taxonID	type	description	language	source
EE3F8791FFA74C04FD913CF0D70AE0C1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Ectopusia additivaneura (Carles-Tolrá, 2009) gen. et comb. nov. by monotypy.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFA74C04FD913CF0D70AE0C1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Easily distinguished from all other genera in Usiini by the presence of an extra crossvein between veins R 2 + 3 and R 4. Of the species with poorly sclerotised genital fork and unpigmented vaginal plate, Ectopusia gen. nov. is the only one with widely separated eyes in the male.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFA74C04FD913CF0D70AE0C1.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Ectopo- ’ Greek, ‘ out of place’, and genus Usia. Refers to the unusual features that put this species outside the typical ‘ Parageron ’ - type.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFA74C39FE76391ED691E24E.taxon	description	Fig. 33	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFA74C39FE76391ED691E24E.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific name refers to the distinct additional crossvein present between veins R 2 + 3 and R 4 (‘ additivus ’ = ‘ additional’ in Latin; ‘ neuron ’ = ‘ vein’ in Greek).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFA74C39FE76391ED691E24E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype SPAIN • ♂; “ Almería, 10 - 5 - 2004 Parque Natural Cabo de Gata – Níjar, pitfall, A. Aguirre leg. / Parageron additivaneura sp. n. ♂ Holotipo M. Carles-Tolrá det. ”; PCMC-T. Paratype SPAIN • 1 ♀; “ Almería, 3 - 5 - 2004 Parque Natural Cabo de Gata – Níjar, pitfall, A. Aguirre leg. / Parageron additivaneura sp. n. ♀ Paratipo M. Carles-Tolrá det. ”; PCMC-T. Redescription (from two specimens in spirit, so some details will not be comparable with descriptions from pinned material) MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.9 – 4.4 mm. Wing length: 3.4 mm. Male HEAD. Gena relatively narrow, at narrowest point about as broad as scape is long, broadening above into frons, entirely yellow in ground colour, a very narrow shinier border to the oral opening below. Frons converging dorsally to its narrowest point just in front of front ocellus were it is separated by four times the diameter of front ocellus. Frons yellowish-white with short adpressed white hairs anteriorly. Ocellar tubercle darker brownish, ocelli arranged in an equilateral triangle, the hind ocelli a little more than the diameter of that ocellus from eye margin, a few short, white hairs close to hind ocelli. All eye facets small. Occiput dark brown becoming blacker towards neck; covered with long white hairs longer than length of scape and pedicel combined, especially dense and ‘ shaggy’ below. Antennae with scape and pedicel light brown a little darker than frons, third segment lighter, yellowish, especially apically. Scape quadrate, pedicel a little deeper than long, postpedicel, a little less than twice as long as scape and pedicel together, swollen basally with narrow, parallel-sided tip. Scape and pedicel with numerous short white hairs, third segment sparsely haired towards tip on dorsal side. Palps small but readily visible, slightly swollen apically, whitish-yellow with conspicuous white apical hairs about three quarters the length of the palp. Proboscis moderate, about twice frons length, brown, tapering but without swollen base, naked, the basoventral membrane pale brown. THORAX. Mesonotum blackish in ground-colour, yellowish post pronotal lobe, notopleuron and post alar calli; densely coated with grey dust, no darker or undusted vittae apparent. Mesonotum largely naked but white hairs on post pronotal lobe, anterior slope of mesonotum, notopleuron and a very few near scutellum. Scutellum as mesonotum but disc yellower, long white hairs present basally. Pleura yellowish-brown, a little darker on ventral parts of katepisternum and meron with long white hairs on katepisternum dorsally and anepisternum dorso-medially. WING. Additional crossvein present between veins R 2 + 3 and R 4. Membrane clear and veins whitish except where infuscated. Fork R 2 + 3 / R 4 + 5, base of R 4 and crossveins R 2 + 3 - R 4, r-m, m-m and m-cu infuscated brownish on vein and narrowly on to adjacent membrane. Crossvein r-m a little beyond middle of the discal cell, conspicuously beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, obviously broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Knob whitish, stem slightly infuscated, especially at base. LEGS. Coxae slightly paler brown than pleura. Femora, tibia and tarsi yellowish-brown. Legs covered with white hairs, longer and more erect on the coxae and femora posteriorly, tibia hairs short and adpressed. ABDOMEN. Tergites brownish on basal two thirds, with fairly well demarcated yellow posterior margins on remainder. All tergites with pale hairs from a half to equalling the length of each tergite longer laterally. Sternites similar but paler and yellower, infuscated basally, hairing as on tergites. GENITALIA. Brown, paler apically, pale gonostyli, covered in fairly long white hairs as on tergites. Female As male except gena a little broader and frons wider, evenly narrowed from front to vertex, eyes smaller, lateral ocelli a little more distant from eye margin. Frons infuscated medially so less clear yellow than in male. Antennae a little shorter, not so abruptly contracted apically. Mesonotum with slightly paler paramedian vittae separated by a narrow, dark acrostichal stripe. Abdomen tapering to a point.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFA74C39FE76391ED691E24E.taxon	discussion	Remarks This recently discovered species is clearly distinct from all other Usiini and it is difficult to know where its affinities may lie. The female genitalia suggest affinity with Parageron s. str., with rather weakly sclerotised genital fork and unpigmented vaginal plate. However, males of this genus are holoptic or nearly so with differentiated eye facets. The gonostyli also show some similarity to those seen in Parageron s. str., with a prominent internal ‘ thumb’ - like process, but the epiphallus really does not conform, being closest to Protypusia flavipalpis gen. et sp. nov., otherwise a quite different species. It seems most probable that Ectopusia gen. nov. is basal to Parageron s. lat.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFA74C39FE76391ED691E24E.taxon	distribution	Distribution So far only known from the type locality in Almería, Southern Spain.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9A4C39FDAC3C61D7FCE756.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Parageron orientalis Paramonov, 1929 by monotypy.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9A4C39FDAC3C61D7FCE756.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Rather delicate pale yellow species (Par. erythraeus darker), male eyes holoptic (or very narrowly separated in Par. erythraeus) with upper facets enlarged. The single feature differentiating this genus from all others in Parageron s. lat. is the presence of a round blackish (sometimes velvety) spot placed on the thoracic suture above the notopleuron (see TSS in Gibbs 2011: fig. 2).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9A4C39FDAC3C61D7FCE756.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Near Geron ’, referring to similarity with the genus Geron (from ‘ Para’, ‘ Παρά’ Greek prefix = ‘ near’ and ‘ geron ’, from Greek ‘ γέρων’ = ‘ old man’). Included species Parageron erythraeus (Greathead, 1967) Parageron lutescens (Bezzi, 1925) Parageron longilingua sp. nov. Parageron orientalis Paramonov, 1929	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9A4C3EFDCD3969D46EE044.taxon	description	Fig. 34	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9A4C3EFDCD3969D46EE044.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Reddish’, from Greek ‘ ypérythros’.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9A4C3EFDCD3969D46EE044.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ERITREA • ♂; “ near Jebel Gheddem 9 April 1958 (leg. D. J. Greathead), 014587152 ”; NHMUK. Paratypes ERITREA • 4 ♀♀; “ near Jebel Gheddem 9 April 1958 (leg. D. J. Greathead) 014587153, 014587154, 014587156 & 014587157 ”; NHMUK • 3 ♀♀; “ near Jebel Gheddem 9 April 1958 (leg. D. J. Greathead) ”; NHMUK • 2 ♀♀; “ near Jebel Gheddem 2 April 1958 (leg. D. J. Greathead) ”; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ near Jebel Gheddem 2 April 1958 (leg. D. J. Greathead) ” 014587155; NHMUK.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9A4C3EFDCD3969D46EE044.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.7 – 3.8 mm. Wing length: 2.4 – 4.6 mm. Male Only one male available, previously dissected. HEAD. Mouth margin relatively broad, almost as wide as width of proboscis at base, broadening out slightly into frons, entirely yellow in ground colour with thin coating of silky white dust, a slightly shinier border to the oral opening below. Frons approximately an equilateral triangle, lacking erect hairs. Eyes very narrowly separated by less than the diameter of an adjacent eye facet, thus linear, yellow strip broadening and becoming abruptly dark grey just in front of the front ocellus. Ocellar tubercle dark blackish, densely dusted silvery-grey, all ocelli in direct contact with the eyes; ocelli make an equilateral triangle. Very short, pale brown proclinate hairs on ocellar tubercle no longer than diameter of an ocellus. Eye facets in the central part of the upper two fifths enlarged, at least twice the size of those in lower part and around the margin. Occiput dark in ground colour except for narrow yellow strip next to eye in lower half; densely coated with grey dust and covered with white hairs longer than length of scape and pedicel combined. Antennae with scape yellow as frons, pedicel and postpedicel blackish, latter significantly longer than scape and pedicel together, the apical sulcus cut away such that the tip of the segment is much narrowed. Erect hairs on antennae almost absent or very short and inconspicuous. Palps very small and short, not swollen apically, pale yellow with short yellowish hairs. Proboscis moderately long, about equal to the mesonotum plus scutellum, black, tapering evenly, not swollen at base, naked, the basoventral membrane contrastingly yellow. THORAX. Mesonotum blackish in ground-colour, yellowish only on post alar calli; densely coated with grey dust except for the two dust-free, roundish black spots on the thoracic suture laterally. Dark paramedian vittae also apparent from the very front of the mesonotum widening rearward to beyond wing bases, becoming difficult to see from some angles. Hairs of mesonotum white, absent on acrostichal line and paramedian vittae (except for a few acrostichals at rear), short on disc, longer on notopleuron where hairs are longer than scape and pedicel combined. Scutellum as mesonotum but ground colour vaguely yellow apically, white hairs short like dorsocentrals. Pleura concolourous with sides of mesonotum, grey dusted, pronotum and dorsum and posterior half of the anepisternum with white hairs like those on notopleuron. WING. Membrane with a very faint yellow tinge, the veins pale yellowish. Crossvein r-m between basal third and middle of the discal cell, a little beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, notably broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Knob yellowish, stem slightly infuscated, especially at base. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura. Femora and tibia dark brown with tips of femora and very narrow bases of tibia yellow, trochanters and bases of femora also more yellowish. Front tibia paler brown than mid tibia, thinly silvery dusted. Legs covered with short white hairs, longest on the coxae and femora (hind legs missing but type description suggests they are as mid-legs). ABDOMEN (MOSTLY REMOVED FOR DISSECTION SO REDESCRIPTION BARELY POSSIBLE). Tergites brownish, very thinly pale dusted. All tergites with dark basal colour shading into yellow posterior margins. All tergites with short pale hairs barely a quarter the length of each tergite (only basal tergites could be examined properly; sternites likewise but mostly creamy-yellow, narrowly dark basally, hairing as tergites). GENITALIA. Largely dark brown, dusting and hairing similar to tergites. Female Seems to be very variable. Generally much more yellow in ground colour than male. Head mostly pale yellow with variable blackish areas on occiput and ocellar tubercle. Frons at narrowest wider than length of postpedicel, broadening towards front. Gena broader, shinier mouth margin slightly protuberant and raised at 45 ° relative to gena. Scape also sometimes pale below, postpedicel pointed, blunt-ended or with a double point, one forward, one dorsally situated. Eye facets all small. Hairing on occiput shorter. Dark spots on thoracic suture contrast more with the paler yellow ground colour, more or less dark striped medially and laterally, often leaving yellow dorsocentral areas, on other specimens these dark areas coalescing (in one case disc all dark). Scutellum yellow, pleura yellow, variably darkened. Thorax covered with yellowish dust and shorter pale hairs. Legs yellow, coxae variably darkened basally, hind tibia in apical half and tarsi blackish, fore and mid-basitarsus apically and remaining tarsal segments blackish (one specimen with legs more extensively infuscated). Abdomen usually more yellow than in male. 8 th sternite contrastingly dark brown apically.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9A4C3EFDCD3969D46EE044.taxon	discussion	Remarks Only known from the type series, of which only one is a male. The 10 females are rather variable in colour and shape of postpedicel. The closely related Par. lutescens Bezzi and Par. orientalis Paramonov also display considerable variation in these characters. It is conceivable that the type series of Par. erythraeus consists of more than one species but I consider this to be unlikely. Until more specimens, including males, become available, there is insufficient reason to think that this variability is other than intraspecific.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9A4C3EFDCD3969D46EE044.taxon	distribution	Distribution Eritrea.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	description	Figs 1, 35 – 36	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ Yellow-coloured’ from Latin ‘ lūteus ’. Type material of Par. lutescens (not examined) Holotype in ESEC, other types in EFC. Type locality: Egypt, Kerdacé (Bezzi 1925). Not seen. Photos of the draws show six specimens standing over lutescens, three of them with red labels, in ESEC. At the time the photo was taken the three specimens with red labels appeared to be in good condition so the holotype probably still exists. Seven more mounts in EFC, two with red labels. Type material of Par. lutescens var. minor (not examined) Holotype in ESEC. Not seen. Type locality: Egypt, Mallaha 1927 (Efflatoun 1945). Photos of the draw in ESEC show two mounts, both with red labels, one of which is lost, just pin remaining, the other survives but condition cannot be assessed from the available photos. Other material examined GAMBIA • 1 ♀; “ W. Div., Yundum, 19 November 1993 J. C. Deeming ”; NHMUK. NIGERIA • 1 ♂; “ Bauchi, Yankari Game Reserve 7 - 8 March 1981 ♂ Transitional zone, Woodland to Savanna (leg. R. Dransfield, NMW. Z 1981 - 125) ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂; “ same data as for preceding ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂; “ 29 March 1980 / WT 4, 14 / standing over lutescens Bezzi in J. Bowden Coll., BMNH (E) 2003 - 159 ”; NHMUK. SENEGAL • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Mereto, Terres-Neuves, April 1976, G. Couturier leg. / Usia lutescens Bezzi det. J. Bowden 1982 ”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ Forêt de Bandia 3 March 1976, G. Couturier leg. / Piège coloré / Usia lutescens Bezzi det. J. Bowden 1982 ”; MNHN.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 3.3 – 4.7 mm. Wing length: 2.9 – 4.8 mm. Male A rather variable species, possibly a complex of sibling species (see section below). This description is based on Senegalese specimens that seem to closely agree with Efflatoun’s (1945) description of Bezzi’s type. HEAD. Gena relatively broad, at level of proboscis wider than depth of postpedicel, broadening out slightly but noticeably on to frons, entirely yellow in ground colour with thin coating of silky white dust, a slightly shinier border to the oral opening below. Frons in dorsal view approximately equilateral but concave along eye margin, lacking erect hairs. Eyes confluent for a length about equal to the long axis of ocellar tubercle, about 10 facets. Ocellar tubercle dark blackish, thinly grey dusted, all ocelli in direct contact with the eyes; a narrow, acute yellow triangle in front of front ocelli. Very short, pale yellow proclinate hairs on ocellar tubercle no longer than diameter of an ocellus. Eye facets in the upper three fifths enlarged, at least twice the size of those in lower part, rather sharply demarcated. Occiput, darker yellow than frons, variably dark in ground colour around neck, thinly whitish dusted and covered with white hairs longer than length of scape and pedicel combined. Antennae with scape and pedicel yellow, a little darker than frons, postpedicel variably brownish to brown-yellow a little darker than pedicel, significantly longer than scape and pedicel together. The tip of this segment is remarkably variable, simply pointed or with a double point, the lower one sometimes spine-like; erect pale hairs very short and inconspicuous along dorsum of segments. Palps small and slender, not swollen apically, pale yellow with short yellowish hairs. Proboscis relatively short, shorter than tibia and basitarsus combined, yellow, labrum conspicuously swollen basally equal to twice width of pedicel, labium brownish often with labella darker blackish-brown, the basoventral membrane yellow. THORAX. Yellow in ground colour, mesonotum with three variable black vittae, sometimes clearly separated by yellow dorsocentral lines, the paramedian vittae ending before reaching the scutellum, often these black vittae coalescing, reaching the scutellum and more or less obscured by whitish dust. On each side of the thorax are dust-free, velvety, roundish to elongate-oval black spots on the thoracic suture. Just behind the suture and above the wing base is an often obscure, roundish dark spot, occasionally coalescing with the dark antehumeral vittae. In more densely dusted individuals, three narrow, darker vittae can be apparent superimposed on the median black ground-colour vittae. Hairs of mesonotum very pale yellow, absent on paramedian vittae, otherwise evenly distributed, relatively short and uniform in length, longest about half the length of scutellum, anteriorly reclinate, in hind third proclinate. Scutellum yellow, very pale yellow hairs a little longer than on mesonotum. Pleura yellow in ground colour, katepisternum black ventrally, meron black postero-ventrally, anepisternum often with a slightly darker, brownish antero-ventral corner, all thinly white dusted. Pronotum and anepisternum with white hairs like those on notopleuron. WING. Membrane with a very faint yellow tinge, the veins pale yellowish. Crossvein r-m between basal third and middle of the discal cell, a little to distinctly beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, noticeably broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Knob whitish, stem slightly darker yellowish, especially at base. LEGS. Predominantly yellow except for apical tarsal segments which are variably browner. In darkest specimens hind femora mottled and spotted with brown. Claws yellow basally with black apical half. Legs covered with short white hairs, longest on the coxae and femora, very short and adpressed on tibia and tarsi. ABDOMEN. Tergites predominantly yellow with paler creamy-yellow apical margins occupying about a third to half the length of each tergite, less on tergite one. Darker specimens can be variably brownish on base of tergites, all very thinly pale dusted. All tergites with mid-length pale hairs those on disc about half the length of respective tergite, laterally hairs longer. Sternites similar but mostly creamy-yellow, hairing as tergites. GENITALIA. Entirely pale yellow, small but quite conspicuous, the epandrium rectangular, dusting and hairing similar to tergites. Female Generally paler than associated males, the dark mesonotal vittae and pleural patches more often redbrown rather than black. Eye facets uniformly small, frons at its narrowest wider than the length of the postpedicel, hind ocelli separated from eye margin by about 1.5 times the diameter of that ocellus. Frons broadening evenly anteriorly, front of frons rather protuberant, gena rather broader than in male. Hairing generally shorter than in male, most conspicuously so on abdomen. Eighth sternite yellow with broad apical emargination bounded by protrusions.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	discussion	Remarks Unfortunately, it was not possible to study the material examined by Efflatoun and no more recently collected specimens from Egypt have come to my notice. Photographs of the collection in the Entomological Society of Egypt (ESEC), Cairo, show six specimens, of which 2 – 3 have red “ type ” labels. There are a further seven specimens in EFC, of which two have red “ type ” labels. As far as can be ascertained from the photos available most of these specimens are in reasonable condition, although one of the types in the EFC collection is probably lost. Of the two specimens of var. minor in ESEC, one appears to have been destroyed. However, Efflatoun’s (1945) very full description and illustrations fit the paler examples from Senegal very closely so there can be little doubt that these are the same species. Also, specimens from the Gambia fit very closely with Efflatoun’s description and I treat these as conspecific. Specimens from Nigeria and Kenya are more confusing. The Nigerian specimens include three males that can be identified as Par. lutescens with confidence as they hardly differ from the Senegalese specimens. However, two specimens differ sufficiently to make identification uncertain so these, together with four females from Kenya are discussed separately below. Variation or potential sibling species (Fig. 36) The following three forms are all known from a single sex and in two cases, single specimens. It is quite possible that they are merely extreme examples of intraspecific variation, but with such limited material it is as yet not possible to reach a conclusion. Swollen proboscis form (Fig. 36 a – e)	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined NIGERIA • 1 ♂; “ Transitional zone, Woodland to Savanna / Bauchi, Yankari Game Reserve 7 - 8 March 1981. R. Dransfield, NMW. Z 1981 - 125 / WT 12, 14, 15, 16 / Usia lutescens Bezzi det. J. Bowden 1982 ”; NHMUK. MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 4.6 mm. Wing length: 5.2 mm.