 16; Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 190 (misidentification of Parena monticola); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 88.</p> <p>Notes on types. This species was described from an unspecific number of specimens from Java. Andrewes (1928) examined the type and redescribed this species. We did not examine any type material, but Andrewes' ample redescription and our examined specimens from the type locality (Java) permit good recognization of this species.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Java: 1 male (MNHN), "Java, Radja Mendala, Ledru 1899", "Museum Paris, 1952, Coll. R. OBERthur" &lt;Figs 50A, 51B&gt;. 1 female (NNML), "Native Collectors", "Java; 1000 m, Soekapoera kolot. II-V. '99". Sumatra: 1 female (MNHN), "Sumatra Medan, Env. de Dolok-Baros, 2e semestre 1905", "Museum Pares, Ex col. M. MAINdron, Coll. G. Babault, 1930". 1 female (MNHN), "Juillet", "Medan, Doloc Bans Esta te Sumatra, Collection le Moult ", "Museum Paris, 19, Guy Babault", "Museum Paris, ex coll., R. OBERthur, 1952". 1 female (MNHN), "Paggar Alam, Sumatra, J. Bouchard ", "Museum Paris, ex coll., R. OBERthur, 1952". 1 ex (CMB), "W-Sumatra, Payakumbuh, Harau-Valley, 1000 m, 9.- 29.10.1991, leg. A. Riedel ". 1 male (CRS), " INDONESIA, Sumatra, 20km N of Payakumbuh, Harau valley, h= 700 m, VI.2009 " &lt;Figs 4A, 50B, 51A&gt;. 2 females (IZAS), "Indonesia, Mentawai Is. S. Siberut Island, 3-4.2005, 50-100 m ". Sulawesi: 1 male (MNHU), "42358", " Celebes " [yellow label], " spec. ". 1 female (MNHN), "Macassar, VI.96. Doherty.", "Museum Paris, ex coll., R. OBERthur, 1952" &lt;Fig. 11K&gt;. The Philippines: 1 male (CRS), "Filippine, Samar, E. Visayas — Lope de Vega, III.2017 " &lt;Fig. 50C&gt;. 1 male (CRS), "Filippine, Mindanao, Compostela Valley, Davao, I.2014 " &lt;Fig. 51C &gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is clearly most similar to P. rubripicta. The two are distinguished from all other species in the genus by the combination of the following two characters: (1) elytra metallic; (2) postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae. Some individuals are superficially similar to P. pendleburyi or P. monticola in general appearance but can be readily differentiated by the presence of suborbital setae.</p> <p>Description. Body length 6.3–8.3 mm. Head and pronotum reddish yellow to dark brown; antenna reddish brown, antennomeres 5–11 same as basal four antennomeres or darker; elytra metallic green or bluish green, with copper lustre near apices in some specimens, elytra without red patch, interval 1 completely green, epipleura same color as abdomen; venter of head and prothorax same as dorsum, venter of mesothorax, metathorax and abdomen yellowish red or piceous; legs same color as pronotum, femora with apex darker in some specimens, metatibiae same color as abdomen. Postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotum base; labrum quadrate, apex very weakly protruded at middle; mentum with a pair of short median setae. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.26–1.41, nearly same width as head, PW/HW = 0.96–1.09; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, and then clearly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface usually without or with very faint isodiametric microsculpture, with distinct microsculpture in a few specimens; striae very shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals weakly convex, very sparsely punctate; disc with shallow and large depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1, and most of length of mesotarsomeres 2 and 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus slightly slender (AL/AW = 4.7–5.2), gradually narrowed to apex, ventral margin nearly straight; right margin very weakly sinuate before apex in dorsal view; apical lamella wide and short, apex rounded, weakly bent upward in lateral view. Endophallus with primary sclerite linear, without flared basal expansion; apical flagellum ending before middle of median lobe; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, strongly chitinized, basal core distinct, elongate, right to the major part of apical sclerite; basal sheath large, well scaled; apical sheath large and coarsely scaled; squamate sac large and well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal sac strongly chitinized at apex, forming a dentate semicircular piece; distal sac file-like, smaller than proximal sac, much closer to apex than proximal sac. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, same length as basal width, apex strongly concave, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, and two on outer apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 9, red). Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, The Philippines.</p> <p>This species was recorded from China (Anhui) by Xie &amp; Yu (1993). After examining the specimen, we found that their record was based on a misidentified specimen of P. monticola.</p> <p>Geographical variation. This species is known from four regions of the Malay Archipelago. Specimens from different localities are different in the following aspects.</p> <p>(1) Elytra color. Elytra are generally metallic green (Fig. 50A) but slightly different in some specimens. For all examined specimens from the Philippines and a few from Sumatra, the elytra are bluish green (Fig. 50C); for some other specimens from Sumatra, the elytra have bright copperish lustre near the apices (Fig. 50B), giving them an appearance very similar to P. pendleburyi.</p> <p>(2) Color of venter, including mesothorax, metathorax, abdomen, epipleura, and metatibiae. These parts are always in the same color in any one specimen. They are piceous in specimens from Java and Sumatra (Fig. 50B), and red in those from Sulawesi and the Philippines (Fig. 50C).</p> <p>(3) Color of antennae. In most specimens, the antennae are completely reddish brown or apical the seven antennomeres slightly darker (Fig. 50B). However, for the two examined specimens from the Philippines, antennae are distinctly bicolor with the basal four antennomeres reddish brown and apical seven black (Fig. 50C).</p> <p>(4) Elytra microsculpture. The elytra are without or with very faint isodiametric microsculpture in specimens from most localities, but distinctly present in one female from Makassar examined.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236213FFBB2DEFB2ECFBCB5C1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623621EFFBA2DEFB3E9FA655E4F.text	03877623621EFFBA2DEFB3E9FA655E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes. A 1928	<div><p>[25] Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, 1928</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 50D, 50E, 50F. Male genitalia: Fig. 52. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11L.</p> <p>Andrewes, 1928: 17 (type locality: Nilgiri Hills; holotype in NHML); Jedlička, 1963: 441; Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 188 (Yunnan); Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1047 (Nepal); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89.</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena rubripicta Andrewes: Holotype (NHML, Fig. 50D): female, body length = 8.1 mm, pin mounted, "H.L. Andrewes. / Nilgiri Hills.", " 788 ", "Type" [red label]; " Parena / rubripicta / Type Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.". Paratypes: 1 male (NHML), "Co-type" [round label with yellow circle], " Doherty ", " 22809 ", " Birmah / Momeit ", "Fry Coll. / 1905.100.", " Parena / rubripicta / Cotype Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.". 1 female (NHML), "Niambur, Madras. / S.N. Chatterjee., 7.XI. 192 5 ", "Predaceous / on Hybloea / puera larva", " 301 ", "For. Res. Ins. / Dehra Dun ", "Co-type" [round label with green circle], " Parena / rubripicta / Cotype Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det.", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.".</p> <p>Non-type material examined. India: 1 ex (CMB), "India, West Bengalen, Distr. Darjeeling, Kurseong, Kunti village, 900 m, 11.VIII.1996, leg. N. Dangal". 3 ex (NHMB), "NE India, Arunachal Pr., Etalin vicinity, 800+- 100 m, 28°35' N95°52 E, Pacholatko leg. 1.-3.vi.2007 ". 1 ex (NHMB), "India-S. Kerala, Periyar Lk. 900 m, 13.-20.V.1991, leg. Jiri Kolibac". 4 ex (NHMB), "Kalimpong, 6th mi 800 m, 15.IV.1985 ", "Indien, Darjeeling D. Ch.J. Rai". 1 ex (NHMB), "Kalimpong, Chibo 900 m, 27.IV.1987 ", "Indien, Darjeeling D. Ch.J. Rai". 1 ex (NHMB), "S. India, Kerala, Thekkady; Periyar Lake; 9,34N, 77,10E, 900-1000 m, 19.-27.iv.1997; Dembicky &amp; Pacholatko leg". 1 ex (NHMB), "S. India, Karnataka, W. Ghats, 20km W Talguppa, JOG Falls, 14°14' N 74°44 E, 500+- 200 m, P. Pacholatko leg. 22.-28.v.2002 ". 1 ex (NHMB), "Pudung 900 m, 3.V.1985 ", "Darjeeling D. India Bhakta B.". Nepal: 1 ex (NHMB), "Kali-G. Khola, Tatopani 1100-1400 m, 27-28.VI.1986 ", "Nepal, Dhawalagiri, C. Holzschuh". 1 ex (NHMB), "Nepal, Kosi-#14, Barabishe 27°26'N/ 87°18'E to Deorali 27°24'N/ 87°20'E, 560-1450 m, 13.vi.01", "NHMB Basel, expedition to Nepal 2001". Vietnam: 1 ex (MNHN), "Hoa-Binh, Tonkin, A. de Cooman", "Museum Paris, Coll. Ch. Alluaud". 1 ex (MNHN), "Tonkin, Region de, Hoa-Binh", "Museum Paris, 1931, A. de Cooman", "Museum Paris ex coll. R. Oberthur, 1952". 1 ex (MNHN), "Chapa, Tonkin, (ex. Jeanvoine), Coll. Clermont", "Museum Paris, 1988, Coll. J. Negre". 1 ex (MNHN), "Hoa-binh (Tonkin), (A. de cooman), Coll. J. Clermont", "Museum Paris, 1988, Coll. J. Negre". 1 ex (MNHN), "env. Hoah binh, Tonkin", "Museum Paris, 1988, Coll. J. Negre". 1 male (NHML), "Cochinchine, Tayninh, le 1.XII.1924, R. Vitalis de Salvaza". Myanmar: 1 ex (MNHN), "Hte Birmanie, Etat de Momeit, 600 m, Doherty, 1890", "Museum Paris, 1952, Coll. R. OBERthur". Thailand: 1 ex (MNHN), "Museum Paris, Isth, de KRA, harmand, 1885", "Museum Paris, ex Coll. R. Oberthur, 1952". China: 1 female (IZAS), " Guangxi, Longzhou, Daqingshan, 360 m, 1963.IV.19, Wang Shuyong lgt." &lt;Fig. 50F&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Meng’a, 1050-1080 m, 1958.V.29, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Menglun Botany Garden, 2009.XII. 1, 560 m, Tang Guo lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan, Lincang, Zhenkang county, N23°54’18’’, E98°55’15’’, 855 m, 2009.XI.14, beating, Zhang Xiaoning lgt." &lt;Figs 11L, 50E&gt;. 1 female (HBUM), " 2007-8-8, Yunnan, Mengla, Menglun, Shi FM &amp; Mao SL leg.". 1 male (HBUM), " Xizang, Mêdog, between Baibung-Mêdog, 800-1300 m, 2003.VIII.13, Ren Guodong lgt." &lt;Figs 10F, 52&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), "China, Tibet, Mêdog, road to Gelin village, N29.481 E95.1881, 960 m, 2015.8.24 D, Liang HB coll.".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is most similar to P. bicolor, distinguished as follows: (1) elytra with a median red patch of one to four intervals width, versus elytra entirely metallic in P. bicolor; (2) right margin of median lobe distinctly sinuate before the apex (Fig. 52), versus only very weakly sinuate in P. bicolor (Fig. 51); (3) P. ribripicta occurs on the Asian mainland and P. bicolor is known only from the Malay Archipelago. P. rubripicta may be also confused with some species in the P. latecincta group based on a similar appearance, but it is readily distinguished from them by the presence of suborbital setae.</p> <p>Description. Body length 7.1–8.8 mm. Head and pronotum reddish yellow to dark brown; antennae completely reddish brown or apical seven antennomeres slightly darker than basal ones; elytra metallic green, copperish green in some specimens, with a median red patch of one to four intervals width, with the patch edge not distinctly defined; epipleura reddish brown; venter of head and prothorax same as dorsum, venter of mesothorax, metathorax and abdomen red to dark reddish brown; legs reddish brown, femoral apices darker in some specimens. Postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; antennae barely extended pronotum base; labrum quadrate, apex very weakly protruded at middle; mentum with a pair of short median setae. Pronotum nearly cordate, PW/PL = 1.28–1.40, nearly same width as head, PW/HW = 0.99–1.04; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, and then distinctly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface without or with very faint isodiametric microsculpture; striae very shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals weakly convex, very sparsely punctate; disc with large shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1, and most of length of mesotarsomeres 2 and 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus slightly slender, gradually narrowed to apex, ventral margin nearly straight; right margin distinctly sinuate before apex in dorsal view; apical lamella wide and short, apex rounded, weakly bent upward in lateral view; endophallus identical to that of P. bicolor. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, same length as basal width, apex strongly concave, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, and two on outer apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 9, green). India, Nepal, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, China (Xizang, Yunnan, Guangxi).</p> <p>Remarks. This species differs from P. bicolor only in the color of elytra and subtle differences in the apex of male genitalia. Considering their allopatric distributions and stable differences, we treat them as distinct species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623621EFFBA2DEFB3E9FA655E4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0.text	03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir 1872)	<div><p>[26] Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir, 1872)</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 53. Male genitalia: Figs 54, 55. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11M.</p> <p>Chaudoir, 1872: 179 (original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Moluques; holotype in MNHN); Jedlička, 1963: 443 (Palawan, Java, Borneo, Sumbawa); Darlington, 1969: 139 (Papua New Guinea); Kirschenhofer, 2011: 68.</p> <p>Phloeodromius plagiatus Macleay, 1877: 167 (type locality: Yule Island; holotype in MAMU: University of Sydney, Macleay Museum, Sydney, Australia); Sloane, 1907: 373 (Phloeodromius; Australia); Darlington, 1969: 139 (synonymized with Parena fasciata). Secondary homonym of Parena plagiata Motschulsky.</p> <p>Phloeodromus sellatus Heller, 1921: 526 (type locality: the Philippines: Davao; holotype in SNSD); Jedlička, 1946: 10; Jedlička, 1963: 444; Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89; Liang &amp; Liu, 2018: 32 (Zhejiang). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Phloeodromus hastatus Heller, 1921: 528 (type locality: the Philippines: Davao; holotype in SNSD); Jedlička, 1946: 9; Jedlička, 1963: 442. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Parena sloanei Csiki, 1932: 1455 [replacement name for Parena plagiata (Macleay)]; Darlington, 1969: 139 (synonymized with Parena fasciata); Kirschenhofer, 2011: 68.</p> <p>Crossoglossa sellatoides Jedlička, 1940: 14 (type locality: Taiwan: Kuraru; holotype in NMPC); Jedlička, 1946: 10; Jedlička, 1963: 444; Habu, 1965: 86 (synonymized with Parena sellata); Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 188. Syn. nov.</p> <p>Parena fasciata var. unicolor Louwerens, 1949: 51 (type locality: Java: Bodjo; holotype in NNML). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Parena sumatrana Kirschenhofer, 2011: 67 (type locality: Sumatra: Payakumbuh; holotype in CRK: Collection of R. Kmeco, Litovel, Czech). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa fasciata Chaudoir: Holotype (MNHN, Fig. 53A): female, body length = 8.8 mm, pin mounted, "TYPE" [red label], " fasciata / Chaud. / Moluques / Lorquin " [ex Chaudoir's box label, pinned under specimen now], "COLL. DE CHAUDOIR 1874", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR", " HOLOTYPE / Crossoglossa fasciata / Chaudoir, 1872 / det. SHI H.L. 2011" [red label].</p> <p>Phloeodromus sellatus Heller: Holotype (SNSD, Fig.53B): female, body length = 8.3 mm, pin mounted, " Davao /Mindanao /Baker", " sellatus / typus"[red label], "1920 / 3 " [yellow label]; "Staatl.Museum für/Tierkunde, Dresden".</p> <p>Phloeodromus hastatus Heller: Holotype (SNSD, Fig. 53C): female, body length = 7.7 mm, pin mounted, " Davao / Mindanao / Baker", " hastatus ! / typus" [red label], " 7243 ", "1920 / 3 " [yellow label]; " 1454 ", "Staatl. Museum für / Tierkunde, Dresden".</p> <p>Crossoglossa sellatoides Jedlička: Holotype (NMPC, Fig. 53D): female, body length = 7.5 mm, pin mounted, " KUARU / FORMOSA / 15.VI.1937 / COL. M. CHUJO", "TYPUS" [red label], " Crossoglossa / sellatoides / sp. n. / DET. ING. JEDLIČKA" [pink label].</p> <p>Parena fasciata var. unicolor Louwerens: Holotype (NNML, Fig. 53E): male, body length = 8.5 mm, board mounted, "Bodja, 29-10-33 / Midden-Java / v. Doesburg.", "Museum Leiden / ex. collection/ C.J. Louwerens / rec. 1979", " Parena / fasciata Chd. / var. / E.B. Britton det. / 194 7 ", " Typus / Parena fasciata / Chd / var unicolor / det. Louw. / C.J. Louwerens", "type" [red label].</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Phloeodromus hastatus Heller: The original description did not indicate how many types there are, but a serial number "7243" implied a single holotype, which is in accord with our examined specimen.</p> <p>For other names treated here, all holotypes were original clearly fixed by monotypy.</p> <p>All examined type materials of the above synonyms are very similar to each other except for the different patterns on their elytra. We studied specimens with different elytra pattern forms from various localities. Their identical male genitalia (Figs 54, 55) suggest that they all belong to the same species. So, we herein treat Phloeodromus sellatus Heller, Phloeodromus hastatus Heller, Crossoglossa sellatoides Jedlička, Parena fasciata var. unicolor Louwerens, and Parena sumatrana Kirschenhofer all as junior synonyms of Crossoglossa fasciata Chaudoir.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Australia: 1 male [f] (NHML), "Townsville, Qld., 24.2.02, F.P. Dodd. " &lt;Fig. 55E &gt;. 1 female [f] (ANIC), "12.40S 142.40E QLD, Batavia Downs Hs., 11 Dec. 1992 at light, W. Dressler, P. Zborowski ". Papua New Guinea: 1 female [f] (MNHN), "Kiriwini Trobriand Is. iii.iv.v. 95. (A.S. Meek)", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 female [f] (NHML), " Papoa. N. Guinea, Bololo Distr., 12.xii.82. Baxch, BM 1983: 494". 1 male [m] "Yanarba, Fgum Is. Meek. ii.95." &lt;Figs 53G, 55D&gt;. Sulawesi: 8 ex [f] (NHML), " C.J. Louwerens, W-Celebes 2700', G. Tompoe-Paloe, VIII.1937 ". Timor: 1 female [u] (ZSM), " Timor, 1911.24.IV, coll. Haniel, central Semao ". Java: 71 ex [29s, 27u, 10f, 4m, 1h] (MNHN), "Centr. Java, Nglirip., Mme E. Walsh. ", "Museum Paris, 1952, Coll. R. OBERthur" &lt;Figs 53F, 55C&gt;. 1 ex [u] (NHML), "O.-Java; Tengger, Nongkodjadjar, 1300 m, Wegener", "Gesch.12.1935, von Overbeck", " F. Van Emden Bequest. B.M. 1960-129.". Sumatra: 1 male [s] (CRS), "Sumatra, M. Bukittingi, III.1993 ". The Philippines: 1 ex [s] (SNSD), " Mt. Bhnahao Luzon ", "1924 6", "Pa 1454", "Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden". 1 female [t] (CRS), " Philippines S Luzon, M. Haicon, Mindoro VII.2011 " &lt;Fig. 53I &gt;. 1 male [r] (CRS), " Philippines - E. Luzon, Isabela, Dindin, VIII.2014 " &lt;Fig. 53H &gt;. 1 male [h] (CRS), " Philippines, N Luzon, Ifugao IV.2013 " &lt;Fig. 54 &gt;. 1 male [s] (IZAS), " Philippines: Luzon, Rizal prov., Tanay, Sierra Madre. Feb 2016. local collector" &lt;Figs 8I, 55F&gt;. 3 ex [2s, 1f] (IZAS), "Philippines: Luzon, Quirino prov., Maddela, Disimongal, Sierra Madre. Jan 2016, local collector". Vietnam: 1 male [r] (MNHN), "Hoa-Binh, Tonkin, A. de Cooman" &lt;Fig. 55B &gt;. 1 male [s] (IZAS), " Tonkin, Hoa-Binh, 1940.VIII, leg. A. de Cooman ". Thailand: 1 ex [s] (NHMB), " Thailand, S. Satun pr. Thale Ban, 8-13. iv.1997, 6°45'N 100°09'E, 200 m, Jiri Kolibac leg.". China: 1 female [s] (SYUM), "Hainan, Jianfengling, Tianchi, 1981.VII.3, Chen Zhenyue lgt.". 2 females [s] (IZAS), "Taiwan, forestry test station". 1 male, 2 females [s] (CCCC), " Taiwan, Pingtung, Fengkang, 2008.VI.11 ". 2 males, 7 females [s] (CCCC), " Taiwan, Taitung county, Shouka, 2009.IV.23-25 N" &lt;Figs 10G, 11M, 55A &gt;. 1 female [s] (CCCC), " Taiwan, Pingtung county, Lilongshan, 2008.VII.21, Chou Wen-I lgt.". 2 females [s] (CCCC), " Taiwan, Pingtung county, Kenting park, 1996.IX.11, Chou Wen-I lgt.".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species can be distinguished from all other Oriental-Australian species in subgenus Parena by the combination of the following two characters: (1) elytra yellow, with or without black patch; (2) postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae.</p> <p>The "unicolor" form of P. fasciata (Figs 53E, 53F) is similar to some other uniformly brown species, especially those African species of the P. stigmatica group, which also have the suborbital setae. P. fasciata is different from these African species in having the antennae completely yellow, versus apical seven antennomeres black. We provide a key for all uniformly yellowish brown species belonging to the subgenus Parena at the end of this paper.</p> <p>In P. fasciata, the rhombic form (Fig. 53H) is somewhat similar to P. monostigma, but differs in having elytra patch wider, extended laterally at least to interval 5, and the different position of first elytral discal pore. The melanic form (Fig. 53G) is similar to the dark form of P. africana, but differs in having suborbital setae and the elytra disc without depression.