taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DB5C00FFD4B234FF1EFDDAD5BD241F.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — MADAGASCAR. Sta. Maria: s. d., fl. and fr., Boivin 1643 (P [00346034 photo!] [Fig. 1]; isolectotypes K [000363353]!, MO [2302303] photo!, P [00346035] photo!, P [00346036] photo! and P [04021507] photo!).	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD4B234FF1EFDDAD5BD241F.taxon	discussion	Steudel (1855) described Scleria boivinii as an erect herb with apterous leaf sheaths, the presence of a membranous appendage in the apex of the contraligule, leaf blades thin, strongly retrorsely scabrous, inflorescence paniculate and lax with numerous staminate and sparsely pistillate spikelets inserted at the base of the branches, fruits ovoid, smooth, shiny and white, and hypogynium slender, entire, undulate. That same author cited a collection in Boivin’s herbarium (number 1643) from the island of Santa Maria, Madagascar. Boivin’s main collections are currently in herbarium P (Stafleu & Cowan 1976). When searching for the collection cited by Steudel (1855), six specimens were found in the P, K and MO herbaria with the same collection number (1643) cited in the protologue of S. boivinii, which has no clear indication of the holotype, making them syntypes (Turland et al. 2018). The specimens present in P have typification labels, with “ P 04021507 ” having a “ type ” label and the remaining specimens having an “ isotype ” label. In a review of Scleria from Madagascar, Díaz et al. (2019) elected “ P 04021507 ” as the lectotype of S. boivinii, but did not validate the typification (as they omitted the term “ designated here ” or any equivalent) (Turland et al., 2018). In such a situation, lectotypification is still required and fundamental for the stability of the name. The specimen “ P 04021507 ”, elected by Díaz et al. (2019), does not present fruits, which are essential elements for the taxonomic diagnosis of Scleria. We therefore designate here the specimen “ P 00346034 ”, which has flowers and fruits, as the lectotype for a better application of the name and a better correspondence with the protologue of S. boivinii.	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD4B234FF1EFAEAD23426EF.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — PERU. [Loreto]: [Alto Amazonas], “ Maynas ”, “ Yurimaguas ”, March 1831, fl., Poeppig 2354 (G [00099876] photo!) (Fig. 2).	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD4B234FF1EFAEAD23426EF.taxon	discussion	Nees (1842) described Hymenolytrum poeppigii in the Flora Brasiliensis as having winged sheaths, an obtuse contraligule, leaf-blades ca. 1 cm wide with scabrous margins, panicles pyramidal with patent branches, but that author included no details concerning fruits. The type locality of the species corresponds to the dense forests of Peru, in the provinces of “ Huallaga ” and “ Maynas ”, with a collection made by Poeppig as the testimony, without mentioning, however, a collection number or specifying the herbarium in which it was deposited. Nees (1842) also mentioned a locality for the taxon in Brazil (the Rio Solimıes), but no voucher was written for it. The personal herbarium of Friedrich E. Poeppig was incorporated into the W herbarium, and duplicates were sent to several other European herbaria (Stafleu & Cowan 1983). A specimen of Poeppig from Peru mentioning the locality of “ Maynas ” (numbered 2354), was found in the G herbarium (G 00099876). That specimen has morphological characteristics compatible with the protologue description by Nees (1842). Additionally, there is a photograph of a negative in herbarium F (F 217934) of a specimen from collection W, with the same locality information and collection number; there is also another photograph of this negative in the MO herbarium (MO 300412). The curator of the W herbarium informed us that the specimen was destroyed during World War II. As the specimen ‘ G 00099876 ’ is the only collection found from the original Poeppig herbarium corresponding to the exact geographic location and morphological descriptions cited by Nees (1842), it was chosen as the lectotype of S. poeppigii.	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD1B231FF1EFF30D30E241C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: — [VENEZUELA]. [Sucre]: Cumaná, s. d., Humboldt s. n. (B-W 17338 [17338 - 01 0] photo!).	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD1B231FF1EFF30D30E241C.