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	discussion	Remarks This single male was collected in association with typical Par. lutescens males (however, label data suggests that four water trap samples have been bulked so it is not certain if all three specimens with the same data were collected at the same precise locality). It differs from typical Par. lutescens most obviously in the much more strongly swollen base of the labrum, broader than the femora and about twice as wide as the gena. Point of frons extended back to a very fine point such that eyes touching for only 6 – 8 facets. Thorax rather densely white dusted thus obscuring black vittae and pleural patches. The genitalia exhibit small differences, apex of gonocoxite coming to a blunt point (sharply pointed in typical Par. lutescens), in lateral view lacking easily visible subapical process (a setose process visible in typical Par. lutescens) epandrium more parallel sided (expanded apically in typical Par. lutescens) and tip of epiphallus different. Large pale yellow form (Fig. 36 f – g)	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined NIGERIA • 1 ♀; “ Bauchi, Yankari Game Reserve 28 March 1980. R. Dransfield, NMW. Z 1981 - 125 / wt 5 (9) / Usia lutescens Bezzi det. J. Bowden 1982 ”; NHMUK. MEASUREMENTS. Wing length: 4.1 mm.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	discussion	Remarks This single female specimen was captured the day before a typical male (the label data of these two differ only in date and water trap code numbers so it is clear that these two are not directly associated but were flying at the same time and in approximately the same area). It differs from typical Par. lutescens in being very pallid yellow, the dark mesonotal vittae and pleural patches hardly visible, just vaguely darker reddish-yellow. Even the undusted spots on the thoracic suture are more brown than black. It is possible that this female is merely a teneral example, however, the proximal part of the genital fork also differs slightly. The form of the eighth sternite is so close to typical Par. lutescens as to be essentially identical. Small pale yellow form	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined KENYA • 4 ♀♀; “ Kora National Reserve, nr. S. bank of Tana River pitfall trap, July-August 1983, N. M. Collins & J. M. Ritchie / Usia (Parageron) lutescens Bezzi det. J. Bowden 1985 / NMW. Z. 2007.035 ”; NHMUK. MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.5 – 3.0 mm. Wing length: 2.7 – 3.0 mm.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	discussion	Remarks This small series of four female specimens from Kenya represent the most southerly examples of this genus known. They are superficially rather strikingly different from typical Par. lutescens being conspicuously smaller and very pale, washed-out yellow. The most important difference is the form of the proboscis, as long as head and thorax together it is conspicuously longer than in typical Par. lutescens. Additionally the labrum is only slightly swollen basally, about as wide as gena. Mesonotal vittae red-brown, only median one readily visible, antehumeral vittae very vague and pleura hardly darkened at all. The spots on the thoracic sutures reddish brown. The genitalia do not differ in any meaningful way from the ‘ large pale yellow form’ described above and the eighth sternite is also closely similar. Like the ‘ large pale yellow form’, these specimens might be merely teneral specimens. However, the fact that all four are identical in colour and the form of the proboscis suggests that these specimens could be an undescribed species. Certainly, of the three forms described in this section, the ‘ small pale yellow form’ is by far the most distinct. Given the apparent variability of Par. lutescens, it is safer to wait for male specimens to become available before this form is formally described.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF9D4C30FDA13E9BD630E13F.taxon	distribution	Distribution Gambia, Egypt, Nigeria, Senegal (and possibly Kenya).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF934C35FDB53F5FD4EFE561.taxon	description	Figs 2, 4, 28, 37	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF934C35FDB53F5FD4EFE561.taxon	etymology	Etymology Noun in apposition, ‘ long tongue’, ‘ longus ’ = ‘ long’ and ‘ lingua ’ = ‘ tongue’ from Latin.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF934C35FDB53F5FD4EFE561.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype CYPRUS • ♂; “ Nicosea 16 August 1933 ♂ leg. T. Shiakides [NHMUK 014064125] ”; NHMUK. Paratypes CYPRUS • 1 ♂; “ Nicosea 16 August 1933 ♂ leg. T. Shiakides [NHMUK 014064126]; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ Cherkes 18 June 1934 leg. G. Mavromoustakis [NHMUK 014064127] ”; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ Limassol (ZW), Akrotiri 25 June 2000 leg. J. Janssens ”; PCJD. ISRAEL • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Berekhat Ya’ar, 7 July 2005, L. Friedman ”; TAU • 4 ♀♀; “ Herzliyya, hill, 32 ° 11 ′ N 34 ° 49 ′ E, 18 August 2007, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 1 ♂; 22 August 2007 ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Sedi Boqer, 20 June 1970, leg Kulger ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Ein Akev, 8 August 1977, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Tel-Aviv, 3 October 1977, A. Freidberg ”; TAU. Other material examined Intermediate Par. lutescens / Par. longilingua sp. nov. material. ISRAEL • 1 ♂; “ Jerico, Palestine, 23 August 1973, leg. Bytinski-Salz ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Arad, Israel, 30 June 1970, leg. Kugler [♂] ”; TAU.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF934C35FDB53F5FD4EFE561.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.5 – 4.5 mm. Wing length: 2.8 – 4.8 mm. Male A variable species, possibly a species complex or even an extreme variety of Par. lutescens (see discussion below). This description is based on Israeli specimens, with reference to Cypriot specimens where different. HEAD. Gena relatively broad, at level of proboscis wider than depth of postpedicel, remaining almost parallel sided onto frons, entirely yellow in ground colour with thin coating of silky white dust, a slightly shinier border to the oral opening below. Frons in dorsal view approximately equilateral, almost straight laterally, with short but distinct erect pale brown hairs, longer than pedicel (a little shorter in Cypriot specimens). Eyes confluent for longer than long axis of ocellar tubercle, about 13 facets and a little longer than the frons (about equal in Cypriot specimens). Ocellar tubercle dark brown to blackish, brown dusted (grey in Cypriot specimens), all ocelli in direct contact with the eyes; a narrow, acute dark triangle in front of front ocelli. Longish, pale yellow proclinate hairs on ocellar tubercle, a little longer than the distance across the hind ocelli. Eye facets in the upper two thirds (three fifths in Cypriot specimens) enlarged, at least twice the size of those in lower part, rather sharply demarcated. Occiput, darker yellow than frons, variably dark in ground colour around neck, thinly yellowish dusted and covered with pale yellow hairs longer than length of scape and pedicel combined (white dusted and haired in Cypriot specimens). Antennae with scape and pedicel yellow, a little darker than frons, postpedicel variably brownish to brown-yellow little darker than pedicel, significantly longer than scape and pedicel together. The tip of this segment variable, simply pointed (Cypriot specimens) or with a double point, the lower one long or short; erect pale hairs along dorsum of segments, especially scape and pedicel. Palps small and slender, not swollen apically, pale yellow with short yellowish hairs. Proboscis conspicuously long, a little variable but often longer than the remainder of the body, swollen base yellow, the rest blackish. Labrum swollen basally but less so than in most Par. lutescens, labium brownish shading into blackish apical half and labella, the basoventral membrane dark yellow. THORAX. Yellow in ground colour, mesonotum with three variable black vittae, sometimes clearly separated by yellow dorsocentral lines (Cypriot specimens) and the mid-vittae ending before reaching the scutellum, often the black vittae coalescing such that the mesonotum is entirely dark on the disc (Israeli specimens) obscured by rather dense golden (whitish in Cypriot specimens) dust. On each side of the thorax are dust-free, velvety, roundish black spots on the thoracic suture. Just behind the suture and above the wing base is an often obscure (missing in one Cypriot specimen), roundish dark spot, occasionally coalescing with lateral dark vittae. In more densely dusted individuals, viewed from behind, three narrow, darker vittae can be apparent superimposed on the median black ground-colour. Hairs of mesonotum very pale yellow, narrowly absent on paramedian vittae, denser on anterior half, rather sparse on disc behind thoracic suture, mid-length, longest laterally, longest hairs almost as long as postpedicel, anteriorly reclinate, in hind third erect to slightly proclinate. Scutellum dull brown (yellow in Cypriot specimens), pale yellow hairs as on mesonotum. Pleura dark yellow in ground colour, katepisternum black ventrally, meron black postero-ventrally, anepisternum with a darker, blackish lower half, all densely yellow dusted (Cypriot specimens paler and white dusted). Pronotum and anepisternum with yellow hairs like those on notopleuron. WING. Membrane with a very faint yellow tinge, the veins brown, yellow basally (entirely yellow in Cypriot specimens). Crossvein r-m at basal third of the discal cell, distinctly beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, noticeably broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Knob whitish with a distinct brown spot dorsally, stem yellowish, slightly darker at base (knob all white in Cypriot specimens). LEGS. Predominantly yellow except for apical tarsal segments which are variably blackish. In darkest specimens femora infuscated laterally and hind tibia apically brownish. Claws yellow basally with black apical half. Legs covered with short pale yellow hairs, longest on the coxae and femora, very short and adpressed on tibia and tarsi. ABDOMEN. Tergites brownish-yellow on disc, paler laterally and on tergite one, each tergite with a pale ivory apical margin occupying about a quarter to a third the length of the visible tergite, narrower on tergite one (Cypriot specimens much paler, like Par. lutescens). All tergites yellow dusted, less densely than on mesonotum (white dusted in Cypriot specimens) with mid-length pale hairs those on disc about as long as the respective tergite, laterally hairs hardly longer, hairs tending to be distinctly curved towards the tip of the abdomen apically. Sternites similar but mostly creamy-yellow, hairing as tergites. GENITALIA. Mostly dark yellow, gonocoxite basally blackish, small but quite conspicuous, the epandrium rectangular, dusting and hairing similar to tergites but conspicuously shorter. The two forms treated above differ in their epiphallus, Israeli specimens hardly differing from Par. lutescens, Cypriot specimens darker, more sclerotised and slightly different in shape. Female As male but generally paler with more limited areas of blackish ground colour and generally shorter hairs. Gena a little broader than in male, broadening towards frons. Frons about one third head width, conspicuously narrowing towards vertex, dark yellow-brown with golden dusting and very short yellowbrown hairs. Ocellar triangle equilateral to slightly acute, hind ocelli separated from eye margin by 1.5 to two times diameter of that ocellus. Hairs on ocellar tubercle no longer than those on adjacent part of frons.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF934C35FDB53F5FD4EFE561.taxon	discussion	Remarks It has in common with Par. lutescens, a large amount of variability, even within the limited series available from Cyprus and Israel. Initially, when only Cypriot Par. longilingua sp. nov. and West African Par. lutescens were available for study, and the holotype of Par. orientalis had not been seen, these two taxa seemed to be abundantly distinct, with external morphology correlating with genitalia structure. Photos of the holotype of Par. orientalis combined with specimens of Par. orientalis from northern Iran showed that this taxon could not be Par. orientalis. However, material from Israel considerably confused the issue. These specimens share the very long, black proboscis, only slightly swollen basally, with Cypriot specimens but are darker and dusted golden brown rather than white. As such they look more distinct from Par. lutescens than do Cypriot specimens. However, on dissection, while the epandrium proved to be similar to that of Cypriot specimens (a subtle character) the epiphallus is clearly of the Par. lutescens form. The situation is further complicated by two male specimens from Israel which have the pale yellow cuticle and genitalia of Par. lutescens. However, their proboscis is about half the length of other Par. longilingua sp. nov. specimens but twice that of typical Par. lutescens. Also, these specimens have the base of the proboscis only slightly swollen, just as in Par. longilingua. While the possibility exists that these two represent hybrids between Par. lutescens and Par. longilingua, I suspect that they are merely examples of extreme variation in Par. longilingua. With the material available to me during this study, it does not seem possible to satisfactorily resolve the intricacies of the Par. lutescens - longilingua complex. More detailed investigation might conclude that it is a single very labile taxon or six or more distinct species, only more material and probably molecular techniques will resolve it.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF934C35FDB53F5FD4EFE561.taxon	distribution	Distribution Cyprus and Israel.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF964C2AFE143BBDD6ADE59B.taxon	description	Figs 3, 27, 38	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF964C2AFE143BBDD6ADE59B.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ orientis ’ meaning ‘ morning’ or ‘ east’. Type material (not examined, photo only) Holotype TURKMENISTAN • ♂; “ Bachaselin, piap., Askhabad, Transcaspia, 10 July 1926 / Parageron orientalis n. gen. et sp ♂ Typus Paramonov / N 276. ”; SIKZ. [Good quality photos only from Valery Korneyev.] Other material examined IRAN • 1 ♂; “ Ghazvin, Barajin 8 km N of city, 1512 m, N 36 ° 20 ’ 50 ” E 50 ° 4 ’ 15 ” 13 June 2009 pan trap Leg. Babak Gharali ”; PCDG • 1 ♀; “ Tarom City, Olive research station, N 36 ° 40 ’ E 49 ° 25 ’, 339 m, 30 June 2009, pan trap, Leg Babak Gharali ”; PCDG.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF964C2AFE143BBDD6ADE59B.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 6.0 mm. Wing length: 3.4 – 4.5 mm. Very little variation in the three specimens examined. Descriptions from pinned specimens recovered from spirit so colours my differ a little from fresh material. Male HEAD. Gena relatively broad, at level of proboscis wider than depth of postpedicel, broadening out onto frons, entirely pale yellow in ground colour with thin coating of white dust, a slightly shinier border to the oral opening below. Frons in dorsal view acute, drawn into narrow point between eyes a few short silky-white hairs longer than the general pile. Eyes confluent for about twice the width across hind ocellus, about seven facets. Ocellar tubercle dark brown, more blackish adjacent to ocelli, thinly grey dusted, all ocelli narrowly but distinctly separated from eyes; a narrow, acute yellow triangle in front of front ocellus. Distinct, fairly long, very pale yellow proclinate hairs on ocellar tubercle at least twice as long as diameter of a lateral ocellus. Eye facets in the upper three fifths enlarged, at least twice the size of those in lower part, rather sharply demarcated. Occiput darker yellow than frons, infuscated above neck and along seams of occipital callosities, thinly whitish dusted and covered with fine white hairs longer than length of scape and pedicel combined. Antennae with scape and pedicel yellow, a little darker than frons, postpedicel variably brownish to brown-yellow a little darker than pedicel, significantly longer than scape and pedicel together. The tip of postpedicel simply pointed, almost devoid of hairs, subapical sulcus small and inconspicuous. Scape and pedicel with fine white hairs dorsally and externally. Palps small and slender, not swollen apically, pale yellow with short yellowish hairs. Proboscis relatively long, longer than femur and tibia combined, and about three times head length, yellow, labrum conspicuously swollen basally equal to twice width of pedicel, becoming darker apically, labium contrastingly black, the basoventral membrane yellow. THORAX. Yellow in ground colour, mesonotum with three broad black vittae, sometimes clearly but narrowly separated by yellow dorsocentral lines, the mid-vittae continuing back to the scutellum, antehumeral vittae shorter, all dulled by a coating of whitish-grey dust. On each side of the thorax are dust-free, velvety, roundish to elongate-oval black spots on the thoracic suture. Just behind the suture and above the wing base is a vague, roundish dark spot. Hairs of mesonotum very pale yellow, narrowly absent on paramedian vittae, otherwise evenly distributed, relatively short and uniform in length, longest about half length of scutellum, anteriorly reclinate to upright, in hind third proclinate. Scutellum yellow, a little paler than adjacent yellow parts of mesonotum, very pale yellow hairs very similar to those on mesonotum. Pleura yellow in ground colour, katepisternum black ventrally, meron black posteroventrally, anepisternum with a darker, brownish antero-ventral corner, all thinly white dusted. Pronotum and anepisternum with white hairs like those on notopleuron, other pleural sclerites hairless. WING. Membrane hyaline, the veins yellow, becoming browner distally and towards hind margin. Crossvein r-m at or a little before middle of the discal cell, well beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with evenly convex margin, noticeably broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Knob whitish with a faint yellow suffusion dorsally, stem yellowish, very slightly darker at base. LEGS. Predominantly yellow except for apical tarsal segments which become progressively darker to fifth segment. Hind coxae vaguely brown-marked basally. Claws yellow basally with well demarcated black apical half. Legs covered with short pale yellow hairs, longest on the coxae and femora, very short and adpressed on tibia and tarsi. Basal three tarsal segments and mid- and hind-tibia apically with black spicules ventrally. ABDOMEN. Basal tergite yellow with distinctly whiter apical margin, remaining tergites brown on disc, yellow apically and laterally. All tergites very pale yellow dusted, less densely than on mesonotum with mid-length pale hairs those on disc of mid-tergites about as long as the respective tergite, laterally hairs hardly longer, hairs tending to be distinctly curved towards the tip of the abdomen. Sternites similar but lacking dark brown colour basally but mostly creamy-yellow, hairing as tergites, or a little shorter. GENITALIA. Mostly brownish yellow, gonocoxite basally a little darker, gonostyli darkened apically. Hairing similar to tergites but shorter. [Only dissected male available so colours of epandrium and gonocoxite may differ in dry specimens, dusting not discernible.] Female Very like male in colour and patterning, but vestiture generally shorter on head, mesonotum and abdomen, most obviously so on tergites. Gena and mouth margin almost identical to male, but broadening more widely towards frons. Frons about one fifth to a quarter head width, conspicuously narrowing towards vertex, yellow centrally with some brown patches, paler yellow along eye margin anteriorly, hairs very short and largely adpressed. Ocellar triangle equilateral to slightly acute, hind ocelli separated from eye margin by about twice the diameter of that ocellus. Hairs on ocellar tubercle a little longer than those on adjacent part of frons.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF964C2AFE143BBDD6ADE59B.taxon	discussion	Remarks Engel (1932) synonymised this species with Par. lutescens Bezzi. He wrote that he had compared a female specimen borrowed from Paramonov with a female example of Par. lutescens sent by Professor Efflatoun Bey and concluded [translated from original German]: “ It resembles the female Parageron orientalis Param … .. so completely that the identity of both species cannot be doubted ”. In his work on the Usiini Paramonov (1947) stated that he considered this action to be premature, going on to point out several clear differences that Engel (1932) seems to have dismissed. Unfortunately, Paramonov’s opinion was ignored and thus Par. orientalis has remained a synonym since Engel (1932) sunk it. Had the male aedeagus been examined then this conflation could never have happened. On receiving specimens from Iran that were clearly identical in external appearance to the photos of the type of Par. orientalis in Kiev, it was immediately apparent that this was not only a good species, but clearly distinct from Par. lutescens.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF964C2AFE143BBDD6ADE59B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Northern Iran, southern Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF894C28FD9C3BB2D675E2C1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Usia incisa Wiedemann, 1830.