</p> <p>Description. Body length 6.7–8.9 mm. Dorsum reddish yellow to yellowish brown, elytra with varied black patch, a single large patch behind middle in most specimens, without a black patch in some specimens; antennae, legs, and venter yellow. Postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; antennae extended to elytral base; labrum quadrate, apex straight or very weakly concave; mentum with a pair of short median setae. Pronotum nearly cordate, PW/PL = 1.34–1.47, wider than head, PW/HW = 1.08–1.15; widest at anterior third, slightly rounded at anterior half, more or less sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface without or with very faint isodiametric microsculpture; striae very shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals very sparsely punctate; disc without depression at basal third. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 1 and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2 and 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII clearly emarginate in males (Fig. 8I). Median lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW = 4.8–5.7), ventral margin gradually curved; apical third more or less bent to right side; apical lamella nearly ovate, LL subequal to LW, apex rounded, weakly bent upward in lateral view. Endophallus with primary sclerite small and linear, about one-seventh length of median lobe, with indistinct flared basal expansion; apical flagellum very short, ending near basal third of median lobe; apical sclerite widely V-shaped, well chitinized, basal core indistinct; basal sheath very small, dorsally surrounding apical half of primary sclerite; apical sheath simple, finely scaled; squamate sac not or partly divided, in similar size as basal sheath, right to squamate sheath. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly wider than length, apex slightly concave, slightly projected near inner apical angle, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, two or three on outer apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 9, blue). Australia, Papua New Guinea, Sulawesi, Maluku, Timor, Java, Sumatra, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, China (Taiwan, Hainan, Zhejiang).</p> <p>Variation. P. fasciata is widely distributed through Southeast Asia and the north part of Australasia. Its elytra color is highly varied, as might be expected with such a distribution. Generally, the following seven color forms can be recognized, but with intermediate specimens also seen. In the citations of examined materials above, we recorded the color form of each specimen by abbreviation in brackets.</p> <p>(1) The "fasciata" form [f] (Fig. 53A): elytra with a transverse black patch. Type of P. fasciata belongs to this form. Most specimens from regions eastern to the Wallace’s line are of the typical "fasciata" form, which has a very large black patch near elytral mid-length. A few specimens from Java and the Philippines also have the "fasciata" form, but the patch is usually shorter than in typical specimens.</p> <p>(2) The "sellata" form [s] (Figs 53B, 53D): elytra with a triangular black patch. Types of P. sellata, P. sellatoides and P. sumatrana all have this form. It is the most common form in regions west of Wallace’s line, but not found in regions east of that line.</p> <p>(3) The "unicolor" form [u] (Figs 53E, 53F): elytra unicolorous, without a black patch. Type of P. unicolor belongs to this form. The "unicolor" form occurs in Java and Timor, and is relatively common in Javan populations.</p> <p>(4) The rhombic form [r] (Fig. 53H): elytra with a narrow rhombic black patch. This form occurs in Vietnam, the Philippines and Java at a low frequency.</p> <p>(5) The "hastata" form [h] (Fig. 53C): elytra black patch with anterior margin notched. Type of P. hastata has this form. The "hastata" form occurs in Java and the Philippines at a low frequency.</p> <p>(6) The melanic form [m] (Fig. 53G): elytral black patch very large, with only a narrow apical region brown. This form was found in only one specimen from Papua New Guinea and is very similar to another species, P. africana.</p> <p>(7) The trident form [t] (Fig. 53I): elytra with trident black patch. This form was found in only one specimen from the Philippines.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236218FFBC2DEFB4CCFAA85805.text	038776236218FFBC2DEFB4CCFAA85805.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir 1852)	<div><p>10. Parena nigrolineata species group</p> <p>This species group contains six species distributed through nearly all the Oriental Realm and part of the Australian Realm. This group is characterized in the Oriental-Australian species of subgenus Parena as follows: postgenae without suborbital setae; elytra not metallic; male mesotarsomere 1 with or without adhesive setae ventrally; male genitalia with apical lamella thin, apex bent dorsally in lateral view; endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; gonocoxite II of ovipositor slightly pointed near apical inner angle, ensiform setae grouped near apical angles. This species group is very similar to the P. plagiata group from Africa, even in the characters on male and female genitalia, so they may be very closely related.</p> <p>Four species of this group are very similar externally, except for differences in coloration. The other two species P. andrewesi and P. politissima, are quite different from the other four in having elytra with deep depressions and very shallow striae. Moreover, P. andrewesi is also different from other species of this group in having male abdominal sternite VII more deeply emarginate and gonocoxite II of ovipositor longer than in other species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236218FFBC2DEFB4CCFAA85805	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7.text	038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir 1852)	<div><p>[27] Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir, 1852)</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 56. Male genitalia: Figs 57, 58. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11N.</p> <p>Chaudoir, 1852: 44 (original: Plochionus; type locality: N. India; lectotype in MNHN); Chaudoir, 1872: 180 (Crossoglossa); Bates, 1891: 339 (Crossoglossa); Andrewes, 1921: 179 (Phloeodromius); Jedlička, 1946: 9 (China, Japan, Burma, Tonkin); Jedlička, 1963: 441 (Annam, Ceylon); Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 189; Kirschenhofer, 1994: 1047 (Nepal); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89; Park et al., 2006: 102.</p> <p>Parena nigrolineata nipponensis Habu, 1964b: 33 (type locality: Tokyo, Fuchu, holotype in NIAES: National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Japan); Habu, 1967: 153; Habu, 1982: 111; Park &amp; Kwon, 1998: 36 (South Korea). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer, 2006: 99 (type locality: Sulawesi, Kab. Donggalia, holotype in CDW). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Misidentification: Crossoglossa latecincta Bates, 1873: 315 (part); Andrewes, 1921: 179 (as synonym of Plochionus nigrolineata); Jedlička, 1963: 441 (as synonym of Parena nigrolineata); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89 (as synonym of Parena nigrolineata nipponensis).</p> <p>Type material examined. Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 56A), designated herein: male, body length = 8.4 mm, pin mounted, labia and left maxilla removed and solely pinned, " Type / Cpt Boys. ", " Dinapvor ", "TYPE" [red label], " nigrolineatus / Chaud / Ind. Or. Bor / Cpt. Boys. " [ex Chaudoir's box label, pinned under specimen now], "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR", " LECTOTYPE / Plochionus nigrolineata / Chaudoir, 1852 / des. SHI HL. 2011" [red label].</p> <p>Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer: Holotype (CDW, Fig. 56B): male, body length = 8.7 mm, board mounted, " INDONESIA (C. Sulawesi) / Kab. Donggala, village Toro / UTM51 S (WGS-84) / X 9834460, Y 169699, Alt 860 / From: T. Cacao under leguminose / shade (canopy fogging) / 25-XII-2003 M.M. Bos leg. / 01C251203F", " Holotypus / Parena / schillhammeri sp. n. / det. Kirschenhofer" [red label]; "COLL. WRASE / BERLIN" &lt;Fig. 57B&gt;.</p> <p>Crossoglossa latecincta Bates (original misidentified): Paralecotype (MNHN, Fig. 56C): 1 male, " Yokohama ", " Crossoglossa / latecincta / Bates ", "Ex Musaeo / H.W. Bates / 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR".</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir: This species was described from an unspecified number of specimens from "nord de l'Hindostan" presented by Captain Boys. We examined three specimens in Chaudoir's collection in MNHN. Only one of them is in accord with the original description. We designate this male as lectotype herein. The other two specimens, not belonging to the type series, could be subsequently added to Chaudoir's collection. One of them, a female labeled as " lateralis m., in India Orient " is the type of a nomen nudum, Plochionus lateralis Dejean, 1836: 11.</p> <p>Parena nigrolineata nipponensis Habu: This subspecies was erected based on having its elytra stripes much wider than the nominotypical subspecies from India. We studied specimens from different localities and confirmed that all specimens from Japan have wider elytra stripes than those from India. However, their male genitalia are almost identical, and the width of stripes is quite varied in some other localities (e.g. China). Thus, the width of elytra stripes cannot be used to define subspecies within P. nigrolineata. So we herein treat Parena nigrolineata nipponensis Habu as a junior synonym of Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir.</p> <p>Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer: This species was described from Sulawesi and differs from P. nigrolineata only in having the elytra lateral stripes very wide, extended medially to stria 3 at the middle of elytra. All specimens from Sulawesi examined have this form of elytra pattern. We studied the holotype and found that its male genitalia are identical to those of P. nigrolineata except for having the right margin of the median lobe slightly sinuate before the apex. Considering that P. nigrolineata is a widely distributed and varied species, we treat Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer as a junior synonym of Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir herein.</p> <p>Crossoglossa latecincta Bates: The syntypes of Bates's species belong to two species. Based on the examination of some of syntypes, Crossoglossa latecincta Bates was erroneously synonymized with Plochionus nigrolineata Chaudoir by authors (Andrewes, 1921; Jedlička, 1963). Detailed discussions on these two species are provided under P. latecincta.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. India: 1 female (MNHN), " lateralis m., in India Orient " [yellow label], " D. Relche " [yellow label], "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 female (MNHN), "Boccon", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 female (MNHN), "Andamans", "Janson Acq. 1884.", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 7 ex (MNHN), "Bombay Matheran", "M. MAINdron Nov. 1896 ", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR" &lt;Fig. 57A&gt;. Nepal: 1 ex (NHMB), "Baiseghatyaxana 450 m, 16.vi.1985 ", "E. Nepal Koshi M. Brancucci". Thailand: 1 ex (NHMB), "Thai, Mae. Hong Son prov., 19°27' N 98°20' E, 1500 m, Soppong, 7.-12.v., Vit Kuban leg. 1996". Vietnam: 1 ex (MNHN), " Hanoi, Tonkin 4.05, U Laboissiere --", "MUSEUM PARIS, Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD", " Phloeodromius nigrolineatus Chaud. H.E. Andrewes det.". 1 ex (NHML), "Tonkin, Hanoi, 13-XII.1914, R. Vitalis de Saivaza". Philippines: 1 female (MNHU), "Philippinen, n Luzon", " sellata Heller ". 3 ex (CRS), "Philippines –E. Luzon, Nagtipunan, Quirino IV.2014 ". 2 males (CRS), "Filippines—E Luzon, Sierra Madre, Aurora Dingalan III.2018 ". 1 male (CRS), "Philippine E Luzon, Sierra Madre, Quirino IX.2012 " &lt;Fig. 58C&gt;. 1 male (CRS), "Philippines N Luzon, Ifugao V.2013 ". Java: 1 male (NNML), "Batoerraden G. Slamet. Java F.C. Drescher. 800 m, XII.1936 ", "Museum Leiden ex. collection C.J. Louwerens rec. 1979", " Parena nigrolineata Chaud 1952 det. F.C.D.’35 (Andr.)". 1 ex (NHML), "Batoerraden, G. Slamat. Java, F.C. Drescher., X.1936 ". 1 male (MNHN), "W. Java Bale Kampang, 1937", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR" &lt;Fig. 58D&gt;. Sulawesi: 1 female (NNML), "F.C. Drescher, Zuid Celebes, Nanggala, 900 Mr. Rantepao IV 1938 ", "Museum Leiden, ex. collection C.J. Louwerens rec. 1979", " Parena nigrolineata Chaud 1952 det. F.C.D.’35 (Andr.)". Japan: 1 male (MNHN), "Ex Musaeo Chaudoir", " TYPE " [red label], " latecincta Bates, Japon, Lewis " [ex Chaudoir’s box label, pinned under specimen now], "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR" [not type of latecincta !]. 1 ex (NHML), " Type " [round label with red circle], "Japan., G. Lewis., 1910-320", " Crossoglossa, latecincta, Bates " [not type of latecincta !]. 1 ex (NHML), "Japan., G. Lewis., 1910-320", "Ex. Coll., Brit. Mus", "Co-type" [round label with green circle], " Crossoglossa, latecincta, Bates " [not type of latecincta !]. 1 ex (NHML), "Japan., G. Lewis., 1910-320", "Ex. Coll., Brit. Mus", "Co-type" [round label with green circle], "H.E. Andrewes Coll., B.M. 1945-97" [not type of latecincta !]. 1 ex (NHML), "Ishitake, Hiuga., Kiushiu. VII.1898, Mus.em. 29.XII.1898 ". China: 1 ex (IZAS), " Jiangsu, Shanghai, 1944.V". 1 male (IZAS), "Zi-ka-wei, 1920.V.22 ". 1 male (IZAS), "ZO-SE, 1939.IV". 1 male (IZAS), "ZO-SE, 1930.VIII.7 " &lt;Figs 56D, 58B&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), "YU-TOAN". 1 female (IZAS), "Tchenkiang, 1918.X.23 ". 1 male (IZAS), " Anhui, Anqing city, Tongcheng, Fangang town, Huwan, N31.0123, E116.8536, 69 m, 2021.V.24 D, along road, Zhu Pingzhou lgt.". 1 ex (MNHN), "Kiu-Kiang", "Ex Musaeo H.W. Bates, 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS 1952, Coll. R. OBERTHUR". 1 male (IZAS), "Fuzhou, Kuiqi, 1955.XII". 1 female (IZAS), " Fujian, Duntou, 1980.VII.5 ". 1 male (CCCC), " Fujian, Jinmen, 1995.VI.16, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Fujian, Huboliao, Hexiletu, 2008.11.21, Yang Ganyan lgt.". 2 ex (IZAS), " Fujian, Wuping coungty, Liangyeshan, Xinhua vill., on dry brach, 2008.11.14, Yang Ganyan lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hunan, Huitong, Tuanhe, 1.5km W Luchong vill., light, 26.93759 109.93903, 295 m, 2015.6.22 N, Liang HB lgt. ". 1 male (IZAS), " Guangdong, Dinghushan, 1980.VIII.20-24, Wu Xingfang, Xia Shiyang lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), " Hainan, Limushan, Sanquling, beating on vegetation, 2007.12.1, Yang Ganyan lgt.", 1 ex (IZAS), " Hainan, Wuzhishan, Shuiman, 2009.11.28, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Sichuan, Changshou, 1958.VIII.31 ", 1 male (IZAS), " Sichuan, btw. DetuoMoxi, on flower of Castanea, 2009.5.20, Yang Ganyan, Wang Zhiliang lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Guizhou, Chishui, Jinsha valley, 500 m, 2000.IX.22, Liang Hongbin lgt." &lt;Fig. 56E&gt;. 1 female (IZAS), "Ruili, Nongdao, way between Dengga-Sepeng bridge, N23.95285, E97.59808 - N23.97518, E97.56944, 927- 807 m, 2009.VIII.11, on vegetation, Shi Hongliang lgt.". 2 females (IZAS), " Yunnan, Nabanhe nat. res., Menghai, Guomenshan, 2012.V.21, 1120 m, 22.24497N, 100.60635E, Ma Zhiming lgt." &lt;Fig. 12C&gt;. 1 ex (NHML), "Hong Kong., Walker Coll., 93-58". 3 ex (MTMB), "Taiwan, Taipei county, Guanyinshan, 500 m, 14-21.IV.2002, swept, leg. Gy. Fabian &amp; O. Merkl". 1 male, 2 females (CCCC), "Taipei, Beitou, 1994.X.12, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), "Taipei, Sanhsia town, Beichatianshan, 1993.VI.22, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), "Taoyuan county, Tahsi town, Sanmin, 1994.IV.29, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (CCCC), "Hsinchu county, Jianshi, Ninglao, 1997.VII.27 ". 1 male (CCCC), " Hsinchu county, Wufeng, Talu Forest Road, 1994.VII.9, Chen Changchin lgt." &lt;Figs 10H, 56F, 58A&gt;. 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Ilan county, Wushibi, 1994.VI.3, Li Chunlin lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Taiwan, Orchid Island, 2008.4.5, Chen Fuqiang lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), " Taiwan, Taitung, Green Island, 2009.IV.21 N, Lin Chinfeng lgt." &lt;Fig. 11N&gt;. 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taitung, Green Island, 2014.IV.15, Kuo Pohsin lgt.".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species can be distinguished from all other Oriental-Australian species in subgenus Parena by a combination of the following three characters: (1) elytra with black lateral stripes in most specimens, without metallic lustre; (2) all legs reddish brown; (3) median lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW = 5.3–6.0), apex slightly bent upwards.</p> <p>We examined one male of P. nigrolineata from China (Shanghai) without elytra stripes (Fig. 56D), which is very similar to P. picea from Australia. It can be distinguished from the latter species by dorsal color lighter, apical lamella of aedeagus narrower, and a different distribution. We examined one female of P. nigrolineata from China (Guizhou) with elytra stripes ended much before the elytral apices (Fig. 56E), which is very similar to P. amamiooshimensis from the Ryukyu Islands. It can be distinguished from the latter species by elytral background color lighter and a different distribution.</p> <p>Description. Body length 7.3–9.9 mm. Dorsum yellowish brown to reddish brown, elytra with black lateral stripes on most specimens, without metallic hue, middle area reddish brown, lateral stripe width varied, middle brown area three to seven intervals in width, apex of lateral stripe extended to apical sutural angles in most specimens; antennae brown, apical antennomeres same as or darker than basal ones; mouthparts, legs and venter completely brown. Postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex nearly straight; mentum with a pair of minute median setae, barely visible in some specimens. Pronotum rounded-hexagon, PW/PL = 1.31–1.46, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.03–1.10; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, more or less sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with faint isodiametric microsculpture; striae well incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals sparsely punctate; disc with large and shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1, and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW = 5.3–6.0), right margin more or less sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella rounded-triangular to long-ovate, LL usually slightly greater than LW, apex weakly bent upward in lateral view. Endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending near middle of median lobe; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well-defined, basal core distinct, elongate, heavily chitinized and scaled; squamate sheath finely scaled, with basal and apical sheath similar in size; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal and distal sacs dorsal-ventrally compressed, distal sac smaller and slightly closer to apex than proximal one. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly wider than length, apex strongly concave, pointed near inner apical angle, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, two on outer apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 10, blue). India, Sir Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, South Korea, China (Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan, Hong Kong), the Philippines, Java, Sulawesi.</p> <p>Geographical Variation. The elytra black stripes of this species vary geographically. In most specimens from East Asia, the lateral black stripes are extended medially to interval 5 or 6 in the middle (Fig. 56F). In specimens from Sulawesi, elytra have the widest lateral black stripes reaching the fourth interval in the middle (Fig. 56B). Specimens from India have the narrowest lateral black stripes extended only to interval 7 in the middle (Fig. 56A). However, the elytral stripes are sometimes varied among specimens from same locality. For example, in some specimens from China examined, the elytra stripes extend medially interval 7 only (Fig. 56E) or are absent (Fig. 56D). The apex of the aedeagus also varies slightly in this species in two aspects: the shape of the apical lamella and the degree of sinuation of the right margin before the apex (Figs 57, 58). However, these variations are subtle and continuous and do not support a subspecific division of this species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236222FF852DEFB2ECFAD35EDB.text	038776236222FF852DEFB2ECFAD35EDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) picea (Macleay 1871)	<div><p>[28] Parena (Parena) picea (Macleay, 1871)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 59A, 59B. Male genitalia: Fig. 60.</p> <p>Macleay, 1871: 86 (original: Phloeodromius; type locality: Gayndah, Queensland; syntypes in MAMU: University of Sydney, Macleay Museum, Sydney, Australia); Darlington, 1968: 139 (Papua New Guinea); Darlington, 1971: 328.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Australia: 1 ex (NHML), "58-124 Australia". 1 male (MNHN), "n. Holl., Q'land.", "Janson, Acq. 1884.", " Parena picea M'Leay, K. Mateu det. 1976" &lt;Fig. 60&gt;. 1 ex (NHML), "Townsville, Qld, F.P. Dodd. ". 