taxonID	type	description	language	source
03F715394845FFC3EFEBFC36FA9565F8.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Tettigarcta White (type species T. tomentosa White).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394845FFC3EFEBFC36FA9565F8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Thoracic ganglia separated. Pronotum exceedingly large and concealing majority of mesonotum; paramedian and lateral fissures absent; pronotal collar absent. Mesonotum without a developed cruciform elevation. Fore wing with vein RP arising near wing base; veins 2 A and 3 A separated for much of their length; nodal line well developed. Hind wing hamulus present. Pretarsal empodia present. Hind coxae overhanging abdomen. Timbals present in males and females. Male abdominal resonant chamber absent. Tympana absent from both sexes. Male sternite VIII not shielding genitalia ventrally. Male genitalia with styles present; pygofer with basal lobe absent; uncus n-shaped in cross-section, apically with sides meeting but not fused; aedeagus with sclerotized subapical dorsal crest. Male reproductive system with testes located anteriorly, centred over abdominal sternites II and III. Female genitalia monotrysian. Female reproductive system with no accessory glands to common oviduct. Nymphs with antennal segments 1 and 2 both very short and together about equal to segment 5; fore femur with a mid-lateral stout spine on outer face; fore tibiae with a large subapical tooth opposing apical tooth; mid and hind tibiae with two stout spines along shank, one each at about 1 ⁄ 3 intervals; hind tibiae with spinal crown including one very dominant flat spine; abdominal spiracles not covered by pleural flaps. Distinguishing characters. Within the Cicadoidea the following attributes are believed to be unique to Tettigarctidae. Pronotum exceedingly large and concealing most of mesothorax. Fore wing with vein RP arising from node; veins 2 A and 3 A separated for much of their length; Hind wing hamulus present. Pretarsal empodia present. Male sternite VIII not shielding genitalia ventrally. Pygofer with basal lobe absent. Male reproductive system with testes located anteriorly, centred over abdominal sternites II and III. Female reproductive system with no accessory glands to common oviduct. Nymphs with antennal segments 1 (scape) and 2 (pedicel) both very short and together about equal to segment 5 (3 rd flagellomere); fore femur with a mid-lateral stout spine on outer face; fore tibiae with a large subapical tooth opposing apical tooth; mid and hind tibiae with two stout spines along shank, one each at about 1 ⁄ 3 intervals; hind tibiae with spinal crown including one very dominant flat spine; abdominal spiracles covered by pleural flaps.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394845FFC3EFEBFC36FA9565F8.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The previously held concept for the Tettigarctidae remains unchanged. All previously identified attributes for the Tettigarctidae remain applicable and are incorporated above (Evans, 1941; Moulds, 1990). Bekker-Migdisova (1947) divided the Tettigarctidae by establishing the subfamily Cicadoprosbolinae, separating it from the Tettigarctinae by the following attributes: (a) fore wing elliptical with a broad costal area and clavus, (b) vein RP multibranched; (c) basal coalescence of veins M and Cu and (d) vein CuA not following nodal line (Wootton, 1971). This subfamily division is retained here following Boulard & Nel (1990) and Shcherbakov (in prep.).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC4EC5EFF7EFAA16735.taxon	discussion	The family-group name based upon Tibicina can no longer be applied to this subfamily as Tibicina now resides in the Tettigadinae. The oldest available family-group name associated with the genera now included is that based upon Cicadetta.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC4EC5EFF7EFAA16735.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Cicadetta Amyot (type species: Cicada montana Scopoli).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC4EC5EFF7EFAA16735.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Metanotum partly visible at dorsal midline. Fore wing veins CuP and 1 A fused in part. Hind wing 1 st cubital cell width at distal end much greater than 2 nd cubital cell (twice or more); hind wing veins RP and M fused at base. Rim of male timbal cavity lacking a turned-back rim or timbal cover. Pygofer with distal shoulder undeveloped; pygofer upper lobe present. Claspers large, dominating the whole 10 th abdominal segment. Uncus duck-bill shaped, small and flat. Aedeagus without ventrobasal pocket; aedeagus restrained by large claspers. Apical part of theca without leaf-like lateral lobes. Distinguishing characters. Male genitalia with claspers large, dominating the whole 10 th abdominal segment.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC4EC5EFF7EFAA16735.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The previously identified attribute for this subfamily, male abdominal timbal covers absent, remains applicable (Distant, 1905 b; Kato, 1954; Boulard, 1976 a; Hayashi, 1984; Moulds, 1990; Chou et al., 1997). It is, however, insufficient alone to define the subfamily; timbal covers are also absent in the Tettigadinae.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC4EE16FF7EFEB6659E.taxon	discussion	For discussion on the authorship of family group names based on Cicada see notes under “ Cicadidae / Cicadinae Latreille, 1802 ”, p. 387.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC4EE16FF7EFEB6659E.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Cicada L. (type species Cicada orni L.).