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF894C28FD9C3BB2D675E2C1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis This large genus of 23 species is rather heterogeneous and no one character distinguishes them from the other genera in Parageron s. lat. However, they are diagnosable from a combination of characters, especially in the male and female genitalia. Most are small, delicate species, although Pro. incisa is the largest of all the Parageron s. lat., with relatively small hypopygium that in many species can be partially retracted into abdomen and inconspicuous. The epiphallic complex is relatively simple, with the tip of the epiphallus in most species having a membranous tip armed with small spines (exceptions are Pro. flavipalpis gen. et sp. nov. and Pro. grisea). In all cases the basal ejaculatory apodeme is relatively small (a feature shared with the very different Ectopusia gen. nov.) compared to Parageron and Parusia. Female genital fork usually well sclerotised, with the tip of the genital fork bent dorsally at 90 ° or even more. Vaginal plate usually well sclerotised, often contiguous with the genital fork, arms of genital fork sclerotised but usually uniformly narrow. Protypusia flavipalpis and Pro. vagans exhibit the least sclerotisation of the genital fork, but seem to belong here on a suite of other characters. Within Protypusia gen. nov., several species are clearly very close, and these have been separated out as the incisa species group, the remainder placed in the punctipennis species group.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF894C28FD9C3BB2D675E2C1.taxon	etymology	Etymology From the Greek ‘ πρότυπο’ ‘ prótypo - ’ meaning ‘ standard’ and genus Usia. Chosen because these are the most familiar members of the “ Parageron ” lineage with the highest diversity. Included species Protypusia argentata gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia deserticola (Efflatoun, 1945) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia dimonica (Zaitzev, 1996) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia emeljanovi (Zaitzev, 1975) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia flavipalpis gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia grata (Loew, 1856) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia grisea (Paramonov, 1947) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia hyalipennis (Séguy, 1941) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia incisa (Wiedemann, 1830) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia inornata (Engel, 1932) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia kerkini gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia modesta (Loew, 1873) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia negevi (Zaitzev, 1996) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia ornata (Engel, 1932) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia punctipennis (Loew, 1846) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia raydahensis (El-Hawagry & Al Dhafer, 2016) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia separata Gibbs & Theodor gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia striata (Báez, 1982) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia strymonas gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia tewfiki (Efflatoun, 1945) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia vagans (Becker, 1906) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia xizangensis (Yang & Yang, 1994) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia zimini (Paramonov, 1947) gen. et comb. nov. incisa – species group	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF894C28FD9C3BB2D675E2C1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis This small group of five species seems to be monophyletic, all with very similar male and female genitalia. Distinguished from all other Parageron s. lat. by the conspicuously long hairs on the frons in both sexes that extend down the gena below the level of the insertion of the antennae. That this closely related group of species includes both holoptic and dichoptic males suggests that this state can evolve rapidly and is not useful in these genera. Included species Protypusia argentata gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia grata (Loew, 1856) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia incisa (Wiedemann, 1830) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia separata Gibbs & Theodor gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia striata (Báez, 1982) gen. et comb. nov.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8B4C2DFDD53F1DD454E24E.taxon	description	Figs 25, 39	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8B4C2DFDD53F1DD454E24E.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ argentum ’ meaning ‘ silver’, refers to the silver-grey dusting and white hairs covering much of the bodies of both sexes.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8B4C2DFDD53F1DD454E24E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype MOROCCO • ♂; “ 21 March 2006, Tiznit, Arbaa-sahel 320 m, N 29 ° 39 ′ 26.5 ″ W 09 ° 52 ′ 11.4 ″ Leg, Dils, J. - Faes, J. ”; NHMUK. Paratypes MOROCCO • 1 ♀; “ 21 March 2006, Tiznit, Arbaa-sahel 320 m, N 29 ° 39 ′ 26.5 ″ W 09 ° 52 ′ 11.4 ″ ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 7 ♀♀; “ 21 March 2006, Tiznit, Arbaa-sahel 320 m, N 29 ° 39 ′ 26.5 ″ W 09 ° 52 ′ 11.4 ″ ”; PCJD • 1 ♀; “ 22 March 2006, Tiznit, Arbaa-sahel 330 m, N 29 ° 409 ′ 19.7 ″ W 09 ° 51 ′ 18.5 ″ ”; PCJD • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ 25 March 2009, Ouarzazate, Amerzgane 1350 m, N 31 ° 01 ′ 02.9 ″ W 07 ° 13 ′ 45.9 ″ ”; PCDG • 1 ♀; “ 16 March 2009, Tiznit 330 m, Arbaa sahel N 29 ° 39 ′ 26.4 ″ W 09 ° 52 ′ 11.5 ″ Leg, Dils, J. - Faes, J. ”; PCJD.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8B4C2DFDD53F1DD454E24E.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 4.0 – 5.6 mm. Wing length: 4.1 – 6.0 mm. Male HEAD. Gena broad, wider than width of proboscis at base, broadening out above into frons, and somewhat inflated, all silvery-grey dusted except for a very narrow, blackish border to the oral opening level with proboscis. Frons covered with long, dark-brown to blackish hairs, the longest equalling the length of the postpedicel, these hairs, after a glabrous area laterally, continuing down to level with proboscis, leaving a narrow, glabrous gap before the silvery occiput hairs start. Holoptic, but eyes only touching for about three facets, the frons drawn out to a fine point. Ocellar tubercle black, subshining but with grey dusting apparent from some angles, a small silvery-grey triangle in front of anterior ocellus, the hind ocelli almost in contact with hind corners of eyes; ocelli form an equilateral triangle. Silvery hairs on ocellar tubercle about as long as scape and pedicel combined. Eye facets clearly enlarged in upper two thirds, about twice the size of lower facets. Occiput densely coated with silver-grey dust except for a triangular patch behind ocellar tubercle which is more thinly dusted. Either side of this triangular area, above neck, are darker brown dusted areas, the occipital callosities almost black. The whole occiput with a long, silvery vestiture, the hairs becoming longer below forming a ‘ beard’ below the eye. Post occipital hairs dorsally not differentiated, not over-topping hairs on ocellar tubercle, from front extending above eyes hardly more than height of ocellar tubercle. Antennae blackish, grey dusted, especially on the scape, postpedicel significantly longer than scape and pedicel together, the sensilla in the apical sulcus contrastingly white. Scape and pedicel clothed with silvery hairs, the longest on the scape longer than its diameter; silvery hairs on postpedicel confined to dorsum and usually shorter, longest just before the sulcus. Palps short, claviform, black, thickly clothed with long silvery hairs. Proboscis long, about equal to the head and mesonotum combined, black, including basal membrane, laterally with short brown hairs along its base. THORAX. Mesonotum with blackish ground-colour variably obscured by pale silver-grey dust covering postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, above wing bases, and thinly in front of scutellum (smaller specimens from higher altitude) to densely covered with yellow-grey dust, more thinly on paramedian and antehumeral vittae (larger specimens from lower altitude). Hairs of mesonotum silvery, almost as long as antennae, relatively dense, especially anteriorly, sparser on paramedian vittae and close to scutellum. Scutellum varying from subshining blackish, dusted grey laterally, to densely yellow-grey dusted, with darker, more brownish disc, covered with long silvery hairs dorsally as long, peripherally longer than those on mesonotum. Pleura densely pale grey dusted, pronotum and anepisternum with long, silvery hairs, katepisternum with long silvery hairs ventrally and on anterior half. WING. Membrane hyaline, very faintly yellowish basally, the veins yellowish-brown, paler basally, the subcosta entirely yellow. Crossvein r-m between basal third and middle of the discal cell, clearly beyond m-cu, a little variable. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellowish-white, base of stem infuscated. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura and with the same long, silvery hairs. Femora and tibia silverygrey dusted, from some angles appearing darker on apices of tibia and tarsi. Femora covered with white hairs, long and dense on fore and mid-femora posteriorly, even longer but less dense on hind-femora. Tibia and tarsi covered with short, silver hairs, the tibia also with longer hairs in proximal halves, especially dorsally. ABDOMEN. Tergites subshining blackish on disc, more or less dusted silvery-grey apically and laterally, Extent of dusting varies from complete on apical segment to a narrow apical rim and on reflexed sites basally in smaller examples from higher altitude. Some specimens have very narrow, sharply defined yellow posterior margins, disappearing laterally. All tergites with long silvery hairs up to about twice as long as the length of each tergite. Sternites densely silver-grey dusted, pale apical margins distinct, becoming broader distally, hairs as long as those on tergites. GENITALIA. Small, similar to Pro. grata, somewhat ventrally deflected, dark ground colour completely obscured by silver-grey dust, slightly less so on tips of gonocoxite, cerci brown, gonostyli black. Hypopygium clothed with silvery hairs, longest on gonocoxite. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, frons about one third head width, densely grey dusted, slightly less so on ocellar tubercle. Hairs on frons rather shorter, extending back to level of hind ocelli, the hairs extending down the gena silvery to yellowish-brown rather than black. Silvery post ocellar hairs a little shorter but still exhibits the ‘ bearded’ effect below eyes. Hairs on mesonotum, tergites and legs a little shorter, especially dorsally. Mesonotum more densely grey dusted with paramedian and antehumeral vittae vaguely indicated in some specimens. Scutellum uniformly grey dusted. Tergite similar but with broader, more conspicuous apical yellow margins.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8B4C2DFDD53F1DD454E24E.taxon	discussion	Remarks Very similar to the sympatric Pro. grata, including the male and female genitalia, and the two species have been collected together at the same site in Morocco. Males are distinctive due to the coating of silvery dusting and largely very long silvery hairs. Females can be very similar to female Pro. grata, but are more uniformly grey dusted on mesonotum and abdomen, hardly showing the darker mesonotal vittae of female Pro. grata.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8B4C2DFDD53F1DD454E24E.taxon	distribution	Distribution Morocco.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8E4C22FE193C60D787E785.taxon	description	Figs 5, 23, 40	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8E4C22FE193C60D787E785.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ gratis ’ meaning ‘ for nothing’, ‘ free’. Type material (not examined) Not seen, apparently lost? Type locality: Spain. Other material examined ISRAEL • 1 ♂; “ Jerusalem, Israel, Loc: Mishot Rotem, Date: 14 February 1965, Col: M. Weichselfich / 574, 1400 / HOLOTYPE, Usia holoptica, Theodor, det. O. Theodor 1985 495, 1300 / ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ PARATYPE, Usia holoptica, Theodor, det. O. Theodor 1985 ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ same data 564, 1300 ”; • 1 ♂; “ same data 578, 1330 ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ N. Revirim, 12 March 1974, D. Furth / PARATYPE, Usia holoptica, Theodor, det. O. Theodor 1985 ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Kfar Adumim, 3 March 1981, F. Kaplan ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Kalia, 3 March 1981, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ 13 February 1975 ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂; “ 6 February 1978 ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Mashabe Sade, 16 February 1976, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Jerico, 8 March 1976, M. Kaplan ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Shivta, 13 March 1977, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂; “ Arad, 5 January 1971, leg. Kugler ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Tel. Jerucham, 4 April 1962 ”; TAU • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; “ Ma’agar Yeroham, 7 March 2007, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Merhav’Am, Nahal Hazaz, 7 March 2007, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Nahal Shahaq, Shezaf Nat. Res., 30 44 ′ 83 N 35 15 ′ 10 E, 12 March 1997 O. Niehuis ”; TAU • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Har Horesha, 30 ° 36 ′ N 34 ° 31 ′ E, 6 April 2005, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 3 ♂♂; “ Sedé Boqér, 18 March 2007, L. Friedman ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ 30 March 2004 ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Jerico-Ein Gedi, 23 February 1983, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Bkaot, 15 February 1984, Y. Zvik ”; TAU • 3 ♂♂; “ W. Faria 4 March 1985, Ian Susman ”; TAU. MOROCCO • 1 ♀; “ Museum Paris, Maroc, Dar Kaïd M’Tougui, P. Pallary 1914 ”; MNHN. PORTUGAL • 1 ♂; “ Algarve, St Vincents Cape, 13 ii 2004 (leg. A. Godfrey) ”; PCDG. SPAIN • 1 ♀; “ Madrid, Dusmet ”; MNHN • 2 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; “ Mosa Trajectum, nr. Murcia 26 February 2007, on flower of yellow composite nr. waterworks (leg. C. E. Dyte) ”; PCDG • 2 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; “ Cordoba, 15 km NW Hwy N 432, 2 April 1996, I. Yarom ”; TAU. TUNISIA • 1 ♀; “ Bou Hedma, C. Dumont 1929, March ”; MNHN.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8E4C22FE193C60D787E785.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.3 – 7.5 mm. Wing length: 2.8 – 7.4 mm. Male HEAD. Gena relatively broad, twice as wide as width of proboscis at base, broadening out and inflated above into frons, all grey dusted, a narrow, slightly shinier, margin to the oral opening. Dust coating shifting according to view, from some angles completely obscuring ground colour, from other black cuticle apparent, subshining. Frons slightly convex covered with long, blackish hairs, the longest exceeding the length of the postpedicel. Often a glabrous area separates these hairs from the equally long black hairs extending down the gena to the level of the proboscis where narrowly separated by bare strip from paler hairs below eyes. Eyes holoptic, contiguous for about seven facets, frons extending up in narrow point. Ocellar tubercle black, subshining, barely brownish dusted, the hind ocelli in contact with hind corners of eyes or very narrowly separated; ocelli form an equilateral triangle. Blackish hairs on ocellar tubercle as long as scape and pedicel combined, a little shorter than frons hairs. Eye facets enlarged in upper two thirds, about twice the size of lower facets. Occiput blackish in ground colour, very thinly dusted dorsally, becoming distinctly yellow-grey dusted below and on to jowls. An irregular bi- to tri-serial row of long, dark post ocellars extending to just below middle of eye, as long as hairs on ocellar tubercle. Behind and below these the occiput is covered with shorter pale-yellowish hairs, becoming longer below eyes. Antennae blackish, the scape and pedicel grey dusted, postpedicel significantly longer than scape and pedicel together. Scape and pedicel clothed with blackish hairs, the longest on the scape longer than its diameter, postpedicel with series of short hairs along dorsal surface becoming longer distally. Palps short, claviform, black, thickly clothed with long yellowish hairs. Proboscis moderately long, about equal to the mesonotum, brown, laterally with short curved hairs on basal third to half. THORAX. Mesonotum with blackish ground-colour obscured by pale-grey dust on postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, above wing bases, anterior slope of mesonotum which extend backwards as dorsocentral lines that more or less diverge rearwards, and a short acrostichal line stopping one quarter to third way from the front. Area in front of scutellum more or less grey dusted and may or may not be connected to the dorsocentral lines. Hairs of mesonotum pale yellowish, as long as postpedicel, evenly distributed, denser anteriorly, sparse in front of scutellum. Scutellum variably grey-brown dusted, often browner, more densely dusted, than adjacent mesonotum, yellowish hairs dorsally as long, peripherally longer than those on mesonotum. Pleura blackish with thin coating of yellow-grey dust, anepisternum and pronotum with long, pale yellow hairs, katepisternum with a scattering of pale yellow hairs anteriorly and ventrally. WING. Membrane with a faint yellow-brown tinge, the veins yellowish-brown, paler basally, subcosta all yellow. Crossvein r-m between basal third and middle of the discal cell, clearly beyond m-cu, a little variable. Anal lobe well developed with evenly convex margin, a little broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Knob dark brown with variable yellowish dorsal spot, stem yellowish with dark brown base. LEGS. Coxae black, concolourous with pleura and similarly dusted. Femora and tibia uniformly black, thinly yellow-grey dusted not obscuring ground colour. Legs covered with pale yellow hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally. Tibia and tarsi with short, pale hairs, tibia also with longer hairs basally, continuing to tip antero-dorsally on hind tibia. Black spicules present beneath mid basitarsus and tip of mid-tibia ventrally. ABDOMEN. Tergites matt black on disc, only grey dusted on reflexed lateral margins. All tergites with narrow, sharply delimited yellow posterior margins, narrowing to a point on reflexed lateral margins. All tergites with long pale yellow hairs longer than the length of each tergite, even longer laterally. Sternites grey dusted obscuring ground colour, pale apical margins broader than on tergites, dulled by grey dusting, hairs as long as those on tergites. GENITALIA. Small, typical of genus, somewhat ventrally deflected, black in ground colour, gonocoxite with thin grey dusting, subshining and long, curve-tipped, pale yellow hairs. Epandrium more densely grey dusted, clothed with pale yellow hairs, shorter than on gonocoxite, apical margin of epandrium with distinct fringe of yellow-brown hairs. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons densely grey dusted except for subshining ocellar tubercle and down the center of the frons which is slightly more thinly dusted than laterally. At its narrowest part frons is noticeably wider than length of postpedicel, about one third head width. Hairs on frons rather shorter, extending back to level of front ocellus, paler and browner than in male. Dark post ocellar hairs lacking, all hairs behind eyes shorter and pale yellow-white, not longer than hairs on ocellar tubercle. Mesonotum more extensively and densely grey dusted, often leaving just dark, less dusted paramedian and antehumeral vittae (variable and very obscure in some individuals). Hairs on tergites a little shorter, especially dorsally. First tergite basally and centrally grey dusted.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8E4C22FE193C60D787E785.taxon	discussion	Remarks Becker’s (1906) treatment of Pro. grata is at first sight peculiar, tentatively synonymising it with his Pru. loewi. However, it is clear that he recognised that Loew’s description was at variance with the only specimens he could find that seemed to have the correct provenance, so he correctly described these specimens as a new species. The type of Loew’s Pro. grata still could not be located during this study. This is the most widely distributed of all the Usiini, and the only species to occur at both ends of the Mediterranean and in both North Africa and Europe. Records from Italy and the Canary Islands are almost certainly misidentifications. Across its range Pro. grata is widely sympatric with close congeners, Pro. separata gen. et sp. nov. in Israel, Pro. argentata gen. et sp. nov. in Morocco and Pro. incisa in Iberia and northeast Africa. A damaged female specimen from northeast Turkey might also be this species, and if so this would greatly extend its known range. However, the genitalia differ in some respects so it could equally represent an undescribed taxon.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF8E4C22FE193C60D787E785.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF814C27FE2039DAD189E4C3.taxon	description	Figs 7, 41	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF814C27FE2039DAD189E4C3.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ incīdō ’ to ‘ cut open’.