2 ex (NHML), "Australia, Mid. Queensl". 1 female (MNHN), "Dawson -3.84", " Dawson distr. (Barnard coll.)" &lt;Fig. 59B&gt;. 2 ex (NHML), "Pt. Darwin, Nord Aus". 1 male (ANIC), "15.04S 145.07E, Mt. Webb Nat. Pk., QLD 27-30 Apr., 1981 A. Calder ", "by beating". 1 ex (ANIC), "15.17S, 145.13E, 1 km N of Rounded Hill Q, 5-7 May 1981, I.D. Naumann, ex ethanol". 1 ex (ANIC), "{19.37S 147.32E}, Rita Island, 11.xi.70, Melaleuca, W.B. Muir ". 1 male (ANIC), " Atherton Tableland, Tonga Nth. Qld., 10 JAN 1977, WALFORD- HUGGINS". 1 male (ANIC), "BUCASIA Nth. QLD, Ken. J. Sandery, 11 Feb. 2005 ". 1 female (ANIC), " Little Crystal Ck. Bridge, rd to Paluma, QLD, 28 Jun. 1992 C. Reid, beating rainf. bushes". 1 female (ANIC), "AUSTRALIA: n. QLD, Mareeba-Dimbulah area, 1.III.1985, J.D. Brown, on eucalypt blossom". 1 male (ANIC), "Bamaga, Q. 28.iii.64, I.F.B. Common &amp; M.S. Upton ". 2 ex (ANIC), " Pt. Denison ", "Phlaeodromius piceus", "On permanent loan from MACLEAY MUSEUM University of Sydney ". 11 ex (ANIC), "12.52S 132.47E, Nourlangie Creek, NT, 8km E. of Mt. Cahill, 28.x.72, in seed pods, I.F.B. Common " &lt;Fig. 60B&gt;. 1 ex (ANIC), "12.21S 130.42E, Casuraina Beach, NT., 10km NNE of Darwin, 22.x.72, at alight, in rainforest, E. Britton ". 1 male (ANIC), "Horn Islet. Pellew Group, N.T., 15- 21 Feb. 1968, B.Cantrell". 1 male (ANIC), "15.08S 126.12E WA, King Edward R. Xing, 2 May 1992, P.J. Gullan ex, Terminalia sp." &lt;Fig. 60D &gt;. 1 female (ANIC), "14.52S 125.50E W.A., " The Crusher " CALM Site 9/1 4km SbyW Mining Camp Mitchell Plateau 2-6 June 1988, I.D Naumann ". 1 male (ANIC), " A.N. Andersen, WA. Cape Bouganville, Kimberley region, 14.05S 126.08E, June 1988, rain forest". 1 male (ANIC), "Tweed R., N.S.W, 20- X-01, (W.W.F.)", " W.W. Froggatt, Collection", "Phloedromius / piceus, Macl. ", "Phloedromius piceus macl, Tweed River ". 2 males (ANIC), "28.48S 152.59E, Richmond Range, S.F. NSW c 600m, 13-14 Feb. 1983, T. Weir &amp; A. Calder " &lt;Figs 59A, 60C &gt;. 1 female (ANIC), "littoral rainforest, 1.5 km N Harrington, NSW 16.XII.1993 ", " S.G. Watkins, Collection, Donated 2001". 1 female (ANIC), "Kingswood, N.S.W, 1.iv.65, I. Common". Papua New Guinea: 1 male (NNML), " New Britain, Warongoi Val., Gazelle Pen. 100 m. V-24-'56", " J. L. Gressitt Collector ", "Borrowed fr. Bishop Mus.", " Parena picea Macl. det. C. Louwerens ", "Museum Leiden ex. collection C. J. Louwerens rec.1979". 1 female (NNML), " Bismarck Arch.: Manus I.: Rossum 35-125 m., VI-30-'59", " J.L. Gressitt Collector ", "Borrowed fr. Bishop Mus.", " Parena picea Macl. det. C. Louwerens ".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species can be distinguished from all other Oriental-Australian species in subgenus Parena by a combination of the following two characters: (1) dorsum completely dark reddish brown; (2) postgenae without suborbital setae.</p> <p>P. picea is similar in general appearance to individuals of P. fasciata without an elytra patch but differs in having postgenae without suborbital setae and the dorsum generally much darker. P. picea is also similar to some unicolorous species in the P. plagiata group from Africa, but differs in having the dorsum darker in color, elytral striae more deeply incised, and dark apical antennomeres less contrasting with the basal yellow antennomeres.</p> <p>P. picea could be very close to P. nigrolineata. Their male genitalia are very similar to each, even for the apical lamella, with the contour and length-width ratio almost identical. The main difference between their male genitalia is that the median lobe of aedeagus is a little thicker in P. picea, with the AL/AW = 4.7–5.0 (versus AL/AW = 5.3–5.9 in P. nigrolineata). In addition, these two species also have small differences in the endophallus, mainly in the length of the flagellum, width of apical sclerite, and size of squamate sacs.</p> <p>Description. Body length 7.6–9.8 mm. Dorsum dark reddish brown to pitchy brown, elytra without black lateral strip; antennae brown, apical seven antennomeres darker than basal ones; mouthparts, legs and venter completely brown. Frons distinctly punctate; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex nearly straight; mentum with a pair of minute median setae, barely visible in some specimens. Pronotum rounded-hexagon, PW/PL = 1.37–1.48, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.04–1.10; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with distinct isodiametric microsculpture; striae well incised, with fine puncture rows; interval punctures slightly dense; disc with large and shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3–6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1, and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus relatively slender (AL/ AW = 4.7–5.0), right margin slightly sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella wide rounded or slightly rounded-triangular, LL slightly less than LW, apex weakly bent upward in lateral view. Endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending almost to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite widely Vshaped, well chitinized, basal core ovate, heavily chitinized and scaled; squamate sheath heavily scaled, with basal and apical sheath similar in size; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal sac large and thick, distal sac smaller and dorsal-ventrally compressed, dorsal to proximal one. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly wider than length, apex strongly concave, pointed near inner apical angle, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, two on outer apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 10, magenta). Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia, New South Wales), Papua New Guinea.</p> <p>Geographical Variation. We examined five specimens from New South Wales, the southernmost range for this species (Map 10). Compared with others from the northern part of Australia, they are slightly different in larger size and darker dorsal coloration (Fig. 59A). But their male genitalia have no significant differences (Fig. 60).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236222FF852DEFB2ECFAD35EDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236220FF842DEFB1A9FC5D5DA3.text	038776236220FF842DEFB1A9FC5D5DA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) amamiooshimensis Habu. Scale 1964	<div><p>[29] Parena (Parena) amamiooshimensis Habu, 1964</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 59C. Male genitalia: Fig. 61.</p> <p>Habu, 1964a: 29 (type locality: Amami-oshima Is., Hatsuno, holotype in NIAES: National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Japan); Habu, 1967: 156; Habu, 1982: 113.</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena amamiooshimensis Habu: Paratype: 1 male (NHML), "Paratype" [round label with yellow circle], " Amamiôshi- / ma Is., Kago- / shima Pref. / Japan ", "Paratype / Parena / amamiooshi- mensis Habu " [green label] &lt;Figs 59C, 61 &gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is very similar to P. nigrolineata, but its stout male genitalia shows they are distinct. Externally, P. amamiooshimensis differs from P. nigrolineata mainly in having the elytra black stripes obliterated from the apices and background color darker. According to Habu (1967), these differences are valid when determining Japanese species. However, we examined one specimen of P. nigrolineata from Guizhou, China (Fig. 56E) having elytral stripes similar to P. amamiooshimensis, and two specimens of P. nigrolineata from Yunnan having dark reddish brown background similar to P. amamiooshimensis. Thus, distributional information is sometimes necessary when identifying this species.</p> <p>Description. Body length 8.0– 9.3 mm. Dorsum dark reddish brown, elytra with black lateral stripes, without metallic hue, stripes completely or partly obliterated from intervals 1 to 4 basally and apically; antennae, mouthparts, legs and venter brown. Postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae hardly reaching pronotal base; mentum with a pair of very short median setae. Pronotum rounded-hexagon, PW/PL = 1.43–1.49, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.04–1.08; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, lightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with very faint isodiametric microsculpture; striae well incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals sparsely punctate; disc with large and shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus stout, right margin sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella wide rounded-triangular, LL smaller than LW, apex weakly bent upward in lateral view. Females not studied, but according to Habu (1967) gonocoxite II of ovipositor similar to P. nigrolineata.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 10, cyan). Only known from the Ryukyu Islands, including Takera Is., Amami Is., Okinawa Is., Tokuno Is. and Ishigaki Is. (Habu, 1967, 1982). It is sympatric with P. nigrolineata.</p> <p>Remarks. P. amamiooshimensis is a species with the stoutest male genitalia within the P. nigrolineata group, which is somewhat similar to the P. latecincta group. However, the male genitalia of P. amamiooshimensis is different from that of P. latecincta group in the apical lamella (in lateral view) thin and apex slightly bent dorsally. This character well corresponds to other species in the P. nigrolineata group.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236220FF842DEFB1A9FC5D5DA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236221FF8A2DEFB6CBFBF2596F.text	038776236221FF8A2DEFB6CBFBF2596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) picipes Shi & Liang 2023	<div><p>[30] Parena (Parena) picipes sp. nov.</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 62A, 62B. Male genitalia: Fig. 63. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11O.</p> <p>Type locality. Borneo, Sabah, Trus Madi forest <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.4512&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.4512/lat 5.443)">Reserve</a>, N5.4430, E116.4512, 1182 m.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype (IZAS, Fig. 62A): male, body length= 8.5 mm, board mounted, " Borneo: Sabah, Keningau / district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.4512&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.443" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.4512/lat 5.443)">Jungle Girl Camp</a> / N5.4430, E116.4512; 1182 m / Shi H.L. &amp; Liu Y. Lgt. light trap / Ins. Zoo. CAS. 2016.IV.28 N", "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Parena) / picipes sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Fig. 63 &gt;. Paratypes (IZAS): 3 males, 5 females, same data as the holotype, with different date from 2016.IV.24 to 2016.V.2 &lt;Figs 8H, 11O, 62B &gt;.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsum reddish brown, elytra with black lateral stripes, without metallic lustre, elytra lateral margins black; legs with apical third of femora and entire tibiae black; postgenae without suborbital setae; median lobe of aedeagus stout, right margin weakly sinuate before apex, apical lamella narrow, LL 1.5 times LW, apex slightly bent dorsally.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. picipes sp. n. is distinguishable by its black tibiae among all Parena species with elytral lateral stripes. It is most similar to P. nigrolineata and P. amamiooshimensis, but different in the black color of tibiae, femoral apices, and elytra lateral margins. The new species also has the male genitalia very different from the other two species. Compared to P. nigrolineata, the new species is different in the median lobe stouter (AL/AW 4.4–4.6, versus 5.3–6.0 in P. nigrolineata) and apical lamella much narrower (LL 1.5 times LW, versus LL slightly greater than LW in P. nigrolineata). Compared to P. amamiooshimensis, the new species is different in median lobe less stout and apical lamella much narrower.</p> <p>Description. Body length 8.5–9.3 mm; body median-sized in the genus, subconvex. Color. Dorsum mostly reddish brown, elytra with black lateral stripes, without trace of metallic lustre; mouthparts yellowish brown, inner margin of mandibles black; antennae bicolor with sharp contrast, antennomeres 1–2 brown, antennomere 3 brown to piceous; the rests black to pitchy brown; pronotum reddish brown, lateral margins slightly darkened; elytra with lateral black stripes, sixth to ninth intervals and elytra lateral margins completely black, median red patch usually widest to fifth striae, lateral stripes widely continuous at apex, reaching interval 2 or 3 at base; venter reddish brown, mesosternal process dark brown; legs with apical third of femora and entire tibiae black, tarsomeres dark brown. Head with sparse fine punctures on vertex; frons with V-shaped depression; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae without suborbital setae. Antennae barely reaching pronotal base. Labrum nearly quadrate, apex nearly straight; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of minute median setae, barely visible in some specimens, lateral lobes short and wide, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins completely rounded, epilobes wide. Pronotum rounded-hexagon, PW/PL = 1.34–1.40, usually slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.00–1.09, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins fully rounded at anterior half and then strongly narrowed to base with shallow sinuation before posterior angles; posterior angles obtuse, rounded at apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin gradually oblique at sides; disc convex, usually with very fine transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex. Striae shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures; intervals slightly convex, with sparse fine punctures about half dense as interval punctures. Disc with very faint depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6, lateral sides slightly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of first stria; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on level of scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 21–23 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. Apex of abdominal sternite VII very shallowly emarginate in males, straight in females, with two setae on each side in both sexes. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1 ventrally, and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Male genitalia (Fig. 63). Median lobe of aedeagus slightly stout (AL/AW = 4.4–4.6); in lateral view, ventral margin almost straight near middle, apical lamella slightly bent to dorsum; in dorsal view, right margin slightly sinuate before apex, apical lamella narrow, LL 1.5 times LW, slightly narrowed to apex, apex rounded. Endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well chitinized, basal core distinct, ovate, heavily chitinized; squamate sheath heavily scaled, basal sheath larger than apical sheath; squamate sac heavily scaled and well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal-right to squamate sheath; proximal and distal sacs laterally compressed, forming a pair of file-like pieces in dorsal view, distal sac slightly smaller and closer to apex than proximal one. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II (Fig. 11O) of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly wider than length, apex slightly concave, slightly pointed near inner apical angle, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, two on outer apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 10, green). Only known from the type locality in N. Boreno.</p> <p>Etymology. The scientific name of the new species is derived from Latin meaning black legs. The black-colored tibiae is one of the most important diagnostic character of the new species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236221FF8A2DEFB6CBFBF2596F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623622CFF882DEFB2ECFD005E63.text	03877623622CFF882DEFB2ECFD005E63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) andrewesi Jedlicka, Philippine. Scale 1934	<div><p>[31] Parena (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, 1934</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 62C, 62D. Male genitalia: Fig. 64. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11P.</p> <p>Jedlička, 1934: 18 (type locality: Luzon, Mt. Makiling; holotype in NHML); Jedlička, 1963: 442.</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena andrewesi Jedlička: Holotype (NHML, Fig. 62C): female, body length = 9.0 mm, pin mounted, "Mt. Makiling / Luzon, Baker", "Type" [round label with red circle], "TYPUS" [round label], " Parena / andrewesi / type sp. n. / DET. ING. JEDLIČKA", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97".</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 male (CRS), " Filippine —N Luzon, Pagudpud, Ilocos n. IV.2016 " &lt;Figs 8J, 64 &gt;. 1 female (CRS), " Filippine — N. Luzon, Benguet, XII.2013 " &lt;Fig. 11P &gt;. 1 female (CRS), " Philippines —E Luzon, Sierra Madre, Tapsoy, Quirino VI.2014 ". 1 female (CRS), " Philippines, Eastern Visayas, Samar VIII.2013 " &lt;Fig. 62D &gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. This species has an extraordinary elytra pattern making it easily distinguishable in the genus. It could be close to P. politissima for the similarities in their external features and male genitalia. These two species are different from others in the P. nigrolineata group by: elytra striae barely incised, elytra disc distinctly depressed near basal third. P. andrewesi is also different from the other species of this species group in: apex of abdominal sternite VII well emarginate in males; gonocoxite II of ovipositor more elongate.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.0– 9.7 mm. Dorsum dark brown, antennae completely reddish brown, mouthparts, lateral margins of pronotum, venter, and legs reddish brown. Elytra with three groups of yellow patches: basal one elongate, length of one-sixth as elytra, as wide as fourth interval or wider; middle one faint, always covering second discal pore, sometimes extending lateral-posteriorly; apical one largest, forming continuous cordate patch occupied inner four or five intervals, always covering third discal pore. Frons distinctly punctate; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae hardly reaching pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex faintly pointed at middle; mentum with a pair of minute median setae. Pronotum rounded-hexagon, PW/PL = 1.29–1.36, nearly same width as head, PW/HW = 0.96–1.04; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, clearly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with shallow but clear isodiametric microsculpture; striae barely incised, with fine puncture rows; interval not convex, with very spares punctures; disc with deep and large depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with uniseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1, and biseriate setae on almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII well emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus slightly stout (AL/AW = 4.6), ventral margin expanded in lateral view; right margin weakly sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella wide rounded-triangular, LL slightly smaller than LW, apex weakly bent upward in lateral view. Endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well chitinized, basal core distinct, ovate, heavily chitinized and scaled; squamate sheath small, heavily scaled, with basal and apical sheath similar in size; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal and distal sacs dorsal-ventrally compressed, distal sac much smaller than proximal one. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor elongate, one and half length as basal width, apex curved with small denticle near inner apical angle, with two ensiform setae on inner apical angle, one near apical denticle, two or three on outer apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 10, red). Only known from the Philippines: Luzon and Eastern Visayas.</p> <p>Remarks. Jedlička (1963: 442, fig. 159) illustrated the elytra pattern of this species, but none of the three patches accords with the actual specimen (Fig. 62C).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623622CFF882DEFB2ECFD005E63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623622DFF8F2DEFB1F1FEB65A7F.text	03877623622DFF8F2DEFB1F1FEB65A7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir 1883)	<div><p>[32] Parena (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir, 1883)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 62E, 62F. Male genitalia: Fig. 65. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11Q.</p> <p>Chaudoir, 1883: 20 (original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Nouvelle-Calédonie; lectotype in MNHN); Andrewes, 1927b: 13 (Samoa).</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa politissima Chaudoir: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 62E), designated herein: female, body length = 10.1 mm, pin mounted, "Ex Musaeo / Chaudoir", "TYPE" [red label], "politissima / Chaudoir / Nouv. Calidonie / H. Deyrolle" [ex Chaudoir’s box label, pinned under specimen now], "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR".</p> <p>Notes on types. This species was originally described from an unspecified number of specimens from "Nouvelle-Galedonie". In the collection of MNHN, we examined one female perfectly in accord with the original description. We designate it as the lectotype herein. The abdomen of lectotype was partly damaged by dermestid beetles, with the abdominal sternite nearly complete but ovipositor missing.