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC4EE16FF7EFEB6659E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Thoracic ganglia fused. Pronotum smaller than mesonotum; paramedian and lateral fissures present; pronotal collar present. Mesonotum with a cruciform elevation. Fore wing vein RP arising from node; veins 2 A and 3 A fused; nodal line usually indistinct. Hind wing hamulus absent. Pretarsal empodia absent. Hind coxae not overhanging abdomen. Timbals present in males only. Male abdominal resonant chamber present. Tympana present in both sexes. Male sternite VIII shielding genitalia ventrally. Male genitalia with styles absent; basal lobe present; aedeagus never with a sclerotized subdorsal crest. Male reproductive system with testes located posteriorly, centred over abdominal sternite VI. Female genitalia either monotrysian or ditrysian. Female reproductive system with accessory glands of common oviduct present. Nymphs with antennal segments 1 (scape) and 2 (pedicel) together longer than segment 5 (3 rd flagellomere); fore femur with no midlateral spine on outer face; fore tibiae subapical tooth absent or weakly developed and not opposing apical tooth; mid and hind tibiae with no stout spines along shank; hind tibiae with spines of spinal crown all similar. Distinguishing characters. The following attributes are believed to differentiate the Cicadidae. Pronotum smaller than mesonotum; paramedian and lateral fissures present; pronotal collar present. Mesonotum with scutellum forming a cruciform elevation. Fore wing vein RP arising from node; veins 2 A and 3 A fused. Timbals present in males only or sometimes absent. Male abdominal resonant chamber present. Tympana present in both sexes. Male sternite VIII shielding genitalia ventrally. Male genitalia with basal lobes present. Male reproductive system with testes located posteriorly, centred over spiracles of sternite VI. Female reproductive system with accessory glands of common oviduct present. Nymphs with antennal segments 1 (scape) and 2 (pedicel) together longer than segment 5 (3 rd flagellomere); fore femur with no mid-lateral spine on outer face; fore tibiae subapical tooth absent or weakly developed and not opposing apical tooth; mid and hind tibiae with no spines along shank; hind tibiae with spines of spinal crown all similar.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC4EE16FF7EFEB6659E.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The previously held concept of the Cicadidae remains unchanged. Previously identified attributes for the Cicadidae (Hayashi, 1984; Moulds, 1990) remain applicable.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC5ECA1FACDFE786167.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Cicada L. (type species C. orni L.).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC5ECA1FACDFE786167.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Metanotum entirely concealed at dorsal midline. Fore wing veins CuP and 1 A fused in part. Hind wing 1 st cubital cell width at distal end about equal to 2 nd cubital cell; hind wing veins RP and M fused at base. Abdominal timbal covers present. Pygofer with distal shoulder well developed, often the most distal part of pygofer and either broad and rounded or distally extended into a pointed lobe; pygofer upper lobe absent (except in some Cryptotympanini). Uncus of moderate length and retractable within pygofer. Claspers present or absent, if present then spined apically. Aedeagus without ventrobasal pocket; aedeagal restrained by tubular encapsulation below uncus. Apical part of theca without leaf-like lateral lobes. Distinguishing characters. The following attributes define the Cicadinae: male abdominal timbal covers present, plus male pygofer with distal shoulder well developed, often the most distal part of pygofer, either broad and rounded or distally extended into a pointed lobe.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394842FFC5ECA1FACDFE786167.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The previously held concept of the Cicadinae remains substantially unchanged except that the subfamily Plautillinae is now included here at tribal rank. Previously identified attributes for this subfamily remain applicable (Hayashi, 1984; Moulds, 1990).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394843FFC5EFDDFC3AFB40679D.taxon	discussion	If one follows the principle of priority (Code, Article 23) then the name Tibicininae should take priority as it is the oldest available family-group name associated with the genera included in this new subfamily concept 1. However, the name Tibicininae previously represented a major family group of quite different concept as discussed at length throughout much of this paper. To now change its meaning would not only cause confusion in this regard but more importantly perpetuate a multitude of digressions and confusion previously associated with it and which are well documented by Boulard (1988 a, 1998, 2001). I therefore take this opportunity to abandon the use of the name Tibicininae and its family-group derivatives and adopt the next available family-group name, Tettigadinae, a name which not only lacks a history of confusion but also retains its meaning to a large extent in this new concept. Official use of Tettigadinae requires suppression of the name Tibicininae and its derivatives by the International Commission of Zoology Nomenclature (Code, Article 19); a case for suppression is in preparation.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394843FFC5EFDDFC3AFB40679D.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Tettigades Amyot & Serville (type species: T. chilensis Amyot & Serville).