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF814C27FE2039DAD189E4C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material of incisa Holotype SPAIN • ♂; “ [Andalusia], incisus Wied., Hispania / Coll. Winthem / Type / incisa, det. Becker ”; NMW. Type material of major Lectotype (here designated) ALGERIA • [♂ good condition, slightly mouldy]; “ Oran, Museum Paris, Algérie, Coll. H. Lucas 78 - 49 / Oran [on reverse of round blue label] / U. major, H. Lucas det. ”; MNHN. Paralectotypes ALGERIA • [1 ♀]; “ Oran, Museum Paris, Algérie, Coll. H. Lucas 78 - 49 / 1215. [on reverse of round blue label] / U. major, H. Lucas det.; Museum Paris ”; MNHN • [1 ♀, abdomen missing]; “ Oran, Mittre 4184 - 34 / 4184, 34 [on reverse of round blue label] / m: 894, Usia major / TYPE / ”; MNHN • [1 ♀]; “ Constantine / Museum Paris, Algérie, Coll. H. Lucas 78 - 49 / 707. [on reverse of round blue label] / Usia major Macqt. ”; MNHN • [1 ♀]; “ La Calle / Museum Paris, Algérie, Coll. H. Lucas 78 - 49 / 1261 [on reverse of round blue label] / U. major H. Lucas det. ”; MNHN. Other material examined ALGERIA • 1 ♂; “ Atlas, Mecheria, N 33 ° 35 ′ 12 ″ W 00 ° 14 ′ 48 ″ 10 April 1994 (leg. J. Janssens) ”; PCJD. FRANCE • [1 ♂, 1 ♀]; “ Museum Paris, Pyrénées-Orient, Banyuls-sur-Mer, L. Berland 1914 ”; MNHN. MOROCCO • [4 ♀♀]; “ Museum Paris, Maroc, Forêt des Zaers, Aïn Sferguila, R. Benoist 1928, 22 May 1928 ”; MNHN • [3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀]; “ Sidi Bettache, R. Benoist 1928, May ”; MNHN. PORTUGAL • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Guarda, Piornos (Covilhã) 15 vi 1999 (leg. J. M. Grosso-Silva) ”; PCDG. SPAIN • 1 ♀; “ 6 km N of Villar de Ciervo, 26 May – 2 June 1999 (SA), yellow pan trap (leg. P. Tschorsnig) ”; PCDG • 1 ♂; “ Pto de Pena Negra, S of Piedrahita, Prov. Avila, 1900 m, 7 June 1995 ♂ (leg. J. P. Duffels); PCJD • 1 ♀; “ Monasterio de Yuso, SW of Najera, Prov. Logrono, 1300 m, 14 June 1995 ♀ (leg. J. P. Duffels) ”; PCJD • 1 ♀; “ Leon, La Pola de Gordon, 1050 m 18 June 2001 (leg. H. & I. V. Oorschot); PCJD • 1 ♀; “ Palencia, Aguilar de Campou 19 June 1980 (leg. P. J. Chandler) ”; PCDG. TUNISIA • 1 ♂; “ Dj. Chambi, 3300 ′ 9 June 1980 ♂ (leg. K. Guichard) ”; NHML.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF814C27FE2039DAD189E4C3.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 8.0 – 10.0 mm. Wing length: 7.1 – 9.8 mm. Male HEAD. Gena relatively broad, one and half to twice as wide as width of proboscis at base, broadening out onto frons, all blue-grey dusted except for a narrow, shiny, mouth margin where black ground colour shows through. Frons convex or inflated, uniformly covered with mid-length, silky white hairs, the longest exceeding the length of the scape and pedicel combined. Silky white hairs extending down the gena to merge with hairs below eyes, hairs tending to be decurved or wavy-tipped. Eyes holoptic, contiguous for about 11 – 12 facets (at high magnification the eyes of a specimen from Algeria appear to be very narrowly separated by less than the width of a facet), frons extending up in narrow point. Ocellar tubercle black, subshining, barely brownish dusted, the hind ocelli in contact with hind corners of eyes; ocelli make an equilateral triangle or slightly acute. White hairs on ocellar tubercle at most as long as scape and pedicel combined, shorter than longest frons hairs. Eye facets enlarged in upper two thirds to three fifths about twice the size of lower facets. Occiput blackish in ground colour, quite thickly dusted except sometimes on acute triangle behind ocellar tubercle which is thinly dusted in some specimens. Occiput evenly and thickly covered with silky white to pale yellow hairs, merging into longer and usually whiter hairs below eyes. Antennae blackish, the scape and pedicel grey dusted, postpedicel significantly longer than scape and pedicel together. Scape and pedicel clothed with silky-white hairs, the longest on the scape much longer than its diameter, postpedicel with series of short hairs along dorsal surface becoming longer distally. Palps short, claviform, blackish, thickly clothed with long yellowishwhite hairs. Proboscis moderately long, about equal to the mesonotum and scutellum, black, laterally with no more than tiny setulae on basal third. THORAX. Mesonotum with blackish ground-colour obscured by greenish-grey dust on postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, above wing bases, post alar callus and anterior slope of mesonotum from which issue paler blue-grey dorsocentral lines that run the length of the mesonotum, between is a pale acrostichal line which may be complete or only clear anteriorly. The dense dusting leaves clear black paramedian and antehumeral vittae, latter contiguous, not divided at suture. Area in front of scutellum grey dusted connected to dorsocentral lines and sometime acrostichal line. In more or less greased specimens the patterning of the mesonotum may be obscured. Hairs of mesonotum pale yellowish, as long as postpedicel in places, hairs sparser and shorter, often paler, on disc, long and dense anteriorly and on notopleuron. Scutellum variably grey-brown dusted, similar to base of mesonotum or less dense, subshining, yellowish hairs dorsally as long, peripherally longer than those on mesonotum. Pleura densely coated with grey dust, anepisternum and pronotum with long, pale yellow hairs, katepisternum less densely hairy dorsally and anteriorly, anepimeron also with soft pale hairs (Spanish specimens only), a tuft of white hairs on metepimeron below haltere behind spiracle (African specimens only). WING. Membrane with a yellow-brown tinge, especially anteriorly and close to veins, the veins brown, subcosta yellow. Crossvein r-m close to middle of the discal cell, well beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Almost entirely yellow or white, base of stem slightly infuscated. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura, pale grey dusted with long silky white hairs. Femora and tibia black, apices of femora very narrowly (Spanish specimens) more distinctly (African specimens) yellow; a little less densely dusted, especially tibia and tarsi, variable, in some shining black ground colour discernible. Legs covered with silky white hairs, longest on fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally, tibia mostly short-haired, longer basally, especially mid-femora. ABDOMEN. Tergites matt black on disc, only grey dusted on reflexed lateral margins. All tergites with broad, sharply delimited yellow posterior margins, narrowing to a point on reflexed lateral margins, in some continuing to sternites. All tergites with long silky-white hairs longer than the length of each tergite, rather denser laterally. Sternites pale grey dusted obscuring ground colour, pale apical margins broader and paler than on tergites, dulled by grey dusting, white hairs as long as those on tergites. GENITALIA. Small, typical of genus, usually tucked under tip of abdomen, often retracted and ventrally deflected, black in ground colour, gonocoxite and epandrium with grey dusting, subshining, apices of both yellow, tip of gonocoxite shining, undusted, cerci yellow. Gonocoxite and epandrium with long silvery hairs with those on gonocoxite having tips curved in. Gonostyli black to brownish, shining. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons densely grey dusted except on subshining ocellar tubercle and frons anterior to ocellar tubercle which is slightly more thinly dusted. At its narrowest part frons is noticeably wider than length of postpedicel, about two-fifths head width. Hairs on frons rather shorter, extending back to level of front ocellus, somewhat adpressed, hairs more erect on front of frons and down gena. Shiny oral margin wider and often yellow or brownish. Hairs on occiput shorter, bearded effect on gena not as obvious. Mesonotum as male but vestiture generally shorter. Hairs on tergites significantly shorter, especially dorsally, Legs very similar except vestiture shorter.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF814C27FE2039DAD189E4C3.taxon	discussion	Remarks Specimens from northeast Africa, were described as Usia major by Macquart (1840). This population differs from Iberian Pro. incisa in showing more yellow on the knees and the distribution of hairs on the pleura. However, both of these characters are variable, and given the similarity in male and female genitalia, I place Pro. major as a synonym of Pro. incisa.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF814C27FE2039DAD189E4C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution Algeria, southern France (rare specimens north to Fontainebleau), Morocco, Spain, Tunisia.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF854C5BFE313C10D420E1E7.taxon	description	Fig. 42	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF854C5BFE313C10D420E1E7.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ sēparātus ’ meaning ‘ separate’, referring to the male eyes being separated on the frons in contrast to the closely related holoptic species Pro. grata.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF854C5BFE313C10D420E1E7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ISRAEL • ♂; “ N. Poleg, Israel, 26 January 1979, leg. Kugler / HOLOTYPE, Usia separata, Theodor, det. O. Theodor 1985 ”; TAU. Paratypes ISRAEL • 4 ♂♂; 1 ♀; “ N. Poleg, Israel, 26 January 1979, leg. Kugler / PARATYPE, Usia separata, Theodor, det. O. Theodor 1985 ”]; TAU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Bet Qama, Israel, 6 February 1968, leg. Kugler / PARATYPE, Usia separata, Theodor, det. O. Theodor 1985 ”; TAU • 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; “ Beth Hakerem, Jeruselem, Palastine, 22 March 1948 and 26 March 1949, O. Theodor / PARATYPE, Usia separata, Theodor, det. O. Theodor 1985 ”; TAU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ 12 April 1940, Judaean highlands, Palestine / Usia aurata F. ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Jerusalem, Palestine, O. Theodor ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ 13 February 1961, Tel-Aviv, coll. Jsikoviz, Israel ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂; “ 15 March 1950 Jerusalem; TAU • 1 ♂; “ [in Hebrew], 14 March 1990, A. Shmida ”; TAU • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; “ W. Falin, 27 February 1968, leg. Kugler ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂; “ 10 February 1959 ”; TAU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ M. Tel-Aviv, T-A Univ., 19 February 1962 ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂; “ Eshtaol, 2 February 1972, coll. M. Kaplan ”; TAU • 4 ♂♂; “ Jerusalem, 6 March 1988, R. Kasher, R 3817 - 20 / Anemone coronaria ”; TAU • 3 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; “ Jerusalem, 4 April 1962, VS ”; TAU • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Jerusalem 31 January 1988 R 1839 - 41 R. Kasher ”; TAU • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; “ Qedumim, 20 February 2006, L. Friedman ”; TAU • 2 ♀♀; “ 25 February 2005 ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Bkaot, 15 February 1984, Y. Zvik ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Savyon, 30 January 1982, Y. Zvik ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Nahal Poleg, 30 January 1970, M. Kaplan ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Nahal Shilo, 7 February 1982, I. Nussbaum ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Migdal Afeq, 13 January 1982 I. Nussbaum ”; TAU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Sha’alavim, 12 February 1983 ”; TAU • 2 ♀♀; “ Bet Guvrin Forest, 28 February 1981 ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ N. Ezyona, 26 March 1974, D. Furth ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ W. Falik, 23 February 1965, leg. Kugler ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Rehoboth bei, Jaffa 11 March 1935, J Aharoni coll. / Usia aurata loewi Beck., Lindner det. ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Nahal Oren, 32 ° 43 ′ N 35 ° 01 ′ E, 22 February 2008, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Palestine, B. M. 1931 - 391 ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂; “ [indecipherable] 9 February 1939 / Palestine (leg. Dr. A. Shulov) / Pres. By Imp. Inst. Ent. B. M. 1940 - 74 ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Palestine / Wadi? Sonai, Judaean highlands 15 February 1922 (leg P. A. Buxton), (coll. BMNH) ”; NHMUK. EGYPT • 1 ♀; “ Mariout: El Borg, 13 - 16 February 1925 / Usia aurata F., Det. Efflatoun ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Burg, 25 February 1932 / Zool. Dep’. Collection, Egyptian University, Collector H. C. E. & M. T ”; TAU.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF854C5BFE313C10D420E1E7.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.9 – 4.2 mm. Wing length: 3.2 – 4.4 mm. Male HEAD. Gena relatively broad, as wide as width of proboscis at base, broadening out above onto frons, all grey dusted except for a narrow, slightly shinier, mouth margin. Frons convex covered with long, darkbrown hairs, the longest equalling the length of the antennae. Separation of eyes variable, from about the diameter of the front ocellus to a little less than twice the diameter of front ocellus, this narrow part of the frons darker than the rest, obviously grey dusted but rather matt. Ocellar tubercle dark brown to black, subshining, barely dusted, the hind ocelli in contact with hind corners of the eyes; ocelli form an equilateral triangle. Dark brown hairs on ocellar tubercle as long as scape and pedicel combined. Eye facets the same size throughout (rare examples of Pro. grata with slightly separated eyes still have some enlarged ommatidia in upper half). Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with brown dust except for a triangular patch behind ocellar tubercle, an irregular bi- to tri-serial row of long, dark post ocellars extending to just below middle of eye, behind and below these, occiput covered with shorter pale hairs. Antennae blackish, the scape slightly more brownish, grey dusted, postpedicel significantly longer than scape and pedicel together, the sensilla in the apical sulcus contrastingly white. Scape and pedicel clothed with brown hairs, the longest on the scape longer than its diameter; hairs on postpedicel confined to dorsum, distal ones the longest, as long as this segment is deep. Palps short, claviform, dark brown, thickly clothed with long yellowish hairs. Proboscis moderately long, about equal to the mesonotum, blackish-brown, laterally with short hairs along its base. THORAX. Mesonotum with blackish ground-colour obscured by pale-grey dust on postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, above wing bases, dorsocentral line widening abruptly in front to join with the postpronotal lobe, these grey dorsocentral lines usually connected in front of scutellum, sometimes only faintly so. Acrostichal line brown to grey dusted, narrowing behind, sometimes reaching grey dusted area in front of scutellum. The paramedian vittae narrowed in front, running onto anterior slope, broadening behind, in some individuals coalescing, in others stopping square-ended about a quarter length of mesonotum from scutellum. Antehumeral vittae not divided at suture, dark spot between wing base and posterior antehumeral vittae, just behind thoracic suture, may be present. Hairs of mesonotum white to faintly yellowish, as long as antennae, acrostichals and dorsocentrals irregularly triserial, hairs on hind third and laterad of dorsocentrals more general. Scutellum brown dusted, usually concolourous with adjacent mesonotum, yellowish hairs dorsally as long, peripherally longer than those on mesonotum. Pleura concolourous with sides of mesonotum, pale grey dusted, dorsum and posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum with long, very pale yellow hairs. Katepisternum with a scattering of very pale yellow hairs. WING. Membrane with a faint yellow-brown tinge, the veins yellowish-brown. Crossvein r-m between basal third and middle of the discal cell, clearly beyond m-cu, a little variable. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, a little broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Whitish, base of stem slightly infuscated. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura. Femora and tibia uniformly dark brown, not so densely dusted as to obscure ground colour. Legs covered with white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally and hind tibia dorsally. ABDOMEN. Tergites blackish, somewhat dark brown dusted on tergite one laterally. All tergites with narrow, sharply delimited yellow posterior margins, narrowing laterally. All tergites with long pale yellow hairs longer than the length of each tergite, even longer laterally. Sternites densely grey dusted, pale apical margins narrower and obscured by dust, hairs as long as those on tergites. GENITALIA. Relatively large, larger than in Pro. grata, somewhat ventrally deflected, dark brown in ground colour, covered in brown dust, shiny on apical corners of epandrium, clothed with pale yellow hairs, longest on gonocoxite. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons densely grey dusted except on subshining ocellar tubercle. At its narrowest part frons is noticeably wider than length of postpedicel. Hairs on frons rather shorter, extending back to level of front ocellus. Dark post ocellar hairs shorter and fewer in number, confined to upper part of occiput, often pale. Hairs on tergites a little shorter, especially dorsally. First tergite basally and centrally grey dusted.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF854C5BFE313C10D420E1E7.taxon	discussion	Remarks Oskar Theodor had already recognised this as a probable undescribed species and had published illustrations of the male and female genitalia as Usia sp. no. 1 (near aurata) (Theodor 1983: figs 131 – 234). Before he died in 1987, Theodor had already started a manuscript that included this species, including characters to define it, which are used here. He chose the name used here and designated a holotype and 12 paratypes that have been examined for this study. In recognition of Theodor’s work on Israeli Bombyliidae I have included him as co-author of this species.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF854C5BFE313C10D420E1E7.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt, Israel.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF84C5FFE1A3E07D629E0B7.taxon	description	Figs 26, 43	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF84C5FFE1A3E07D629E0B7.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ striāta ’ meaning ‘ striped’ referring to pattern on the mesonotum.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF84C5FFE1A3E07D629E0B7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material of Pro. striata Holotype SPAIN • ♂; “ Fuertev., La Asomada, 21 - II- 80, M. Báez / Holotipo M. Baez / Usia striata Báez, M Báez det. ”; PCMB. Paratypes SPAIN • 1 ♀; “ Fuertev., Villarerde, 18 - II- 80 M. Báez ”; PCMB • 1 ♂; “ Vega de Rio Palmas 12 - II- 77; 20 - II- 80 ”; PCMB • 1 ♀; “ Madre del Agua 8 - V- 74 ”; PCMB • 1 ♂; “ Betancuria 12 - V- 74 ”; PCMB • 1 ♂; “ Fuertev. Tesiuate 22 - II- 80 M. Báez / Paratipo M. Báez ”; PCDG. Type material of Pro. arida Holotype SPAIN • ♂; “ Fuertev. La Oliva 18 - II- 80 M. Báez / Holotipo M. Báez / Usia arida Báez, M. Báez det. ”; PCMB. Paratype SPAIN • 1 ♂; “ Fuertev. Titr 21 - II- 80 M. Báez / Paratipo M. Báez ”; PCDG. Other material examined SPAIN • 6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; “ Islas Canarias, Lanzarote, Teguise 235 m N 29 ° 3 ′ 44 ″ W 13 ° 32 ′ 16 ″ 24 February 2000 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD • 5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Islas Canarias, Lanzarote, Los Valles 515 m N 29 ° 6 ′ 23 ″ W 13 ° 30 ′ 52 ″ 24 February 2000 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD • 6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Islas Canarias, Lanzarote, Los Valles (parque eólico) 450 m N 29 ° 5 ′ 45 ″ W 13 ° 30 ′ 39 ″ 28 February 2000 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD • 12 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, pair in cop.; “ Islas Canarias, Lanzarote, Mojon 160 m N 29 ° 3 ′ 57 ″ W 13 ° 31 ′ 19 ″ 26 February 2000 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Islas Canarias, Lanzarote, Haria 350 m N 29 ° 8 ′ 44 ″ W 13 ° 31 ′ 01 ″ 29 February 2000 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD • 1 ♂; “ Islas Canarias, Lanzarote, Famara 150 m N 29 ° 4 ′ 52 ″ W 13 ° 33 ′ 56 ″ 27 February 2000 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF84C5FFE1A3E07D629E0B7.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.5 – 6.3 mm. Wing length: 2.4 – 6.2 mm. Male HEAD. Gena clearly evident but narrower than other species in the incisa - group, about two thirds width of proboscis at base, broadening out above onto frons, all sparingly grey dusted (not obscuring ground colour) except for a slightly shinier, mouth margin. Frons a little convex, grey dusted, but subshining from some angles, with long, black hairs, the longest equalling the length of the postpedicel. Black hairs, sometimes with a few brown ones, continuing down gena to level of proboscis, but a bare gap separates them from occiput hairs. Separation of eyes variable from slightly less than diameter of front ocellus to a little more, narrowest point near frons, widening rearwards or sometimes almost parallel, this narrow part of the frons blackish, darker than frons, or grey like frons depending on angle of view. Ocellar tubercle dark blackish, shining, undusted to sparsely dusted, the hind ocelli distinctly but narrowly separated from hind corners of eyes; ocelli form an acute triangle. Blackish hairs on ocellar tubercle about as long as scape and pedicel combined, shorter than frons hairs. Eye facets the same size throughout. Occiput dark in ground colour, thinly coated with grey to brown dust subshining, denser below where ground colour largely obscured. Behind eyes an irregular uni- to tri-serial row of long, dark post ocellars extending to a little above middle of eye, smaller individuals with fewer post-ocellars. Remaining hairs on occiput finer and paler, forming a dense beard of white hairs on lower occiput below eye, much less conspicuous in small individuals. Antennae black, the scape slightly more greyish from dust, postpedicel variable but always longer than scape and pedicel together, the sensilla in the apical sulcus often contrastingly white. Scape and pedicel clothed with black hairs, the longest on the scape longer than its diameter; hairs on postpedicel sparser ventrally, postpedicel with series of hairs dorsally, longest just before sulcus. Palps short, claviform, black, thickly clothed with long yellowish hairs. Proboscis moderately long, about equal to the mesonotum, black, laterally with variable hairs along its base. THORAX. Mesonotum with matt blackish ground-colour obscured by grey or brownish dust on postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, above wing bases, broad dorsocentral line extending back behind wing bases, in some merging with dusting anterior to scutellum. A more or less distinct acrostichal line, narrowing behind and disappearing before middle, often obsolete. Hairs of mesonotum white to faintly yellowish, variable in length and density, tending to be sparser and whiter in smaller males. Scutellum brown dusted, usually concolourous with base of mesonotum, yellowish hairs dorsally as long as those on mesonotum. Pleura concolourous with sides of mesonotum, or rather greyer dusted, anepisternum and pronotum with long, very pale yellow hairs. Katepisternum with pale yellow hairs anteriorly and ventrally. WING. Membrane with a very faint yellow-brown tinge, the veins yellowish-brown, basally yellower, subcosta yellow. Crossvein r-m variable between basal third and just beyond middle of the discal cell, clearly beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, a little broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Yellowish, base of stem infuscated. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura. Femora and tibia uniformly blackish, thinly dusted subshining, tips of femora undusted, shining. Legs clothed with white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and midfemora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally. Tibia mainly short-haired, but with variable extent of longer erect hair basally. ABDOMEN. Tergites matt blackish, grey dusted only laterally, most conspicuously on first tergite, on reflexed margin only on proceeding tergites. Tergites often with variable, sharply delimited yellow posterior margins, narrowing laterally and disappearing ventrally, these yellow margins often obscure or wanting in smaller specimens. All tergites with long pale yellow hairs longer than the length of each tergite, even longer laterally. Sternites densely grey dusted, pale apical margins wider than on tergites, hairs even longer than those on tergites, often whiter. GENITALIA. Relatively large compared to Pro. grata, especially so in small individuals where it is almost the size of the abdomen, more or less deflected ventrally. Blackish in ground colour, covered in grey dust, very thinly so on gonocoxite which can be quite shiny, clothed with pale yellow to white hairs, longest on gonocoxite. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons densely grey dusted except on subshining black ocellar tubercle. At its narrowest part frons is a little wider than length of postpedicel, about onefourth head width. Hairs on frons rather shorter, and more brownish, extending back to level of front ocellus and down gena to proboscis. Post ocellar hairs shorter all pale, none as long as hairs on ocellar tubercle. Mesonotum much more densely grey dusted, often only paramedian and antehumeral vittae largely undusted, blackish. Smaller specimens less densely and extensively dusted, pattern more like male but less well defined. Hairs on tergites are conspicuously shorter, especially dorsally.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF84C5FFE1A3E07D629E0B7.taxon	discussion	Remarks When Marcos Báez described this species in 1982, he described Usia arida in the same paper, also from Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, with both forms often found at the same site. Báez (1982) separated them on size, vestiture colour, yellow apical margins of tergites and relative size of male hypopygium compared to abdomen size. When comparing a very small individual with a large one, these characters seem clear, and the relative size of the genital capsule is particularly convincing. However, when examining a series of mid-sized specimens with wing-lengths from 3 – 4 mm it becomes less clear and many specimens will not fall comfortably into one form or the other. The relative size of the hypopygium is intermediate and all the other characters variable. Given that I can find no differences in the form of the male or female genitalia, I conclude that Pro. arida is conspecific with Pro. striata and that the characters noted by Báez are a function of the size of the fly.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF84C5FFE1A3E07D629E0B7.taxon	distribution	Distribution Spain (Canary Islands, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote). punctipennis – species group	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF84C5FFE1A3E07D629E0B7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The 18 species in this species group are less coherent than but most similar to the incisa - group, in having the same type male and female genitalia, but differing from it in a glabrous frons, or if with hairs then these not long and erect or extending down the gena. Gena and oral margin combined narrower, sometimes gena very narrow, linear on lower part. The group includes one species not seen at all (Pro. emeljanovi), four where only photographs of type material has been seen (Pro. deserticola, Pro. inornata, Pro. tewfiki and Pro. xizangensis) and one species where the male is unknown (Pro. modesta). These species are placed here provisionally, as are two species (Pro. flavipalpis gen. et sp. nov. and Pro. grisea), where either the male or female genitalia do not conform closely to the typical form of Protypusia gen. nov. Included species Protypusia deserticola (Efflatoun, 1945) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia dimonica (Zaitzev, 1996) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia emeljanovi (Zaitzev, 1975) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia flavipalpis gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia grisea (Paramonov, 1947) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia hyalipennis (Séguy, 1941) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia inornata (Engel, 1934) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia kerkini gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia modesta (Loew, 1873) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia negevi (Zaitzev, 1996) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia ornata (Engel, 1932) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia punctipennis (Loew, 1846) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia raydahensis (El-Hawagry & Al Dhafer, 2016) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia strymonas gen. et sp. nov. Protypusia tewfiki (Efflatoun, 1945) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia vagans (Becker, 1906) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia xizangensis (Yang & Yang, 1994) gen. et comb. nov. Protypusia zimini (Paramonov, 1947) gen. et comb. nov.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFC4C5CFE563ED7D06CE64B.taxon	description	Fig. 44	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFC4C5CFE563ED7D06CE64B.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ dēsertum ’ = ‘ desert’ and ‘ colō ’ = ‘ to inhabit’, ‘ desert dwelling’. Type material (not examined) Holotype male in ESEC not seen. Type locality: Wadi El-Lega, South Sinai, 1750 m, 19 – 27 April 1939 (Efflatoun 1945). Photographs show six specimens, two with red labels, at least one of which appears intact or partly so. It is not known if the intact specimen is the holotype. Another ten paratypes in EFC, three with red labels, are in good condition. Photographs of one female paratype from EFC were made available to me during this study by Professor Magdi S. El-Hawagry.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFC4C5CFE563ED7D06CE64B.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.7 – 3.6 mm. Male (based on Efflatoun 1945). HEAD. Rather triangular, frons produced forward more than in other species. Frons glistening greyishwhite, this colour extending down the gena. Ocellar tubercle blackish-brown and well raised, occiput brownish-grey to deep olive-buff in upper third, lower two thirds and jowls greyish white. Pubescence sparse, hairs on ocellar tubercle longish, tufted, greyish, shorter greyish hairs on occiput, longer and more shaggy on jowls. Eyes confluent for relatively short distance, less than length of frons. Antennae black, scape and pedicel paler due to thin whitish dust more conspicuous than on postpedicel. Postpedicel relatively stout and deep with convex ventral margin, only a little longer than deep and hardly twice the length of scape and pedicel combined. Palps minute, thin and short, blackish bearing a very few very short, erect yellowish hairs apically. Proboscis rather short, about one and a half times as long as head (including antennae), black except for the obscure yellowish-brown baso-ventral membrane. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dense dust varying from brownish-grey to deep olive-buff. Mesonotum with poorly defined paramedian vittae. [Antehumeral vittae not described but are clear on female so probably present in male.] Whole of mesonotum and scutellum covered with long but not dense, erect pale greyish-yellow hair, sparser and shorter on disc, longer, denser and coarser on the postpronotal lobe and notopleuron. Mesonotum very finely punctured with black pits at points of hair attachments. Scutellum deep olive-buff dusted as on mesonotum with some long, erect pale greyish-yellow hairs around the margin, the longer coarser hairs issuing from minute black pits. Pleura dusted as mesonotum, pale brownish-grey, almost glabrous but for a very few soft, longish white hairs on upper part of the anepisternum. WING. Membrane hyaline with a weak but characteristic and distinct opaque light brownish tinge, the veins brownish, paler yellowish-brown basally. Crossvein r-m at or before basal third of discal cell, m-m almost straight. Anal cell closed a short distance from wing margin so with short but distinct petiole. Squamae with brown margin and short white fringe. HALTERE. Ivory white, basal half of stem blackish. LEGS. Femora, tibia and tarsi, blackish with extreme tips of femora and narrow bases of tibia brownishred, very thinly white dusted giving them a greyish-black appearance. Femora furnished with moderately long whitish hairs, legs otherwise covered with very short, adpressed fairly dense whitish hairs. ABDOMEN. Tergites dark, the ground colour obscured by uniformly deep olive-buff dust, not quite as dense as on mesonotum. Each tergite with a very narrow pale cream apical margin. Sternites whitish dusted with pale cream-buff apical margins. Tergites and sternites covered with very sparse, short, whitish pubescence, longer and somewhat tufted basally and laterally. GENITALIA. Relatively small not bulbous [compared to what? difficult to know what Efflatoun means here]. Gonocoxites broad and short, black with thin white dusting and sparse, soft whitish hairs. Epandrium obscure blackish with very short, dense white pubescence. Tips of gonostylus and epiphallus reddishbrown, the former [sic] with microscopic erect reddish-yellow pubescence [pubescent gonostyli would be a completely unique feature, it seems probable that either Efflatoun’s “ hooks ” are not the gonostyli or he meant “ latter ” not former and is referring to apex of epiphallus which would make sense]. Female (based on Efflatoun 1945 and photographs of EFC specimen) Similar to male, abdomen shorter and broader. Head as long as broad, frons rather prominent, in lateral view distance from eye to base of antennae greater than depth of postpedicel and about twice diameter of scape apically. Frons deep olive-buff dusted, gradually widening from vertex to front of frons, rather less than one third head width at vertex. Frons with small discrete dark spot centrally where dusting thinner so dark cuticle shows through. Gena yellowishwhite, narrow, the more shining mouth margin rather protuberant, wider than dusted gena. Lateral ocelli separated from corner of eye by about twice the diameter of that ocellus. The white to yellowish-grey pubescence on frons rather longer than in related species, scattered along the eye margins and a longer tuft on the feebly raised ocellar tubercle, hairs shorter on front of frons [this from photograph, seems to be contrary to Efflatoun’s description so probably variable]. Minute black punctures visible at hair insertions. Dusting of thorax sometimes deeper, darker colour, paramedian vittae more apparent. Pubescence of thorax much shorter than in male, many hair insertion points visible as minute black punctures. Wings in some specimens with opaque brownish tinge deeper and more pronounced. Legs as male but sometimes with extreme base of basitarsi cream-buff to brownish-red. Paler tips to femora confined to ventral surface. Pubescence as male but a little shorter. Abdomen broader than in male as typical for genus, pubescence whitish and sparser and very short, minute black punctures at points of hair attachments. Ovipositor (apical sternite?) black, covered with white dust and very short, erect whitish hairs.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFC4C5CFE563ED7D06CE64B.taxon	discussion	Remarks As with most of the species described in Usia by Efflatoun in 1945 with specimens in ESEC, it has not been possible to borrow or visit the types. Photographs of the collection suggest that some specimens survive, at least partially, but also that some of the type series is partially or entirely destroyed. Two specimens in ESEC have red labels, presumably one of these is the male holotype but the resolution of the photograph is insufficient to know. There are also 10 specimens in EFC all of which appear to be in good condition, three with red labels. Of the eight species described in Usia by Efflatoun (1945), Pro. deserticola is the one that can be placed in Protypusia gen. nov. with greatest confidence. It is larger than any of the species of Efflatoun that can be confidently assigned to Apolysis. Other Parageron - like characters are the relatively short, robust postpedicel, relatively long mesonotal vestiture and wing venation showing relatively short discal cell (from photographs and plate for Efflatoun’s ms but not made explicit in type description) and anal cell closed close to wing margin. Also, Efflatoun’s (1945: pl. 19 fig. 305) illustration shows no sign of an arista arising from the dorsal sulcus of the antennae, and this is borne out in photographs of the postpedicel and confirmed by Professor Magdi El-Hawagry. In the absence of the opportunity to closely examine the male and female genitalia it is impossible to be confident of the affinities of this species. However, the short, robust postpedicel seems to place it very close to Pro. dimonica. Given that this species is known from Morocco and Israel, it will almost certainly be present in Egypt. Protypusia dimonica is a small pale dove-grey dusted species with barely evident antehumeral vittae. However, across its range there is a degree of variation so Pro. deserticola could potentially be conspecific with Pro. dimonica.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFC4C5CFE563ED7D06CE64B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt (Wadis Wirak and Agramieh, North Galala Plateau; Wadi El-Lega, South Sinai 1750 m).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFF4C51FE3A3863D404E458.taxon	description	Figs 13, 24, 29, 45	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFF4C51FE3A3863D404E458.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after the town of Dimona in the Israeli Negev close to the type location.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFF4C51FE3A3863D404E458.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ISRAEL • ♀; “ Loc. No. 18, C. Negev, N. ′ Negarot 11 km SE, Mizpe Ramon 17 April 1994, Volkovitsh & Dolgovskaya leg. / Holotypus, Parageron dimonicus V. Zaitzev 96 ”; TAU. Paratype ISRAEL 1 ♀; “ Loc. No. 18, Central Negev, N. ′ Negarot 11 km SE, Mizpe Ramon 17 April 1994, V. Zaitzev leg. / Paratypus, Parageron dimonicus V. Zaitzev 96 ”; TAU. Other material examined ISRAEL • 1 ♀; “ Ein Mur, 19 April 1975 A. Freidberg / griseola ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Avdat, 11 April 1975 A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 2 ♀♀; “ 19 April 1975 ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Ein Mur, 31 March 1981, F. Kaplan ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ Jerusalem, Mishot Rotem, 7 March [19] 65, M. Weichselfish ”; TAU. MOROCCO • 9 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; “ Ouarzazate, Tizi-n-Bachkoum 1500 m N 30 º 49 ′ 06.0 ″ W 07 º 15 ′ 33.4 ″ 16 April 2008, leg. J. Dils & J. Faes ”; PCJD • 6 ♀♀; “ Tafraout, Tafraout 1000 m N 29 º 44 ′ 19.0 ″ W 08 º 57 ′ 51.4 ″ 13 April 2008 leg. J. Dils & J. Faes ”; PCMB • 1 ♂; “ 3 May 1961, Maroc Sahar, Taidelt / [leg.] P. duMerle 4333 / Parageron griseus Param, V. Zaitzev det. 2002 ”; MNHN.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFF4C51FE3A3863D404E458.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.6 – 3 mm. Wing length: 1.9 – 3.2 mm. Male HEAD. Frons and mouth margin silvery grey, ground colour completely obscured, lacking longer erect hairs. Silvery dusted gena very narrow, almost linear below, much narrower than the rather protuberant, shiny black to brown mouth margin (in Israeli specimens dusted gena a little broader). Occiput and ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour densely and evenly covered with grey dust and outstanding white hairs, those on ocellar tubercle hardly longer than width of vertex across hind ocelli, longer in Israeli specimens. Hairs on occiput relatively short, in face view only just visible, becoming longer below onto jowls. All ocelli in contact with eye margin, making an equilateral triangle. Eyes confluent for slightly longer than the length of vertex (difficulty to assess because the eyes come together at very acute angles both above and below). Ommatidia conspicuously enlarged in the upper half to three fifths of the eyes, the transition to the smaller ones occupying the lower part distinct but not very abrupt. Antennae black, postpedicel mid-length, rather convex below, deepest beyond middle, with a small point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus, about one and a half times as long as scape and pedicel together. Antennae sparsely and very short-haired above, a few longer but inconspicuous ones immediately before the subapical sulcus. Palps minute and slender, slightly clavate, dark brown to blackish, the white apical setae shorter than the length of the palps. Proboscis moderately long, a little more than head-thorax length (including scutellum), naked dorsally, black except for the dirty-white basoventral membrane in some examples. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by grey dust, tending to be browner on disc in Moroccan specimens. Mesonotum with distinct darker paramedian vittae from front to just beyond wing bases (often darker anteriorly in Moroccan specimens) and more diffuse darker antehumeral vittae widely divided at thoracic suture (anterior one blackish in Moroccan specimens). Behind thoracic suture, and below the antehumeral vittae is a vague, roundish darker spot, barely visible in Israeli specimens. Whole of mesonotum and scutellum with variably long, white hair (longer in Israeli specimens), tending to form acrostichal and dorsocentral lines, more generally distributed laterally. Paramedian and antehumeral vittae mostly hairless. Scutellar hairs apically almost as long as scutellum and confined to periphery, naked on disc. Pleura concolourous with mesonotum, with similar hairs on pronotum and posterior twothirds of the anepisternum. WING. Membrane hyaline, at most very faintly brown tinged, the veins pale yellow-brown, yellower basally, subcosta yellow. Crossvein r-m very close to the base of the discal cell, barely beyond m-cu. Anal lobe broad with triangularly convex margin, obviously broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly infuscated. LEGS. Coxae blackish with coating of grey dust same as pleura. Femora predominantly blackish or dark brown with a covering of grey dust, the tip yellow, more brownish on hind femora. Tibia and tarsi blackish or brown, base narrowly yellow. Coxae and front four femora furnished with moderately long white posterior hairs, hind femora with rather shorter anterior hairs, legs otherwise covered with short, adpressed white hairs. ABDOMEN. Tergites dark blackish-brown with dense grey dusting tending to be darker, subshining on disc of first two tergites, laterally. Each tergite with sharply demarcated pale yellow apical margins, sometimes broader on central tergites, tapering to a point on reflexed lateral margins. On average yellow apical margins narrower than width of hind basitarsus, often conspicuously so. Sternites similar to tergites. Tergites and sternites all covered with fairly long, erect white hairs, longest on lateral margins of tergites. GENITALIA. Small often partially contracted into apical tergites. Gonocoxites black, grey dusted with tips shinier and browner, covered in long white hairs. Epandrium basally black, grey dusted, with very broad yellow apical margin, covered in short, dense white hairs, erect medially, apically directed on yellow part. Cerci brown. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons dark in ground colour, densely grey dusted with short, white hairs anteriorly, a small dark undusted spot centrally. Frons about one third head width. Ocelli forming an equilateral triangle. Antennae tending to be shorter than in male. Eye facets equalsized throughout. Mesonotal dusting rather more yellowish, darker vittae tending to be less conspicuous. Hairing of thorax, legs and abdomen shorter, significantly so on the abdomen. Yellow apical margins on tergites tending to broaden towards tip. Vaginal plate smaller and less pigmented in Israeli specimens than in Moroccan specimens.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFF4C51FE3A3863D404E458.taxon	discussion	Remarks Despite the wide distribution from Israel to Morocco, there is very little variation between populations. Moroccan specimens tend to have less clearly pale knees, males have longer vestiture and a rather browner mesonotum. There are minor differences in the genitalia of the few specimens dissected but no more than can often be found within populations. Using the key in Efflatoun (1945), this species will run to Pro. tewfiki (Efflatoun), but Efflatoun’s choice of characters in his key is bizarre and Pro. tewfiki can readily be eliminated on abdominal pattern. Based on Efflatoun’s descriptions, the Smithsonian Archives plates, and the photos from EFC, it is probably closest to Pro. deserticola (Efflatoun). The possibility that Pro. dimonica is a synonym of this species has to be considered. Unfortunately, I have been unable to examine the types of Pro. deserticola held in Cairo, but photographs suggest that it differs in colour of dusting and has more strongly marked paramedian and antehumeral vittae. The genitalia of both sexes of Pro. deserticola need to be studied to confirm its conspecificity or otherwise with Pro. dimonica.