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 male (NHML), "Samoan Is., Malololelei, Upol Is. 18.iv.25. P.A. Buxton and G.H. Hopkins.", "Brit. Mus.1927-518.", " Parena politissima Chaud. H.E. Andrewes det." &lt;Fig. 65&gt;. 1 female (NHML), "Samoan Is., Malololelei, Upol Is. 18.iv.25. P.A. Buxton and G.H. Hopkins.", "Ex. Coll. Brit. Mus.", " politissima Chaud. Compared with type. E.B.B.", " Parena politissima Chaud. H.E. Andrewes det.", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. B.M. 1945-97.". 1 female (NHML), " New Hebrides: Malekula, Ounua. Feb.1929. Miss L.E. Cheesman. B.M. 1929-234.", "Ounua Malekula 8.ii.29 127", " Parena politissima Chaud. H.E. Andrewes det." &lt;Figs 11Q, 62F&gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. This species is easily distinguishable from all other Oriental-Australian species of the subgenus by its completely pitchy or dark brown dorsum. It might be close to P. andrewesi for their shallow elytra striae and deep elytra disc depression.</p> <p>Description. Body length 7.3–10.1 mm. Dorsum uniformly pitchy or dark brown, polished; antennomeres pitchy or dark brown, the basal four antennomeres lighter than the apical ones; apices of mandibles reddish brown, legs brown, tarsomeres same color as tibiae; venter pitchy or dark brown, abdominal sternites lighter than metasternum. Frons sparsely punctate; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex nearly straight; mentum with a pair of very short median setae. Pronotum transverse, PW/PL = 1.30–1.55 (the holotype with pronotum much wider than other three specimens), wider than or subequal to head, PW/HW = 0.98–1.13; widest near anterior third, lateral margins well curved before middle, gradually narrowed to base and slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with shallow isodiametric microsculpture; striae barely incised, with fine puncture rows; interval not convex, with very spares punctures; disc with deep and large depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with reduced adhesive setae on venter of mesotarsi, only present by two short rows near apex of mesotarsomere 2. Abdominal sternite VII with two setae on each side in both sexes; apex shallowly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus relatively stout (AL/AW = 4.8), ventral margin gradually curved in lateral view; right margin hardly sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella narrow rounded-triangular, LL slightly greater than LW, apex weakly bent upward in lateral view. Endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum ending before middle of median lobe; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well chitinized, basal core distinct, small and ovate; squamate sheath heavily scaled, basal sheath much smaller than apical sheath; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal and distal sacs dorsal-ventrally compressed, similar in size, distal sac much closer to apex than proximal one. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly greater than basal width, apex strongly concave with small denticle near inner apical angle, with two ensiform setae on inner apical angle, one near apical denticle, two on outer apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 10, black). New Caledonia, Samoa (Upolu Is.), Vanuatu (Malekula Is.).</p> <p>Remarks. This species is only known by four specimens collected from three Pacific Islands. However, the three ones from Samoa and Vanuatu (Fig. 62F) are somewhat different from the holotype (Fig. 62E) in: (1) size much smaller, Body length = 7.3–8.3 mm (10.1 mm for the holotype); (2) dorsal color lighter, dark reddish brown (pitchy for the holotype); (3) pronotum much narrower, PW/PL = 1.30–1.39 (PW/PL = 1.55 for the holotype). These three specimens were determined as P. politissima by Andrewes (1927b). We follow his treatment and consider the above differences as geographical variation, whereas the males from the type locality are necessary for future studies to prove this.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623622DFF8F2DEFB1F1FEB65A7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623622AFF8E2DEFB517FC6F5C3F.text	03877623622AFF8E2DEFB517FC6F5C3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena latecincta (Bates 1873)	<div><p>11. Parena latecincta species group</p> <p>This species group contains four species distributed in East Asia, south slope of the Himalayan Range, north part of Indochina Peninsula, the Philippines, and northern Borneo. This group is characterized in the subgenus Parena by: postgenae without suborbital setae; elytra entirely metallic green or with metallic green lateral stripes; males with or without adhesive setae on ventral surface of mesotarsomere 1; male genitalia with stout median lobe, apical lamella thick in lateral view, apex not bent dorsally; endophallus with large flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; gonocoxite II of ovipositor slightly pointed near apical inner angle, ensiform setae grouped near apical angles. This species group is presumed to be close to the P. nigrolineata group for their similar general appearance, absence of suborbital setae, and similar features in gonocoxite II of ovipositor.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623622AFF8E2DEFB517FC6F5C3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.text	03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) latecincta (Bates 1873)	<div><p>[33] Parena (Parena) latecincta (Bates, 1873)</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 66. Male genitalia: Figs 67, 68. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11R.</p> <p>Bates, 1873: 315 (Original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Japan, Hiogo; lectotype in MNHN); Bates, 1889: 283 (Crossoglossa); Jacobson, 1908: 403 (Crossoglossa); Andrewes, 1921: 179 (misidentification of Parena nigrolineata); Kano, 1930: 30 (Crossoglossa; misspelled as laticincta; Taiwan); Jedlička, 1963: 441 (misidentification of Parena nigrolineata); Habu, 1967: 155; Habu, 1982: 112; Lafer, 1989: 211 (Russia: Far East); Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 189 (China: Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan); Kryzhanovskij et al. 1995: 162 (Russia: Far East); Park &amp; Kwon, 1998: 36 (South Korea); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 88 (misidentification of Parena nigrolineata); Aston, 2016: 237 (Hong Kong).</p> <p>Crossoglossa viridilineata Jedlička, 1939: 7 (type locality: Japan, Osaka; holotype in NMPC); Jedlička, 1946: 9; Jedlička, 1963: 441; Habu, 1967: 155 (synonymized with Parena latecincta).</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa latecincta Bates: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 66A), designated herein: female, body length = 10.4 mm, pin mounted, " Hiogo ", "Ex Musaeo / H.W. Bates / 1892", "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR", " LECTOTYPE / Crossoglossa latecincta / Bates, 1873 / des. SHI HL. 2011" [red label].</p> <p>Parena viridilineata Jedlička: Holotype (NMPC, Fig. 66B): female, body length = 8.9 mm, board mounted, " OSAKA NIPON / Japan. 1936 / H. Jamamoto ", "TYPUS"[red label]; " Crossoglossa / viridilineata / sp. n. / DET. ING. JEDLIČKA"[pink label]. Paratype (NMPC): 1 female, "Osaka Nipon, Japan. 1936, H. Jamamoto ", "Cotype"[red label]; " viridilineata, sp. n., det. Ing. Jedlička "[pink label].</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Crossoglossa latecincta Bates: The original description did not indicate how many specimens were in the type series but mentioned three type localities: "Hiogo", "Yokohama" and " Hong Kong ". In the collection of MNHN, we found two specimens that used to be in Bates's collection in accord with the type localities. However, they belong to different species: the first one (male from Yokohama, Fig. 56C) is P. nigrolineta and the second one (female from Hiogo, Fig. 66A) accords with P. latecincta sensu Habu (1967) and P. viridilineata Jedlička. Bates's brief original description accords with both species. Because Habu (1967) provided an ample description and illustrations for P. latecincta, and his concept was followed by several essential literature (e.g., Kryzhanovskij et al. 1995, L̂bl &amp; Smetana, 2003), we herein designate the female from Hiogo as lectotype of Crossoglossa latecincta Bates for the purpose of taxonomical stability. Hereafter, P. latecincta (Bates) is fixed as a valid species name, and P. viridilineata Jedlička as its junior synonym.</p> <p>There are two other specimens in the collection of MNHN also labeled as type of this species: the first from the Bates collection labeled "Kiu-Kiang" and the second from the Chaudoir collection labeled " Japan, G. Lewis ". They are not in accord with the original description and do not belong to the type series. In the collection of NHML, we examined three specimens labeled as type of Crossoglossa latecincta, all from G. Lewis's collection and not in accord with the type localities. Thus, they also are not part of the type series.. The above five " types " are all identical to P. nigrolineata. Several authors (Andrewes, 1921; Jedlička, 1963; Kirschenhofer, 2006) treated P. latecincta as junior synonym of P. nigrolineata. Their decisions might all be based on these "false" types of P. latecincta in the collection of NHML.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Japan: 1 ex (MNHN), "Museum Paris JAPON, KOFOU, L. DROUARD DE LEZEY 1906". Korea: 1 male (MNHN), "Coree, Mirinai, Chass. indigenes". China: 1 male (IZAS), "Beijing, Xiangshan, 1957.IX.13, Guan Zhihe lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Beijing, Xiangshan, 1957.IX.13, Yang Chikun lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Beijing, Mentougou, 1960.IX". 1 female (IZAS), "Peiping, 1935.IX.4 ". 1 female (IZAS), "Beijing Agriculture University, light trap, 1962.VIII.1, Yang Chikun lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Beijing, Shangfangshan, 400 m, 1961.VII.17, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Beijing, Haidian, Baiwangshan, 2009.VI.20, Shi Hongliang, Yang Ganyan lgt." &lt;Fig. 66C&gt;. 1 female (IZAS), "Shandong, Tai’an, Yaoxiang, 700 m, 1979.VI.9, Wang Shuyong lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Jinan, Long-tong, 500-700 m ". 1 female (IZAS), "Henan, Songxian, Shaolinsi, 800 m, 2002.VII.16, Li Wenzhu lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Henan, Luoshan, Dongzhai nat. res., 2005.VII.14-15, Gao Chao, Wang Jiliang lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Henan, Xinyang, Shangcheng county, Huangbaishan, Yunxianju Hotel, N31. 3933 E115.3169 743 m, 2020.VII.13 D2, along road, Zhu Pingzhou lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Henan, Neixiang county, Funiushan, Baotianman, Wudaohe, N32.5039 E111.8759, 695 m, 2020.VII.31 D2, along road, Zhu Pingzhou lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Shaanxi, Langao county, Minzhu, 2003.VII.4, Yuan Caixia, Liu Yushuang lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Shaanxi, Baihe, 1980.VIII, Tang Guohuan lgt.". 1 female (HBUM), "Shaanxi, Ziyang county, Maoba, 2003.VII.8, Yuan Caixia, Liu Yushuang lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Anhui, Yuexi, Baojia township, Meili village, N31.0362 E116.0960, 770 m, 2021.9.18 N, Liang HB, Xu Yuan lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Anhui, Huangshan, 2008. V.20, Yang Zaihua lgt.". 1 ex (IZAS), "Zhejiang, Lin’an, W. Tianmushan, 300-400 m, light trap, N30°19’ E119°27’, 2006.08.19, Shi Hongliang lgt." &lt;Figs 2B, 3B&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), "Zhejiang, Taishun, Wuyanling, 800 m, light trap, 2005.VII.28-29, Liu Ye lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Zhejiang, Lin’an, 1978.VIII.25, Chen Qihu lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Tienmushan, 1936.VI.6 ". 1 female (IZAS), "Fujian, Jianyang, Huangkeng, 300-320 m, 1960.III.29, Pu Fuji lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Fujian, Jianyang, Huangkeng, Xianfengling, 1190 m, light trap, 2004.VIII.18, Zhou Dakang". 1 ex (HBUM), "Hunan, Shimen, Hupingshan, 2004.VIII.17-20, Wang Jiliang, Wang Jianfeng lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Sichuan, Emeishan, Qingyinge, 800-1000 m, 1957.VI.29, Huang Keren lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Sichuan, btw. Detuo-Moxi, on flower of Castanea, 2009.5.20, Yang Ganyan, Wang Zhiliang lgt. ". 1 female (HBUM), "Chongqing, Chengkou, Xiuqi, 2003.VII.13, Yuan Caixia, Liu Yushuang lgt.". 1 ex (ZWWC), "Chongqing Nanshan, 2006.V.7, Zhang Weiwei lgt.". 1 ex (ZWWC), "Chongqing, Jiangjin, Simianshan, 2006.VII.1, Zhang Weiwei lgt.". 1 male, 1 female (IZAS), "Chongqing, Beibei, Jinyunshan, 2006.VII.28 " &lt;Fig. 67A&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), "Guizhou, Fanjingshan, 490 m, light trap, 2001.VIII.5, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), "Guizhou, Fanjingshan, Huguosi, 2008.VII.17, Liu Ye lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), "Guizhou, Fanjingshan, 1775 m, 2008.VII.9 N, Lin Wenhsin lgt." &lt;Fig. 11R&gt;. 1 male (IZAS), "Yunnan, Fugong county, Pihe, Jiajiu, Bacunhe, N26.54784°, E98.89535°, 1115 m, 2004.IV.29, D. Kavanaugh, C. Griswold lgt." &lt;Fig. 10I&gt;. 1 female (CAS), "Yunnan, Tengchong county, Qushi, Xiangyangqiao, N25.21221°, E98.57836°, 1500 m, 2006.VI.4, D. Kavanaugh, R. Brett lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), "Kunming, Xishan, 1942.V.4 " &lt;Fig. 3F&gt;. 1 female (CCCC), "Yunnan, Mengla couty, Menglun 55km, 703 m, Yang Xiaodong leg, 2013. X-9 ". 2 females (CCCC), "Yunnan, Fengqing county, Dazhai, Bangmai vill., 2012.V.24, Yang Xiaodong leg". 1 ex (NHMB), "Yunnan 2000 m, 25.03 N 101.55 E, Yipinglang 8-10/6., Vit Kuban leg. 1993". 1 ex (MNHN), "Yunnan-Sen Yunnan". " Parena nigrolineata var. Chd., val. sp.2, H.E. Andrewes det.". 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Chen Changchin lgt." &lt;Fig. 67B&gt;. 1 male (CCCC), "Taipei, Beitou, 1994.10.12, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 ex (MNHN), "Chine Ho Chan", "MUSEUM PARIS EX Coll. M. MAINDRON, Coll. G. BABAULT, 1930". Vietnam: 1 ex (MNHN), "SEPT-PAGODES (TONKIN) L. BLAISE", "MUSEUM PARIS, Coll. L. BEDEL, 1922", " Crossoglossa latecincta Bates, M. MAINdron det. 1909". 1 female (NHMB), "N. Vietnam, Tonkin, TAMDAO, pr. Vinhphu 2.- 11.6.1985, Vit. Kuban leg." &lt;Fig. 6G&gt;. Thailand: 1 male (NHMB), "NW Thailand. 8.-17.V.1992. MAE HONG SON, Ban Huai Po 1600 m. S. Bily leg.". Laos: 1 male (NHMB), "LAOS-NE, Xieng Khouang prov., 19°37-8' N 103°20 -1'E, Phonsavan (30 kn NE): Phou Sane Mt., 1400-1700 m, 10.-30.v.2009, D. Hauck leg.", "NHMB Basel, NMPC Prague Laos 2009 Expedition: M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, Z. Kraus, D. Hauck, V. Kuban" &lt;Figs 66D, 68A&gt;. 1 female (NHMB), "LAOS-NE, Houa Phan prov., 20°13'09-19'' N 103°59'54'' - 104°00'03''E, 1480-1550 m, PHOU PANE mt., 1.-16.vi. 2009, Zdenek Kraus leg.", "NHMB Basel, NMPC Prague Laos 2009 Expedition: M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, Z. Kraus, D. Hauck, V. Kuban". India: 1 male (MNHN), "Kurseong R.P. Decoly 1898", "Museum Paris, Coll. R. OBERthur 1952" &lt;Fig. 68B&gt;. Nepal: 1 female (NHMB), "Phulchoki 23.6. 1500 -1700 m", "O Nepal 1980 W. Wittmer". 1 female (NHMB), "Godawari 1500 m 22-25.VI.1983 ", "Nepal Kathmandu V. M. Brancucci" &lt;Fig. 66E&gt;. The Philippines: 1 male (CRS), "Filippine –Mindanao, Bukidnon, V.2013 ". 1 male (CRS), "Filippine Negros oc., Don Salvator, Benedicto II.2018 " &lt;Figs 66F, 68C&gt;. 1 female (CRS), "Filippine Mindanao, Agusan del Norte, Esperanza IX.2014 ". 1 female (CRS), "Filippine –Mindanao, South Catabato, M. Apo IV.2014 ". 1 female (CRS), "Filippine –Mindanao, Bukidnon, Kalatungan V.2014 ".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species differs from most members of the genus (except for P. circumdata) in having the lateral elytral stripes metallic green. In P. circumdata, the large central brown area of the elytra has a strong metallic purple hue and narrower green lateral stripes, which extend only to interval 7 at middle. Individuals of C. latecincta with very wide green stripes maybe somewhat similar to P. rubripicta, but can be distinguished from the latter species by the absence of suborbital setae.</p> <p>This species also might be confused with P. nigrolineata, but the elytral lateral stripes have no trace of metallic green in the latter species. We examined one very atypical male specimen of P. latecincta from Taiwan with completely black elytra stripes; but this specimen is different from P. nigrolineata in having the vertex more densely punctate, pronotum more strongly constricted toward the base, male mesotarsomere 1 without adhesive setae, and very different male genitalia.</p> <p>Description. Body length 7.5–11.4 mm. Dorsum reddish brown to dark brown, elytra with metallic green lateral stripes: middle area brown without metallic hue; green stripes occupy intervals 6 to 8 in most specimens, also intervals 5 and/or 9 in some specimens; lateral stripes continuous or nearly continuous to sutural angles, basally separated or continuous; elytra lateral margins and epipleura usually brown, occasionally green. Antennae brown, apical antennomeres same as or darker than basal ones; mouthparts, legs and venter reddish brown to dark brown, apices of femora same as or darker than base. Vertex distinctly punctate; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex nearly straight or slightly pointed at middle; mentum with a pair of minute median setae, barely visible in some specimens. Pronotum sub-cordate, PW/PL = 1.28–1.47, usually slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.92–1.04; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse; disc usually clearly punctate. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, surface with isodiametric microsculpture, faint but at least clearly visible near apices of inner three intervals in most specimens; striae well incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals sparsely punctate; disc with large shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 2 and almost full length of mesotarsomere 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus stout (AL/AW = 3.8–4.5), right margin usually more or less sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella thick, ovate in dorsal view, LL usually not greater than LW, subuliform in lateral view, apex not bent upward. Endophallus with distinct flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending almost to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well-defined, basal core distinct, ovate, heavily chitinized and scaled; basal sheath coarsely scaled, apical sheath finely scaled, similar size as basal sheath; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal or dorsal-right to squamate sheath; distal sac same size as proximal sac, closer to apex. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly longer than width, apex pointed near inner apical angle, with three ensiform setae on inner apical angle, two or three on outer apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 11, red). Japan, S. Korea, Russia (Primorye), China (Liaoning, Beijing, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Fujian, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan, Hong Kong), Vietnam (Tonkin), Laos, Thailand, India (Darjeeling), Nepal, the Philippines (Mindanao, Negros).</p> <p>Geographical variation. The external features of this species vary slightly geographically, mainly in the elytra color pattern. Specimens from most parts of China (except for Yunnan) and Japan have the elytral lateral stripes well separated at the base, only extended medially to intervals 4 or 5 (Fig. 66C). In contrast, most specimens from India, Yunnan and Indochina have the lateral stripes continuous at the base or, in a few specimens, slightly separated (Figs 66D, 66E).</p> <p>The four examined specimens from the Philippines have an elytra pattern very different from the others: the lateral stripes are cyanic green in color and in sharp contrast with reddish brown disc; the green stripes are widely continuous basally, inner intervals with basal fourth completely green; epipleura and elytra lateral margins metallic green (Fig. 66F). However, one other male from the Philippines has the elytra pattern almost the same as other specimens from Indochina, and its genitalia are the same as the other males with wide lateral stripes. Thus, we conclude that these individuals from the Philippines with the atypical elytra pattern represent only a local form.</p> <p>In addition, most specimens from western Yunnan, Indochina, India, and Nepal have a darker color (very dark brown) on the head and pronotum. Most specimens from China and Japan have the antennae completely reddish brown, compared with these from other localities, which have the apical antennomeres more or less darkened.