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — CUBA. [Prov. Pínar del Río]: “ En los pinares de la Vuelta de Abajo, cerca del Pina del Rio ”, s. d., fl. and fr., C. Wright s. n. (K [000584494]!) (Fig. 3).	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD1B231FF1EFF30D30E241C.taxon	discussion	Scleria scabra Willd., according to its original description (Willdenow 1805), has leaf blades scabrous on the margins, a small panicle (ca. 2.5 cm long) with few spikelets, and fruits ovoid-trigonous, white to yellowish, with trichomes. Core (1936) synonymized Scleria porphyrorhiza into S. scabra and commented that, after analyzing the type specimens of those two names, it was not possible to detect features that would separate them. After analyzing the protologues of both names, we agree with Core (1936) and likewise recognize Scleria scabra and S. porphyrorhiza as synonyms.	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD1B232FF1EFAECD4A72384.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Koyama [1979: 309]): — Tab. 77, fig. 1 in Sloane, Voy. Isl. Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica. Vol. 1. 1707.	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD1B232FF1EFAECD4A72384.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — SURINAME. s. l.: 1843, fl. and fr., Hostmánn 837 (K [000584488] photo! [Fig. 4]; isolectotypes: K [000584489] photo!, [K 000584490] photo! and U [1286468] photo!).	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD1B232FF1EFAECD4A72384.taxon	discussion	Schoenus secans was described by Linnaeus (1759) as having leaf blades scabrous, inflorescence with villous ramifications, and fruits globose. That author cited two illustrations related to S. secans, one published by Hans Sloane (1707) and the other by Georg Rumphius (1750). Sloane’s (1707) illustration was made by Everard Kickius (BM 000588865) clearly based on an unnumbered collection from Jamaica made by Sloane (BM 000588866), which has the same characteristics as described by Linnaeus (1759). In this illustration, Sloane describes the habit of the plant, which could climb to a height of about 15 feet, growing over bushes (1707). Rumphius’ (1750) plate eight (VIII) contains two figures. Linnaeus (1759), in the protologue of Schoenus secans, cited figure 2, but it is clearly Freycinetia Gaudich. (Pandanaceae), and despite the fact that figure 1 is markedly as Scleria, it does not exhibit the morphology of Schoenus secans as circumscribed by Linnaeus (1759), such as leaf blades scabrous and inflorescence villous. In 1900, Urban combined Schoenus secans into Scleria and excluded Rumphius’ illustration from the treatment. Later, Koyama (1979) designated Sloane’s (Sloane 1707) illustration as the lectotype of Schoenus secans. Boeckeler (1874) elaborated a brief diagnosis of Scleria reflexa var. surinamensis, characterizing the species as having a slender floral stem and short, hirsute contraligule. That author cited three syntypes from Suriname: the first was determined as “ S. flagellum ” by Reichenbach and collected by Weigelt, but without herbaria details; the second was determined as S. weigeltiana Schrad. in the Nees herbarium; and the last was signed by Hostmánn 837, also with no herbaria details. The second syntype was not found. Among the syntypes located, Hostmánn 837 has duplicates (K 000584488, K 000584489, K 000584490 and U 1286468) that contain the collection data and locality mentioned in the original description and led to the choice of this collection. Of those duplicates, sheet K 000584488 exhibits more developed fruits, and is designated here as the lectotype of Scleria reflexa var. surinamensis. Only one exsiccate of the Weigelt collection was found at the BM herbarium (BM 000629127); it had an identification tag indicating the origin of the material, the collector, and the determination, as well as some morphological characteristics cited in the original description. Govaerts et al. (2007) synonymized Scleria reflexa var. surinamensis into S. secans, and we could confirm this synonymization after analyzing the protologues of those names, which were based mainly on the apterous sheaths, the membranaceous appendage on the contraligule, the sparsely branched and lax panicles, and fruits ovoid and white.	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD2B232FF1EFD14D393241D.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — GUIANA. s. l.: s. d., fl. and fr., Schomburgk 913 (BM [000938414] photo! [Fig. 5]; isolectotypes: BM [000938415] photo!, E [00373544] photo!, K [001081686]!, K [001081687]! and P [00605653] photo!).	