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFFF4C51FE3A3863D404E458.taxon	distribution	Distribution Israel, Morocco.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF34C50FE2D3C11D44CE498.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after Alexandr Fedorovich Emeljanov (1936 –) who collected the holotype.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF34C50FE2D3C11D44CE498.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype (not examined) MONGOLIA • ♀; “ Bayan-Khongorskiy Aimak, [ur]. Ekhin-gol, 50 km [SSE] Mt. Tsagan-Bogdo, 1 IX 1970 (leg. Emeljanov) [translated from Cyrillic]; Голотип: ♀, Баян-Хонгорский аймак, ур. Эхин-Гол, 50 км ССВ г. Цаган-Богдо, 1 IX 1970 (Емельянов) ”; ZIN. Other material examined None seen.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF34C50FE2D3C11D44CE498.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 3.0 mm. Wing length: 2.5 mm. Male Unknown. Female (taken from type description in Zaitzev 1975). Zaitzev had only 1 female specimen in bad condition at his disposal. But the specimen exhibits clear features that make it possible to distinguish it from all known taxa of the genus Parageron s. lat. and to describe it as a new species. Characterised by the yellow scutellum, yellow edges of mesonotum, yellow tibia and head. Body black, vertex, frons and face brownish-yellow, occiput black, vestiture of the head is white. Scape yellow; pedicel and postpedicel black, the latter segment is two times as long as the total length of the basal two segments. The palps are yellowish-grey, short, one-segmented, hardly protruding beyond the edge of mouth. Proboscis long, three times as long as the head. Thorax black, lateral margins of the mesonotum, and also some parts of the anepisternum and katepisternum yellow. Scutellum yellow. Hair on the thorax and the scutellum white. Fore coxae yellow, mid and hind coxae black. Femora black, apex of each femora, of the tibia and the basal tarsal segments yellow, the apical tarsal segments darkened. Wings hayline, all veins yellow. First basal cell longer than second basal cell (i. e., r-m distal to m-cu crossveins). Halteres white. The abdomen is black, the hind margins of all tergites with a yellow border, which occupies one third to one quarter the length of each tergite. Sternites black.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF34C50FE2D3C11D44CE498.taxon	discussion	Remarks Unfortunately, it was not possible to borrow the holotype of this species, nor could I visit the depository or obtain any photos. Zaitzev’s (1975) description is very brief, includes no figures, and does not discuss any characters that could definitively eliminate other genera within the Usiinae, particularly Apolysis. However, on the balance of probability, from the characters given, it probably does belong here. Further specimens and dissections of both sexes are much needed.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF34C50FE2D3C11D44CE498.taxon	distribution	Distribution Mongolia.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF44C54FDD13C11D454E24D.taxon	description	Figs 12, 46	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF44C54FDD13C11D454E24D.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ flavus ’ = ‘ yellow’ and ‘ palpare ’ = ‘ to feel’, referring to the relatively large, club-shaped yellow palps.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF44C54FDD13C11D454E24D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype MOROCCO • ♂; “ 17 March 2009, Agadir, Temsia 60 m, N 30 ° 21 ′ 13.6 ″ E 09 ° 23 ′ 47.9 ″, leg. J. Dils & J. Faes ”; NHMUK. Paratypes MOROCCO • 1 ♂; “ 8 April 2009, Essaouira, Ouassane 70 m, N 31 º 23 ′ 6.6 ″ W 09 º 46 ′ 34.6 ″, leg. J. Dils & J. Faes ”; PCJD • 1 ♀; “ 17 March 2009, Agadir, Temsia 60 m, N 30 ° 21 ′ 13.6 ″ W 09 ° 23 ′ 47.9 ″, leg. J. Dils & J. Faes ”; NHMUK • 6 ♀♀; “ same data ”; PCJD • 1 ♂; “ 9 April 2009, Agadir, Imsouane 270 m N 30 ° 53 ′ 09 ″ W 9 ° 46 ′ 49.4 ″ leg. Dils J. Faes J. ”; PCJD • 1 ♀; “ 18 March 2011, Tiznit, Aglou 30 m N 29.76253 W 9.87466 leg. Dils J. Faes J. ”; PCJD.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF44C54FDD13C11D454E24D.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.3 – 3.0 mm. Wing length: 2.3 – 2.9 mm. Male HEAD. Gena viewed ventrally a little broader than the apical diameter of the scape, in lateral view almost invisible, the shining brownish mouth margin narrower than gena but visible in lateral view. Frons relatively narrow, at antennal insertions narrower than the depth of the postpedicel, covered with silky grey dust, narrowing down eye margin to merge with darker grey dusted occiput. Frons also with a tuft of relatively long white hairs close to eyes opposite antennal insertions. Eyes meeting for a length approximately equal to the length of the frons medially and significantly more than the length of the vertex (difficult to be certain because heads of the three males are partially collapsed). Ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour, grey-brown dusted, all ocelli contiguous with the eye margins. Pale brown hairs on ocellar tubercle almost twice as long as width of vertex at its broadest. Eye facets large in upper half, small in lower half, the division between them fairly well marked. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with dark grey dust laterally blackish over middle two thirds. Occipital callosities well developed, relatively strongly convex. Occiput covered with relatively long whitish hairs, upper ones not much shorter than those on ventral side of head which are as long as the median depth of the fore femora. Antennae black with a grey cast, postpedicel significantly longer than scape and pedicel together, straight dorsally, convex below tapering to blunt tip. Scape and pedicel with relatively long silvery hairs dorsally, longer than length of respective segment; postpedicel with shorter pale hairs middorsally and immediately before subapical sulcus. Palps conspicuously larger than in related species, easily seen due to their contrastingly yellow colour, swollen apically, club-shaped, clearly produced beyond the basoventral membrane of the proboscis, with several relatively long white hairs apically. Proboscis not exceptional, about as long as the head and thorax (without scutellum), hairless dorsally, black, the basoventral membrane yellow. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dense blackish brown dust, anterior slope of mesonotum, post pronotal lobe, notopleuron, supra alar and post alar areas conspicuously grey-brown dusted. This grey-brown dusted area extends rearwards along the dorsocentral lines to the scutellum, narrowest at the thoracic suture, so forming three dark mesonotal vittae, middle vittae (equals coalesced paramedian and acrostichal areas) reaching scutellum. Sometimes a short acrostichal line present anteriorly. Hairs of mesonotum pale yellow, as long as the mid-length of the scutellum, acrostichals few and irregular, dorsocentrals irregularly biserial, anterior hairs reclinate, those on hind third proclinate, laterally hairs more generally distributed, relatively dense on notopleuron and post pronotal lobe. Scutellum variably dark blackish-brown on disc (darkened area very small in some), dusted lighter brown elsewhere, long pale yellow hairs scattered across disc and arranged in irregular row around margin. Pleura uniformly grey dusted, greyer than notopleuron, pronotum and posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum with long pale yellow to white hairs. WING. Membrane hyaline, no more than the slightest yellowish tinge, the veins brown, yellower basally, subcosta yellow. Crossvein r-m near base of the discal cell, almost opposite m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with convex margin, almost triangular, conspicuously broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem clearly infuscated, knob with a clear blackish-brown dorsal spot. LEGS. Black, coxae grey dusted like pleura. Femora and tibia rather less densely grey dusted, very tip of femora inconspicuously reddish-brown, difficult to see in anything but very good light. Legs sparsely clothed with white hairs, rather long on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally. Tibia and tarsi with short adpressed white hairs, tarsi rather long, 1.5 times tibia length, basitarsi spinose ventrally. ABDOMEN. Dark olive-grey dusted, decidedly browner on disc, greyer laterally, tergite two blackish basally. No visible paler apical margins to any tergites. All tergites with long white erect hairs longer then the length of respective tergite laterally, on disc hairs much shorter, confined to apical third of each tergite and decidedly reclinate. Sternites grey dusted with narrow paler yellow apical margins and evenly distributed long white hairs. GENITALIA. Rather small and retracted into tip of abdomen, densely grey dusted, gonocoxite and epandrium with a covering of short white silky hairs. Cerci yellowish. Female Differs from the male in its more uniformly golden-brown dusted head mesonotum and abdomen. Eyes rather broadly separated, frons about a third head width golden-grey with relatively long pale yellow hairs laterally and anteriorly. Hairing elsewhere generally shorter but still longer haired than similar species, particularly on dorsum of antennae where very like male. Palp as male but even more swollen apically, baso-ventral membrane dirty yellow. Occiput golden-grey dusted, greyer on occipital callosities. Proboscis often more robust than in male. Mesonotum and scutellum very uniformly goldenbrown dusted, lacking the dark vittae of male, no more than slight hint of darker paramedian vittae. Pleura a little greyer than mesonotum. Tergites uniformly golden-brown dusted with obscure paler apical margins on tergites two to seven. Sternites a little greyer with paler apical margins more noticeable. Knob of haltere lacks the dark dorsal spot, or is slightly infuscated dorsally. Reddish colour of knees a little more extensive but still obscure.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF44C54FDD13C11D454E24D.taxon	discussion	Remarks This small delicate species is currently known from just three males and eight females. In external appearance it is very similar to other species in the punctipennis - species group of Protypusia gen. nov. However, its male and female genitalia are somewhat divergent, suggesting that it is not very closely related to other members of this group.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF44C54FDD13C11D454E24D.taxon	distribution	Distribution Morocco.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF74C4AFE273C60D482E592.taxon	description	Fig. 47	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF74C4AFE273C60D482E592.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ griseo ’ = ‘ grey’.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF74C4AFE273C60D482E592.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (here designated) TURKMENISTAN • ♂; “ Utsh-Adzhi, distr. Merv., 3 May [19] 26 1 ♂ (leg. S. J. Paramonov) / Parageron griseus sp. nov. ♂ S. Paramonov det. / Typus / Zool. Mus. Berlin ”; ZMHB. Paralectotype UZBEKISTAN • 1 ♀; “ С. З. Бухара [northwest Bukhara], Tshangyr [in Cyrillic, not readable, translation taken from type description], 27 May [1] 930 1 ♀ (leg. L. S. Zimin [in Cyrillic]) / Typus / Zool. Mus. Berlin ”; ZMHB. Other material examined None.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF74C4AFE273C60D482E592.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.9 – 3.4 mm. Wing length: 2.5 – 3.0 mm. Male HEAD. Gena about as broad as the depth of the postpedicel, very pale matt yellow-white. Frons somewhat swollen, silky white with a yellowish tinge, lacking long hairs. Eyes meeting for about seven facets, less than the length of the vertex. Ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour, densely dove-grey dusted, all ocelli contiguous with the eye margins. White hairs on ocellar tubercle about as long as width of vertex at its broadest. Eye facets large in upper half, small in lower half, the division between them fairly well marked. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with dove-grey dust, laterally with whitish hairs, those below twice as long as the upper ones. Antennae blackish with a rather grey cast, postpedicel significantly longer than scape and pedicel together, a distinct sharp, triangular point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus (this could be mistaken for an articulating style as seen in Apolysis). Palps small and slender, white with a few inconspicuous white hairs apically. Proboscis very long, a little shorter than the body length, hairless dorsally, the baso-ventral membrane dirty white. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dove-grey dust, the paramedian vittae extending back two thirds the length of the mesonotum, also faint, obscurely defined, darker antehumeral vittae broken at thoracic suture. Hairs of mesonotum white, fairly long, acrostichals and dorsocentrals irregularly biserial, hairs on hind third and lateral parts of mesonotum more general, but area above wing bare. Scutellum concolourous with mesonotum, white hairs longer than those on mesonotum, a longitudinal middle part of scutellum bare. Pleura concolourous with mesonotum, posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum with long, white hairs. Metepimeron becoming dirty yellow posteriorly, hairless. WING. Membrane hyaline, the veins pale yellow. Crossvein r-m a little beyond basal third of the discal cell, clearly beyond m-cu. Anal lobe very well developed with conspicuously convex margin, much broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly infuscated. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura. Femora and tibia rather more brown, not densely dusted, very tip of femora and narrow base of tibia yellow. Legs covered with white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally and hind tibia dorsally. ABDOMEN. Tergite one yellow laterally, dark brownish grey with clear yellow margins dorsally, remaining tergites brownish-grey with narrow dull yellow posterior margins. All tergites with long white hairs on reflexed lateral margins, dorsally hairs shorter and largely confined to the posterior half of each tergite. Sternites similar to tergites. GENITALIA. Mid-size compared to other Protypusia gen. nov., dark in ground colour, tip of gonocoxite yellower, densely covered in grey dust, covered in white hairs. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons dove-grey becoming more yellow anteriorly. At its narrowest part frons as wide as (or slightly wider than) length of postpedicel. Yellow margins to tergite less well defined, hairs on tergites and sternites conspicuously shorter. Hairs on legs shorter, hind femora and tibia lacking longer hairs.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF74C4AFE273C60D482E592.taxon	discussion	Remarks Only the male holotype and female paratype seen. A very small species, conforming closely in external characters to many species of Protypusia gen. nov. The female genitalia are typical of Protypusia with well sclerotised, sharply bent tip of genital fork and sclerotised vaginal plate. However, male genitalia rather divergent from the typical Protypusia, tip of epiphallus lacking the spiny membranous structure. Possibly allied to Pro. flavipalpis gen. et sp. nov. based on genitalia, but not very closely. Likely to be close to Pro. modesta but the male of that species is not known so this cannot be confirmed. Zaitzev (1966) reported this species from Georgia, but the accompanying illustrations show that this is an error. Zaitzev’s material almost certainly belongs with either Pro. negevi or the closely related Pro. zimini.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFF74C4AFE273C60D482E592.taxon	distribution	Distribution Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE94C4FFE203BACD454E601.taxon	description	Figs 11, 48	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE94C4FFE203BACD454E601.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin; ‘ hyalinus ’ = ‘ glassy’ and ‘ penna ’ = ‘ feather’ or ‘ wing’; ‘ clear wings’.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE94C4FFE203BACD454E601.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (here designated) MOROCCO • ♂; “ Avril / Maroc, env. D’Agadir, foret d’Ademime / Museum Paris, 1939, L. Berland / Type / Oligodranes hyalipennis ♂ E. Séguy vid., Type. ”; MNHN. Paralectotypes MOROCCO • 1 ♀; “ Avril / Maroc, env. D’Agadir, forêt d’Ademime / Museum Paris, 1939, L. Berland / Oligodranes hyalipennis ♀ E. Séguy vid., Cotype / Genitalia slide, No. 870801 - 9 ”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ Avril / Maroc, Agadir / Museum Paris, 1939, L. Berland / Oligodranes hyalipennis ♀ E. Séguy vid., Cotype ”; MNHN. Other material examined MOROCCO • 1 ♂; “ 1899, Tanger / Oligodranes?, det. Becker / Parageron pleskei sp. nov. ♂, S. Paramonov / Zool. Mus., Berlin ”; ZMHB.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE94C4FFE203BACD454E601.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.3 – 2.4 mm. Wing length: 2.5 mm. Male HEAD. Gena plus mouth margin about as broad as the apical diameter of the scape, the shining brownish mouth margin broader than the narrow dusted gena. Frons relatively narrow, at antennal insertions about as deep as the depth of the postpedicel, covered with silky grey dust, narrowing down eye margin to merge with darker grey dusted occiput. Eyes meeting for about 10 – 12 facets, significantly more than the length of the vertex. Ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour, dark brown dusted, all ocelli contiguous with the eye margins. White hairs on ocellar tubercle about as long as width of vertex at its broadest. Eye facets large in upper half, small in lower half, the division between them fairly well marked. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with dark grey-brown dust, a blackish triangle behind ocelli. Occiput covered with silvery hairs, upper ones short, those on ventral side of head as long as length of postpedicel. Antennae blackish with a brown cast, postpedicel significantly longer than scape and pedicel together, a small sharp, triangular point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus (this could be mistaken for an articulating style as seen in Apolysis). Palps small and slender, brownishyellow with a few inconspicuous white hairs apically. Proboscis not exceptional, about twice as long as the head, hairless dorsally, the basoventral membrane brownish-yellow. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dense brown dust, notopleuron and anterior slope of mesonotum conspicuously grey dusted. This grey dusted area extends rearwards along the acrostichal lines fading out at level of transverse suture and along the dorsocentral lines to the scutellum, fading slightly. The dark brown paramedian vittae narrower than the grey acrostichal and dorsocentral lines. Dark brown antehumeral vittae not interrupted at thoracic suture. Hairs of mesonotum white, fairly long, acrostichals and dorsocentrals irregularly biserial, hairs on hind third and lateral parts of mesonotum more general, but area above wing sparsely haired. Scutellum dark brown dusted similar to adjacent parts of mesonotum, sparse white hairs as those on front of mesonotum, disc of scutellum bare. Pleura grey concolourous with notopleuron and occiput, posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum, with white hairs. WING. Membrane with faint brownish tinge, the veins brown. Crossvein r-m near base of the discal cell, opposite m-cu. Anal lobe very well developed with conspicuously convex margin, much broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly infuscated, knob with a clear dark brown dorsal spot. LEGS. Dark brown, coxae grey dusted like pleura. Femora and tibia rather less densely dusted, very tip of femora and narrow base of tibia yellow, very inconspicuously so on hind legs. Legs sparsely clothed with white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally. Tibia and tarsi with short adpressed white hairs. ABDOMEN. Dark brown dusted with second to seventh tergites with narrow, dull yellow margins, broadest laterally, very obscure dorsally. All tergites with white hairs longer then the length of respective tergite, longest laterally, shorter and sparser on disc. Sternites similar to tergites but distinctly more grey dusted. GENITALIA. Typical size for holoptic Protypusia gen. nov., concolourous with abdomen, densely brown dusted, tip of epandrium dull yellow-brown, gonocoxite long-haired (like tergites), epandrium shorthaired (like tibia). Female Distinctly dichromatic. Gena yellow, frons wider than postpedicel, almost as wide as the three antennal segments together. Hairs on ocellar tubercle shorter, barely as long as distance between hind ocelli. Mesonotum paler grey brown with well-marked narrow dark brown paramedian vittae extending back to level of wing bases. Laterally are fainter brown antehumeral vittae interrupted at the transverse suture. Apical yellow margins of tergites a little broader, hairing of thorax, legs and abdomen significantly shorter than in male.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE94C4FFE203BACD454E601.taxon	discussion	Remarks A small, delicate species known from just four specimens, two males and two females. The male epiphallic complex is typical of the genus, the gonostyli suggest a close affinity with Pro. vagans. The female genitalia diverge from the most common type within Protypusia gen. nov., the tip of the genital fork being poorly sclerotised and not strongly angled. Female Pro. vagans also has this type of genitalia further supporting the affinity of these two species.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE94C4FFE203BACD454E601.taxon	distribution	Distribution Morocco.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFEC4C42FE37385DD4BAE24D.taxon	description	Fig. 49	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFEC4C42FE37385DD4BAE24D.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ inōrnātus ’ = ‘ unadorned’.