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394843FFC5EFDDFC3AFB40679D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Metanotum entirely concealed at dorsal midline (except in Platypedia and Tibicina). Fore wing veins CuP and 1 A unfused. Hind wing 1 st cubital cell width at distal end about equal to 2 nd cubital cell; veins RP and M unfused at their bases. Rim of abdominal timbal cavity with a turnedback rim. Pygofer with distal shoulder undeveloped; pygofer upper lobe absent. Uncus exceedingly long and nonretractable within pygofer. Claspers absent. Aedeagus with ventrobasal pocket present; aedeagal restrained by tubular encapsulation below uncus. Apical part of theca with a pair of leaf-like lateral lobes. Distinguishing characters. Fore wing veins CuP and 1 A not fused. Hind wing veins RP and M unfused at base. Uncus exceedingly long and non-retractable within pygofer. Aedeagus with ventrobasal pocket present. Aedeagus with apical part of theca bearing a pair of leaf-like lateral lobes and a non-retractable tubular vesica. The male opercula have a distinctive S-shape, their lateral margins deeply concave, distal margins not reaching distal margins of tympanal cavities, basally not extending beyond meracantha.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394843FFC5EFDDFC3AFB40679D.taxon	discussion	Discussion. This is an entirely new subfamily concept expanded to incorporate the former Tettigadinae, Platypediinae and the tribe Tibicinini. Previously identified attributes for the Tettigadinae in its former concept (Distant, 1905 d; Jacobi, 1907 b; Chen, 1943; Boulard, 1976 a, 1986 b; Hayashi, 1984; Duffels, 1993; Chou et al., 1997) are now applicable at tribal rank for the Tettigadini.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394840FFC8EE37FA0EFE5360B5.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Burbunga Distant, 1905 (type species Tibicen gilmorei Distant).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394840FFC8EE37FA0EFE5360B5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with vertex laterally elongate so that eyes widely separated from supra-antennal plate. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin weakly ampliate; lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad and vein 3 A curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula completely encapsulating meracanthus and completely covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases. Timbal covers flat; reduced dorsally and not reaching metathorax; lower margin extending anteriorly from or very near auditory capsule. Pygofer upper lobe absent; basal lobe moderately to well developed; distal shoulder rounded, except in Macrotristria hillieri (not a true Macrotristria; its generic placement to be addressed in a forthcoming work, Moulds in prep.) where it is distally extended and pointed; dorsal beak present as a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus digitate or basically tubular, long, dominant. Claspers absent. Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca recurved basally through some 180 °, overall spiral-shaped; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with accessory glands long. Female reproductive system with length of accessory glands of common oviduct unknown. Distinguishing characters. Head with vertex laterally elongate so that eyes widely separated from supra-antennal plate; theca spiral. Differs from the Platypleurini (which includes some species that are superficially similar to some Burbungini) by having the male timbal covers reduced dorsally.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394840FFC8EE37FA0EFE5360B5.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Support for the allocation of Burbunga to its own tribe is derived from its phylogenetic position in the cladistic analysis. It clearly differs from Jassopsaltria in head and aedeagal structure, and from Cyclochila in head shape, pronotal collar development, aedeagal structure and the shape of the male opercula.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484EFFC8EFE0FD55FBDB61FA.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Cryptotympana Stål [type species: Tettigonia atrata F.; = C. pustulata (F.)].	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484EFFC8EFE0FD55FBDB61FA.taxon	discussion	These genera are grouped into three subtribes: Cryptotympanina, Heteropsaltriina and Nggelianina based upon length of the fore wing cells and whether the timbal covers meet the opercula (Boulard, 1979 b). Subtribes are not adopted here.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484EFFC8EFE0FD55FBDB61FA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with vertex laterally elongate so that eyes widely separated from supra-antennal plate. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin strongly ampliate; lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad and vein 3 A usually curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine usually erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula completely encapsulating meracanthus and completely covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 larger than tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases. Timbal covers flat; fully rounded dorsally, extending to metathorax, tightly closing the timbal cavity or nearly so; lower margin extending anteriorly from or very near auditory capsule. Pygofer with upper lobe absent (except in Henicopsaltria, Psaltoda, Anapsaltoda and Neopsaltoda), thickened rather than flat; basal lobe moderately to well developed; distal shoulder rounded except in Illyria where it is distally extended and pointed; dorsal beak present as a part of chitinized pygofer (but absent in Anapsaltoda, Henicopsaltria, Illyria, Neopsaltoda and Psaltoda). Uncus digitate or basically tubular, large, dominant. Claspers absent. Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca recurved basally through some 180 °; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent (except in Illyria and Macrotristria). Male reproductive system with length of accessory glands long. Female reproductive system with accessory glands of common oviduct short. Distinguishing characters. Distinguished from the allied Platypleurini by having a broad head that is as wide or wider than the lateral margin of the pronotum (that of the Platypleurini is narrower, usually much narrower), and the head, thorax and abdomen are “ normal ” (unlike those of the Platypleurini which are compressed vertically, that is “ flattened ”). Distinguished from the allied Thophini by the male timbal covers that are flat (those of the Thophini are swollen and sack-like); females are not distinguishable.