</p> <p>The male genitalia of this species vary only slightly among different localities, mainly in the shape of the apex of the median lobe. In specimens from Japan, Taiwan, and northern China, the apical lamella is very wide in dorsal view, LL much smaller than LW, slightly declined to the left and the right margin of the shaft is gradually sinuate before apex in dorsal view (Fig. 67B). In specimens from most parts of southern China, the apical lamella is narrower in dorsal view, LL equal to LW, slightly declined to left; and the right margin of the shaft is gradually sinuate before apex in dorsal view (Fig. 67A). In specimens from western Yunnan, Indochina and India, the apical lamella is straight, not declined to the left, and the right margin of the shaft has an abrupt small angle before the apex in dorsal view (Figs 68A, 68B). In specimens from the Philippines, the apical lamella is straight, not declined to the left, and the right margin of the shaft is straight, without angle or sinuation before apex in dorsal view (Fig. 68C). The differences in male genitalia between localities seem to be stable, but we tend to treat them all as one species without division into subspecies because there are no stable external differences between them, and the present treatment as one species is corresponding to that in other widely distributed species of the genus.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236234FF972DEFB127FAEF5CF7.text	038776236234FF972DEFB127FAEF5CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) circumdata Shibata 1987	<div><p>[34] Parena (Parena) circumdata Shibata, 1987</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 69A, 69B. Male genitalia: Fig. 70. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11S.</p> <p>Shibata, 1987: 64 (type locality: Taiwan, Taoyuan; holotype in KCMI: Kashihara City Museum of Insects, Kashihara, Japan); Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 189; Kirschenhofer, 2006: 88.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. China: 1 male (IZAS), " Guangdong, Shixing county, Chebaling, Zhangdongshui, N24.72320°, E114.25640°, 354 m, 2008.VII.25, on vegetation, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.2564&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.7232" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.2564/lat 24.7232)">Yang Zhuo</a> lgt." &lt;Fig. 70 &gt;. 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Hsinchu county, Wufeng, Dalu forest road, 1994.VII.9 ". 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Hsinchu county, Wufeng, Dalu forest road, 2003.VI.15 " &lt;Fig. 69A &gt;. 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taipei county, Fushan, 1994.IV.20, Chen Changchin lgt.". 1 female (CCCC), "Taiwan, Nantou county, Ren'ai, Chinching, 1995.VIII" &lt;Fig. 11S &gt;. 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Taipei county, Sanhsia, Shizitou, 1995.III.18, Lo Chinchi lgt.". 1 male (CCCC), "Taiwan, Nantou county, Puli, Guandaoshan, 1999.V.1, Chen Changchin lgt.". India: 1 female (NHMB), "India Darjeeling D., C.J. Rai", " Chairy Cow. 26.VIII.85 800 m " &lt;Fig. 69B &gt;. 1 female (NHMB), "India Darjeeling D., C.J. Rai", " Kalimpong, Lower Tanake, 29.VI.1985 ". 1 female (NHMB), " Darjeeling Distr. India, Bhakta B.", "Laua 2200 m, 7.VIII.78". Vietnam: 1 ex (MNHN), "env. Hoah binh, Tonkin ".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species differs from other species of the genus by the combination of: elytra with metallic green lateral stripes, elytra disc reddish brown with metallic hue, postgenae without suborbital setae, and males with rudimentary adhesive setae on mesotarsomere 1. It is most similar to P. latecincta, with both having metallic green lateral stripes on the elytra. However, P. circumdata is readily differentiated from the latter species in having the elytra lateral stripes narrower, only extended medially to interval 7 in the middle, elytra disc with distinct metallic hue, and males with adhesive setae ventrally on mesotarsomere 1.</p> <p>Description. Body length 10.0–11.0 mm. Head and pronotum dark brown, with faint metallic green hue; mouthparts yellowish brown, apices of mandibles dark brown; basal four antennomeres reddish brown, apical ones distinctly darker; elytra disc reddish brown, with distinct metallic purple hue, with narrow metallic green lateral stripes, extended medially over intervals 8 and 9 and half of interval 7 at middle, stripes narrowly continuous at base, nearly extended to sutural angles at apex, interval 1 completely brown; elytral lateral margins and epipleura brown with strong metallic hue; legs dark brown, apices of femora piceous with metallic green hue; venter dark brown. Vertex finely and densely punctate; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex nearly straight; mentum with a pair of minute median setae, barely visible in some specimens. Pro notum sub-cordate, PW/PL = 1.35–1.43, usually slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 0.99–1.04; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, more or less sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse; disc usually with sparse punctures. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, with shallow isodiametric microsculpture; striae well incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals sparsely punctate; disc with large shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with uniseriate adhesive setae near apex of mesotarsomere 1, with biseriate setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 2 and almost full length of mesotarsomere 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII nearly straight in males. Median lobe of aedeagus stout (AL/AW = 3.9–4.1), right margin weakly pointed before apical lamella; apical lamella thick, ovate in dorsal view, LL subequal to LW, not declined to left; subuliform in lateral view, apex not bent upward. Endophallus with very large flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending almost to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, weakly defined, basal core indistinct; basal sheath coarsely scaled, apical sheath finely scaled, similar size as basal sheath; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal-right to squamate sheath; distal sac smaller and closer to apex than proximal sac. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly trapezoid, slightly longer than width, apex curved, angulate near inner apical angle, with two ensiform setae on outer apical angle, three on inner apical angle, one of them slightly distant from other two.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 11, blue). China (Taiwan, Guangdong), Vietnam (Tonkin), India (Darjeeling).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236234FF972DEFB127FAEF5CF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236232FF962DEFB77DFB865A42.text	038776236232FF962DEFB77DFB865A42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) monticola Shibata 1987	<div><p>[35] Parena (Parena) monticola Shibata, 1987</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 69C, 69D. Male genitalia: Fig. 71.</p> <p>Shibata, 1987: 63 (type locality: Taiwan, Nantou; holotype in KCMI: Kashihara City Museum of Insects, Kashihara, Japan); Kirschenhofer, 2006: 89.</p> <p>Misidentification: Parena bicolor Motschulsky: Xie &amp; Yu, 1993: 190 (Anhui).</p> <p>Non-type material examined. China: 1 female (IZAS), " Huangshan, June 21 1936 ". 1 male (IZAS), " Jiangxi, Wugongshan, 1300–1900 m, 2008.VII.15-16, Yang Zaihua lgt. "&lt;Figs 8G, 69C, 71 &gt;. 1 female (IZAS), " Guizhou, Leishan, Fangxiang, 900 m, Liu Ye lgt., 2005.IX.18 ". 1 female (CRS), "China. C Sichuan, Emei Shan, 24.- 26.6.1996, Scepal lgt.". 1 male (NHMB), " China: Sichuan Mt. Emei, 1050 m, 18.VII.1990, L.&amp;M. Bocak lgt." &lt;Fig. 69D&gt;. 1 teneral male (MTMB), "Taiwan, Taipei county, Haeng-Ly Dyi, around lights, 14-24.XI.2002, L. Ronkay &amp; O. Merkl. ". 1 female (CCCC), " Taiwan, Taichung county, Hoping, Kukuan, Chen Changchin lgt. 1994.VI.20 ".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species differs from other species of the genus by the combination of: elytra entirely metallic green, postgenae without suborbital setae, and males with adhesive setae on mesotarsomere 1. Compared with other species in this group, P. monticola is most similar to P. pendleburyi in having elytra without lateral stripes and microsculpture. However, P. monticola is different in having elytra without reddish copper lustre on elytral humeri and subapices, elytral striae deeper, elytra discal depressions deeper, venter lighter in color, and apical lamella of aedeagus narrower.</p> <p>This species is also similar to P. bicolor in having elytra entirely metallic green. However, P. monticola is slightly larger in body size, most specimens have the elytra with a slightly copperish hue, and, most importantly, the postgenae lack suborbital setae.</p> <p>Description. Body length 8.5–9.1 mm. Head and pronotum dark brown to piceous, strongly polished; mouthparts yellowish brown, apices of mandibles dark brown; basal four antennomeres reddish brown, apical ones dark brown; pronotal disc much darker than lateral explanations; elytra metallic copperish green in most specimens, cyanic green in some specimens, without distinct pattern, but disc often somewhat brown; elytral suture mostly brown, gradually graded to green in apical third; elytral lateral margins and epipleura brown without metallic hue; legs yellowish brown, apices of femora sometimes slightly darker; venter reddish brown to dark brown. Vertex distinctly punctate; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex usually very weakly pointed at middle; mentum with a pair of minute median setae, barely visible in some specimens. Pronotum sub-cordate, PW/PL = 1.34–1.37, usually slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.94–1.02; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse; disc usually with transverse wrinkles. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, without microsculpture; striae well incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals convex, with denser punctures than previous two species; disc with large shallow depressions near basal third of intervals 3 to 6. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical two-thirds of mesotarsomere 2, and almost full length of mesotarsomere 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII nearly straight in males. Median lobe of aedeagus stout (AL/AW = 4.1), right margin weakly sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella thick, rounded-triangular in dorsal view, LL slightly greater than LW, not declined to left; subuliform in lateral view, apex not bent upward. Endophallus with very large flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending almost to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well-defined, basal core indistinct; basal sheath coarsely scaled, apical sheath finely scaled, similar size as basal sheath; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; distal sac same size as proximal sac, closer to apex. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly trapezoid, slightly longer than width, apex curved, angulate near inner apical angle, with two ensiform setae on outer apical angle, three on inner apical angle, one of them slightly distant from other two.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 11, green). China (Taiwan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236232FF962DEFB77DFB865A42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236230FF942DEFB2ECFC485F43.text	038776236230FF942DEFB2ECFC485F43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U 1931	<div><p>[36] Parena (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, 1931</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 69E, 69F. Male genitalia: Fig. 72. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11T.</p> <p>Andrewes, 1931b: 484 (type locality: Mt. Kinabalu; holotype in NHML).</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena pendleburyi Andrewes: Holotype (NHML, Fig. 69E): male, body length = 8.2 mm, pin mounted, "Mt. Kinabalu, / Brit. N. Borneo. / B.M. 1931-386", "B. N. BORNEO. / Mt. Kinabalu, / Lumu Lumu, / 5500 ft. / April 10-19. 1929." [pink label], "Type" [round label with red circile], " Parena / pendleburyi / Type Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det." &lt;Fig. 72&gt;.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 female (IZAS), "Boreno: Sahah, Keningau district, Jungle Girl Camp. N5.4430, E116.4512, 1182 m; Shi H.L. &amp; Liu Y. lgt. light trap, Ins. Zoo., CAS. 2016.V.1 N" &lt;Figs 11T, 69F&gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. This species differs from other species of the subgenus by the combination of: elytra metallic green with strong reddish copper lustre on humeri and subapices; postgenae without suborbital setae, and males with adhesive setae on mesotarsomere 1. It is similar to P. monticola and P. bicolor in having the elytra entirely metallic green. Comparisons are provided under those species.</p> <p>Description. Body length 7.4–8.2 mm. Head dark brown, strongly polished, mouthparts yellowish brown, apex and inner margin of mandibles dark brown; basal four antennomeres reddish brown, apical ones same color or slightly darker; pronotum dark brown to piceous, lateral explanations slightly lighter; elytra metallic green, with strong reddish copper lustre near humeri and outer subapical regions; elytral suture dark brown, metallic behind middle; elytral lateral margins and epipleura piceous with strong metallic hue; legs yellowish brown, apices of femora piceous with strong metallic hue; venter of thorax dark brown, abdominal sternum piceous. Vertex with sparse fine punctures; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae barely extended to pronotal base; labrum quadrate, apex nearly straight; mentum with a pair of minute median setae. Pronotum sub-cordate, PW/PL = 1.31–1.35, slightly narrower than head, PW/HW = 0.97–0.98; widest at anterior third, strongly narrowed to base, distinctly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely obtuse; disc with very fine punctures. Elytra slightly dilated to apex, without microsculpture; striae very shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals slightly convex, with very sparse punctures; disc with very faint depressions near basal third of intervals 3 and 4. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1, and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus stout (AL/AW = 3.9), right margin barely sinuate before apical lamella; apical lamella thick, ovate in dorsal view, LL slightly smaller than LW, not declined to left; subuliform in lateral view, apex not bent upward. Endophallus with very large flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum thick, extending almost to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite widely V-shaped, well-defined, basal core distinct, slightly extended forming a wide transverse scaled belt; basal sheath coarsely scaled, apical sheath finely scaled, similar size as basal sheath; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal sac very large, distal sac much smaller and closer to apex than proximal sac. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly longer than width, apex concave, angulate near inner apical angle, with two ensiform setae on outer apical angle, two on inner apical angle, and one near middle of apical margin.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 11, magenta). Only known from north Borneo.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236230FF942DEFB2ECFC485F43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236231FF942DEFB010FA7B5A29.text	038776236231FF942DEFB010FA7B5A29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena Motschulsky 1860	<div><p>Key to African species in subgenus Parena Motschulsky</p> <p>1. Postgenae with a pair of long suborbital setae (12. P. stigmatica group)........................................... 2</p> <p>- Postgenae without suborbital setae........................................................................ 4</p> <p>2. Dorsum dark brown; antennae reddish brown, apical antennomeres of similar color to basal ones; elytra with deep and wide depressions on anterior third of intervals 3–6, another small depression present on the base of interval 6; Madagascar................................................................................... [37] P. stigmatica (Fairmaire)</p> <p>- Dorsum yellowish brown; basal three or four antennomeres yellow, remaining antennomeres much darker; elytra without or with very shallow depressions on anterior third of intervals 3–6; African mainland.................................. 3</p> <p>3. Antennomere 4 entirely yellow; lateral margins of pronotum strongly sinuate before posterior angles; elytra disc slightly darker than lateral areas; elytral striae clearly incised, finely punctate inside; interval with dense fine punctures; Angola......................................................................................... [38] P. doriae Basilewsky</p> <p>- Antennomere 4 with yellow basal half and dark apical half; lateral margins of pronotum almost straight before posterior angles; elytra evenly yellowish brown; elytral striae faintly incised, formed by rows of punctures; interval with very sparse fine punctures; Tanzania, Zimbabwe................................................................ [39] P. fulva sp. n.</p> <p>4. Elytral apices truncate, apical margin nearly straight, sutural angles more or less pointed, forming short spines or denticles, although very faint in some species (Figs 5B, 5C, 5D); elytra without microsculpture (except in P. madagascariensis); antennomere 1 with the ventroapical seta much more than half length of the dorsal-apical one (Fig. 1D); LL greater than LW (13. P. scutata group)........................................................................................ 5</p> <p>- Elytral apices subtruncate, apical margin evenly curved, sutural angles not pointed (Fig. 5A); elytra with shallow isodiametric microsculpture; antennomere 1 with the ventroapical seta less than half length of the dorsal-apical one (Fig. 1C); LL less than LW (14. P. plagiata group).............................................................................. 8</p> <p>5. Elytra brown, or brown with very narrow black lateral stripes.................................................. 6</p> <p>- Elytra largely black, reddish brown near apices.............................................................. 7</p> <p>6. Elytra reddish brown; elytral apices very strongly truncate, outer apical angles prominent (Fig. 5D); Madagascar................................................................................. [40] P. madagascariensis (Alluaud)</p> <p>- Elytra with black lateral stripes from humeri to middle; elytral apices moderately truncate, outer apical angles rounded (Fig. 5C); Zambia...................................................................... [41] P. valeriae Facchini</p> <p>7. Elytral disc with well-defined reddish brown patch inside black area, extended over medial four or five intervals at middle; antennomeres 5–11 black, distinctly darker than basal antennomeres.......................... [42] P. scutata (Alluaud)</p> <p>- Elytra disc black except for paler apices, without a central paler patch; antennae uniformly reddish brown................................................................................................. [43] P. ruficornis sp. n.</p> <p>8. Elytra entirely brown.................................................................................. 9</p> <p>- Elytra largely black, reddish brown near apices............................................................. 10</p> <p>9. Elytra striae very shallow, completely smooth on posterior half; lateral margins of pronotum slightly sinuate before posterior angles; tarsi dark brown, much darker than tibiae..................................... [44] P. ferruginea (Chaudoir)</p> <p>- Elytra striae slightly deeper, shallowly incised even on posterior half; lateral margins of pronotum strongly sinuate before posterior angles; tarsi yellow, same color as tibiae................................ [46] P. africana (Alluaud) (pale form)</p> <p>10. Apical red band of elytra very narrow, length less than 1/20 of elytra length; inner intervals slightly reddish, forming vague central patch; elytra discal depressions elongate; lateral margins of pronotum less sinuate before posterior angles; median lobe of aedeagus stouter, AL/AW about 4.0; South Africa.................................... [45] P. plagiata Motschulsky</p> <p>- Apical red band of elytra wider, length about 1/10 of elytra length; inner intervals black, without central patch; elytral discal depressions sub-triangular; lateral margins of pronotum strongly sinuate before posterior angles; median lobe of aedeagus slenderer, AL/AW more than 4.5.............................................. [46] P. africana (Alluaud) (dark form)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236231FF942DEFB010FA7B5A29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623623EFF9B2DEFB2ECFD915FFE.text	03877623623EFF9B2DEFB2ECFD915FFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena stigmatica (Fairmaire 1899)	<div><p>12. Parena stigmatica species group</p> <p>This species group contains three allopatric species from Africa. Each of them was known from only a few specimens and narrow distributional ranges. This group is readily distinguished from other African species by the presence of suborbital setae. Compared with the P. fasciata group from the Oriental Realm, another species group of subgenus Parena with suborbital setae present, the P. stigmatica group differs in its male genitalia, with a large, flared expansion of the primary sclerite of the endophallus.</p> <p>All three of these species in P. stigmatica group are uniformly yellowish brown to dark brown, but they are distinguished from each by the differences on the color of antennae, the elytral discal depression, pronotal shape, and depth of the elytral striae.