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD2B232FF1EFD14D393241D.taxon	discussion	Nees (1840) published an account of Cyperaceae specimens collected by Schomburgk in Guyana and preserved in John Lindley’s herbarium. That author described Scleria stipularis Nees, based on Schomburgk 913, as having winged sheaths, a membranaceous appendix, linear and scabrous leaf blades, and dense panicles, but no fruit description was provided. Specimens from Lindley’s herbarium are currently incorporated into the BM, CGE and K herbaria (Stafleu & Cowan 1981). Based on that information, seven specimens with the same data and morphological characters and compatible with the description of Nees (1840) were found. Camelbeke et al. (2003), in a taxonomic treatment of Scleria from Bolivia, elected the material at the BM herbarium as the lectotype to Scleria stipularis. That typification is not valid, however, due to the absence of the term “ designated here ” or equivalent (art. 7.11 of ICN, Turland et al. 2018). Additionally, the herbarium mentioned (BM) houses two distinct specimens, and the authors should have indicated which of those was selected as the lectotype. Among the original syntypes, the specimen “ BM 000938414 ” is designated here as the lectotype of Scleria stipularis, due to the presence of a membranaceous appendix, as well as a dense and branched inflorescence as described in the protologue and, principally, the presence of mature fruits, which are essential for species determinations in Scleria.	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD2B23EFF1EFAECD0BB20D1.taxon	materials_examined	Neotype (designated here): — COSTA RICA. [Cartago]: [Turrialba], [Tuis], “ Forets de Tuis, 650 m ”, November 1897, fl. and fr., Tonduz 11389 (US [02238423] photo! [Fig. 6]; isoneotype US [02238422] photo!)	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD2B23EFF1EFAECD0BB20D1.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — COSTA RICA. [Cartago]: [Turrialba], [Tuis], “ Buissons sur les bords du rio Tuis, 600 m ”, September 1893, fl. and fr., Tonduz 8181 (CR 8181 [2 sheets] photo! [Figs. 7, 8]; isolectotypes: BM [000629131] photo!, BR [0000006596965 and 0000006596966] photo!, P [00277300] photo! and US [02238421] photo!).	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD2B23EFF1EFAECD0BB20D1.taxon	discussion	Steudel (1855) described Scleria vaginata as having a flowering stem scabrous and winged sheaths, absence of ligule (possibly the membranous appendage of the contraligule), leaf blades linear-lanceolate, scabrous, ca. 65 cm long and 6 mm wide, fruit ovoid and shiny, and hypogynium with an entire or wavy-denticulate margin. However, the author only included abbreviations of the information describing the studied material, “ Am. septr. au? austr. ”. Steudel’s type specimens are currently held in P, L, OXF and STR (Stafleu & Cowan 1983), but no specimens of Scleria with those annotations and morphology have been found. The curators of those herbaria were directly contacted, but no specimens with those characteristics were found in their respective collections. The name Scleria vaginata, however, has been used in some accounts of Scleria species in the Americas (Camelbeke et al. 2003; Camelbeke & Goetghebeur 1999, 2002; Core 1936; Espinoza et al. 2016; Maguire & Core 1965), although no information about the type has been added, other than that contained in the protologue. For the stability of the name, we designate here as the neotype the material of Tonduz 11389 (US 820001) among the specimens consulted in herbaria collections that are identified as S. vaginata and congruent with the original description (Steudel 1855). Additionally, that specimen is complete, comes from Central America, and was found within the geographical range (Am. septr. au? austr.) mentioned by Steudel (1855). Core (1936) synonymized Scleria tonduzii into S. vaginata, but made no comments on the types or the reasons for that synonymization. Despite the lack of details, this subordination may be justified by a number of notable features present in both original descriptions. Scleria vaginata can be considered as belonging to S. subg. S. sect. Hymenolytrum by the shape of the inflorescence, which is diagnostic of the section (with numerous male spikelets at the branch apex, and sparse female spikelets at the base of the branch), as described by Steudel (1855) and also by Boeckeler (1896), with emphasis on the male spikelets. Additionally, both taxa have been described as having winged sheaths, ligules absent (membranous appendages), leaf blades slender and long (ca. 60 cm long and 6 ‒ 10 mm wide), fruits shiny, and hypogynium short, wavy, or rough. In its current circumscription, Scleria subg. Scleria sect. Hymenolytrum has 15 accepted species, among which none of their described characteristics are shared with other species – especially the short (annular) hypogynium present in few of its species (i. e., S. boivinii and S. secans). The above synonymization was therefore followed. Boeckeler (1896) described Scleria tonduzii as having sheaths scabrous and winged, contraligule roundedobtuse, leaf blades long (ca. 60 cm) and scabrous, panicles large (10 ‒ 17.5 cm long), lax, oblong-lanceolate, with many branches, nutlets trigonous, shiny, ivory, brown to blue maculate, and hypogynium yellowish annular. The cited type is a collection made by Tonduz 8181 in Costa Rica. The CR herbarium preserves most of the legitimate Tonduz collections, as well as US, and there are duplicates in other European herbaria (Stafleu & Cowan 1986). Five specimens with these characteristics were found (CR 8181, BM 000629131, BR 0000006596965, BR 0000006596966 and P 00277300). Tonduz was an associated collector of the National Herbarium of Costa Rica when Henry Pittier was the curator (Pupulin et al. 2016), and during that period the collections were labelled as legitimate by H. Pittier, although containing Tonduz’s collection information, including the collector number ‘ 8181 ’ (see Pupulin et al. 2016). All of the specimen have labels with “ Legit H. Pittier ” written on them, but with the number “ 8181 ”, although that number was also used as the specimen record (as seen with “ CR 8181 ”). Tonduz assumed the curator position only in 1904 (Pupulin et al. 2016), later than the date of the type collection. The collector data for these specimens was updated manually by Boeckeler. Among the syntypes, the specimen “ CR 8181 ” presents two sheets with inflorescences and fruits, as well as being housed in the main herbarium for Tonduz specimens. We therefore designate it here as the lectotype of S. tonduzii.	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD9B238FF1EF8AAD3E820F4.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated here): — BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: “ auf Sumpfboden an einem Buriti-Bach am oberen Kulisehu ”, 05 July 1899, fl. and fr., Pilger 715 (B [10 0243694] photo!) (Fig. 9).	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
03DB5C00FFD9B238FF1EF8AAD3E820F4.taxon	discussion	Scleria violacea was described by Pilger (1901) as having leaf blades linear, ca. 60 × 1 ‒ 1.8 cm, margins scabrous, oval to oval-rounded, panicles dense, multi-branched and hirsute, involucral bracts foliate, superior ones setaceous, fruit pyramidal, pubescent, violaceous, and hypogynium trilobed with acute and short lobes. That description was based on a collection by Pilger 715 made in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Robert Pilger’s main collection is currently housed in the B herbarium, although several specimens were partially destroyed during World War II, while others were deposited in other herbaria such as BM, NY, P and RB (Stafleu & Cowan 1983). Information concerning this collection was retrieved from herbaria B, F and NY. A preserved material (B 10 0243694) was found in the B herbarium, with a standardized label of R. Pilger for collections in Brazil, with the collection number, year and the species described – but without locality information. A negative of a specimen (F 234410) from the B herbarium was found in F, and its label had additional information concerning the collection locality, which was the same as noted in the original description. There is a fragmented fruit in NY (00021643) from the original specimen at B, together with a small photograph to identify its origin. The curator of the B herbarium was contacted and stated that the original negative of the specimen held in F no longer existed. The specimen at the B herbarium (10 0243694) is herein designated as the lectotype of Scleria violacea because it has many structures and characteristics described in the original description and is the only remaining complete type specimen.	en	Schneider, Layla Jamylle Costa, Simões, André Olmos, Dias, Ana Cristina Andrade De Aguiar, Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança (2023): Typifications in Scleria subgenus Scleria section Hymenolytrum (Cyperaceae). Phytotaxa 606 (3): 170-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.606.3.1