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484EFFC8EFE0FD55FBDB61FA.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The Cryptotympanini as defined here is equivalent to Boulard’s (1998) subtribe Cryptotympanaria. Boulard combined the Cryptotympanini and Platypleurini into the single tribe Platypleurini, with subtribes Cryptotympanaria and Platypleuraria. See further comments below under Platypleurini, p. 433.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484EFFC9ECC8FC0AFE926612.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Cyclochila Amyot & Serville (type species: Tettigonia australasiae Donovan).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484EFFC9ECC8FC0AFE926612.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with distance between supra-antennal plate and eye about equal to length of antennal plate. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin strongly ampliate; lateral tooth absent; underside of lateral angles with stridulatory file (scraper on base of fore wing). Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc widely separated; vein R; A 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad and vein 3 A curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus rudimentary, short, worm-like. Male opercula completely encapsulating meracanthus and completely covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases. Timbal covers flat; reduced dorsally and not reaching metathorax; lower margin extending anteriorly from or very near auditory capsule. Pygofer upper lobe absent; basal lobe moderately to well developed; distal shoulder rounded; dorsal beak present as a part of chitinized pygofer (sometimes absent in C. australasiae). Uncus digitate or basically tubular, large, dominant. Claspers absent. Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca recurved basally through some 180 °; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with accessory glands long. Female reproductive system with accessory glands of common oviduct long. Distinguishing characters. Pronotal collar with lateral margin strongly ampliate, evenly rounded and horizontal in lateral view; a stridulatory file on underside of lateral angles of pronotal collar and corresponding scraper on the base of the fore wing; male meracanthus is rudimentary, short and worm-like; fore wing veins C and R + Sc are widely separated; and the male reproductive system has extraordinary long vas deferentia and accessory glands. Differs from the Cryptotympanini, Platypleurini and Thophini also in having the timbal covers reduced dorsally and not reaching metathorax, and differs from most in the relatively narrow head that is much narrower than the ampliate pronotum and has the distance between the supraantennal plate and eye about equal to the length of the antennal plate. Differs from the Burbungini and Jassopsaltriini also in having a broad lateral area to the pronotal collar, and in the male opercula which overlap and are well developed, and which reach well beyond the tympanal cavity.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484EFFC9ECC8FC0AFE926612.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The separation of Cyclochila from the Thophini, Platypleurini, Cryptotympanini, Burbungini and Jassopsaltriini in the cladistic analysis justifies a tribal ranking based upon this genus only (see discussion “ On the monophyly of the Cyclochilini ”, p. 423). Other genera previously assigned to the Cyclochilini belong to the Cryptotympanini.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484FFFC9EFE4FBAEFB9064CD.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Dundubia (type species: Tettigonia vaginata F.).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484FFFC9EFE4FBAEFB9064CD.taxon	discussion	These genera are grouped into five subtribes: Terpnosiina Kato, Leptopsaltriina Moulton, Dundubiina Matsumura, Cosmopsaltriina Kato and Tosenina Amyot & Serville. Only the subtribe Cosmopsaltriina is relevant to the Australian fauna, see below.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484FFFC9EFE4FBAEFB9064CD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with distance between supra-antennal plate and eye about equal to length of antennal plate. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin weakly ampliate; lateral tooth present. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe narrow and vein 3 A straight, short, adjacent to wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula very long, reaching far beyond tympanal cavity to cover some two thirds length of abdomen, clearly separated. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in crosssection; tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, epipleurite 4, and sometimes also others, strongly kinked inwards in a V-shape. Timbals extend below wing bases. Timbal covers flat; fully rounded dorsally, extending to metathorax, tightly closing the timbal cavity or nearly so; lower margin extending vertically from auditory capsule before turning anteriorly. Pygofer upper lobe absent; basal lobe moderately to well developed; distal shoulder distally extended into pointed, and often apically up-turned, lobe (except in subtribe Dundubiina); dorsal beak present, either as a flap on “ hinge ” tissue or, in Cosmopsaltriina a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus digitate or basically tubular, long, dominant and often deeply divided into lateral lobes; claspers absent in subtribe Dundubiina, present in subtribe Cosmopsaltriina. Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca recurved basally through some 180 ° in subtribe Dundubiina, straight or curved in a gentle arc in subtribe Cosmopsaltriina; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with accessory glands long. Female reproductive system with length of accessory glands of common oviduct unknown. Distinguishing characters. Pronotal collar with lateral tooth. Hind wing with anal lobe narrow and vein 3 A straight, short, adjacent to wing margin. Male opercula very long, reaching far beyond tympanal cavity to cover some two thirds length of abdomen, clearly separated; tergites 2 and 3 much enlarged, 2 + 3 usually accounting for approximately half abdominal length. Timbal covers fully rounded dorsally, extending to metathorax, tightly closing the timbal cavity or nearly so. Pygofer dorsal beak present as a flap on “ hinge ” membrane.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484FFFC9EFE4FBAEFB9064CD.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Lee & Hayashi (2003) combine the Dundubiini and Cicadini. They retain the name Dundubiini, placing Cicadini in synonymy although strictly speaking Cicadini has priority (see discussion under Dundubiini p. 391 above). I am tentatively retaining the Dundubiini in anticipation of an overview of these two tribes. Primary attributes of earlier authors that are retained here include the presence of a lateral tooth on the pronotal collar and the characteristic elongation of the male opercula. Of the subtribes currently recognized only the Cosmopsaltriina is represented in Australia.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484FFFCAEC7EF8C4FD4060E3.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Cosmopsaltria Stål (type species: Cicada doryca Boisduval).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484FFFCAEC7EF8C4FD4060E3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Distal shoulder distally extended into pointed, and often apically up-turned lateral lobe. Accessory spines (claspers) present. Theca straight or curved in a gentle arc and with fleshy apical appendages. Distinguishing characters. As for diagnosis above but the extended and apically up-turned lateral lobes of the male pygofer distal shoulder are similar in some Burbungini and rudimentary in Thophini. A straight or curved theca is also widespread within the Cicadidae but the fleshy apical appendages are characteristic for the Cosmopsaltriina.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484FFFCAEC7EF8C4FD4060E3.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The concept of the Cosmopsaltriina has been reviewed by Duffels (1983, 1986, 1993, 1997) and Beuk (2002). Readers are directed to these studies for detailed species accounts and their phylogenetic relationships.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484CFFCAEE21FD13FC076370.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Jassopsaltria Ashton (type species: J. rufifacies Ashton).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484CFFCAEE21FD13FC076370.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with distance between supra-antennal plate and eye about equal to length of antennal plate; antennal plate produced into a pointed lobe; eyes very small but head is broad so that the distance between the lateral ocelli is about equal to the breadth of each eye. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin weakly ampliate; lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad and vein 3 A curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula not completely encapsulating meracanthus, and entirely covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 a little larger than to tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases. Timbal covers flat; reduced dorsally and not reaching metathorax; lower margin extending anteriorly from or very near auditory capsule. Pygofer upper lobe thickened rather than flat; basal lobe moderately to well developed; distal shoulder rounded; dorsal beak absent. Uncus digitate or basically tubular, large, dominant. Claspers absent. Aedeagal basal plate with basal portion directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca recurved basally through some 180 °, J-shaped; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with length of accessory glands unknown. Female reproductive system with length of accessory glands of common oviduct unknown. Distinguishing characters. Eyes are very small but the head is broad so that the distance between the lateral ocelli is about equal to the breadth of each eye; pygofer dorsal beak absent.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484CFFCAEE21FD13FC076370.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The differentiation of Jassopsaltria in the cladistic analysis supports a tribal ranking based upon this genus only. It clearly differs from its putative sister group, the Burbungini, in head shape, by lacking a dorsal beak on the male pygofer and the aedeagus is J-shaped rather than spiralled.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484CFFCBECBDFE80FE2C63C0.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Platypleura Amyot & Serville (type species Cicada stridula L.).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484CFFCBECBDFE80FE2C63C0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with vertex laterally elongate so that eyes widely separated from supra-antennal plate. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin strongly ampliate; lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad and vein 3 A usually curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine usually laying flat, prostrate, but sometimes erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula completely encapsulating meracanthus and completely covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 a little larger than tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases. Timbal covers flat; fully rounded dorsally, extending to metathorax, tightly closing the timbal cavity or nearly so; lower margin extending anteriorly from or very near auditory capsule. Pygofer with upper lobe absent; basal lobe moderately to well developed; distal shoulder rounded; dorsal beak a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus digitate or basically tubular, large, dominant. Claspers absent. Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca straight or curved in a gentle arc; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with length of accessory glands unknown. Female reproductive system with length of accessory glands of common oviduct unknown. Distinguishing characters. Head, thorax and abdomen vertically compressed; pronotal collar with lateral margin strongly ampliate so that head is always narrower than the pronotum; fore leg femoral primary spine nearly always prostrate; theca straight or curved in an arc. In some genera the strongly ampliate lateral margin to the pronotal collar is characteristically sharply angular around mid point.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484CFFCBECBDFE80FE2C63C0.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Boulard (1998) has suggested that the Cryptotympanini be included in the Platypleurini. The cladistic analysis implies that the Thophini would also have to be included in such an arrangement. Although there is a lack of strong synapomorphies for distinguishing the Platypleurini, Cryptotympanini and Thophini I believe they are sufficiently different to warrant individual tribal status; males especially are easily recognized. Former subtribal groupings within the Platypleurini [Platypleurina, (= Platypleuraria auct.) and Hainanosemiina (= Hainanosemiaria auct.) are here abandoned as they lack sufficient differentiation.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484DFFCBEE16FDF0FE3F65EE.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Tamasa Distant (type species Cicada tristigma Germar).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484DFFCBEE16FDF0FE3F65EE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with distance between supra-antennal plate and eye about equal to length of antennal plate. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin weakly ampliate or confluent with adjoining pronotal sclerites; lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad and vein 3 A curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula not completely encapsulating meracanthus, covering tympanal cavity but not meeting. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases; timbal covers flat, small, reduced dorsally and ventrally and not reaching metathorax. Pygofer with upper lobe absent; pygofer basal lobe moderately to well developed; dorsal beak a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus digitate or basically tubular, large, dominant. Claspers absent. Aedeagus with ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca straight or curved in a gentle arc; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with accessory glands short. Female reproductive system with accessory glands of common oviduct long. Distinguishing characters. Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed upwards and nearly parallel with thecal shaft; the basal plate is also deeply divided and Yshaped in dorsal view. The broad head (distance between supra-antennal plate and eye about equal to length of supraantennal plate) in conjunction with a very elongate basal cell on the fore wing distinguish members of this tribe from all other Australian tribes except the Dundubiini. The Dundubiini differ by having a mid lateral tooth on the pronotal collar. The male timbal covers of the Tamasini are very short and their leading margin is curled upwards for part or all of their length.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484DFFCBEE16FDF0FE3F65EE.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The clear separation of the monophyletic group comprising Tamasa and Parnkalla in the cladistic analysis provides strong support for the tribal ranking for these genera. The Tamasini do not appear to be closely allied to any other Australian tribe.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484DFFCBECACFF7EFA256499.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Thopha Amyot & Serville (type species Tettigonia saccata F.).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484DFFCBECACFF7EFA256499.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with vertex laterally elongate so that eyes widely separated from supra-antennal plate. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin strongly ampliate (except in Arunta); lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad and vein 3 A usually curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula completely encapsulating meracanthus and completely covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 a little larger than tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases. Timbal covers swollen and sac-like; fully rounded dorsally, extending to metathorax, tightly closing the timbal cavity or nearly so; lower margin extending anteriorly from or very near auditory capsule. Pygofer with upper lobe absent; basal lobe moderately to well developed; distal shoulder rounded; dorsal beak a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus digitate or basically tubular, large, dominant. Claspers absent. Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca straight or curved in a gentle arc; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with length of accessory glands long. Female reproductive system with length of accessory glands of common oviduct long. Distinguishing characters. Males are readily distinguished by their greatly swollen and sac-like timbal covers. Females differ from those of the allied Platypleurini in having a head that is wider than the pronotum; the head of Platypleurini is narrower, usually much narrower. Females are similar to some Cryptotympanini.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484DFFCBECACFF7EFA256499.