</p> <p>Although the presence of suborbital setae unites this African species group, the shape of male genitalia suggests otherwise. The two species of this group for which male are known differ significantly in the shape of aedeagus. P. fulva sp. n. has a very stout median lobe with thick apical lamella which is unique among African Parena, and P. stigmatica has a slender median lobe with dorsally bent apical lamella, which is somewhat similar to the other Madagascan species, P. madagascariensis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623623EFF9B2DEFB2ECFD915FFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623623EFF992DEFB7B2FBB45A08.text	03877623623EFF992DEFB7B2FBB45A08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) stigmatica (Fairmaire 1899)	<div><p>[37] Parena (Parena) stigmatica (Fairmaire, 1899)</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 73A. Male genitalia: Fig. 74.</p> <p>Fairmaire, 1899: 76 (Original: Prymira; type locality: Madagascar, Suberbieville; lectotype in MNHN); Csiki, 1932: 1455 (Parena); Jeannel, 1949: 973.</p> <p>Type material examined. Prymira stigmatica Fairmaire: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 73A), designated herein: male, body length = 9.7 mm, cardboard mounted, " stigmatica / maevatanan / type ", " J "[red label], "Madag / Sub erb lle / H. Perrier", "MUSEUM PARIS / Collection Leon Fairmaire / 1906" [blue label], "TYPE" [red label] " Prymira / stigmatica / Fair / Madag ", " HOLOTYPE / Prymira stigmatica / Fairmaire, 1899 / det. SHI H.L. 2011" &lt;Fig. 74&gt;.</p> <p>Notes on types. This species was originally described from an unspecified number of specimens from "Suberbieville", collected by H. Perrier. In the collection of MNHN, we found a male from the collection of Fairmaire perfectly according with the original description. We herein designate this specimen as the lectotype (Fig. 73A).</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 female (MNHN), "Octobre", "Mt. d'Ambre, Madagascar", "MUSEUM PARIS MADAGASCAR, COLL A SICARD 1930", " Prymira stigmatica Fm ".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species differs from all other species of subgenus Parena by the combination of: dorsum dark brown with evident lustre, elytra without pattern, postgenae with suborbital setae, and elytra disc strongly depressed. This species can be easily distinguished from all other African species for its dark color and distinct elytral depression. It is most similar to P. politissima in external appearance, but can be readily distinguished from the latter species by the presence of suborbital setae and very different geographical distribution.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.7–9.9 mm. Dorsum dark brown, strongly polished, elytra without pattern; mouthparts yellowish brown; basal four antennomeres reddish brown, apical ones same color or slightly darker; pronotal lateral explanations, elytra lateral margins and elytral suture reddish brown; legs reddish brown, metatrochanters yellowish brown; venter of thorax dark brown, abdomen sternum dark reddish brown. Vertex with sparse fine punctures; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; mentum with a pair of very short median setae. Pronotum sub-quadrate, PW/PL = 1.32–1.36, width subequal to head, PW/HW = 0.98–1.00; widest at anterior third, strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular; lateral explanations wide; disc with sparse fine punctures and transverse wrinkles. Elytra slightly dilated to apices, with shallow isodiametric microsculpture; striae very shallow, only incised in discal depressions, with fine puncture rows, punctures absent near elytral apices; intervals flat, with very sparse fine punctures; discal depression large and deep, subtriangular, near anterior third of intervals 3 to 6; a small depression also present near base of interval 6, and then slightly convex before the main depression; apical truncation rounded, outer apical angles completely rounded; sutural angles not pointed. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1 and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males. Median lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW = 5.6), ventral margin gradually swollen near middle; apical lamella thin, ovate in dorsal view, LL smaller than LW, apex rounded; in lateral view, apical lamella slightly bent upward. Endophallus with weakly chitinized primary sclerite, flared basal expansion large; flagellum ending near middle of median lobe; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, well-defined, basal core indistinct; basal sheath sparsely scaled, apical sheath densely scaled, larger than basal sheath; squamate sac not seen (due to endophallus of the only examined specimen partly everted, but it is very probably existed). Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, apex concave, inner apical angle strongly pointed; with two ensiform setae on outer apical angle, three on inner apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 12, blue). Only known from the northern half of Madagascar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623623EFF992DEFB7B2FBB45A08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623623DFF982DEFB2ECFAEE59C6.text	03877623623DFF982DEFB2ECFAEE59C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) dorae Basilewsky. C 1955	<div><p>[38] Parena (Parena) dorae Basilewsky, 1955</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 73B.</p> <p>Basilewsky, 1955: 129 (type locality: Angola, Dundo; holotype in MRAC).</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena dorae Basilewsky: Holotype (MRAC, Fig. 73B): female, body length = 9.1 mm, pin mounted, " HOLOTYPUS " [red label]; " Angola: Dundo / II. 1948 / A. de Barros Machado", " 411.6 ", " Parena / Dorae n.sp. / P. Basilewsky det., 19 54 ".</p> <p>Comparisons. This species differs from all other species of subgenus Parena by the combination of dorsum reddish brown with distinct lustre, elytra without pattern, antennae distinctly bicolor; pronotum with lateral margins strongly sinuate before posterior angles; postgenae with suborbital setae; elytra disc shallowly depressed. Among all African species, this species is most similar to P. stigmatica, but can be distinguished from the latter species by its smaller size, lighter color, elytra with shallower depressions, and antennae bicolored.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.1 mm. Dorsum reddish brown, strongly polished; basal four antennomeres yellowish brown, apical ones nearly black; pronotal disc dark brown, distinctly darker than the anterior, posterior and lateral regions; elytra largely brown, base of inner intervals darker, but not forming distinct pattern; venter and legs yellowish brown, tarsi slightly darker. Vertex with sparse fine punctures; postgenae with suborbital setae; mentum with a pair of median setae which are slightly shorter than the terminal labial palpomere. Pronotum sub-quadrate, PW/PL = 1.49, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.07; lateral margins indistinctly angulate at anterior third, strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular, slightly pointed outwards; lateral explanations wide; disc with very sparse fine punctures and transverse wrinkles. Elytra slightly dilated to apex; with very shallow isodiametric microsculpture, visible only near base; striae shallowly incised, with dense and fine puncture rows, punctures absent near elytral apices; intervals distinctly punctate, similar to punctures in striae, even intervals evidently convex near base; discal depression large and very shallow, nearly round, at anterior third of intervals 3 to 5; apical truncation rounded, outer apical angles completely rounded; sutural angles not pointed. Apex of abdominal sternite VII straight in females, with two setae on each side. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly greater than basal width, apex concave, inner apical angle strongly pointed; with two ensiform setae on outer and inner apical angles respectively. Male unknown.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 12, green). Only known from the type locality Dundo in northeastern Angola.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623623DFF982DEFB2ECFAEE59C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623623DFF9E2DEFB695FCFB5F3B.text	03877623623DFF9E2DEFB695FCFB5F3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) fulva Shi & Liang 2023	<div><p>[39] Parena (Parena) fulva sp. nov.</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 73C, 73D. Male genitalia: Fig. 75. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11U.</p> <p>Type locality. Tanzania, Dodoma, S6.17, E35.74, 1120 m.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype (MNHN, Fig. 73C): male, body length= 9.2 mm, board mounted, " Dodoma, E. Afr. / H.L. Andrewes, 1918 ", " Crossoglossa / ferruginea / Chaud. / Alluaud, det. 19 30 ", "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD" [blue label], "HOLOTYPE / Parena (Parena) / fulva sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label] &lt;Fig. 75A &gt;. Paratypes (a total of 4 males, 3 females): Tanzania: 1 female (MNHN), " Dodoma, E. Afr. / H.L. Andrewes, 1918 "; "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD" [blue label]. 1 male (NHML), " Dodoma, E. Afr. / H.L. Andrewes, 1918 ", " Crossoglossa / ferruginea / Chaud. / Alluaud. det. 1924", "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.". 2 males (NHML), " Dodoma, E. Afr. / H.L. Andrewes, 1918 ", " H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M. 1945-97.". Zimbabwe: 1 female (CSF), "ZIMBABWE-S / BUBI env. / Bubi river / lgt. S. Bečvář 8.xii.1998 "; " Parena / ferruginea / CHD. / Det. Facchini " &lt;Fig. 73D &gt;. 1 female (NHML), " S. Rhodesia: / Victoria Falls. / December 1915 / R. Lowe Thompson ", "Pres. By / Imp. Bur. Ent. / Brit. Mus. / 1925-184.", " Metallica /? sp. nov. ", " Parena / ferruginea Chaud / E.B. Britton. / det. 6.3. 193 6 " &lt;Fig. 11U &gt;. 1 male (NHML), " Rhodesia / Salisbury / ja. O'herl / 1920.143 ", " Empanduri /13.1.19", "Pres. by / Imp. Bur. Ent.", " Crossoglossa / ferruginea, Chd. / DET. FR. DESCR. / G.A.K. MARSHALL." &lt;Fig. 75B &gt;.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsum yellowish brown, elytra without pattern; antennae with basal three antennomeres yellow, apical half of fourth and remaining tarsomeres black; tarsi black; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae; pronotum with lateral margins nearly straight before posterior angles; elytra discal depression indistinct; median lobe of aedeagus very stout; apical lamella thick and coniform.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. fulva sp. n. is different from most African species in having suborbital setae. Compared with the two other African species with suborbital setae, the new species can be readily distinguished in having the dorsum with paler color, antennae distinctly bicolored, elytra without discal depressions, and pronotum with lateral margins nearly straight before posterior angles. From the original labels, we found that several specimens of this new species were misidentified as P. ferruginea. However, P. fulva sp. n. is different from the latter species in having suborbital setae present and the pronotum wider and with lateral margins only faintly sinuate before posterior angles. In several important features, the "unicolor" form of P. fasciata distributed in the Oriental Realm is most similar to P. fulva sp. n., but the Oriental species differs in having antennae uniformly yellow and male genitalia much slenderer. The new species also differs from all other African species in having its male genitalia very stout (AL/AW = 3.7–3.9), resembling some species from the Oriental realm, such as P. latecincta.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.2–10.4 mm; body median-sized in the genus, subconvex. Color. Dorsum uniformly yellowish brown, head and pronotal disc slightly darker than elytra; apices of mandibles dark brown; antennae distinctly bicolor: antennomeres 1–3, and basal half of antennomere 4 yellowish brown, remainder of antennae nearly black; venter uniformly reddish brown; legs yellowish brown, tarsomeres dark brown. Head with sparse fine punctures on vertex; frons with shallow V-shaped depression; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora very short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae with a pair of suborbital setae, slightly shorter than supraorbital ones. Antennae nearly extended to pronotal base. Labrum quadrate, apex weakly convex; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of very short median setae, lateral lobes short and wide, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins completely rounded, epilobes wide. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.46–1.56, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.01–1.08, widest at anterior third, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins rounded at anterior half and then gradually narrowed to base, straight before posterior angles; posterior angles obtuse, rounded at apex; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin gradually oblique at sides; disc convex, usually with very fine punctures and transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture. Striae very shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures; intervals faintly convex, with very sparse fine punctures. Disc without depressions, lateral sides weakly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 with three discal setigerous pores: first one on level of scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; interval 9 with 24–26 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation indistinct, evenly rounded, outer angles completely rounded, sutural angles indistinct. Venter. Apex of abdominal sternite VII with two setae on each side in both sexes, straight in females, very weakly emarginate in males. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Male genitalia. Median lobe of aedeagus very stout (AL/AW = 3.7–3.9); in lateral view, ventral margin slightly swollen near middle, dorsal margin strongly expanded, apical lamella thick, coniform, very weakly bent to dorsum; in dorsal view, right margin weakly sinuate before apex, apical lamella narrow, LL equal to LW, slightly narrowed to apex, apex rounded. Endophallus with very large and thick flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum thick and short, extending slightly beyond middle of median lobe; apical sclerite widely V-shaped, weakly defined, basal core distinct, strongly extended forming a well-defined transverse scaled belt; basal sheath coarsely scaled, apical sheath finely scaled, smaller than basal sheath; squamate sac well divided, near middle of median lobe, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal sac small and dorsal-ventrally compressed, distal sac larger than proximal sac. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, slightly wider than length, apex nearly straight, weakly pointed near inner apical angle, with six ensiform setae on apical margin, two of them grouped on inner apical angle, other four equally arranged.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 12, red). Tanzania, Zimbabwe.</p> <p>Etymology. The scientific name " fulva " is derived from the Latin root " fulv- " meaning yellow. It refers to the uniformly reddish yellow dorsal color of the new species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623623DFF9E2DEFB695FCFB5F3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
03877623623BFF9D2DEFB44EFE685CAF.text	03877623623BFF9D2DEFB44EFE685CAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena scutata (Alluaud 1917)	<div><p>13. Parena scutata species group</p> <p>This species group contains three species distributed in the Sub-Saharan African mainland and one species from Madagascar. This group is characterized by: postgenae without suborbital setae; elytra not metallic, uniformly reddish brown or with dark patches; elytral apices distinctly truncate, apical margin nearly straight, sutural angles more or less pointed, very faintly so in some species; elytra with or without microsculpture; antennomere 1 with the ventroapical seta only slightly shorter than the dorsoapical one; male genitalia with LL greater than LW, apex slightly bent dorsally; gonocoxite II of ovipositor quadrate, apex more or less emarginate.</p> <p>This species group is most similar to the P. plagiata group in having postgenae without suborbital setae and a similar elytra color pattern (four species of these two groups have their elytra largely dark with a narrow red apical band). Although members of these two groups have similar external appearances, we divided them into different species groups based on differences in the following important aspects: shape of elytral apices, length of the apical setae of antennomere 1, and shape of the male genitalia and female ovipositor. Species of the P. scutata group have distinctly truncate elytral apices with the sutural angles more or less pointed, although very faint so in some species (Figs 5B, 5C, 5D). This character state is unique in the subgenus Parena, but presents in several species of the subgenus Crossoglossa. Moreover, in the P. scutata group, the ventroapical seta of antennomere 1 is only slightly shorter than the dorsoapical one (Fig. 1D), whereas, in all other species of this genus, the ventroapical seta is less than half the length of the dorsal-apical one (Figs 1A, 1B, 1C). In all studied species, the male genitalia and female ovipositor also have significant differences between these two groups. In the P. scutata group, the median lobe of aedeagus is slenderer and the apical lamella is much longer than in the P. plagiata group. In the P. scutata group, gonocoxite II of the ovipositor is nearly quadrate with its inner and outer margins equally in length, whereas in the P. plagiata group, gonocoxite II is strongly pointed near its inner apical angle with its inner margin much longer than the outer margin.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03877623623BFF9D2DEFB44EFE685CAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
038776236239FF622DEFB2ECFBB45C8B.text	038776236239FF622DEFB2ECFBB45C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud 1917)	<div><p>[40] Parena (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud, 1917)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 76A, 76B, 76C. Male genitalia: Figs 77, 78. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11V.</p> <p>Alluaud,1917:87 (Original: Crossoglossa;type locality: Madagascar,Montagne d'Ambre;lectotypein MNHN); Jeannel,1949:972. Parena alluaudi Jeannel, 1949: 973 (type locality: Madagascar, Mahatsinjo; holotype in MNHN). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa madagascariensis Alluaud: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 76A), designated herein: male, body length = 11.1 mm, pin mounted, " Madagascar / Diego-Suarez 7 / Ch. Alluaud 1893", "TYPE" [red label], "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch ALLUAUD" [blue label], " Crossoglossa / madagascarice / Alluaud n.sp. / Alluaud determ "; " LECTOTYPE / Crossoglossa madagas- / cariensis Alluaud, 1917 / det. SHI H.L. 2011" [red label]. Paralectotype: 1 male (MNHN), " madagassa / Diego Suaris ", "♁" [red label], " Madagascar / Diego-Suarez / Ch. Alluaud 1893", "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch ALLUAUD"[blue label], "ex Typis" [red letter]; " PARALECTOTYPE / Crossoglossa madagas- / cariensis Alluaud, 1917 / det. SHI H.L. 2011" [red label] &lt;Fig. 77&gt;.</p> <p>Parena alluaudi Jeannel: Holotype (MNHN, Fig. 76B): male, body length = 10.9 mm, board mounted, "MAHATSINJO / pres Tananarive", "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch ALLUAUD" [blue label], "TYPE" [red label], " Alluaudi / n.sp.", " HOLOTYPE / Parena alluaudi / Jeannel, 1949 / det. SHI H.L. 2011" [red label] &lt;Fig. 78&gt;.</p> <p>Notes on types and synonyms. Crossoglossa madagascariensis Alluaud: The original description mentioned three specimens from "Montagne d'Ambre", but no holotype was fixed. In the collection of MNHN, we found two males perfectly in accord with the original description. We herein designated the one with Alluaud's handwriting label as the lectotype.</p> <p>Parena alluaudi Jeannel: The original description mentioned one female from "Mahatsinjo". In the collection of MNHN we found one specimen perfectly in accord with the original description, but the holotype is a male. This specimen is very similar to the type of P. madagascariensis, except the color is slightly lighter. After examining the male genitalia of the holotype of P. alluaudi, we found that it is perfectly identical with P. madagascariensis (Figs 77, 78). Thus, we treat Parena alluaudi Jeannel as a junior synonym of Crossoglossa madagascariensis Alluaud herein.</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 female (MNHN), "Mars", "Mt. d'Ambre, Madagascar ", "MUSEUM PARIS MADAGASCAR, COLL A SICARD 1930", " Crossoglossa madagascariensis All. ". 1 female (NHMB), " MADAGASCAR C., Moramanga env., 10-18.xii.1997, P. Pacholatko leg." &lt;Figs 5D, 11V, 76C&gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. This species can be readily distinguished from all other species of the subgenus Parena by the shape of elytral apices, which are distinctly truncate, with outer apical angles rounded-angulate and sutural angles forming sharp spines (Fig. 5D). For species of all other species groups in the subgenus Parena, the elytra apical margin is evenly curved with sutural angles not pointed (Fig. 5A). In the other three species of the P. scutata species group, the elytral apical margin is only moderately truncate, with the outer apical angles nearly rounded and sutural angles forming very small denticles (Figs 5B, 5C). P. madagascariensis is also different from the other three species of the same species group in having elytra without a dark pattern, elytra with shallow isodiametric microsculpture, and slightly larger size. P. madagascariensis is quite distinct from all other known species in the subgenus Parena but is externally similar to an Oriental species, P. kurosai, of subgenus Bothynoptera. These two species can be distinguished by differences in the position of the first elytral discal pore.</p> <p>Description. Body length 10.9–11.7 mm. Dorsum reddish brown to dark brown, moderately polished; antennae brown, apical antennomeres slightly darker than basal four ones; pronotal lateral explanations slightly lighter than disc; elytra without pattern; venter and legs reddish brown, tarsi slightly darker than tibiae. Vertex with fine punctures; postgenae without suborbital setae; mentum with a pair of median setae, which are the same length as terminal labial palpomeres. Pronotum sub-quadrate, PW/PL = 1.36–1.41, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.01–1.08; widest at anterior third, lateral margins evenly rounded before middle, gradually sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles widely rounded; lateral explanations wide; disc smooth, without punctures or transverse wrinkles. Elytra slightly dilated to apex; with shallow isodiametric microsculpture, visible only near base in some specimens; striae distinctly incised, very shallow near base, with fine puncture rows, punctures absent near elytral apices; intervals slightly convex, with sparse fine punctures; discal depression indistinct; apical truncation straight, outer apical angles prominent but apically rounded; sutural angles forming sharp spines. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1 and full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII weakly emarginate in males, with two setae on each side in both sexes. Median lobe of aedeagus rather slender (AL/AW = 5.4–5.6), ventral margin straight near middle; apical lamella thin and narrow, oblong in dorsal view, LL much greater than LW, apex rounded; in lateral view, apical lamella slightly bent upward. Endophallus with very narrow flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum thick, extending near to the base of apical orifice; apical sclerite narrowly V-shaped, moderately defined, basal core distinct, small and moderately scaled; basal sheath very weakly scaled, apical sheath densely scaled, larger than basal sheath; squamate sac not divided, coniform, well chitinized, near middle of median lobe, ventral to squamate sheath. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length subequal to basal width, apex strongly concave, inner apical angle strongly pointed; with four ensiform setae on outer apical angle, three on inner apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 13, blue). Only known from the northern half of Madagascar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038776236239FF622DEFB2ECFBB45C8B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
