taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958943	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958939	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959031/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959031	FIGURE 46. Parena (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 46. Parena (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958991/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958991	FIGURE 26. Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. E Metatarsus. F Mesotarsus. G Protarsus. Scale bars = 2 mm for A, B; 0.5mm for E, F, G.	FIGURE 26. Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. E Metatarsus. F Mesotarsus. G Protarsus. Scale bars = 2 mm for A, B; 0.5mm for E, F, G.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958945	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958963/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958963	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958949	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958951/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958951	FIGURE 7. Diagram of the ventral surface of male mesotarsomeres 1–3, white strips representing the variety of adhesive setal patterns in different species of genus Parena.	FIGURE 7. Diagram of the ventral surface of male mesotarsomeres 1–3, white strips representing the variety of adhesive setal patterns in different species of genus Parena.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958955/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958955	FIGURE 9. Endophallus of male genitalia for Parena spp. showing the definition of endophallic structures, dorsal (d) and leftlateral (l) views. A P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), modified from Fig. 39B. B P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), modified from Fig. 18A. C P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, modified from Fig. 51A. D P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., modified from Fig. 63. Blue, primary sclerite; Magenta, apical sclerite; Green, squamate sheath; Yellow, squamate sac.	FIGURE 9. Endophallus of male genitalia for Parena spp. showing the definition of endophallic structures, dorsal (d) and leftlateral (l) views. A P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), modified from Fig. 39B. B P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), modified from Fig. 18A. C P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, modified from Fig. 51A. D P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., modified from Fig. 63. Blue, primary sclerite; Magenta, apical sclerite; Green, squamate sheath; Yellow, squamate sac.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958999/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958999	FIGURE 30. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Japan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 30. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Japan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959094/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959094	FIGURE 75. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fulva sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Holotype. B Paratype from Zimbabwe. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 75. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fulva sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Holotype. B Paratype from Zimbabwe. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959027/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959027	FIGURE 44. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Guangxi. B Taiwan. C Nepal. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 44. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Guangxi. B Taiwan. C Nepal. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958959/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958959	FIGURE 12. Female internal reproductive tracts of Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. C P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 12. Female internal reproductive tracts of Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. C P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963956/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963956	MAP 1. Distributional range and species richness of genus Parena.	MAP 1. Distributional range and species richness of genus Parena.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963671/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963671	MAP 7. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari group	MAP 7. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963687/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963687	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236240FFFB2DEFB18DFA7A5DB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958961/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958961	FIGURE 13. Peliocypas stictus (Andrewes, 1947) comb. nov. A Habitus of holotype, B Habitus of paratype (NHML), C Labels of holotype. Scale bars = 2mm.	FIGURE 13. Peliocypas stictus (Andrewes, 1947) comb. nov. A Habitus of holotype, B Habitus of paratype (NHML), C Labels of holotype. Scale bars = 2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625EFFF92DEFB341FA7B5FA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958943	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625EFFF92DEFB341FA7B5FA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958963/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958963	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625CFFF92DEFB131FA6A5EAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963659/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963659	MAP 2. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis group.	MAP 2. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958965/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958965	FIGURE 15. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). A Lectotype of Parena cavipennis (Bates). B Holotype of Parena rufotestacea Jedlička [=Parena cavipennis (Bates)]. C Female from Beijing. Scale bars = 2 mm	FIGURE 15. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). A Lectotype of Parena cavipennis (Bates). B Holotype of Parena rufotestacea Jedlička [=Parena cavipennis (Bates)]. C Female from Beijing. Scale bars = 2 mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958969/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958969	FIGURE 16. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Beijing, B Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 16. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Beijing, B Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958939	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958943	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958949	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958959/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958959	FIGURE 12. Female internal reproductive tracts of Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. C P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 12. Female internal reproductive tracts of Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. C P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958963/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958963	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623625DFFFD2DEFB2ECFA7A5EB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963659/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963659	MAP 2. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis group.	MAP 2. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) cavipennis group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236259FFFC2DEFB2ECFD915CD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963958/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963958	MAP 3. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis group.	MAP 3. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958971/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958971	FIGURE 17. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis species group. A Lectotype of Parena laesipennis (Bates). B P. laesipennis (Bates), male from Taiwan. C P. laesipennis (Bates), female from Yunnan. D P. laesipennis (Bates), male from Nepal. E Holotype of Parena levata Andrewes. F P. levata Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 17. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis species group. A Lectotype of Parena laesipennis (Bates). B P. laesipennis (Bates), male from Taiwan. C P. laesipennis (Bates), female from Yunnan. D P. laesipennis (Bates), male from Nepal. E Holotype of Parena levata Andrewes. F P. levata Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958973/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958973	FIGURE 18. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Yunnan. B Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 18. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Yunnan. B Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958975/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958975	FIGURE 19. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates) from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Laos. B Taiwan. C Nepal. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 19. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates) from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Laos. B Taiwan. C Nepal. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958945	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958963/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958963	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236259FFC12DEFB3A0FF175A8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963958/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963958	MAP 3. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis group.	MAP 3. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236265FFC02DEFB2ECFCCC5EE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958971/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958971	FIGURE 17. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis species group. A Lectotype of Parena laesipennis (Bates). B P. laesipennis (Bates), male from Taiwan. C P. laesipennis (Bates), female from Yunnan. D P. laesipennis (Bates), male from Nepal. E Holotype of Parena levata Andrewes. F P. levata Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 17. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis species group. A Lectotype of Parena laesipennis (Bates). B P. laesipennis (Bates), male from Taiwan. C P. laesipennis (Bates), female from Yunnan. D P. laesipennis (Bates), male from Nepal. E Holotype of Parena levata Andrewes. F P. levata Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236265FFC02DEFB2ECFCCC5EE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958963/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958963	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236265FFC02DEFB2ECFCCC5EE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963958/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963958	MAP 3. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis group.	MAP 3. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236265FFC02DEFB66BFC105AF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958977/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958977	FIGURE 20. Holotype of Parena (Crossoglossa) obenbergeri Jedlička. A Habitus and labels, scale bar = 2 mm. B Median lobe of male genitalia, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), dorsal views (d), scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 20. Holotype of Parena (Crossoglossa) obenbergeri Jedlička. A Habitus and labels, scale bar = 2 mm. B Median lobe of male genitalia, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), dorsal views (d), scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236265FFC02DEFB66BFC105AF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963958/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963958	MAP 3. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis group.	MAP 3. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) laesipennis group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958979/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958979	FIGURE 21. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea species group. A Lectotype of Parena testacea (Chaudoir). B P. testacea (Chaudoir), male from Guangdong. C Holotype of Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer. D P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, male from Sulawesi. E Holotype of Parena mellea (Chaudoir). F P. mellea (Chaudoir), male from Maluku. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), female from Philippine. H Holotype of Parena cruralis Andrewes. I P. cruralis Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 21. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea species group. A Lectotype of Parena testacea (Chaudoir). B P. testacea (Chaudoir), male from Guangdong. C Holotype of Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer. D P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, male from Sulawesi. E Holotype of Parena mellea (Chaudoir). F P. mellea (Chaudoir), male from Maluku. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), female from Philippine. H Holotype of Parena cruralis Andrewes. I P. cruralis Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958981/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958981	FIGURE 22. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A India. B Shanghai. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 22. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A India. B Shanghai. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958963/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958963	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236263FFC42DEFB058FAD95E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963663/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963663	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236261FFCB2DEFB78EFB975BC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958979/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958979	FIGURE 21. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea species group. A Lectotype of Parena testacea (Chaudoir). B P. testacea (Chaudoir), male from Guangdong. C Holotype of Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer. D P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, male from Sulawesi. E Holotype of Parena mellea (Chaudoir). F P. mellea (Chaudoir), male from Maluku. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), female from Philippine. H Holotype of Parena cruralis Andrewes. I P. cruralis Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 21. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea species group. A Lectotype of Parena testacea (Chaudoir). B P. testacea (Chaudoir), male from Guangdong. C Holotype of Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer. D P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, male from Sulawesi. E Holotype of Parena mellea (Chaudoir). F P. mellea (Chaudoir), male from Maluku. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), female from Philippine. H Holotype of Parena cruralis Andrewes. I P. cruralis Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236261FFCB2DEFB78EFB975BC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958983/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958983	FIGURE 23. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Sulawesi. B Holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 23. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Sulawesi. B Holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236261FFCB2DEFB78EFB975BC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236261FFCB2DEFB78EFB975BC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236261FFCB2DEFB78EFB975BC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963663/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963663	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626EFFC92DEFB48BFEE75CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958979/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958979	FIGURE 21. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea species group. A Lectotype of Parena testacea (Chaudoir). B P. testacea (Chaudoir), male from Guangdong. C Holotype of Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer. D P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, male from Sulawesi. E Holotype of Parena mellea (Chaudoir). F P. mellea (Chaudoir), male from Maluku. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), female from Philippine. H Holotype of Parena cruralis Andrewes. I P. cruralis Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 21. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea species group. A Lectotype of Parena testacea (Chaudoir). B P. testacea (Chaudoir), male from Guangdong. C Holotype of Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer. D P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, male from Sulawesi. E Holotype of Parena mellea (Chaudoir). F P. mellea (Chaudoir), male from Maluku. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), female from Philippine. H Holotype of Parena cruralis Andrewes. I P. cruralis Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626EFFC92DEFB48BFEE75CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958986/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958986	FIGURE 24. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Philippine. B Maluku. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 24. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Philippine. B Maluku. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626EFFC92DEFB48BFEE75CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626EFFC92DEFB48BFEE75CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958963/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958963	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626EFFC92DEFB48BFEE75CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963663/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963663	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626CFFC82DEFB681FC455FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958979/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958979	FIGURE 21. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea species group. A Lectotype of Parena testacea (Chaudoir). B P. testacea (Chaudoir), male from Guangdong. C Holotype of Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer. D P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, male from Sulawesi. E Holotype of Parena mellea (Chaudoir). F P. mellea (Chaudoir), male from Maluku. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), female from Philippine. H Holotype of Parena cruralis Andrewes. I P. cruralis Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 21. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea species group. A Lectotype of Parena testacea (Chaudoir). B P. testacea (Chaudoir), male from Guangdong. C Holotype of Parena sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer. D P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, male from Sulawesi. E Holotype of Parena mellea (Chaudoir). F P. mellea (Chaudoir), male from Maluku. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), female from Philippine. H Holotype of Parena cruralis Andrewes. I P. cruralis Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626CFFC82DEFB681FC455FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626CFFC82DEFB681FC455FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958963/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958963	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626CFFC82DEFB681FC455FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963663/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963663	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626DFFCF2DEFB08BFB985B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958989/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958989	FIGURE 25. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., Holotype. Scale bar = 2 mm.	FIGURE 25. Habitus of Parena (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., Holotype. Scale bar = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626DFFCF2DEFB08BFB985B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626DFFCF2DEFB08BFB985B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958949	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626DFFCF2DEFB08BFB985B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626DFFCF2DEFB08BFB985B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958963/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958963	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	FIGURE 14. Elytra apex of Parena (Crossoglossa) spp. A–H Elytra sutural angle (left), scale bar = 0.2mm. A P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. laesipennis (Bates), Vietnam. C P. levata Andrewes, Borneo. D P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong. E P. sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. F P. cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. G P. mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. H P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. I–L Elytra outer apical angle (left), scale bar = 0.5mm. I P. cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. J P. laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. K P. sciakyi sp. n., holotype. L P. testacea (Chaudoir), Guangdong.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626DFFCF2DEFB08BFB985B45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963663/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963663	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	MAP 4. Distributions for species in the Parena (Crossoglossa) testacea group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958945	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958951/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958951	FIGURE 7. Diagram of the ventral surface of male mesotarsomeres 1–3, white strips representing the variety of adhesive setal patterns in different species of genus Parena.	FIGURE 7. Diagram of the ventral surface of male mesotarsomeres 1–3, white strips representing the variety of adhesive setal patterns in different species of genus Parena.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958939	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958943	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958949	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958991/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958991	FIGURE 26. Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. E Metatarsus. F Mesotarsus. G Protarsus. Scale bars = 2 mm for A, B; 0.5mm for E, F, G.	FIGURE 26. Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. E Metatarsus. F Mesotarsus. G Protarsus. Scale bars = 2 mm for A, B; 0.5mm for E, F, G.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959011/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959011	FIGURE 36. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua. A Male from Guangxi. B Female from Taiwan. C Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 36. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua. A Male from Guangxi. B Female from Taiwan. C Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623626AFFCD2DEFB41DFA7B5BFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959031/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959031	FIGURE 46. Parena (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 46. Parena (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236269FFD22DEFB755FEF85F97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958991/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958991	FIGURE 26. Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. E Metatarsus. F Mesotarsus. G Protarsus. Scale bars = 2 mm for A, B; 0.5mm for E, F, G.	FIGURE 26. Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. E Metatarsus. F Mesotarsus. G Protarsus. Scale bars = 2 mm for A, B; 0.5mm for E, F, G.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236269FFD22DEFB755FEF85F97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236269FFD22DEFB755FEF85F97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958945	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236269FFD22DEFB755FEF85F97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236269FFD22DEFB755FEF85F97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958949	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236269FFD22DEFB755FEF85F97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963667/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963667	MAP 5. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha group and Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana group.	MAP 5. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha group and Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236277FFD22DEFB164FB55594B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958993/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958993	FIGURE 27. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera species group. A Holotype of Parena dorsigera (Schaum). B Lectotype of Bothynoptera perforata Bates [= Parena dorsigera (Schaum)]. C P. dorsigera (Schaum), female from Yunnan (Kunming). D P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Nepal. E P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Taiwan. F P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Zhejiang. G Holotype of Parena wrasei Kirschenhofer [= Parena kurosai Habu]. H P. kurosai Habu, male from Nepal. I P. kurosai Habu, male from Guangdong. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 27. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera species group. A Holotype of Parena dorsigera (Schaum). B Lectotype of Bothynoptera perforata Bates [= Parena dorsigera (Schaum)]. C P. dorsigera (Schaum), female from Yunnan (Kunming). D P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Nepal. E P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Taiwan. F P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Zhejiang. G Holotype of Parena wrasei Kirschenhofer [= Parena kurosai Habu]. H P. kurosai Habu, male from Nepal. I P. kurosai Habu, male from Guangdong. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958995/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958995	FIGURE 28. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Zhejiang. B Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 28. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Zhejiang. B Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958997/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958997	FIGURE 29. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum) from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Nepal. B India. C Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 29. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum) from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Nepal. B India. C Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958945	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958943	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958959/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958959	FIGURE 12. Female internal reproductive tracts of Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. C P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 12. Female internal reproductive tracts of Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. C P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236274FFD52DEFB2ECFB945EFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963669/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963669	MAP 6. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera group.	MAP 6. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958993/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958993	FIGURE 27. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera species group. A Holotype of Parena dorsigera (Schaum). B Lectotype of Bothynoptera perforata Bates [= Parena dorsigera (Schaum)]. C P. dorsigera (Schaum), female from Yunnan (Kunming). D P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Nepal. E P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Taiwan. F P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Zhejiang. G Holotype of Parena wrasei Kirschenhofer [= Parena kurosai Habu]. H P. kurosai Habu, male from Nepal. I P. kurosai Habu, male from Guangdong. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 27. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera species group. A Holotype of Parena dorsigera (Schaum). B Lectotype of Bothynoptera perforata Bates [= Parena dorsigera (Schaum)]. C P. dorsigera (Schaum), female from Yunnan (Kunming). D P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Nepal. E P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Taiwan. F P. dorsigera (Schaum), male from Zhejiang. G Holotype of Parena wrasei Kirschenhofer [= Parena kurosai Habu]. H P. kurosai Habu, male from Nepal. I P. kurosai Habu, male from Guangdong. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958999/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958999	FIGURE 30. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Japan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 30. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Japan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959001/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959001	FIGURE 31. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Nepal. B Guangdong. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 31. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Nepal. B Guangdong. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958949	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236270FFDB2DEFB18DFB015823.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963669/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963669	MAP 6. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera group.	MAP 6. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) dorsigera group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627FFFDE2DEFB62EFDAD5E50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959003/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959003	FIGURE 32. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari species group. A Holotype of Parena tesari (Jedlička). B Holotype of Parena kataevi Kirschenhofer [=Parena tesari (Jedlička)]. C P. tesari (Jedlička), male from Taiwan. D P. tesari (Jedlička), fe- male from Yunnan. E Holotype of Parena obscura Mateu. F P. obscura Mateu, male from Nepal. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 32. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari species group. A Holotype of Parena tesari (Jedlička). B Holotype of Parena kataevi Kirschenhofer [=Parena tesari (Jedlička)]. C P. tesari (Jedlička), male from Taiwan. D P. tesari (Jedlička), fe- male from Yunnan. E Holotype of Parena obscura Mateu. F P. obscura Mateu, male from Nepal. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627FFFDE2DEFB62EFDAD5E50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959005/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959005	FIGURE 33. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 33. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627FFFDE2DEFB62EFDAD5E50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959007/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959007	FIGURE 34. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička) from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Yunnan. B Taiwan. C Zhejiang. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 34. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička) from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Yunnan. B Taiwan. C Zhejiang. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627FFFDE2DEFB62EFDAD5E50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627FFFDE2DEFB62EFDAD5E50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627FFFDE2DEFB62EFDAD5E50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963671/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963671	MAP 7. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari group	MAP 7. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627BFFDD2DEFB12AFD4259B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959003/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959003	FIGURE 32. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari species group. A Holotype of Parena tesari (Jedlička). B Holotype of Parena kataevi Kirschenhofer [=Parena tesari (Jedlička)]. C P. tesari (Jedlička), male from Taiwan. D P. tesari (Jedlička), fe- male from Yunnan. E Holotype of Parena obscura Mateu. F P. obscura Mateu, male from Nepal. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 32. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari species group. A Holotype of Parena tesari (Jedlička). B Holotype of Parena kataevi Kirschenhofer [=Parena tesari (Jedlička)]. C P. tesari (Jedlička), male from Taiwan. D P. tesari (Jedlička), fe- male from Yunnan. E Holotype of Parena obscura Mateu. F P. obscura Mateu, male from Nepal. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627BFFDD2DEFB12AFD4259B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959009/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959009	FIGURE 35. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) obscura Mateu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Nepal. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 35. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) obscura Mateu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Nepal. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627BFFDD2DEFB12AFD4259B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959005/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959005	FIGURE 33. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 33. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623627BFFDD2DEFB12AFD4259B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963671/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963671	MAP 7. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari group	MAP 7. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tesari group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236278FFDD2DEFB73BFC925A2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959011/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959011	FIGURE 36. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua. A Male from Guangxi. B Female from Taiwan. C Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 36. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua. A Male from Guangxi. B Female from Taiwan. C Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959013/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959013	FIGURE 37. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 37. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958943	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236279FFA22DEFB2ECFF075C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963667/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963667	MAP 5. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha group and Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana group.	MAP 5. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) heteronycha group and Parena (Bothynoptera) taiwana group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959027/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959027	FIGURE 44. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Guangxi. B Taiwan. C Nepal. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 44. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Guangxi. B Taiwan. C Nepal. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959023/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959023	FIGURE 42. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Zhejiang. B Japan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 42. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Zhejiang. B Japan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959029/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959029	FIGURE 45. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Yunnan. B Holotype of Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer [= Parena quadrisignata Mateu]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 45. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Yunnan. B Holotype of Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer [= Parena quadrisignata Mateu]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959035/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959035	FIGURE 48. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 48. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959017/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959017	FIGURE 39. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Shaanxi. B Lectotype of Parena tripunctata (Bates). C Lectotype of Crossoglossa piceola Chaudoir [=Parena tripunctata (Bates)]. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 39. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Shaanxi. B Lectotype of Parena tripunctata (Bates). C Lectotype of Crossoglossa piceola Chaudoir [=Parena tripunctata (Bates)]. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959021/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959021	FIGURE 41. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie & Yu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 41. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie & Yu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236207FFA12DEFB3F3FA7B5EC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959037/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959037	FIGURE 49. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 49. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959015/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959015	FIGURE 38. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates). A Lectotype of Parena tripunctata (Bates). B Lectotype of Crossoglossa piceola Chaudoir [=Parena tripunctata (Bates)]. C Male from Shaanxi. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 38. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates). A Lectotype of Parena tripunctata (Bates). B Lectotype of Crossoglossa piceola Chaudoir [=Parena tripunctata (Bates)]. C Male from Shaanxi. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959017/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959017	FIGURE 39. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Shaanxi. B Lectotype of Parena tripunctata (Bates). C Lectotype of Crossoglossa piceola Chaudoir [=Parena tripunctata (Bates)]. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 39. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Shaanxi. B Lectotype of Parena tripunctata (Bates). C Lectotype of Crossoglossa piceola Chaudoir [=Parena tripunctata (Bates)]. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958945	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958943	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236204FFA62DEFB1A7FD595D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963675/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963675	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236203FFA42DEFB367FC055C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959019/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959019	FIGURE 40. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie & Yu and Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates). A Holotype of Parena shapingensis Xie & Yu. B P. shapingensis Xie & Yu, male from Yunnan. C Lectotype of Parena monostigma (Bates). D Holotype of Parena japoincia Jedlička [=Parena monostigma (Bates)]. E Holotype of Parena koreana Kirschenhofer [=Parena monostigma (Bates)]. F P. monostigma (Bates), male from Zhejiang. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 40. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie & Yu and Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates). A Holotype of Parena shapingensis Xie & Yu. B P. shapingensis Xie & Yu, male from Yunnan. C Lectotype of Parena monostigma (Bates). D Holotype of Parena japoincia Jedlička [=Parena monostigma (Bates)]. E Holotype of Parena koreana Kirschenhofer [=Parena monostigma (Bates)]. F P. monostigma (Bates), male from Zhejiang. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236203FFA42DEFB367FC055C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959021/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959021	FIGURE 41. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie & Yu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 41. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie & Yu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236203FFA42DEFB367FC055C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963675/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963675	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236201FFAB2DEFB059FA6E596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959019/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959019	FIGURE 40. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie & Yu and Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates). A Holotype of Parena shapingensis Xie & Yu. B P. shapingensis Xie & Yu, male from Yunnan. C Lectotype of Parena monostigma (Bates). D Holotype of Parena japoincia Jedlička [=Parena monostigma (Bates)]. E Holotype of Parena koreana Kirschenhofer [=Parena monostigma (Bates)]. F P. monostigma (Bates), male from Zhejiang. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 40. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) shapingensis Xie & Yu and Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates). A Holotype of Parena shapingensis Xie & Yu. B P. shapingensis Xie & Yu, male from Yunnan. C Lectotype of Parena monostigma (Bates). D Holotype of Parena japoincia Jedlička [=Parena monostigma (Bates)]. E Holotype of Parena koreana Kirschenhofer [=Parena monostigma (Bates)]. F P. monostigma (Bates), male from Zhejiang. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236201FFAB2DEFB059FA6E596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959023/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959023	FIGURE 42. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Zhejiang. B Japan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 42. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) monostigma (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Zhejiang. B Japan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236201FFAB2DEFB059FA6E596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963675/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963675	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620FFFA82DEFB2ECFB7B5A13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959025/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959025	FIGURE 43. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes) and Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu. A Holotype of Parena malaisei (Andrewes). B P. malaisei (Andrewes), male from Yunnan. C P. malaisei (Andrewes), male from Nepal. D Holotype of Parena quadrisignata Mateu. E Holotype of Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer [= Parena quadrisignata Mateu]. F P. quadrisignata Mateu, male from Yunnan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 43. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes) and Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu. A Holotype of Parena malaisei (Andrewes). B P. malaisei (Andrewes), male from Yunnan. C P. malaisei (Andrewes), male from Nepal. D Holotype of Parena quadrisignata Mateu. E Holotype of Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer [= Parena quadrisignata Mateu]. F P. quadrisignata Mateu, male from Yunnan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620FFFA82DEFB2ECFB7B5A13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959027/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959027	FIGURE 44. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Guangxi. B Taiwan. C Nepal. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 44. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Guangxi. B Taiwan. C Nepal. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620FFFA82DEFB2ECFB7B5A13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620FFFA82DEFB2ECFB7B5A13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963675/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963675	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620AFFAE2DEFB2ECFBAC5E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959025/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959025	FIGURE 43. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes) and Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu. A Holotype of Parena malaisei (Andrewes). B P. malaisei (Andrewes), male from Yunnan. C P. malaisei (Andrewes), male from Nepal. D Holotype of Parena quadrisignata Mateu. E Holotype of Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer [= Parena quadrisignata Mateu]. F P. quadrisignata Mateu, male from Yunnan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 43. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes) and Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu. A Holotype of Parena malaisei (Andrewes). B P. malaisei (Andrewes), male from Yunnan. C P. malaisei (Andrewes), male from Nepal. D Holotype of Parena quadrisignata Mateu. E Holotype of Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer [= Parena quadrisignata Mateu]. F P. quadrisignata Mateu, male from Yunnan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620AFFAE2DEFB2ECFBAC5E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959029/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959029	FIGURE 45. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Yunnan. B Holotype of Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer [= Parena quadrisignata Mateu]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 45. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Yunnan. B Holotype of Parena phongsalyensis Kirschenhofer [= Parena quadrisignata Mateu]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620AFFAE2DEFB2ECFBAC5E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620AFFAE2DEFB2ECFBAC5E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963675/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963675	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620BFFAD2DEFB11DFE625A76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959031/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959031	FIGURE 46. Parena (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 46. Parena (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n. A Habitus of holotype. B Habitus of paratype. C Mouthparts of holotype. D Labels of holotype. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620BFFAD2DEFB11DFE625A76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623620BFFAD2DEFB11DFE625A76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963675/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963675	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236209FFB22DEFB2ECFF055C3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959033/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959033	FIGURE 47. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. n. and Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n. A Holotype of Parena gonggaica sp. n. B Holotype of Parena triguttata sp. n. C Paratype of Parena triguttata sp. n. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 47. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. n. and Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n. A Holotype of Parena gonggaica sp. n. B Holotype of Parena triguttata sp. n. C Paratype of Parena triguttata sp. n. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236209FFB22DEFB2ECFF055C3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959035/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959035	FIGURE 48. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 48. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236209FFB22DEFB2ECFF055C3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963675/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963675	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236217FFB12DEFB3CDFC775800.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959033/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959033	FIGURE 47. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. n. and Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n. A Holotype of Parena gonggaica sp. n. B Holotype of Parena triguttata sp. n. C Paratype of Parena triguttata sp. n. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 47. Habitus of Parena (Bothynoptera) gonggaica sp. n. and Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n. A Holotype of Parena gonggaica sp. n. B Holotype of Parena triguttata sp. n. C Paratype of Parena triguttata sp. n. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236217FFB12DEFB3CDFC775800.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959037/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959037	FIGURE 49. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 49. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236217FFB12DEFB3CDFC775800.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236217FFB12DEFB3CDFC775800.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963675/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963675	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	MAP 8. Distributions for species in the Parena (Bothynoptera) tripunctata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236214FFB72DEFB7D7FA7B5F12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236214FFB72DEFB7D7FA7B5F12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958943	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236212FFB72DEFB0E1FC6A5EA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959043/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959043	FIGURE 51. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Sumatra. B Java. C Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 51. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Sumatra. B Java. C Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236212FFB72DEFB0E1FC6A5EA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959045/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959045	FIGURE 52. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Xizang (Medog). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 52. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Xizang (Medog). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236212FFB72DEFB0E1FC6A5EA2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959047/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959047	FIGURE 54. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Philippine, the "hastata" form [h]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 54. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Philippine, the "hastata" form [h]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236213FFBB2DEFB2ECFBCB5C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959041/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959041	FIGURE 50. Habitus of Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky and Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes. A P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Java. B P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Sumatra. C P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Philippine. D Holotype of Parena rubripicta Andrewes. E P. rubripicta Andrewes, female from Yunnan. F P. rubripicta Andrewes, female from Guangxi. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 50. Habitus of Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky and Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes. A P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Java. B P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Sumatra. C P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Philippine. D Holotype of Parena rubripicta Andrewes. E P. rubripicta Andrewes, female from Yunnan. F P. rubripicta Andrewes, female from Guangxi. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236213FFBB2DEFB2ECFBCB5C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959043/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959043	FIGURE 51. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Sumatra. B Java. C Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 51. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Sumatra. B Java. C Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236213FFBB2DEFB2ECFBCB5C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236213FFBB2DEFB2ECFBCB5C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958945	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236213FFBB2DEFB2ECFBCB5C1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963679/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963679	MAP 9. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) bicolor group.	MAP 9. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) bicolor group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621EFFBA2DEFB3E9FA655E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959041/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959041	FIGURE 50. Habitus of Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky and Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes. A P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Java. B P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Sumatra. C P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Philippine. D Holotype of Parena rubripicta Andrewes. E P. rubripicta Andrewes, female from Yunnan. F P. rubripicta Andrewes, female from Guangxi. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 50. Habitus of Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky and Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes. A P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Java. B P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Sumatra. C P. bicolor Motschulsky, male from Philippine. D Holotype of Parena rubripicta Andrewes. E P. rubripicta Andrewes, female from Yunnan. F P. rubripicta Andrewes, female from Guangxi. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621EFFBA2DEFB3E9FA655E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959045/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959045	FIGURE 52. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Xizang (Medog). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 52. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Xizang (Medog). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621EFFBA2DEFB3E9FA655E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621EFFBA2DEFB3E9FA655E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621EFFBA2DEFB3E9FA655E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959043/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959043	FIGURE 51. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Sumatra. B Java. C Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 51. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Sumatra. B Java. C Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621EFFBA2DEFB3E9FA655E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963679/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963679	MAP 9. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) bicolor group.	MAP 9. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) bicolor group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963961/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963961	FIGURE 53. Habitus of Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir). A Holotype of Parena fasciata (Chaudoir). B Holotype of Phloeodromus sellatus Heller [= Parena fasciata (Chaudoir)]. C Holotype of Phloeodromus hastatus Heller [= Parena fasciata (Chaudoir)]. D Holotype of Crossoglossa sellatoides Jedlička [= Parena fasciata (Chaudoir)]. E Holotype of Parena fasciata var. unicolor Louwerens [= Parena fasciata (Chaudoir)]. F Male from Java, the "unicolor" form [u]. G Male from Papua New Guinea, the melanic form [m]. H Male from Philippine, the rhombic form [r]. I Female from Philippine, the trident form [t]. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 53. Habitus of Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir). A Holotype of Parena fasciata (Chaudoir). B Holotype of Phloeodromus sellatus Heller [= Parena fasciata (Chaudoir)]. C Holotype of Phloeodromus hastatus Heller [= Parena fasciata (Chaudoir)]. D Holotype of Crossoglossa sellatoides Jedlička [= Parena fasciata (Chaudoir)]. E Holotype of Parena fasciata var. unicolor Louwerens [= Parena fasciata (Chaudoir)]. F Male from Java, the "unicolor" form [u]. G Male from Papua New Guinea, the melanic form [m]. H Male from Philippine, the rhombic form [r]. I Female from Philippine, the trident form [t]. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959047/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959047	FIGURE 54. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Philippine, the "hastata" form [h]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 54. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Philippine, the "hastata" form [h]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959049/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959049	FIGURE 55. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir) from different localities and in different elytra pattern forms, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Taiwan, the "sellata" form [s]. B Tonkin, the rhombic form [r]. C Java, the "unicolor" form [u]. D Papua New Guinea, the melanic form [m]. E Queensland, the "fasciata" form [f]. F Philippine, the "sellata" form [s]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 55. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir) from different localities and in different elytra pattern forms, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views: A Taiwan, the "sellata" form [s]. B Tonkin, the rhombic form [r]. C Java, the "unicolor" form [u]. D Papua New Guinea, the melanic form [m]. E Queensland, the "fasciata" form [f]. F Philippine, the "sellata" form [s]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623621FFFBE2DEFB48CFE925AD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963679/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963679	MAP 9. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) bicolor group.	MAP 9. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) bicolor group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959051/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959051	FIGURE 56. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir). A Lectotype of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). B Holotype of Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer [= Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir)]. C Paralecotype of Crossoglossa latecincta Bates, original misidentification of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). D Male from Shanghai (without lateral strips). E Female from Guizhou (with reduced lateral strips). F Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 56. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir). A Lectotype of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). B Holotype of Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer [= Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir)]. C Paralecotype of Crossoglossa latecincta Bates, original misidentification of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). D Male from Shanghai (without lateral strips). E Female from Guizhou (with reduced lateral strips). F Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959053/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959053	FIGURE 57. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A India. B Holotype of Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer [= Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir)]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 57. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A India. B Holotype of Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer [= Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir)]. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959057/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959057	FIGURE 58. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir) from different localities and in different elytra pattern forms, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views. A Taiwan. B Shanghai (elytra without lateral strips). C Philippine. D Java. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 58. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir) from different localities and in different elytra pattern forms, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views. A Taiwan. B Shanghai (elytra without lateral strips). C Philippine. D Java. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958959/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958959	FIGURE 12. Female internal reproductive tracts of Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. C P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 12. Female internal reproductive tracts of Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. C P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236219FF802DEFB7DCFC765AD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963687/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963687	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236222FF852DEFB2ECFAD35EDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959059/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959059	FIGURE 59. Habitus of Parena (Parena) picea (MacLeay) and Parena (Parena) amamiooshimensis Habu. A P. picea (MacLeay), male from New South Wales. B P. picea (MacLeay), female from Queensland. C Paratype of Parena amamiooshimensis Habu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 59. Habitus of Parena (Parena) picea (MacLeay) and Parena (Parena) amamiooshimensis Habu. A P. picea (MacLeay), male from New South Wales. B P. picea (MacLeay), female from Queensland. C Paratype of Parena amamiooshimensis Habu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236222FF852DEFB2ECFAD35EDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959061/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959061	FIGURE 60. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) picea (MacLeay), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Queensland. B Northern Territory. C New South Wales. D Western Australia. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 60. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) picea (MacLeay), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Queensland. B Northern Territory. C New South Wales. D Western Australia. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236222FF852DEFB2ECFAD35EDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963687/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963687	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236220FF842DEFB1A9FC5D5DA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959059/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959059	FIGURE 59. Habitus of Parena (Parena) picea (MacLeay) and Parena (Parena) amamiooshimensis Habu. A P. picea (MacLeay), male from New South Wales. B P. picea (MacLeay), female from Queensland. C Paratype of Parena amamiooshimensis Habu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 59. Habitus of Parena (Parena) picea (MacLeay) and Parena (Parena) amamiooshimensis Habu. A P. picea (MacLeay), male from New South Wales. B P. picea (MacLeay), female from Queensland. C Paratype of Parena amamiooshimensis Habu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236220FF842DEFB1A9FC5D5DA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959063/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959063	FIGURE 61. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) amamiooshimensis Habu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, paratype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 61. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) amamiooshimensis Habu, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, paratype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236220FF842DEFB1A9FC5D5DA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959051/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959051	FIGURE 56. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir). A Lectotype of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). B Holotype of Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer [= Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir)]. C Paralecotype of Crossoglossa latecincta Bates, original misidentification of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). D Male from Shanghai (without lateral strips). E Female from Guizhou (with reduced lateral strips). F Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 56. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir). A Lectotype of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). B Holotype of Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer [= Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir)]. C Paralecotype of Crossoglossa latecincta Bates, original misidentification of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). D Male from Shanghai (without lateral strips). E Female from Guizhou (with reduced lateral strips). F Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236220FF842DEFB1A9FC5D5DA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963687/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963687	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236221FF8A2DEFB6CBFBF2596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959066/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959066	FIGURE 62. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata species group. A Holotype of P. picipes sp. n. B Paratype of P. picipes sp. n., female. C Holotype of Parena andrewesi Jedlička. D P. andrewesi Jedlička, female from Philippine. E Lectotype of Parena politissima (Chaudoir). F P. politissima (Chaudoir), female from Vanuatu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 62. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata species group. A Holotype of P. picipes sp. n. B Paratype of P. picipes sp. n., female. C Holotype of Parena andrewesi Jedlička. D P. andrewesi Jedlička, female from Philippine. E Lectotype of Parena politissima (Chaudoir). F P. politissima (Chaudoir), female from Vanuatu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236221FF8A2DEFB6CBFBF2596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959068/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959068	FIGURE 63. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) picipes sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 63. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) picipes sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236221FF8A2DEFB6CBFBF2596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236221FF8A2DEFB6CBFBF2596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236221FF8A2DEFB6CBFBF2596F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963687/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963687	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622CFF882DEFB2ECFD005E63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959066/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959066	FIGURE 62. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata species group. A Holotype of P. picipes sp. n. B Paratype of P. picipes sp. n., female. C Holotype of Parena andrewesi Jedlička. D P. andrewesi Jedlička, female from Philippine. E Lectotype of Parena politissima (Chaudoir). F P. politissima (Chaudoir), female from Vanuatu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 62. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata species group. A Holotype of P. picipes sp. n. B Paratype of P. picipes sp. n., female. C Holotype of Parena andrewesi Jedlička. D P. andrewesi Jedlička, female from Philippine. E Lectotype of Parena politissima (Chaudoir). F P. politissima (Chaudoir), female from Vanuatu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622CFF882DEFB2ECFD005E63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959070/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959070	FIGURE 64. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 64. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622CFF882DEFB2ECFD005E63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622CFF882DEFB2ECFD005E63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622CFF882DEFB2ECFD005E63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963687/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963687	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622DFF8F2DEFB1F1FEB65A7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959066/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959066	FIGURE 62. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata species group. A Holotype of P. picipes sp. n. B Paratype of P. picipes sp. n., female. C Holotype of Parena andrewesi Jedlička. D P. andrewesi Jedlička, female from Philippine. E Lectotype of Parena politissima (Chaudoir). F P. politissima (Chaudoir), female from Vanuatu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 62. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata species group. A Holotype of P. picipes sp. n. B Paratype of P. picipes sp. n., female. C Holotype of Parena andrewesi Jedlička. D P. andrewesi Jedlička, female from Philippine. E Lectotype of Parena politissima (Chaudoir). F P. politissima (Chaudoir), female from Vanuatu. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622DFF8F2DEFB1F1FEB65A7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959072/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959072	FIGURE 65. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Samoa. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 65. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Samoa. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622DFF8F2DEFB1F1FEB65A7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622DFF8F2DEFB1F1FEB65A7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963687/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963687	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	MAP 10. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) nigrolineata group.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959076/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959076	FIGURE 66. Habitus of Parena (Parena) latecincta (Bates). A Lectotype of Parena latecincta (Bates). B Holotype of Parena viridilineata Jedlička [= Parena latecincta (Bates)]. C Male from Beijing. D Male from Laos. E Female from Nepal. F Male from Philippine. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 66. Habitus of Parena (Parena) latecincta (Bates). A Lectotype of Parena latecincta (Bates). B Holotype of Parena viridilineata Jedlička [= Parena latecincta (Bates)]. C Male from Beijing. D Male from Laos. E Female from Nepal. F Male from Philippine. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959078/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959078	FIGURE 67. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) latecincta (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Chongqing. B Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 67. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) latecincta (Bates), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Chongqing. B Taiwan. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959080/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959080	FIGURE 68. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) latecincta (Bates) from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views. A Laos. B India. C Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 68. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) latecincta (Bates) from different localities, left-lateral (l) and dorsal (d) views. A Laos. B India. C Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959051/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959051	FIGURE 56. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir). A Lectotype of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). B Holotype of Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer [= Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir)]. C Paralecotype of Crossoglossa latecincta Bates, original misidentification of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). D Male from Shanghai (without lateral strips). E Female from Guizhou (with reduced lateral strips). F Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 56. Habitus of Parena (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir). A Lectotype of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). B Holotype of Parena schillhammeri Kirschenhofer [= Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir)]. C Paralecotype of Crossoglossa latecincta Bates, original misidentification of Parena nigrolineata (Chaudoir). D Male from Shanghai (without lateral strips). E Female from Guizhou (with reduced lateral strips). F Male from Taiwan. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958941/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958941	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	FIGURE 2. Mandibles of Parena spp.: left mandible, dorsum (ld); right mandible, dorsum (rd); left mandible, venter (lv); right mandible, venter (rv). A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Shaanxi. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. Scale bar = 0.5mm. Abbreviations: rr retinacular ridge of right mandible; vg ventral groove.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958943/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958943	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 3. A–D Labia of Parena spp.: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Zhejiang. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E–F Heads of Parena spp. in lateral view: E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan, suborbital setae present. F P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan, suborbital seta absent. Scale bars = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958957/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958957	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	FIGURE 10. Parameres of male genitalia for Parena spp. A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. B P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Shanghai. C P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Zhejiang. D P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. F P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Xizang. G P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. H P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. I P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Yunnan. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958949/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958949	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 6. A Hind wing, P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing, scale bar = 1mm. Abbreviations: oc oblongum cell; wc wedge cell. B–G Tarsals claws of right hindlegs for Metallicina spp., scale bar = 0.2mm: B Pachycallida rufoplagiata Jeannel, Madagascar, Sept Lacs, female. C Metallica viridipennis Chaudoir, Cameroon, Bois des Singes, male. D P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. E P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Nepal. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Vietnam. H Protibia of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), scale bar = 0.5 mm. I Mesotarsomeres of male of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), adhesive hairs present on mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm. J Mesotarsomeres of male for P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), adhesive hairs absent from mesotarsomere 1, scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623622BFF912DEFB71EFBA25E4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963693/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963693	MAP 11. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) latecincta group	MAP 11. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) latecincta group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236234FF972DEFB127FAEF5CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959082/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959082	FIGURE 69. Habitus of Parena (Parena) latecincta species group. A P. circumdata Shibata, male from Taiwan. B P. circumdata Shibata, female from India. C P. monticola Shibata, male from Jiangxi. D P. monticola Shibata, male from Sichuan. E Holotype of Parena pendleburyi Andrewes. F P. pendleburyi Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 69. Habitus of Parena (Parena) latecincta species group. A P. circumdata Shibata, male from Taiwan. B P. circumdata Shibata, female from India. C P. monticola Shibata, male from Jiangxi. D P. monticola Shibata, male from Sichuan. E Holotype of Parena pendleburyi Andrewes. F P. pendleburyi Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236234FF972DEFB127FAEF5CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959084/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959084	FIGURE 70. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) circumdata Shibata, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Guangdong. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 70. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) circumdata Shibata, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Guangdong. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236234FF972DEFB127FAEF5CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236234FF972DEFB127FAEF5CF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963693/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963693	MAP 11. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) latecincta group	MAP 11. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) latecincta group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236232FF962DEFB77DFB865A42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959082/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959082	FIGURE 69. Habitus of Parena (Parena) latecincta species group. A P. circumdata Shibata, male from Taiwan. B P. circumdata Shibata, female from India. C P. monticola Shibata, male from Jiangxi. D P. monticola Shibata, male from Sichuan. E Holotype of Parena pendleburyi Andrewes. F P. pendleburyi Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 69. Habitus of Parena (Parena) latecincta species group. A P. circumdata Shibata, male from Taiwan. B P. circumdata Shibata, female from India. C P. monticola Shibata, male from Jiangxi. D P. monticola Shibata, male from Sichuan. E Holotype of Parena pendleburyi Andrewes. F P. pendleburyi Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236232FF962DEFB77DFB865A42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959086/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959086	FIGURE 71. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) monticola Shibata, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Jiangxi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 71. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) monticola Shibata, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, Jiangxi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236232FF962DEFB77DFB865A42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958953/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958953	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	FIGURE 8. Apex of sternite VII of Parena spp. A–D females: A P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. B P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. C P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. D P. (Crossoglossa) cruralis Andrewes, Borneo. E–J males: E P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Tianjin. F P. (Crossoglossa) mellea (Chaudoir), Philippine. G P. (Parena) monticola Shibata, Jiangxi. H P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. I P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Philippine. J P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Scale bar = 0.5mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236232FF962DEFB77DFB865A42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963693/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963693	MAP 11. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) latecincta group	MAP 11. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) latecincta group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236230FF942DEFB2ECFC485F43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959082/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959082	FIGURE 69. Habitus of Parena (Parena) latecincta species group. A P. circumdata Shibata, male from Taiwan. B P. circumdata Shibata, female from India. C P. monticola Shibata, male from Jiangxi. D P. monticola Shibata, male from Sichuan. E Holotype of Parena pendleburyi Andrewes. F P. pendleburyi Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 69. Habitus of Parena (Parena) latecincta species group. A P. circumdata Shibata, male from Taiwan. B P. circumdata Shibata, female from India. C P. monticola Shibata, male from Jiangxi. D P. monticola Shibata, male from Sichuan. E Holotype of Parena pendleburyi Andrewes. F P. pendleburyi Andrewes, female from Borneo. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236230FF942DEFB2ECFC485F43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959088/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959088	FIGURE 72. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 72. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236230FF942DEFB2ECFC485F43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236230FF942DEFB2ECFC485F43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963693/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963693	MAP 11. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) latecincta group	MAP 11. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) latecincta group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236231FF942DEFB010FA7B5A29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236231FF942DEFB010FA7B5A29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958939	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623EFF992DEFB7B2FBB45A08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959090/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959090	FIGURE 73. Habitus of Parena (Parena) stigmatica species group. A Lectotype of Parena stigmatica (Fairmaire). B Holotype of Parena dorae Basilewsky. C Holotype of Parena fulva sp. n. D Paratype of Parena fulva sp. n., female from Zimbabwe. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 73. Habitus of Parena (Parena) stigmatica species group. A Lectotype of Parena stigmatica (Fairmaire). B Holotype of Parena dorae Basilewsky. C Holotype of Parena fulva sp. n. D Paratype of Parena fulva sp. n., female from Zimbabwe. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623EFF992DEFB7B2FBB45A08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959092/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959092	FIGURE 74. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) stigmatica (Fairmaire), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, lectotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 74. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) stigmatica (Fairmaire), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, lectotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623EFF992DEFB7B2FBB45A08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963697/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963697	MAP 12. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) stigmatica group	MAP 12. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) stigmatica group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623DFF982DEFB2ECFAEE59C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959090/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959090	FIGURE 73. Habitus of Parena (Parena) stigmatica species group. A Lectotype of Parena stigmatica (Fairmaire). B Holotype of Parena dorae Basilewsky. C Holotype of Parena fulva sp. n. D Paratype of Parena fulva sp. n., female from Zimbabwe. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 73. Habitus of Parena (Parena) stigmatica species group. A Lectotype of Parena stigmatica (Fairmaire). B Holotype of Parena dorae Basilewsky. C Holotype of Parena fulva sp. n. D Paratype of Parena fulva sp. n., female from Zimbabwe. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623DFF982DEFB2ECFAEE59C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963697/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963697	MAP 12. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) stigmatica group	MAP 12. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) stigmatica group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623DFF9E2DEFB695FCFB5F3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959090/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959090	FIGURE 73. Habitus of Parena (Parena) stigmatica species group. A Lectotype of Parena stigmatica (Fairmaire). B Holotype of Parena dorae Basilewsky. C Holotype of Parena fulva sp. n. D Paratype of Parena fulva sp. n., female from Zimbabwe. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 73. Habitus of Parena (Parena) stigmatica species group. A Lectotype of Parena stigmatica (Fairmaire). B Holotype of Parena dorae Basilewsky. C Holotype of Parena fulva sp. n. D Paratype of Parena fulva sp. n., female from Zimbabwe. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623DFF9E2DEFB695FCFB5F3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959094/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959094	FIGURE 75. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fulva sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Holotype. B Paratype from Zimbabwe. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 75. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) fulva sp. n., right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views. A Holotype. B Paratype from Zimbabwe. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623DFF9E2DEFB695FCFB5F3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623DFF9E2DEFB695FCFB5F3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963697/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963697	MAP 12. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) stigmatica group	MAP 12. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) stigmatica group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623BFF9D2DEFB44EFE685CAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
03877623623BFF9D2DEFB44EFE685CAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958939	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236239FF622DEFB2ECFBB45C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959096/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959096	FIGURE 76. Habitus of Parena (Parena) scutata species group. A Lectotype of Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud). B Holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel [= Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud)]. C P. madagascariensis (Alluaud), female from Madagascar. D Holotype of Parena valeriae Facchini. E Lectotype of Parena scutata (Alluaud). F Holotype of Parena ruficornis. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 76. Habitus of Parena (Parena) scutata species group. A Lectotype of Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud). B Holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel [= Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud)]. C P. madagascariensis (Alluaud), female from Madagascar. D Holotype of Parena valeriae Facchini. E Lectotype of Parena scutata (Alluaud). F Holotype of Parena ruficornis. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236239FF622DEFB2ECFBB45C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959098/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959098	FIGURE 77. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, paralectotype of Crossoglossa madagascariensis Alluaud. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 77. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, paralectotype of Crossoglossa madagascariensis Alluaud. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236239FF622DEFB2ECFBB45C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959100/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959100	FIGURE 78. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 78. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), right-lateral (r), ventral (v), leftlateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236239FF622DEFB2ECFBB45C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236239FF622DEFB2ECFBB45C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
038776236239FF622DEFB2ECFBB45C8B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963701/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963701	MAP 13. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) scutata group	MAP 13. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) scutata group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C7FF612DEFB059FB0C594B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959096/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959096	FIGURE 76. Habitus of Parena (Parena) scutata species group. A Lectotype of Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud). B Holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel [= Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud)]. C P. madagascariensis (Alluaud), female from Madagascar. D Holotype of Parena valeriae Facchini. E Lectotype of Parena scutata (Alluaud). F Holotype of Parena ruficornis. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 76. Habitus of Parena (Parena) scutata species group. A Lectotype of Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud). B Holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel [= Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud)]. C P. madagascariensis (Alluaud), female from Madagascar. D Holotype of Parena valeriae Facchini. E Lectotype of Parena scutata (Alluaud). F Holotype of Parena ruficornis. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C7FF612DEFB059FB0C594B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959102/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959102	FIGURE 79. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) valeriae Facchini, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 79. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) valeriae Facchini, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, holotype. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C7FF612DEFB059FB0C594B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C7FF612DEFB059FB0C594B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963701/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963701	MAP 13. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) scutata group	MAP 13. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) scutata group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C4FF602DEFB623FADF5E93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959096/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959096	FIGURE 76. Habitus of Parena (Parena) scutata species group. A Lectotype of Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud). B Holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel [= Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud)]. C P. madagascariensis (Alluaud), female from Madagascar. D Holotype of Parena valeriae Facchini. E Lectotype of Parena scutata (Alluaud). F Holotype of Parena ruficornis. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 76. Habitus of Parena (Parena) scutata species group. A Lectotype of Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud). B Holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel [= Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud)]. C P. madagascariensis (Alluaud), female from Madagascar. D Holotype of Parena valeriae Facchini. E Lectotype of Parena scutata (Alluaud). F Holotype of Parena ruficornis. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C4FF602DEFB623FADF5E93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963701/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963701	MAP 13. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) scutata group	MAP 13. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) scutata group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C5FF672DEFB66BFF175B2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959096/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959096	FIGURE 76. Habitus of Parena (Parena) scutata species group. A Lectotype of Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud). B Holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel [= Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud)]. C P. madagascariensis (Alluaud), female from Madagascar. D Holotype of Parena valeriae Facchini. E Lectotype of Parena scutata (Alluaud). F Holotype of Parena ruficornis. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 76. Habitus of Parena (Parena) scutata species group. A Lectotype of Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud). B Holotype of Parena alluaudi Jeannel [= Parena madagascariensis (Alluaud)]. C P. madagascariensis (Alluaud), female from Madagascar. D Holotype of Parena valeriae Facchini. E Lectotype of Parena scutata (Alluaud). F Holotype of Parena ruficornis. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C5FF672DEFB66BFF175B2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C5FF672DEFB66BFF175B2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C5FF672DEFB66BFF175B2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958939/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958939	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 1. Antennae and mouthparts of Parena spp. A–D Line drawings of basal three antennomeres, view of lateral surface: A P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates). B P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes). C P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud). D P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n. E Antennomeres 7–11 of P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), showing the sensory pits on dorsal surface. F–G Labrum of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing: F dorsal surface. G ventral surface. H Maxilla of P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Beijing. Scale bars = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C5FF672DEFB66BFF175B2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963701/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963701	MAP 13. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) scutata group	MAP 13. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) scutata group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C2FF662DEFB4BAFF205C47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C3FF642DEFB7F0FE4A5FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959104/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959104	FIGURE 80. Habitus of Parena (Parena) plagiata species group. A Holotype of Parena ferruginea (Chaudoir). B P. plagiata Motschulsky, male from The Republic of South Africa (Durban). C Lectotype of Parena africana (Alluaud). D P. africana (Alluaud), male from Senegal, the pale form. E P. africana (Alluaud), male from Cameroon, the dark form. F P. africana (Alluaud), female from the Central Africa Republic, the dark form. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 80. Habitus of Parena (Parena) plagiata species group. A Holotype of Parena ferruginea (Chaudoir). B P. plagiata Motschulsky, male from The Republic of South Africa (Durban). C Lectotype of Parena africana (Alluaud). D P. africana (Alluaud), male from Senegal, the pale form. E P. africana (Alluaud), male from Cameroon, the dark form. F P. africana (Alluaud), female from the Central Africa Republic, the dark form. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C3FF642DEFB7F0FE4A5FF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963707/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963707	MAP 14. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) plagiata group	MAP 14. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) plagiata group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C1FF6B2DEFB081FBD65C47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959104/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959104	FIGURE 80. Habitus of Parena (Parena) plagiata species group. A Holotype of Parena ferruginea (Chaudoir). B P. plagiata Motschulsky, male from The Republic of South Africa (Durban). C Lectotype of Parena africana (Alluaud). D P. africana (Alluaud), male from Senegal, the pale form. E P. africana (Alluaud), male from Cameroon, the dark form. F P. africana (Alluaud), female from the Central Africa Republic, the dark form. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 80. Habitus of Parena (Parena) plagiata species group. A Holotype of Parena ferruginea (Chaudoir). B P. plagiata Motschulsky, male from The Republic of South Africa (Durban). C Lectotype of Parena africana (Alluaud). D P. africana (Alluaud), male from Senegal, the pale form. E P. africana (Alluaud), male from Cameroon, the dark form. F P. africana (Alluaud), female from the Central Africa Republic, the dark form. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C1FF6B2DEFB081FBD65C47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959106/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959106	FIGURE 81. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) plagiata Motschulsky, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, the Republic of South Africa (Durban). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 81. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) plagiata Motschulsky, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views, the Republic of South Africa (Durban). Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362C1FF6B2DEFB081FBD65C47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963707/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963707	MAP 14. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) plagiata group	MAP 14. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) plagiata group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362CEFF692DEFB6ACFE46589B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959104/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959104	FIGURE 80. Habitus of Parena (Parena) plagiata species group. A Holotype of Parena ferruginea (Chaudoir). B P. plagiata Motschulsky, male from The Republic of South Africa (Durban). C Lectotype of Parena africana (Alluaud). D P. africana (Alluaud), male from Senegal, the pale form. E P. africana (Alluaud), male from Cameroon, the dark form. F P. africana (Alluaud), female from the Central Africa Republic, the dark form. Scale bars = 2 mm.	FIGURE 80. Habitus of Parena (Parena) plagiata species group. A Holotype of Parena ferruginea (Chaudoir). B P. plagiata Motschulsky, male from The Republic of South Africa (Durban). C Lectotype of Parena africana (Alluaud). D P. africana (Alluaud), male from Senegal, the pale form. E P. africana (Alluaud), male from Cameroon, the dark form. F P. africana (Alluaud), female from the Central Africa Republic, the dark form. Scale bars = 2 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362CEFF692DEFB6ACFE46589B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7959110/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7959110	FIGURE 82. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) africana (Alluaud) from different localities and in different elytra pattern forms, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views: A Cameroon, the dark form. B Tanzania, the pale form. C Senegal, the pale form. D Zambia, the pale form. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	FIGURE 82. Median lobe of male genitalia for Parena (Parena) africana (Alluaud) from different localities and in different elytra pattern forms, right-lateral (r), ventral (v), left-lateral (l), and dorsal (d) views: A Cameroon, the dark form. B Tanzania, the pale form. C Senegal, the pale form. D Zambia, the pale form. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362CEFF692DEFB6ACFE46589B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963954/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963954	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	FIGURE 11. Gonocoxites (left side) of ovipositor for Parena spp., ventral side (dorsal side for fig. Q). A–J subgenus Bothynoptera: A P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp.n., Laos, paratype. B P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Shaanxi. C P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Guangdong. D P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. E P. (Bothynoptera) taiwana Hua, Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Shaanxi. G P. (Bothynoptera) malaisei (Andrewes), Taiwan. H P. (Bothynoptera) quadrisignata Mateu, Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) emarginata sp. n., holotype. J P. (Bothynoptera) triguttata sp. n., Sichuan, paratype. K–X subgenus Parena: K P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sulawesi. L P. (Parena) rubripicta Andrewes, Yunnan. M P. (Parena) fasciata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. N P. (Parena) nigrolineata (Chaudoir), Taiwan. O P. (Parena) picipes sp. n., Borneo, paratype. P P. (Parena) andrewesi Jedlička, Philippine. Q P. (Parena) politissima (Chaudoir), Vanuatu. R P. (Parena) latecincta (Bates), Guizhou. S P. (Parena) circumdata Shibata, Taiwan. T P. (Parena) pendleburyi Andrewes, Borneo. U P. (Parena) fulva sp. n., Zimbabwe, paratype. V P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. W P. (Parena) ruficornis sp.n., CentralAfrica, paratype. X P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Uganda. Y–γ subgenus Crossoglossa: Y P. (Crossoglossa) cavipennis (Bates), Taiwan. Z P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Yunnan. α P. (Crossoglossa) testacea (Chaudoir), Zhejiang. β P. (Crossoglossa) sulawesiensis Kirschenhofer, Sulawesi. γ P. (Crossoglossa) sciakyi sp. n., holotype. Scale bar = 0.2mm.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362CEFF692DEFB6ACFE46589B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958947/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958947	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	FIGURE 5. Elytral apex (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. B P. (Parena) ruficornis sp. n., Central Africa, paratype. C P. (Parena) valeriae Facchini, holotype. D P. (Parena) madagascariensis (Alluaud), Madagascar. E P. (Bothynoptera) tesari (Jedlička), Taiwan. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. G P. (Bothynoptera) kurosai Habu, Japan. H P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Yunnan. I P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Beijing. J P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Japan. Scale bars = 0.5mm	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362CEFF692DEFB6ACFE46589B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7958945/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7958945	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	FIGURE 4. Elytral base (left) of Parena spp. A P. (Parena) bicolor Motschulsky, Sumatra. B P. (Parena) africana (Alluaud), Cameroon. C P. (Crossoglossa) laesipennis (Bates), Taiwan. D P. (Bothynoptera) tripunctata (Bates), Beijing. E P. (Bothynoptera) dorsigera (Schaum), Guangxi. F P. (Bothynoptera) heteronycha sp. n., Laos, paratype. Scale bars = 0.5mm (a for fig. D, b for figs A B E F, c for fig. C). Abbreviations: bp elytral basal pore; sa the apex of scutellum; d1 the first discal setigerous pore.	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
0387762362CEFF692DEFB6ACFE46589B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7963707/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7963707	MAP 14. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) plagiata group	MAP 14. Distributions for species in the Parena (Parena) plagiata group	2023-05-18	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin		Zenodo	biologists	Shi, Hongliang;Liang, Hongbin			