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The Cuban genus Uhleroides has recently been transferred to the South American tribe Zammarini (Moulds, 2001). Although males of some species show some saclike development of the timbal covers, the covers are much reduced dorsally. Further, the male aedeagus of Uhleroides is markedly different and the postclypeal ridges have transverse grooves. These are all features of the Zammarini.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484AFFCCEE12FBA5FB8F65A3.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Chlorocysta Westwood (type species: Cystosoma vitripennis Westwood).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484AFFCCEE12FBA5FB8F65A3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with supra-antennal plate meeting or nearly meeting eye. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section angular; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin confluent with adjoining pronotal sclerites; lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma absent; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 diverging from subcosta (Sc) in subapical region (except in Thaumastopsaltria, Cystosoma and Cystopsaltria). Hind wing with anal lobe broad (except in Gymnotympana) and vein 3 A usually curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect (except in Thaumastopsaltria, Cystosoma and Cystopsaltria). Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula not completely encapsulating meracanthus and partly covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides partly concave in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites rounded to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases. Timbal covers absent. Pygofer with upper lobe present (except in Venustria), thickened rather than flat; basal lobe ill-defined, substantially confluent with pygofer margin; dorsal beak present as a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus absent. Claspers large, dominating the whole 10 th abdominal segment. Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca “ S ” shaped; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with accessory glands either short or long. Female reproductive system with accessory glands of common oviduct either short or long. Distinguishing characters. The tribe is primarily characterized by the “ S ” shaped theca (Boer, 1995 b). Other features include the inflated male abdomen with epipleurites rounded to the ventral surface and fore wing vein RA 1 diverging from subcosta (Sc) in subapical region (except in Thaumastopsaltria, Cystosoma and Cystopsaltria).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484AFFCCEE12FBA5FB8F65A3.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The concept of the Chlorocystini remains unchanged from that of Boer (1995 b). His extensive review of the tribe should be consulted for ingroup relationships and species reviews.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484BFFCDEFFFFF7EFBC0600E.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Cicadetta Amyot (type species: Cicada montana Scopoli).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484BFFCDEFFFFF7EFBC0600E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with supra-antennal plate meeting or nearly meeting eye. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin weakly ampliate or confluent with adjoining pronotal sclerites; lateral tooth absent (except in Diemeniana, Kobonga, Marteena, Pauropsalta and in the new genus represented by Abricta borealis). Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad (except in Froggattoides) and vein 3 A usually curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula not completely encapsulating meracanthus and partly or entirely covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals not extended below wing bases; timbal covers absent. Pygofer with upper lobe present (except in Froggattoides and in the new genus represented by Cicadetta forresti), flat; basal lobe moderately to well developed; dorsal beak present as a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus duck-bill shaped, very broad and flat. Claspers large, dominating the whole 10 th abdominal segment. Aedeagus with basal portion of plate basal directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca straight or curved in a gentle arc; pseudoparameres present; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with accessory glands short. Female reproductive system with accessory glands of common oviduct usually long, sometimes short. Distinguishing characters. Timbals not extended below wing bases; pygofer upper lobe flat (missing in Froggattoides); pseudoparameres present.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484BFFCDEFFFFF7EFBC0600E.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The traditional concept of the Cicadettini, based on the basal coalescence of fore wing veins M and CuA, is here very much altered. While the coalescence of these veins was a convenient means of recognizing most members of this tribe, the attribute unfortunately sometimes is contradictory. In some genera such as Pauropsalta some species show coalescence but in others these veins are entirely separated, and in some species such as Kobonga umbrimargo some individuals clearly lack fusion. See discussion above under the heading “ Some notable characters trends ”, p. 412, for further comments on this matter.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484BFFCDEC9FFD86FC0765EA.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Prasia Stål (type species P. faticina Stål).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484BFFCDEC9FFD86FC0765EA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with supra-antennal plate meeting eye. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section angular; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin confluent with adjoining pronotal sclerites; lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe either broad or narrow and vein 3 A either separated or adjacent to wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula not completely encapsulating meracanthus and partly covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward Vshaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases; timbal covers absent. Pygofer with upper lobe present, thickened rather than flat; pygofer basal lobe development ill-defined, substantially confluent with pygofer margin; dorsal beak a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus absent. Claspers large, dominating the whole 10 th abdominal segment. Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate. Theca straight or curved in a gentle arc; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male and female reproductive systems unknown. Distinguishing characters. The four apomorphies identified by Boer (1995 b, 1997) as distinguishing the Prasiini are not in dispute and are here accepted as defining the Prasiini sensu Jong (1982, 1985, 1986, 1987) and Boer (1995 b, 1997), viz. a very narrow vertex with ocelli close together; a large obconical and triangularly protruding postclypeus; a very narrow hyaline border along hind margin of hind wing; well-developed and posteriorly projecting protuberances on upper pygofer lobes of male.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F71539484BFFCDEC9FFD86FC0765EA.taxon	discussion	Discussion. The inclusion of the African genera here is tentative and awaits a broad assessment of the tribe and allied genera.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394848FFCEEE25FF7EFB70661C.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Taphura Distant (type species T. misella Stål).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394848FFCEEE25FF7EFB70661C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with supra-antennal plate meeting or nearly meeting eye (except in Aleeta and Tryella). Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin weakly ampliate or confluent with adjoining pronotal sclerites; lateral tooth absent (except in Magicicada). Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R + Sc close together; vein RA 1 aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad and vein 3 A usually curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula not completely encapsulating meracanthus, partly or entirely covering tympanal cavity but never extending beyond midlength of abdomen. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4 – 7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface (except in Magicicada), without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases. Pygofer with upper lobe either present or absent, flat; pygofer basal lobe moderately to well developed; dorsal beak a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus absent. Claspers large, dominating the whole 10 th abdominal segment, often widely separated. Aedeagus with basal portion basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib rod-like, suspended with attachment only at ends; theca either recurved basally through 140 ° or lacking a pronounced basal recurve; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with accessory glands long in Aleeta, otherwise unknown. Female reproductive system with accessory glands of common oviduct long in Aleeta, otherwise unknown. Distinguishing characters. Males differ from other members of the subfamily Cicadettinae by having the aedeagal basal plate with the ventral rib rod-like, suspended with attachments only at ends. The claspers are widely separated except in Abricta occidentalis that represents a new genus. Males can be distinguished from those of the Cicadettini by having the timbals not extending below the level of the wing bases, and the timbal ribs are long and closely spaced and at least 5 in number. Females differ from the Chlorocystini and Prasiini by having the head broader than the maximum width of the pronotum. Females cannot be distinguished from those of the Cicadettini in which the fore wing veins M and CuA meet the basal cell separated.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394848FFCEEE25FF7EFB70661C.taxon	discussion	Discussion. Attributes previously defining the Taphurini still apply but are insufficient for unique characterization. Differences between the type genus from South America (and its allies) and other Taphurini are considered sufficiently distinct to warrant division of the tribe into two subtribes. The nominotypical subtribe Taphurina Distant has no Australian representative. Included genera are Dorachosa Distant, Dulderana Distant, Elachysoma Torres, Imbabura Distant, Nosola Stål, Prosotettix Jacobi, Selymbria Stål and Taphura Stål, although some genera allocated here may be incorrectly placed as it was not possible to examine examples of all genera. The diagnostic features of the subtribe Taphurina are as follows: Male aedeagus lacks a strong basal recurve of the theca and the upper pygofer lobe is absent; the male opercula curve towards abdominal midline but are very small, narrow, and remain widely separated and far from the distal margins of the tympanal cavities.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394848FFCEECC8FB7DFAF76496.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus. Tryella Moulds (type species T. ochra Moulds).	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
03F715394848FFCEECC8FB7DFAF76496.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Male theca recurved basally through some 140 ° and the male upper pygofer lobe present. The male opercula tend linear and reach beyond the tympanal cavities. Distinguishing characters. See diagnosis above.	en	Moulds, MS (2005): An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna. Records of the Australian Museum 57 (3): 375-446, DOI: 10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447, URL: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.57.2005.1447