0387762362C7FF612DEFB059FB0C594B.text	0387762362C7FF612DEFB059FB0C594B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) valeriae Facchini. E 2011	<div><p>[41] Parena (Parena) valeriae Facchini, 2011</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 76D. Male genitalia: Fig. 79.</p> <p>Facchini, 2011: 276 (type locality: Zambia, Chisasa; holotype in CSF).</p> <p>Type material examined. Parena valeriae Facchini: Holotype (CSF, Fig. 76D): male, body length = 10.0 mm, board mounted, " Zambia NW / E of Chisasa / 18.XI.2005 leg. Snížek", " HOLOTYPUS / Parena / valeriae / n.sp. / Det. Facchini 20 11 " [red label] &lt;Figs 5C, 79&gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. This species differs from other African species of Parena by the combination of: dorsum reddish brown, elytra with a pair of dark stripes gradually fading toward apices; postgenae without suborbital setae; antennae and legs uniformly reddish brown. As indicated in the original description (Facchini, 2011), this species is similar to P. ferruginea, but differs in its unique color: elytra with dark stripes, antennae unicolor, and tarsomeres not darkened. Furthermore, we found one more difference between these two species: the elytra sutural angles are slightly pointed, forming short denticles in P. valeriae, but indistinct in P. ferruginea.</p> <p>We considered this species to be closest to P. madagascariensis based on having the elytral apex truncate, sutural angles pointed; antennae completely brown, and apical lamella of aedeagus elongate. Compared to the latter species, P. valeriae differs in having the elytra with black lateral stripes, elytral outer apical angles rounded (Fig. 5C), elytral striae shallower, elytra without microsculpture, apical lamella of the aedeagus shorter, and the endophallus of male genitalia with the primary sclerite present only in the basal half.</p> <p>Description. Body length 10.0 mm. Dorsum reddish brown, moderately polished, elytra with a pair of dark stripes, occupying intervals 6 to 8, dark stripes gradually fading toward apices; antennae uniformly reddish brown; venter reddish brown; legs uniformly reddish brown. Vertex with fine punctures; postgenae without suborbital setae; mentum with a pair of median setae, which are slightly longer than terminal labial palpomeres; antennae extended only to elytral base. Pronotum sub-cordate, PW/PL = 1.45, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.06; widest at anterior third, lateral margins evenly rounded before middle, shallowly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rounded-obtuse, not prominent; lateral explanations slightly wide; disc with fine punctures aside median line. Elytra slightly dilated to apex; without microsculpture; striae shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals shallowly convex, with sparse fine punctures; discal depressions shallow, sub-triangular, near basal third of intervals 3 to 6; apical truncation distinct, completely rounded at outer apical angles, and gradually turn to straight to sutural angle; sutural angles pointed, forming short denticles. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1 and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two or three setae on each side in males (the holotype with three setae on left side, two on right side). Median lobe of aedeagus slender (AL/AW = 4.6), ventral margin slightly expanded near middle; apical lamella thin and narrow, oblong in dorsal view, LL much greater than LW, apex rounded; in lateral view, apical lamella slightly bent upward. Endophallus with wide flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum very short, ending before middle of median lobe; apical sclerite widely V-shaped, moderately defined, basal core indistinct; basal sheath sparsely and coarsely scaled, apical sheath densely and finely scaled, larger than basal sheath; squamate sac not divided, large and triangular (in lateral view), not chitinized, near middle of median lobe, ventral to squamate sheath. Female unknown.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 13, green). Only known from the type locality in the northwestern Zambia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387762362C7FF612DEFB059FB0C594B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
0387762362C4FF602DEFB623FADF5E93.text	0387762362C4FF602DEFB623FADF5E93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) scutata (Alluaud 1917)	<div><p>[42] Parena (Parena) scutata (Alluaud, 1917), status resurrectus</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 76E.</p> <p>Alluaud, 1917: 87 (original: Crossoglossa africana scutata; type locality: Senegal, Sedhiou; lectotype in MNHN); Basilewsky, 1961: 213 (synonymized with Parena plagiata Motschulsky).</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa africana scutata Alluaud: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 76E), designated herein: female, body length = 9.6 mm, pin mounted, " Sedhiou ", "TYPE" [red label], "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD" [blue label], " Crossoglossa / africana A / subsp. scutata / allua. / alluaud deter ". Paralectotype: 1 female (MNHN), "FORT-SIBUT / Haut-Chari / Congo Francais / COLLECTION LE MOULT", " Coll. X " [green label], "ex Typis" [red letters], " scutata ", "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD" [blue label].</p> <p>Notes on types. The original description mentioned three specimens from " Sedhiou " and " Fort Sibut ", but no holotype was fixed. In the collection of MNHN, we found two females perfectly in accord with the original description. We herein designated the one with Alluaud's handwriting label as the lectotype.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. scutata can be readily distinguished from other African species of Parena by its unique elytral color pattern: elytra largely black with well defined central red patch before middle, occupying inner four or five intervals.</p> <p>This species is most similar to P. africana and P. plagiata, also having their elytra are all largely black. In addition to the presence of the elytra red patch, P. scutata also differs from these other two species in having the elytral apices slightly truncate, sutural angles forming small denticles, elytra without microsculpture, and body size generally slightly larger. Similar shape of the elytral apices and absent of elytral microsculpture suggest that this species is closer to P. valeriae than to the above mentioned species, but it differs from P. valeriae in having the antennae distinctly bicolor, elytral sutural angles less pointed; and a different elytra color pattern.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.6–9.8 mm. Dorsum reddish brown, moderately polished, elytra largely black, apical sixth reddish brown, with a large central red patch inside black area, occupying the inner four or five intervals; antennae distinctly bicolor: basal four antennomeres reddish brown, apical ones nearly black; scutellum reddish brown; venter reddish brown; legs uniformly reddish brown. Vertex with sparse fine punctures; postgenae without suborbital setae; mentum with a pair of median setae which shorter than terminal labial palpomere; antennae barely extended to pronotal base. Pronotum sub-quadrate, PW/PL = 1.50, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.10; widest at anterior third, lateral margins evenly rounded before middle, weakly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rounded-obtuse, not prominent; lateral explanations slightly wide; disc finely wrinkled aside median line. Elytra slightly dilated to apex; without microsculpture; striae very shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals faintly convex, almost flat on apical half, with sparse fine punctures; discal depressions sub-triangular, occupying intervals 3 to 6; apices slightly truncate, rounded at outer apical angles, and gradually straighten to suture; sutural angles weakly pointed, forming very small denticles.Apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side in females. Ovipositor not studied. Male unknown.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 13, red). Only known by the types from Senegal and Central African Republic.</p> <p>Remarks. Basilewsky (1961) proposed the synonymy of P. scutata and P. plagiata without detailed explanation. From our study of the types of P. scutata and non-type materials of P. plagiata from South Africa, we found that these two species are quite different: (1) P. scutata has a well defined red central patch on elytra, but this patch is vague in P. plagiata; (2) the red apical margin on the elytra is much wider in P. scutata; (3) P. scutata has no microsculpture on the elytra, but isodiametric microsculpture is evident on the elytra of P. plagiata; (4) in P. scutata, the elytral apices are more distinctly truncate with sutural angles slightly denticulate, but in P. plagiata, the elytral apices are subtruncate with sutural angles not pointed. Although the male genitalia of P. scutata is unknown, these above external differences indicate that P. scutata and P. plagiata are two distinct species.</p> <p>Furthermore, P. scutata is considered to be closer to P. valeriae than to P. plagiata or P. africana, although the latter two species share with it similar elytra patterns, because P. scutata and P. valeriae both have truncate elytra apices, denticulate sutural angles, and elytra without microsculpture. The following species, P. ruficornis sp. n,. shows some intermediate characters between these two species (detailed discussions are provided below).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387762362C4FF602DEFB623FADF5E93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
0387762362C5FF672DEFB66BFF175B2F.text	0387762362C5FF672DEFB66BFF175B2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) ruficornis Shi & Liang 2023	<div><p>[43] Parena (Parena) ruficornis sp. nov.</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 76F. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11W.</p> <p>Type locality. the Central African Republic, Lobaye province, La Maboke.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype (MNHN, Fig. 76F): female, body length= 9.2 mm, board mounted, "LAMABOKE / 2.v. 19 67 ", "MUSEUM PARIS / CENTRAFRIQUE / P. Teocchi" [blue label], " HOLOTYPE / Parena (Parena) / ruficornis sp. nov. / des. Shi H.L. 2022" [red label]. Paratypes (a total of 3 females): 1 female (MNHN), "Muséum Paris / LA MABOKE / Rep. Centrafric.", " 13.IX.1966 / R. Pujol". 1 female (MNHN)," Boukoko / 23-IV-70 ", " Piege / Lumineur " &lt;Fig. 5B&gt;. 1 female (MNHN)," Boukoko / 25-IV-70 " &lt;Fig. 11W&gt;.</p> <p>Diagnostic characters. Dorsum reddish brown, elytra largely black, suture and apex reddish brown; antennae uniformly reddish brown; tarsi yellow; elytra without microsculpture; elytral apices evidently truncate, outer apical angles well rounded, sutural angles slightly pointed, forming small denticles; gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, apex shallowly emarginate, with very long ensiform setae.</p> <p>Comparisons. This new species is very similar to other two African species, P. plagiata and P. africana, in elytra pattern (elytra largely dark with narrow red apices). However, the new species is quite different from them in: (1) elytra without microsculpture (with shallow isodiametric microsculpture in the other two species); (2) elytral apices distinctly truncate, apical margin straight near suture, and sutural angles slightly denticulate (Fig. 5B) (apical margin evenly rounded, sutural angles not pointed in the latter two species, Fig. 5A); and (3) antennomere 1 with the ventroapical seta only slightly shorter than the dorsoapical seta (Fig. 1D) (the ventroapical seta less than half length of the dorsoapical seta in the other two species, Fig. 1C). These three characters are considered to be important and support placing these three species in different species groups. (see discussions for P. scutata species group). The new species is sympatric with P. africana in the Central African Republic. In addition to the differences mentioned above, these two species are also different in having (1) first elytral interval completely reddish brown in P. ruficornis sp. n., but largely black in P. africana; (2) pronotum with lateral margins hardly sinuate before posterior angles in P. ruficornis sp. n., but more evidently sinuate in P. africana; and (3) in P. ruficornis sp. n., gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate with very long ensiform setae (much longer than half of the basal width), but in P. africana, gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly subulate (strongly pointed near inner angle) with relatively short ensiform setae (less than half of the basal width).</p> <p>Despite the different elytra pattern, P. ruficornis sp. n. is considered to be close to P. scutata and P. valeriae based on similarities in the shape of the elytral apices, elytra microsculpture, and setae on antennomere 1. The new species is different from P. scutata in: (1) P. scutata has seven apical antennomeres nearly black and basal ones reddish brown, but in the new species the antennae are entirely reddish brown; (2) in P. scutata, the elytral disc has a large red central patch which occupies the inner four or five intervals, but in the new species the elytra have no such red patch, instead just a narrow red stripe occupying the full length of interval 1; (3) in P. ruficornis sp. n., the elytral apices are more distinctly truncate and the sutural angles are more strongly pointed. The new species differs from P. valeriae in having slightly shallower elytra striae, smaller elytral sutural denticles, and a quite different elytra pattern. The above differences, especially for the color of antennomeres and shape of the elytral apices, are consistently useful for distinguishing different species in other groups of the genus. Therefore, we are confident that the new species is different from all related species, although the males of P. scutata and P. ruficornis sp. n. are both unknown at present.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.2–9.7 mm, median-sized for the genus, subconvex. Color. Dorsum reddish brown; elytra disc largely black, the apical eighth, entire length of first interval, lateral margins, and basal area near scutellum reddish brown; scutellum reddish brown; antennae entirely reddish brown; venter reddish brown; all legs uniformly reddish brown. Head with sparse fine punctures on vertex; frons with shallow V-shaped depression; eyes large and strongly prominent; tempora very short, abruptly narrowed behind eyes, length of tempora plus neck-constriction approximately one-third of diameter of eye; postgenae without suborbital setae. Antennae extended beyond pronotal base by length of one antennomere; antennomere 1 with two apical setae close to each other, the ventral one slightly shorter than the dorsal one, longer than antennomere 2. Labrum quadrate, apex weakly convex; mandibles short and wide; mentum with a pair of long median setae, lateral lobes short and wide, inner margins strongly oblique, outer margins completely rounded, epilobes wide. Pronotum nearly quadrate, PW/PL = 1.43–1.47, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.02–1.06, widest at anterior fourth, lateral explanations slightly wide; lateral margins rounded at anterior half and then gradually narrowed to base, slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rounded obtuse; anterior margin nearly straight at middle; posterior margin weakly oblique at sides; disc convex, with fine punctures, without transverse wrinkles. Elytra weakly convex, slightly dilated to apex, surface without microsculpture. Striae very shallowly incised, with rows of fine punctures; intervals faintly convex, with very sparse fine punctures. Discal depressions shallow and large, nearly triangular, occupying intervals 3 to 6, greatest length near to one-third of elytra length; lateral weakly depressed near anterior third. Elytral basal pore present on base of stria 1; interval 3 usually with three discal setigerous pores: first one slightly behind level of scutellar apex, adjacent to stria 3; second one slightly before middle, adjacent to stria 3 or isolated; third one on apical eighth, adjacent to stria 2; on left elytron of one paratype, an additional pore present between the second and third pores; interval 9 with 24–26 umbilicular pores. Apical truncation evident, outer apical angles well rounded, apical margin gradually straighten to sutural angles, sutural angles slightly pointed, forming small denticles. Venter. Apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side in females. Female genitalia. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length subequal to basal width, apex shallowly emarginate, inner apical angle not pointed; apical margin with six to eight long ensiform setae, all longer than half of basal width, two or three of them grouped on inner and outer apical angles respectively, the remainder arranged near middle of apical margin.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 13, magenta). Only known form the Lobaye Province, the Central African Republic.</p> <p>Etymology. The scientific name is derived from two Latin roots: " ruf- " meaning red and " corn -" referring to the antennae. It refers to the uniformly reddish brown antennae, which distinguish the new species from related species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387762362C5FF672DEFB66BFF175B2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
0387762362C2FF662DEFB4BAFF205C47.text	0387762362C2FF662DEFB4BAFF205C47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena plagiata	<div><p>14. Parena plagiata species group</p> <p>This species group contains three species distributed in the Sub-Saharan African mainland. This group is characterized by: postgenae without suborbital setae; elytra not metallic, uniformly reddish brown or with large dark patches; elytral apices subtruncate, apical margin evenly curved, sutural angles not pointed (Fig. 5A); elytra with shallow isodiametric microsculpture; antennomere 1 with the ventroapical seta shorter than half length of the dorsoapical one; male genitalia with apical lamella small, LL much shorter than LW, apex slightly bent dorsally; gonocoxite II of ovipositor subulate, strongly pointed near inner apical angle.</p> <p>In P. africana, the most widespread and common species of this group, the elytra color pattern shows pleomorphism: some individuals have the typical dark elytra pattern while a few others are evenly yellowish brown. In other species of this group, elytral pleomorphism may occur as well, but more material from Africa is required to prove this.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387762362C2FF662DEFB4BAFF205C47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
0387762362C3FF642DEFB7F0FE4A5FF3.text	0387762362C3FF642DEFB7F0FE4A5FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) ferruginea (Chaudoir 1878)	<div><p>[44] Parena (Parena) ferruginea (Chaudoir, 1878)</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 80A.</p> <p>Chaudoir, 1878: 151 (original: Ceroglossa; type locality: Zanzibar; holotype in MNHN); Alluaud, 1917: 86 (Crossoglossa); Basilewsky, 1955: 129 (misidentification of Parena africana).</p> <p>Type material examined. Ceroglossa ferruginea Chaudoir: Holotype (MNHN, Fig. 80A): female, body length = 9.7 mm, pin mounted, " Zanzibar / Raffray", "TYPE / ferruginea " [red label], " ferruginea / Chaudoir / Zanzibar / ile Raffray " [ex Chaudoir's box label], "MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHUR" [blue label].</p> <p>Comparisons. This species differs from other African Parena by the combination of dorsum uniformly reddish brown, postgenae without suborbital setae, elytral striae very shallowly incised, antennae distinctly bicolored, and tarsomeres much darker than tibiae.</p> <p>Among specimens that we examined in collections, two other African species with completely brown elytra were misidentified as P. ferruginea by previous experts, including P. fulva sp. n. and the pale form of P. africana. P. fulva sp. n. differs from P. ferruginea in having postgenae with suborbital setae and antennae uniformly yellow. The pale form of P. africana differs from this species in having elytral striae slightly deeper, pronotal lateral margins stronger sinuate before posterior angles, and tarsomeres nearly the same color as the tibiae.</p> <p>Description. Body length 9.7 mm. Dorsum reddish brown, moderately polished, without pattern; antennomeres 5–11 very dark brown, distinctly darker than basal four ones; venter reddish brown; legs same color as dorsum, tarsomeres nearly black, distinctly darker than tibiae. Vertex with fine punctures; postgenae without suborbital setae; mentum with a pair of short setae, shorter than terminal labial palpomere; antennae barely extended to elytral base. Pronotum sub-cordate, PW/PL = 1.38, slightly wider than head, PW/HW = 1.04; widest at anterior third, lateral margins evenly rounded before middle, very gently sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rounded-obtuse, not prominent; lateral explanations slightly wide; disc with fine punctures aside median line. Elytra slightly dilated to apex; with shallow isodiametric microsculpture; striae very shallowly incised before middle, not incised on posterior half, with fine puncture rows; intervals flat, with sparse fine punctures; discal depressions shallow, subtriangular, near basal third of intervals 3 to 6; apical truncation indistinct, evenly curved, outer apical angles fully rounded; sutural angles indistinct. Apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side in females. Ovipositor not studied. Male unknown.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 14, green). Only known from the holotype from Zanzibar.</p> <p>Remarks. The pale form of P. africana was misidentified as P. ferruginea by Basilewsky (1955). He noticed the differences between these specimens and the type of P. ferruginea: tarsi not black but at most dark brown; eight apical antennomeres dark brown (Basilewsky, 1955). We found two more differences between them: the elytra striae in P. africana are evidently deeper, shallow but incised throughout their length, while the elytra striae are shallower and not incised on the apical half of elytra in P. ferruginea; the pronotal lateral margins in P. africana are strongly sinuate before posterior angles, but only very gently sinuate in P. ferruginea. Because the above two characters are constant in P. africana, we treat these as two distinct species for now. However, whether the above external characters can support the validity of these two species is still in doubt because the male genitalia of the typical P. ferruginea are unknown.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387762362C3FF642DEFB7F0FE4A5FF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
0387762362C1FF6B2DEFB081FBD65C47.text	0387762362C1FF6B2DEFB081FBD65C47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) plagiata Motschulsky 1864	<div><p>[45] Parena (Parena) plagiata Motschulsky, 1864</p> <p>Habitus: Fig. 80B. Male genitalia: Fig. 81.</p> <p>Motschulsky, 1864: 224 (type locality: Cap de Bonne-Esperance; syntype in ZMUM: Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia); Peringuey, 1896: 242 (Pazena); Basilewsky, 1961: 213.</p> <p>Umgenia formidulosa Peringuey, 1898: 324 (type locality: Natal; syntype in SAMC: South African Museum, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa); Basilewsky, 1961: 213 (synonymized with Parena plagiata).</p> <p>Non-type material examined. 1 female (NHML), "Verulam, Natal 7-97, 8155.", "Verulam, Natal, G.A.K. Marshall. 1917-55", " formidulosa, Per. ". 1 male (NHML), "Durban, Grebelt, 7.3.03", "Et. Mus. Durban", "H.E. Andrewes Coll., B.M. 1945.-97.", " Metallica formidulosa, Per. " &lt;Figs 80B, 81&gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. plagiata is distinguished among the African species of Parena by its unique elytra pattern: elytra with a very narrow red apical margin, inner intervals somewhat reddish at the middle, forming a vague central patch.</p> <p>This species is most similar to the dark individuals of P. africana in elytra pattern and the shape of elytral apices; but it differs from the latter species in: (1) elytral red apical margin much narrower; (2) elytral discal depressions more elongated; (3) lateral margins of pronotum less sinuate before posterior angles; and (4) median lobe of aedeagus stout, much stouter than in P. africana.</p> <p>Description. Body length 7.3–7.5 mm. Dorsum reddish brown, moderately polished; elytra mainly black, apices with very narrow red margin, less than one-twentieth of elytral length; inner four or five intervals slightly reddish, forming a vague central patch; antennae distinctly bicolor: basal four antennomeres reddish yellow, apical ones nearly black; scutellum reddish brown; venter reddish brown; legs uniformly reddish brown. Vertex with sparse fine punctures; postgenae without suborbital setae; mentum with a pair of median setae which shorter than terminal labial palpomere; antennae extended just beyond pronotal base. Pronotum trapezoidal, PW/PL = 1.39–1.41, subequal width as head, PW/HW = 0.98–1.00; widest at anterior third, lateral margins evenly rounded before middle, slightly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rounded-obtuse, not prominent; lateral explanations slightly wide; disc finely wrinkled and punctate aside median line. Elytra slightly dilated to apex; with distinct isodiametric microsculpture; striae shallowly incised, with fine puncture rows; intervals slightly convex, with fine punctures; discal depressions elongate, occupying intervals 3 to 6, near half of elytra length; apices well rounded, sutural angles not pointed. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on full length of mesotarsomeres 2 and 3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side in both sexes. Median lobe of aedeagus stout (AL/AW= 4.0), ventral margin slightly inflated near middle; apical lamella slightly thick, LW slightly greater than LL, apex rounded; in lateral view, apical lamella slightly bent upward. Endophallus with very wide flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending beyond middle of median lobe; apical sclerite widely V-shaped, well-defined, basal core distinct, small and strongly scaled; basal sheath coarsely scaled, apical sheath finely scaled, smaller than basal sheath; squamate sac divided, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal sac large and dorsal-ventrally compressed, distal sac much smaller than proximal sac, closer to apex. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length slightly less than basal width, apex strongly concave, inner apical angle pointed; with two ensiform setae on outer apical angle, two or three on inner apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 14, red). Known only from the Republic of South African.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387762362C1FF6B2DEFB081FBD65C47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
0387762362CEFF692DEFB6ACFE46589B.text	0387762362CEFF692DEFB6ACFE46589B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena (Parena) africana (Alluaud 1917)	<div><p>[46] Parena (Parena) africana (Alluaud, 1917)</p> <p>Habitus: Figs 80C–F. Male genitalia: Fig. 82. Gonocoxites of ovipositor: Fig. 11X.</p> <p>Alluaud, 1917: 87 (original: Crossoglossa; type locality: Cameroun; lectotype in MNHN); Basilewsky, 1961: 213. Misidentification: Parena ferruginea (Chaudoir): Basilewsky, 1955: 129</p> <p>Type material examined. Crossoglossa africana Alluaud: Lectotype (MNHN, Fig. 80C), designated herein: male, body length = 8.4 mm, board mounted, " g.d. Kamerum / Mukonje Farm ", "exTypis" [red letter], " africana ", "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD" [blue label]. Paralectotypes: 1 female (MNHN), " Kamerun Mungo Mukonje Farm ", "exTypis" [red letter], " africana ", "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD"[blue label]. 1 female (MNHN), " Mungo g.d. Kamerum ", "exTypis" [red letter], " africana ", "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD" [blue label]. 1 female (MNHN), "Afrique or. Allemande / KILIMANDJARO / VERSANT SUD-EST / ALLUAUD &amp; JEANNEL", "ZONE INFERIEURE / NEU-MOSCHI, 800 M / Avril 1912, St.72", "TYPE" [red label], "MUSEUM PARIS / Coll. Ch. ALLUAUD" [blue label], " Crossoglossa / africana / alluaud n.sp. / alluaud detern ".</p> <p>Notes on types. The original description mentioned four specimens from "Cameroun" and "Kilimandjaro", but no holotype was fixed. In the collection of MNHN, we found one male and three females in accord with the original description. We herein designated the male from Cameroon as the lectotype (Fig. 80C).</p> <p>Non-type material examined. Cameroon: 1 ex (MNHN), "Negoulgal, Avril, 63; Ngomedzap". 1 male, 1 ex (MNHN), " Meyo, 17-XII-68" &lt;Fig. 5A&gt;. 1 ex (MNHN), "Nkolbisson, 10-V-68". 1 ex (MNHN), "Nkolbisson, 16- IV-69". 1 female (MNHN), "Nkolbisson, 28-V-69". 1 ex (MNHN), "Nkolbitye, 5-IX-63". 1 ex (MNHN),"Ahala, 30- IV-69". 1 ex (MNHN),"Mfida, 3-VI-70". 1 ex (MNHN), "Dimpan, (Messamena), Mai 64". 1 ex (MNHN), "Metet, Nyongetsoe, Avril, 68". 1 male, 1 ex (MNHN), " Oct. 1958, Bois des singes, Douala. Cameroun, J. Cantaloube " &lt;Figs 80E, 82A&gt;. 1 ex* (MNHN), "Tsana, 23-VII-65". 1 ex* (MNHN), "Tsana, (Nkolkosse), I-70". 1 female * (MNHN), " Nkometou II, 27-VIII-69" &lt;Fig. 4B&gt;. Senegal: 1 male *, 2 females * (MNHN), " Senegal Djebelor, Casamance, 8.III.1981, B. Sigmalt leg." &lt;Figs 80D, 82C&gt;. Nigeria: 1 female * (ZSM), "Nigeria/ Afr., Kaduna 1971, 10-30.V., Politzar leg.". Central Africa Republic: 1 female (MNHN), " Senguela, 24-IV.70; R.C.A., Rives de la Lobaye " &lt;Fig. 80F&gt;. Gabon: 5 ex (MNHN), "Ogooue, Lambarene, R. Ellenbercer 1913". 2 ex (MNHN), "Congo, Ogooue, Lambarene, R. Ellenbercer 1910". Uganda: 1 female (IZAS), " Uganda, Bushenyi distr. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.1152&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.3756" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.1152/lat -0.3756)">Kalinzu Forest</a>; rain forest; -0.3756, 30.1152; 1496 m; on vegetation; SHI HL. &amp; LIU Y. leg.; 2018.II.26 " &lt;Fig. 11X&gt;. Tanzania: 1 male (ZSM), " Tanganyika, Mt. Meru, Momella, 1600-1800 m, 12.II.64, leg. W. Forster ". 1 male * (NHML), " E. Africa, Ukerewe Is., P.A. Conrada " &lt;Fig. 82B&gt;. Zambia: 1 female (NHML), " N.W. Rhodesia: Kashitu., 19.iii.1915, H.C. Dollman. ", "Kashitu, 19.III.15, beaten from top of tall "mopani".". 1 male * (NHML), " N.W. Rhodesia: Kashitu., February 1915, H.C. Dollman. ", "Kashitu. 2.15, from umbel flower of tree" &lt;Fig. 82D &gt;.</p> <p>Comparisons. P. africana can be readily distinguished from other African species of Parena by the combination of elytra mainly black with brown apical margin or entirely brown; antennae distinctly bicolor; tarsi same color as tibiae; postgenae without suborbital setae; pronotum with lateral margins strongly sinuate before posterior angles; elytral sutural angles not pointed. There are two very different color forms in this species. The pale form is externally very similar to P. ferruginea, and the dark form is similar to P. plagiata and P. scutata. The differences between P. africana and those three species are provided under each of them, respectively.</p> <p>Description. Body length 7.3–10.4 mm. Dorsum reddish brown, moderately polished; elytra color dimorphic: entirely reddish brown (Fig. 80D) or mainly black with narrow red apical margin, red area occupied apical tenth to eighth of elytra, disc without central red patch (Figs 80C, 80E, 80F). Antennae distinctly bicolor: basal four antennomeres reddish yellow, apical ones nearly black. Scutellum reddish brown; venter reddish brown; legs uniformly reddish brown. Vertex with sparse fine punctures; postgenae without suborbital setae; mentum with a pair of median setae, which are shorter than terminal labial palpomere; antennae extended to pronotal base. Pronotum sub-cordate, PW/PL = 1.32–1.46, subequal width as head, PW/HW = 0.97–1.07; widest at anterior third, lateral margins evenly rounded before middle, strongly sinuate before posterior angles; posterior angles rounded-obtuse, not prominent; lateral explanations slightly wide; disc finely wrinkled and punctate near median line. Elytra slightly dilated to apex; with isodiametric microsculpture, usually very shallow; striae faintly incised on apical half, with rows of fine punctures; intervals faintly convex, with fine punctures; discal depressions shallow, nearly triangular, occupying intervals 3 to 6, less than one-third of elytra length; elytral apices well rounded, sutural angles not pointed. Males with biseriate adhesive setae on apical half of mesotarsomere 1 and almost full length of mesotarsomeres 2–3. Apex of abdominal sternite VII straight, with two setae on each side in both sexes. Median lobe of aedeagus slenderer than the previous species (AL/AW = 4.5–4.8), ventral margin nearly straight at middle; apical lamella slightly thick, LW slightly greater than LL, apex rounded; in lateral view, apical lamella slightly bent upward. Endophallus with very widely flared basal expansion of primary sclerite; flagellum extending almost to base of apical orifice; apical sclerite widely V-shaped, well-defined, basal core distinct, small and strongly scaled; basal sheath coarsely scaled, apical sheath finely scaled, slightly larger than basal sheath; squamate sac divided, dorsal to squamate sheath; proximal sac large and dorsal-ventrally compressed, distal sac much smaller than proximal sac, closer to apex. Gonocoxite II of ovipositor nearly quadrate, length subequal to basal width, apex concave, inner apical angle strongly pointed; with two or three ensiform setae on outer apical angle, three on inner apical angle.</p> <p>Distribution (Map 14, blue). Widely distributed in Sub-Saharan African continent. Known from the following counties: Cameroon, Senegal, Nigeria, the Central Africa Republic, Gabon, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia.</p> <p>Remarks. P. africana is the most common and widespread Parena species in the African continent.After studying materials with dark and pale elytra from several localities, we found that these two forms with entirely different elytra colors belong to the same species. Aside from their different elytral color, they are identical in pronotal shape, elytral apices, microsculpture, antennal color, and, most importantly, the male genitalia (Fig. 82). We examined a total of 37 specimens, nine of which were of the pale form (marked by an asterisk in the citations of examined materials) and the other 28 of the dark form.</p> <p>The pale form of P. africana might be confused with several other species without a distinct elytra color pattern. Within subgenus Parena, ten species have uniform elytral color, which varies from reddish yellow to dark brown. All members of seven of these have monochromatic elytra, but the other three species are pleomorphic, with only a few individuals having the yellowish-brown unicolorous form. These ten species are classified into several different species groups, but their similar external appearances make their identification troublesome. To facilitate the identification of specimens of these species, we provide a key to species in the subgenus Parena with uniformly yellowish brown elytra.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387762362CEFF692DEFB6ACFE46589B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
0387762362CCFF682DEFB468FA7A5FD8.text	0387762362CCFF682DEFB468FA7A5FD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parena Motschulsky 1860	<div><p>Key to species of subgenus Parena with elytra uniformly yellow to dark brown</p> <p>1. Postgenae with a pair of long suborbital setae, similar in length to supraorbital setae................................ 2</p> <p>- Postgenae without suborbital setae, with a few very short setae in some specimens................................. 5</p> <p>2. Dorsum dark brown; elytra with deep and wide depressions on anterior third of intervals 3–6; Madagascar........................................................................................... [37] P. stigmatica (Fairmaire)</p> <p>- Dorsum yellowish brown; elytra at most with very shallow depressions.......................................... 3</p> <p>3. Antennae completely yellow; Oriental Realm......................................[25] P. fasciata (Chaudoir) (part)</p> <p>- Antennae bicolored, with basal three or four antennomeres yellow, apical antennomeres nearly black; African continent.... 4</p> <p>4. Antennomere 4 entirely yellow; lateral margins of pronotum strongly sinuate before posterior angles; elytral disc slightly darker than lateral areas; elytral striae clearly incised, finely punctate; intervals with dense fine punctures; Angola............................................................................................... [38] P. dorae Basilewsky</p> <p>- Antennomere 4 with yellow basal half and dark apical half; lateral margins of pronotum almost straight before posterior angles; elytra evenly yellowish brown; elytral striae faintly incised, formed by rows of punctures; intervals with very sparse fine punctures; Tanzania, Zimbabwe................................................................ [39] P. fulva sp. n.</p> <p>5. Elytral apices distinctly truncate, outer apical angles prominent, sutural angles pointed, forming sharp spines; Madagascar.......................................................................... [40] P. madagascariensis (Alluaud)</p> <p>- Elytral apices evenly curved, outer apical angles completely rounded, sutural angles not pointed....................... 6</p> <p>6. Dorsum dark brown to piceous; elytra with large and deep depressions before middle of intervals 3 to 6.............................................................................................. [32] P. politissima (Chaudoir)</p> <p>- Dorsum yellowish to reddish brown; elytra disc with shallow depressions before middle of intervals 3 to 6.............. 7</p> <p>7. Elytral striae shallowly incised; antennae with apical antennomeres nearly black, much darker than basal three or four antennomeres; African species............................................................................... 8</p> <p>- Elytral striae deeply incised; antennae with apical antennomeres brown, at most only slightly darker than basal antennomeres; Oriental-Australian species............................................................................. 9</p> <p>8. Elytral striae very shallow, completely smooth in posterior half; lateral margins of pronotum slightly sinuate before posterior angles; tarsi dark brown, much darker than tibiae..................................... [42] P. ferruginea (Chaudoir)</p> <p>- Elytral striae slightly deeper, very shallowly incised but present even in posterior half; lateral margins of pronotum clearly sinuate before posterior angles; tarsi yellow, same color as tibiae.......................... [44] P. africana (Alluaud) (part)</p> <p>9. Elytra dark reddish brown; apical lamella of aedeagus wider, LL subequal to LW; Australasian species................................................................................................ [29] Parena picea (Macleay)</p> <p>- Elytra light reddish brown; apical lamella of aedeagus narrower, LL slightly longer than LW; Oriental species................................................................................... [28] P. nigrolineata (Chaudoir) (part)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0387762362CCFF682DEFB468FA7A5FD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin	Shi, Hongliang, Liang, Hongbin (2023): Taxonomic revision of the genus Parena Motschulsky, 1860 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Metallicina). Zootaxa 5286 (1): 1-144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5286.1.1