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFEC4C42FE37385DD4BAE24D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntype (not examined) EGYPT • ♀; “ Gebel Elba (Wadi Edeib), South-Eastern Desert, January 1930 ♀ leg Efflatoun Bey, (Engel 1932) ”; ESEC. Up to two specimens in ESEC but it was not possible to borrow any or obtain high quality photos. However, good photos of a homeotype preserved in EFC (collected from type locality and in same time frame and compared with the syntypes by the late Efflatoun Bey) were made available to me by Dr Magdi S. El-Hawagry. Gebel Elba January 1933 det H. C. Efflatoun [♀]. Non-type material examined Two female specimens in MNHS that fit the description of this taxon in Engel (1932) and Efflatoun (1945) are potentially this species. SENEGAL • 1 ♀; “ Ross Bethio, 2 March 1977, G. Couturier leg. / butinant sur Momordica balsamina [nectaring on Momordica balsamina] / Oligodranes sp. ”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ M’Bour, St Orstom, 2 FebruaryDecember 1980, B. Sigwalt leg. / Piège de Malaise ”; MNHN.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFEC4C42FE37385DD4BAE24D.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length. 4.2 – 5.4 mm. Male (based on Efflatoun (1945) and plate in Smithsonian Archives) HEAD. Frons glistening white with faintly yellow tinge, this colour extending down the gena, lacking erect hairs. Occiput and ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour densely covered with grey-white dust and outstanding yellowish-grey hairs, those on ocellar tubercle short, longer and denser on occiput. All ocelli in contact with eye margin (from plate). Eyes confluent for a little longer than half the length of the head (looks shorter than this in plate). Antennae black, scape and pedicel paler due to greyish dust more conspicuous than on postpedicel. Postpedicel somewhat swollen below basally, contracted in apical third, a little less than twice the length of scape and pedicel combined. Antennae sparsely haired above, short pale yellowish hairs on scape and pedicel. Palps very small and short, slightly clavate, yellowishbrown apically bearing one short, stiff, whitish hair. Proboscis relatively long, about twice as long as head (including antennae), black except for the creamy-buff basoventral membrane. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dense dust varying from pale brownish-grey to light greyishbrown. Mesonotum with well-defined blackish-brown paramedian vittae from anterior slope to rear quarter, acrostichal grey stripe about one and a half times as wide as darker paramedian vittae. Antehumeral vittae less well defined but similar in colour, divided at thoracic suture, anterior to suture rather oval, behind suture either similar but longer or a narrow stripe. Whole of mesonotum and scutellum covered with short, erect, not dense pale yellowish hair, whiter and longer on the front of the mesonotum, postpronotal lobe and notopleuron. Mesonotum very finely punctured with black pits at points of hair attachments. Scutellum uniformly rather densely brownish-grey to greyish-brown dust, finely punctured as mesonotum, the hairs rather longer and pale yellowish. Pleura dusted as mesonotum, anepisternum with fine longish white hairs all over. WING. Membrane hyaline, the veins pale yellow-brown, sometimes with a short, backwards projecting appendix near the base of R 4. Crossvein r-m at or before basal third of the discal cell, sometimes duplicated m-m cross-vein not straight, undulating or absent (aberration). Anal lobe broad with conspicuously convex margin, clearly broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Ivory yellow to light cream-buff, base of stem obscure blackish-brown. LEGS. Coxae blackish, yellowish apically. Trochanters obscure brownish-yellow. Femora, tibia and tarsi, more or less dark yellowish-brown to blackish-brown with extreme tips of femora and narrow bases of tibia reddish-yellow. Front and mid-tibia also paler apically, sometimes tarsi of these legs paler. Coxae and front four femora furnished with moderately long glistening yellowish-white hairs, legs otherwise covered with very short, adpressed fairly dense hairs. ABDOMEN. Not short, tergites dark brownish-olive with well demarcated pale yellow-buff apical margins about one third to one forth the depth of the segment. All tergites except the first blackish-grey and finely punctured. Sternites similar with pale apical margins. Tergites and sternites covered with short, suberect, not dense pale yellowish hairs, longer and rather more dense laterally and towards base. GENITALIA. Relatively large when compared to other holoptic species. Gonocoxites blackish-brown with yellowish hairs. Epandrium yellowish-red with very short, erect yellowish hair. Female (based on Engel (1932), Efflatoun (1945) and photographs of EFC specimen) Similar to male, general colour of dusting on the head and thorax varying from pure white to light greyish-brown, abdomen broader and pubescence shorter. Frons close to parallel, only slightly widening from vertex to front of frons, about one third head width at vertex. Frons with small dark spot centrally where dusting thinner so dark cuticle shows through. Gena moderately narrow, about the same as the more shining mouth margin. Lateral ocelli separated from corner of eye by about twice the diameter of that ocellus. In the EFC specimen, in addition to the dark brown paramedian and antehumeral vittae, there is a round spot of similar colour behind the transverse suture above the wing base. In all the three female specimens known venation typical with no duplicated or missing veins. Legs with pale areas a little more extensive, especially on the front and middle legs, front and middle tibia have apical quarter or third reddish-yellow. Abdomen broader than in male as typical for genus, tergites ash-grey dusted, the apical margins of the tergites broader, up to half the length of the tergite. Colour varying from deep buff to honey-yellow, that on tergite one can occupy whole segment. Ovipositor (apical sternite?) reddishyellow, obscurely brown at apex bearing microscopic pale yellow hairs. Two female specimens from Senegal probably belong here. Female cf. Pro. inornata Senegal MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 3.5 mm. Wing length: 3.5 mm. HEAD. Gena and mouth margin conspicuously narrower than in female Par. erythraea but wider then in Pro. punctipennis, about as wide as width of scape, broadening out into frons, dull yellow-grey, darker on ocellar tubercle and middle of front of frons, in ground colour. Rather densely coated with cinereous-yellow dusting, a shinier border to the oral opening below. Frons about as wide at vertex as length of postpedicel, broadening anteriorly only slightly. Very short, pale brown proclinate hairs on ocellar tubercle and rear of frons laterally, hardly longer than diameter of an ocellus. Eye facets all small and equal. Occiput dark in ground colour; densely coated with cinereous-yellow dust and covered with white hairs as long as length of scape and pedicel combined. Antennae black, postpedicel significantly longer than scape and pedicel together, rather oblong and parallel sided, a tiny upwardly directed point marking distal edge of the subapical sulcus. Short, pale erect hairs along dorsum of all three segments, longest ones just before subapical sulcus. Palps small, short and clavate, dark brown with long pale hairs apically. Proboscis moderately long, about equal to the mesonotum plus scutellum, black, tapering evenly, not swollen at base, naked, the basoventral membrane yellow-white. THORAX. Mesonotum dark in ground colour, vaguely paler on post pronotal lobe; densely coated with grey dust (cinereous to yellow-grey). Disc of mesonotum with pattern of vittae very similar to Pro. punctipennis; clear, dark grey-brown paramedian vittae from the very front of the mesonotum widening rearward to above wing bases, where they end a similarly coloured prescutellar vittae continues to the scutellum. Laterally clear antehumeral vittae, broken at thoracic suture, anterior one broader than posterior part. In the supra-alar area is a dusted spot very similar in colour to the mesonotal vittae placed behind the thoracic suture by about the diameter of the spot. In many species that also have this spot it is variable and missing in some individuals so is likely to be variable in this species. Hairs of mesonotum very short, white, sparse and biserial on acrostichal lines, more abundant, tri- to quadriserial on dorsocentral lines, longer on notopleuron where hairs longer than scape and pedicel combined. Scutellum as mesonotum, ground colour vaguely darker basally, pale yellow-white hairs similar in length to those on the notopleuron. Pleura concolourous with sides of mesonotum, grey dusted, pronotum and dorsum and posterior half of the anepisternum with white hairs like those on notopleuron. WING. Membrane with a very faint paler brown tinge, the veins brownish-yellow. Crossvein r-m at basal quarter to third of the discal cell, level with or a little beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, notably broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Knob variable, yellow-white in one specimen, brown infuscated in the other, stem slightly infuscated, especially at base. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura. Femora and tibia dark brown with tips of femora and very narrow bases of tibia yellow, trochanters and bases of femora also more yellowish. Front tibia paler brown than mid tibia, all legs thinly silvery dusted. Legs covered with short white hairs, longest on the coxae and femora. ABDOMEN. Tergites basally blackish-brown, shading rather abruptly into broad yellow apical margins, wider laterally. All tergites very thinly pale dusted, and with short pale hairs barely a quarter the length of basal tergites, becoming longer on apical tergites. Sternites very like tergite but more densely grey dusted, that part of sternite eight visible in pinned specimens all dark brown, grey dusted. The proximal part of the genital fork is strongly sclerotised, triangular and hooked, coming to a sharp point (this point is not readily seen in Fig. 49 b being obscured by the sclerotised area around the spermathecal opercula).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFEC4C42FE37385DD4BAE24D.taxon	discussion	Remarks Engel (1932) described Pro. inornata from the female sex only, captured at Gebel Elba, South-East Desert, Egypt in January 1930 (Efflatoun Bey). Neither Engel (1932) nor Efflatoun (1945) said how many female specimens were used for the type description, but as only five specimens are known, two being male; and one female in EFC was collected in 1933 (Magdi El-Hawagry pers. com.), there cannot have been more than two. The five known specimens were all collected at the same location between late January and early March, but over a nine-year span from 1930 to 1938. Presumably, if a male had been available before 1932, Efflatoun would have sent one with the female to Engel, so these are unlikely to have been collected alongside the type. Efflatoun (1945) does not explain why he associated the males he described with Engel’s Pro. inornata, presumably just propinquity. Without being able to dissect both sexes, it is impossible to be certain of the affinities of this species. However, on external morphology it is very close to Pro. negevi, and could well be synonymous. I have retained it as a separate species based on subtle characters such as having browner colour, better defined paramedian and antehumeral vittae, and the wider buffy-yellow apical margins of tergites in female. It is also very close to Pro. raydahensis (El-Hawagry & Al Dhafer 2016) from Saudi Arabia, again retained as separate based on subtle characters such as smaller size, more extensively yellow bases to fore and mid-tibia, and more thinly dusted, the last character resulting in a more shining mesonotum. The specimens examined from Senegal that could be conspecific with Pro. inornata are exceedingly close to the EFC specimen of Pro. inornata. The only character that can be discerned from the Senegal specimens that differs from the EFC specimen is a dark prescutellar vittae reaching forward to the end of the paramedian vittae and of similar colour. Also, the Senegal specimens have a darker base to tergite one, whereas the EFC Pro. inornata appears to have a largely pale tergite one. Both of these characters can be variable in other Protypusia gen. nov., so are insufficient to conclude that these specimens are not Pro. inornata. The female genitalia point towards an affinity with Pro. negevi, but the mesonotal and abdominal pattern are strongly suggestive of Pro. inornata.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFEC4C42FE37385DD4BAE24D.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt and (? Senegal).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE14C40FDA43C60D463E497.taxon	description	Fig. 50	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE14C40FDA43C60D463E497.taxon	etymology	Etymology Noun in apposition, after the type locality, Kerkini, in Northern Greece.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE14C40FDA43C60D463E497.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype GREECE • ♂; “ Kerkini, Midway site 750 m, N 41 ° 18 ′ 49.8 ″ E 23 ° 16 ′ 35.6 ″, 23 - 29 June 2008, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; NHMUK. Paratypes GREECE • 1 ♂; “ Kerkini, Lithotopos site, N 41 ° 13740 E 23 ° 21714, 20 - 26 June 2005, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ Kerkini site, N 41 ° 15181 E 23 ° 19866, 20 - 26 June 2005, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; NHMUK • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Tree 4 330 m, N 41 ° 16 ′ 33.4 E 23 ° 12 ′ 49.8, 14 - 20 July 2008, leg. G. Ramel pan trap ”; OUMNH • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Krousia Mts. Site 190 m, N 41 ° 11 ′ 32 ″ E 23 ° 3 ′ 59 ″, 27 June- 3 July 2007, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; PCDG • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; “ Krousia Site 190 m, N 41 ° 11 ′ 32.4 ″ E 23 ° 3 ′ 59.5 ″, 11 - 17 July 2007, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; PCDG • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (pinned); “ Strymon F-Plain 55 m, N 41 ° 16 ’ 09 ” E 23 ° 19 ’ 39 ”, 21 May 2009, leg. G. Ramel Yellow Pan traps ”; PCDG • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ (pinned); “ same data ”; NHMUK • 24 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀ (in spirit); “ same data ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Roupel’s Gorge 60 m N 41 ° 17 ′ 32 ″ E 23 ° 19 ′ 35 ″, 7 June 2009, leg G. Ramel Yellow Pan trap ”; PCDG.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE14C40FDA43C60D463E497.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 1.7 – 2.8 mm. Wing length: 1.7 – 3.0 mm. Male HEAD. Gena very narrow, linear, almost invisible, the shining yellow mouth margin significantly broader than gena, about as wide as width of front ocellus. Gena broadening abruptly just below antennae, running into long narrow frons, at antennal insertions hardly as wide as scape, covered with whitish-grey dust, a little darker and browner centrally. Eyes very narrowly separated by about half the diameter of anterior ocellus. Vertex between the eyes densely brown dusted, a little darker than the frons. Ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour, dark brown dusted, all ocelli contiguous with the eye. Pale hairs on ocellar tubercle about as long as width across hind ocelli, often sparse or even absent. White hairs on frons also short and inconspicuous. Eye facets small and equal throughout. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with grey-brown dust, area behind ocelli a little darker. Occiput covered with pale yellow to white hairs, upper ones short, those on ventral side of head a little longer. Antennae black with a brown or grey cast on scape and pedicel, postpedicel conspicuously longer than scape and pedicel together, obviously contracted below in apical third, convex, swollen below in basal two thirds, tip truncate. Palps small but larger than in many related species, easily seen, pale whitish with a few inconspicuous pale hairs apically. Proboscis black, fairly long, about equal to head-thorax length (with scutellum), hairless dorsally, the basoventral membrane pale whitish. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dense grey to brown dust, often with an olive tinge, patterned with sharply defined dark brown paramedian vittae back to just rear of wing bases and antehumeral vittae, the latter broadly separated at thoracic suture. Area in front of scutellum with a clear prescutellar vittae running forward almost to paramedian pair; supra-alar area just behind transverse suture lacking any defined spot. Hairs of mesonotum white to very pale yellow, relatively short, arranged along acrostichal and dorsocentral lines irregularly bi- to tri-serial more general on lateral parts of mesonotum. Scutellum dark grey-brown dusting similar to adjacent parts of mesonotum, yellowish to white hairs sparse on disc longer around margin. Pleura greyer dusted than mesonotum, pronotum and posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum, with short white hairs. WING. Membrane hyaline with the faintest brownish tinge, the veins brown, yellower basally. Crossvein r-m between one third and mid-point of discal cell, distinctly beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with evenly convex margin, clearly broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Clear white knob lacking defined brown dorsal spot, stem slightly infuscated especially at base. LEGS. Femora and coxae brown to black with trochanters yellow, hind ones more or less darkened, base and tips of femora narrowly yellow, tibia and base of basitarsi yellow, apical tarsal segment black. Coxae grey dusted like pleura, femora also grey-dusted but more thinly so. Coxae, femora and tibia clothed with short white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally. ABDOMEN. Dark brown dusted with greyer dust laterally with all tergites with broad, conspicuous yellow margins, broadest on basal tergites and laterally, extending right to edge of tergites. All tergites with white to pale yellow hairs mainly longer than the length of respective tergite, longest laterally, shorter and sparser on disc. Sternites similar to tergites but distinctly more grey-dusted, pale apical margins more obscure. GENITALIA. Large for the genus, but still not quite as large as in Pro. punctipennis, dusting similar to lateral part of abdomen, epandrium shining apically, yellow to brownish or blackish. Gonocoxite also shining and more brownish apically. Both epandrium and gonocoxite with long hairs as on tergites, or even longer on gonocoxites. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, about one fifth head width, hind ocelli separated from eye margin by a little more than their diameter. Frons dusted as occiput, a little greyer, a darker brown line down middle from front ocellus to antennae, short sparse hairs antero-laterally. Postpedicel averages a little shorter. Hairing of thorax, legs and abdomen shorter, significantly so on the abdomen. Femora often much paler, almost as yellow as tibia.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE14C40FDA43C60D463E497.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species forms a distinct group with Pro. punctipennis and Pro. strymonas gen. et sp. nov., all of which are clearly very closely related. They are characterised by their relatively large male genitalia, approaching the condition seen in Parusia gen. nov. However, the epiphallic complex and female genitalia are very much of the same type as seen in more typical members of Protypusia gen. nov. These three species are confined to the eastern Mediterranean, and while Pro. punctipennis is widespread, the other two are currently only known from the vicinity of Lake Kerkini in Northern Greece, an example of the propensity for endemicity within the Usiini.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE14C40FDA43C60D463E497.taxon	distribution	Distribution Greece.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE44C45FE083C11D49BE71B.taxon	description	Fig. 51	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE44C45FE083C11D49BE71B.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ modestus ’ = ‘ sober’, ‘ modest’, ‘ unassuming’.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE44C45FE083C11D49BE71B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (here designated) KAZAKHSTAN • ♀; “ УЗуната [Uzun-Ata] / Kisilkum, Fedchenko / 9641 / Typus / Oligodranes modestus Lw / Usia sp. Dr. E. O. Engel det / Zool. Mus. Berlin ”; ZMHB. Paralectotype UZBEKISTAN • 1 ♀; “ Kisilkum, Fedchenko / Coll. H. Loew / Typus / modestus Lw / Usia sp. Dr. E. O. Engel det / [detached wing in paper fold] / Zool. Mus. Berlin ”; ZMHB. Syntype UZBEKISTAN • 1 ♀; “ Kisilkum, Fedchenko / Coll. H. Loew / Typus / Oligodranes modestus cotypus Lw ♀ / КиЗилъкумъ [Kizilkum] / Usia sp. Dr. E. O. Engel det / Zool. Mus. Berlin ”; ZMHB. [This specimen belongs with Apolysis and could possibly be the female of A. turkmenicus Paramonov].	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE44C45FE083C11D49BE71B.taxon	description	Redescription Male Not seen. Female MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.5 mm. Wing length: 2.2 mm. HEAD. Gena about as broad as the diameter of the pedicel, very pale matt yellow-white. Front half of the frons also yellow-white, slightly dusky centrally, contrasting with the grey-dusted dark ground colour of the posterior half of the frons. At its narrowest point, level with the hind ocelli, frons about 2.5 times the width of the distance between the hind ocelli. Pale hairs on ocellar tubercle very short, barely longer than the diameter of the front ocellus. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with dove-grey dust, laterally with whitish hairs, those below a little longer than the upper ones. Antennae blackish with a rather grey cast, postpedicel a little longer than scape and pedicel together, a distinct sharp, triangular point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus (this could be mistaken for an articulating style as seen in Apolysis). Palps not visible in either of the types examined. Proboscis moderately long, a little shorter than the body length, hairless dorsally, the basoventral membrane dirty white to blackish. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dove-grey dust, two very faint, narrow, slightly darker paramedian vittae extending back two thirds the length of the mesonotum, also even more faint, antehumeral vittae broken at thoracic suture. Hairs of mesonotum white, short and fine, generally scattered, not in obviously defined acrostichal or dorsocentral lines. Scutellum concolourous with mesonotum, white hairs longer than those on mesonotum, a longitudinal central area of scutellum bare. Pleura concolourous with mesonotum, posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum, with white hairs. WING. Membrane hyaline, the veins pale yellow. Crossvein r-m a little beyond basal third of the discal cell, clearly beyond m-cu. Anal lobe well developed with conspicuously convex margin, much broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly infuscated. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura. Femora, tibia and tarsi blackish-brown, grey dusted especially on femora, extreme tip of femora and narrow base of tibia yellow. Legs covered with white hairs, longer on the coxae. ABDOMEN. Tergite one yellow laterally, disc dark grey with paler dust and clear, narrow yellow margins dorsally, remaining tergites similar with apical yellow margins becoming progressively broader and paler. All tergites with the longest white hairs on reflexed lateral margins, dorsally hairs shorter and, on the three basal tergites, largely absent basally. Sternites similar to tergites although yellow margins less conspicuous. GENITALIA. No distinctive features externally, genital fork well sclerotised, the tip strongly recurved.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE44C45FE083C11D49BE71B.taxon	discussion	Remarks A tiny, delicate species, superficially similar to species of Apolysis and indeed one of the syntypes proved to be Apolysis. Without examining the male genitalia it is not possible to know where the affinities of this species lie. The female genitalia are well within the range of variation seen for this genus but do not suggest any very close relationship with known species.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE44C45FE083C11D49BE71B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE64C7AFE083933D47DE545.taxon	description	Figs 6, 10, 14, 52	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE64C7AFE083933D47DE545.taxon	etymology	Etymology After collecting locality, Negev Desert, Israel.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE64C7AFE083933D47DE545.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype ISRAEL • ♂; “ Loc. No. 12, South Negev. N. Hazera, 20 km ESE, of Dimona, 13 April [1] 994 Volkovitsh & Dolgovskaya leg. / Holotypus, Parageron negevi V. Zaitzev 96 ”; TAU. Paratypes ISRAEL • 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Loc. No. 12, South Negev. N. Hazera, 20 km ESE, of Dimona, 13 April [1] 994 Volkovitsh & Dolgovskaya leg. / Paratypus, Parageron negevi V. Zaitzev 96 ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ same data ”; ZIN. Other material examined ISRAEL • 1 ♀; “ Shezaf N. R., Nahal Shahaq, 30 ° 45.10 N 35 ° 15.32 E, 22 March 1999 I. Yarom. Malaise trap ”; TAU.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE64C7AFE083933D47DE545.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.4 – 3.9 mm. Wing length: 2.5 – 4.0 mm. Male HEAD. Frons and gena pale yellow in ground colour, the frons slightly tumescent covered with silky white dusting not entirely obscuring ground colour from some angles, lacking longer erect hairs. Eye margin at frons sigmoid when viewed from directly above. Gena plus mouth margin moderately broad, at narrowest a little narrower than postpedicel, widening into frons. The shiny mouth margin yellow, averaging about as wide as dusted gena, wider ventrally, narrower dorsally. Occiput and ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour densely covered with grey dust and outstanding white hairs, those on ocellar tubercle hardly longer than width of vertex across hind ocelli. All ocelli in contact with eye margin. Eyes confluent for slightly longer than the length of vertex (difficult to assess because the eyes come together at very acute angles both above and below). Ommatidia conspicuously enlarged in the upper two fifths to half of the eyes, the transition to the smaller ones occupying the lower part distinct but not very abrupt. Antennae black, postpedicel rather long, parallel-sided, square-ended, with a small point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus, almost twice as long as scape and pedicel together. Antennae sparsely haired above, short silvery hairs on scape and pedicel, postpedicel with a few longer hairs immediately before the subapical sulcus. Palps small and slender, slightly clavate, yellowishbrown to blackish, darker apically, the white apical setae shorter than the length of the palps. Proboscis relatively long, a little more than head-thorax length (including scutellum), naked dorsally, black except for the dirty-white basoventral membrane. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dove-grey dust, becoming vaguely browner in front of scutellum. Mesonotum with faint but distinct darker paramedian vittae from front to above wing bases and more diffuse darker antehumeral vittae widely divided at thoracic suture. Behind thoracic suture, and below the posterior antehumeral patch is a vague, roundish darker spot. Whole of mesonotum and scutellum covered with moderately long, white hair, on the front of the mesonotum almost as long as fore femora is thick at its mid-point. Anterior of mesonotum centrally and paramedian vittae hairless, middle of mesonotum a little shorter and more sparsely haired, anterior mesonotal hairs reclinate, posterior ones erect-proclinate. Scutellar hairs apically almost as long as scutellum. Pleura with similar hairs on pronotum, posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum, and a few in upper middle of katepisternum. WING. Membrane faintly tinted yellow-brown, the veins pale yellow-brown. Crossvein r-m variable, very close to the base of the discal cell in some to basal third in others, barely beyond m-cu to clearly beyond. Anal lobe broad with conspicuously convex margin, clearly broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly infuscated. LEGS. Coxae dark with a dense coating of grey dust. Femora predominantly dark with a covering of grey dust, the tip clear yellow, more brownish on hind femora. Front and mid-tibia blackish, base and tip very narrowly yellow, hind tibia similar but tip hardly paler. Tarsi black to dark brown with the basitarsi more or less yellow basally. Coxae and front four femora furnished with moderately long white posterior hairs, hind femora with long anterior hairs, legs otherwise covered with rather short, adpressed white hairs. ABDOMEN. Tergites dark blackish-brown with grey dusting conspicuously thinner on disc than on mesonotum. Tergite one and reflexed lateral margins of all tergites densely grey dusted similar to that on mesonotum. Each tergite with sharply demarcated pale yellow apical margins, these becoming narrower and slightly darker rearwards, on average yellow apical margins occupy about one fifth of the length of respective tergite, continuing and hardly narrowing to lateral margins. Sternites similar but uniformly densely grey dusted, pale apical margins a little paler. Tergites and sternites all covered with fairly long, erect white hairs, shorter on disc of tergites. GENITALIA. Relatively large when compared to other holoptic species. Gonocoxites black, grey dusted with narrow yellow tips, covered in long whitish hairs. Epandrium basally black, grey dusted, with very broad yellow apical margin, covered in short, dense white hairs, erect medially, apically directed on yellow part. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons dark in ground colour, densely grey dusted and hairless anteriorly, a small dark undusted spot centrally. Hind ocelli separated from eye-margin by about twice the diameter of that ocellus. Frons about a quarter to two fifths head width. Mesonotum with darker vittae less conspicuous, the antehumeral vittae very obscure. Hairing of thorax, legs and abdomen shorter, significantly so on the abdomen.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE64C7AFE083933D47DE545.taxon	discussion	Remarks In the keys provided by Engel (1932) and Efflatoun (1945) this taxon runs to Pro. inornata (Engel, 1932). Efflatoun provides a very full description of both sexes and some illustrations, which fit very closely with the specimens of Pro. negevi gen. et comb. nov. available to me. I was unable to see the types of Pro. inornata in ESEC, but good photographs of a female Pro. inornata preserved in EFC were sent to me by Professor Magdi El-Hawagry. This specimen had been collected at the type locality in January 1933, so within the time scale that the types were collected and determined by Professor Efflatoun Bey. Although it does not have a red type label, so was presumably not one that was sent to Engel, it is very likely to have been compared to the types by Efflatoun so can be considered a homoeotype. As far as can be seen from the photographs of this female specimen, while very similar to female Pro. negevi, it differs in the wider brownish-yellow apical margins to the tergites, better defined and darker paramedian and antehumeral vittae, slightly wider frons and wider gena. These differences are small and could all be attributable to variation so it will only be possible to know if these taxa are conspecific when more material becomes available that can be directly compared and dissected. When describing Pro. negevi, Zaitzev (1996) compared this taxon only with the other two species that he described in Parageron in the same paper. He does not point out differences from known species, nor does he cite Engel (1932) or Efflatoun (1945). The illustrations provided by Zaitzev (1966) and ascribed to Pro. grisea (Paramonov) are certainly not Pro. grisea and appear to be very similar to this species or, perhaps more likely, the closely related Pro. zimini (Paramonov). The description, while brief, could fit either species, closer to Pro. negevi on size but more likely to be Pro. zimini on range. Without seeing the specimens, it is not possible to be confident what species Zaitzev had before him.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFE64C7AFE083933D47DE545.taxon	distribution	Distribution Israel.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD94C7EFE003B9AD4A8E6F4.taxon	description	Figs 9, 53	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD94C7EFE003B9AD4A8E6F4.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ ōrnātus ’ = ‘ ornamented’, ‘ embellished’. Type material (not examined) Syntype EGYPT • ♂; “ Burg El-Arab (Mariout) 25 March 1927 (Efflatoun 1945) ”; formerly ESEC. Destroyed. Photographs show 15 mounts standing over Pro. ornata in ESEC, two with red labels one of which is likely to be the type of Pro. ornata. Neither Engel (1932) nor Efflatoun (1945) state explicitly how many specimens were used in the type description, just that male sex only was available. Of these two mounts with red labels, one is just a pin, the other had some fragmentary remains at the time the photo was taken. Whichever of the two specimens with red labels is the type of Pro. ornata, it is either entirely destroyed or so damaged as to be unidentifiable. Neotype (here designated) EGYPT • ♂; “ Mariout, 25 March [19] 27 / Coll. Efflatoun, Egypt / Usia ornata Eng., Det. Efflatoun ”; TAU. Because the type specimens are destroyed, it is necessary to designate a neotype to clarify the taxonomic status of Pro. ornata Engel, 1932. Characters differentiating this species are set out in the key above and redescription below. At the time of its description this taxon was known from more than 25 males and 30 females, all collected at the same locality on the same date (Efflatoun 1945). The neotype here designated is a male from the same series as Engel’s original type and transferred to TAU where it survived and was studied for this review.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD94C7EFE003B9AD4A8E6F4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material of U. tomentosa Syntype EGYPT • ♀; “ Burg El-Arab (Mariout) 25 March 1927 (Efflatoun 1945) ”; formerly ESEC. Destroyed. Photographs of the draws show that there are now no specimens standing over Pro. tomentosa Engel in ESEC. Efflatoun (1945) reports that Engel (1932) described this taxon from two specimens sent from his collection, but Engel (1932) lists just 1 ♀. Efflatoun (1945) was soon aware that Pro. tomentosa was the same species as Pro. ornata because he had taken specimens in copula. As such it is possible that he placed Engel’s type of Pro. tomentosa with Pro. ornata. Photographs show 15 mounts standing over ornata in ESEC, two with red labels so it is possible one of these was a tomentosa type although now destroyed or nearly so. Other material examined ISRAEL • 12 ♀♀; “ km E. Zikim, Holot-Zikim Reserve; + 300 ft., hand netted on stable dunes, 2 May 1996 M. E. Irwin, 31 ° 36 ′ 53 ″ N 34 ° 32 ′ 35 ″ E ”; TAU • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Nizzanim Reserve, 21 April 2008, A. Freidberg ”; TAU • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; “ 18 April 2007 ”; TAU • 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; “ dunes, Ashkolon, Coastal plain, Palestine, 25 April 1954, O. Theodor ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ 19 May 1959, Ceasavea (dunes), coll. Krystal J. ”; TAU. MOROCCO • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Agadir, Imsouane 280 m N 30 ° 53 ′ 9 ″ W 9 ° 46 ′ 49.4 ″ 28 March 2006 ”; PCJD • 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; “ 270 m 9 April 2009 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂; “ Tiznit, Aglou 50 m N 29 ° 45 ′ 23 ″ W 9 ° 53 ′ 0.7 ″ 22 March 2006 ”; PCJD • 1 ♀; “ 30 m N 29.76253 W 9.87466, 18 March 2011 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂; “ Essaouira, Ouassane, 70 m N 31 ° 23 ′ 6.6 ″ W 9 ° 46 ′ 34.6 ″, 8 April 2009 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD94C7EFE003B9AD4A8E6F4.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.5 – 4.0 mm. Wing length: 3.2 – 4.0 mm. Male HEAD. Gena relatively broad, about as broad as the proboscis, the shining black mouth margin approximately half width of the gena (can vary depending on angle of view). Frons relatively narrow, at antennal insertions distance from antennae to eye about a wide as diameter of scape apically, covered with silky grey dust although appearing darker from some angles, narrowing down gena to merge with darker grey dusted jowls and occiput. Frons also with inconspicuous short pale hairs across much of width. Eyes meeting for a length clearly longer than the length of the frons medially and more than twice as long as length of the vertex, about 12 facets. Ocellar tubercle black in ground colour, thinly brown dusted, all ocelli contiguous with the eye margins or narrowly separated. Pale hairs on ocellar tubercle clearly longer than width of vertex at hind ocelli. Eye facets large in upper half, small in lower half, the division between them fairly well marked. Occiput black in ground colour, subshining and hardly dusted dorsally, a band of dense grey dust laterally behind eyes in lower half. Occipital callosities well developed, black and subshining like occiput, relatively strongly convex. Occiput covered with short pale yellowish hairs dorsally, not over-topping ocellar tubercle, becoming longer and more silvery-white ventrally and on jowls where hairs tend to be wavy-tipped. Antennae black, grey dusting on scape and pedicel, especially in dorsal view, postpedicel significantly longer than scape and pedicel together, straight dorsally, convex below tapering to blunt tip. Scape and pedicel with relatively short silvery hairs dorsally (very short in Israeli specimens), shorter than length of respective segment; postpedicel with shorter pale hairs mid-dorsally and immediately before preapical sulcus. Palps moderately large, clearly longer than width of gena, black and strongly clavate, with clear tuft of relatively long white hairs apically and ventrally. Proboscis not exceptional, about as long as the head and thorax (without scutellum), hairy dorso-laterally at base (especially in Morocco), black, including the basoventral membrane. THORAX. Disc of mesonotum matt black only obscured by dense grey dust along dorsocentral lines from anterior slope of mesonotum to transverse suture and along acrostichal line from anterior slope to about two thirds distance to transverse suture, often faint and obscure. Post pronotal lobe, notopleuron, supra alar and post alar areas also more thinly grey-brown dusted. Hairs of mesonotum pale yellow, as long as the mid-length of the scutellum, acrostichals and dorsocentrals irregularly quadriserial, paramedian vittae narrowly devoid of hairs. Anterior hairs reclinate, those on hind third upright to proclinate, laterally hairs more generally distributed, relatively dense on notopleuron and post pronotal lobe. Scutellum matt-black, in some dusted lighter ventrally, long pale yellow hairs scattered across disc and arranged in irregular row around margin. Pleura black more or less grey-brown dusted, the ground colour showing through, most obviously on anepisternum and ventral half of katepisternum, pronotum and posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum with long white hairs, katepisternum also with long white hairs in upper anterior third. WING. Membrane hyaline, with brownish-yellow tinge, pterostigma a little darker, the veins brown, yellower basally, subcosta yellow. Crossvein r-m near base of the discal cell, almost opposite m-cu or a little beyond. Anal lobe well developed with semi circularly convex margin, broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Variable, yellowish with stem clearly infuscated, often this extends on to knob forming a dorsal spot, most obviously so in Moroccan specimens, Israeli specimens mostly have clear yellowwhite knob. Egyptian specimens somewhat intermediate. LEGS. Black, coxae grey dusted like pleura, most obviously on anterior coxae. Femora and tibia and tarsi very thinly grey dusted, subshining, not obscuring ground colour. Fore and hind coxae clothed with long white antero-lateral hairs, mid-coxae with much shorter hairs on anterior face only. Fore and midfemora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally with long silky-white hairs. Tibia and tarsi with short adpressed white hairs, sometimes longer and more erect on bases of tibia. ABDOMEN. Subshining velvety black, tergites grey dusted only on reflexed lateral margins, not visible from above. No visible paler apical margins to any tergites. All tergites with long white erect hairs longer then the length of respective tergite, even longer laterally, except tergite one which is bare on disc centrally. Sternites densely grey dusted with paler inter-segmental membrane often apparent, clothed with long white hairs, a little shorter than on tergites. GENITALIA. Rather small and retracted into tip of abdomen, black, grey dusted much the same as lateral margins of tergites, gonocoxite with shiny, undusted tips. Gonocoxite with a covering of long silky white hairs, epandrium with much shorter hairs. Female Strikingly different to male, so much so that Engel (1932) described it as a separate species. Whole of body densely grey dusted, often with a distinct brown or even golden tone depending on angle of view. Eyes well separated, frons wider than length of postpedicel, about two fifths head width. Frons, gena, occiput and jowls densely grey-brown dusted, mouth margin shining black and almost as wide as gena, a small shining black spot in middle of frons where dusting absent, area behind ocellar tubercle and occipital callosities more thinly dusted. Hairs on frons short and inconspicuous anteriorly, longer and more conspicuous along eye margins posteriorly. Proboscis bare or short haired dorsally at base, hairs on antennae less conspicuous. Mesonotum densely grey dusted, often browner centrally and towards rear, boldly marked with narrow well defined blackish paramedian vittae extending back to level of wing bases, and antehumeral vittae interrupted at the transverse suture and prescutellar vittae running forward to level of paramedian vittae (faint or absent in some, especially Israeli specimens). Scutellum and pleura densely grey-brown dusted. Legs a little more clearly dusted than male. Hairs of thorax and legs generally shorter. Haltere with clear yellow knob. All tergites densely grey dusted, tergite one pale grey concolourous with disc of scutellum, remaining tergites darker blackish basally forming more or less distinct bands. Very narrow pale apical margins can be present. Sternites densely grey dusted with narrow pale apical margins. All abdominal sclerites clothed with white hairs, about two-thirds the length of those on the male abdomen.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD94C7EFE003B9AD4A8E6F4.taxon	discussion	Remarks Although a very distinctive and readily identified species, especially males, it conforms well with the genus in the form of both male and female genitalia. No obvious close affinities with other species, genitalia and relatively broad mouth margin suggest it might be intermediate between the incisus and punctipennis - groups.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD94C7EFE003B9AD4A8E6F4.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt, Israel, Morocco.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFDD4C73FE2F3B0BD750E5C2.taxon	description	Fig. 54	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFDD4C73FE2F3B0BD750E5C2.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ punctus ’ = ‘ pierced’ and ‘ penna ’ = ‘ feather’, ‘ wing’; ‘ spotted-wings’.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFDD4C73FE2F3B0BD750E5C2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (here designated) [TURKEY] • ♂; “ [headless, front left and hind right legs missing; otherwise in good condition.] Small square blank label / Usia punctipennis m. / 9691 / Coll. H. Loew / Type / Zool. Mus. Berlin ”; ZMHB. Paralectotype UNKNOWN • 1 ♀; “ [antennae missing; otherwise in good condition.] Small square blank label / Typus / Zool. Mus. Berlin ”; ZMHB. Other material examined GREECE • 7 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; “ Fokida, Itea 0 m, N 38 ° 25 ′ 53 ″ E 22 ° 23 ′ 49 ″ 15 May 2001 ”; PCJD. TURKEY • 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Icel, Ќarakűtűk, 549 m, N 37 ° 8 ′ 28.7 ″ E 34 ° 50 ′ 20.1 ″ 3 June 2005 ”; PCJD • 7 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; “ 663 m N 37 ° 8 ′ 27.6 ″ E 34 ° 50 ′ 23.6 ″ 5 June 2005 ”; PCJD • 8 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; “ Calaman, 683 m N 37 ° 11 ′ 33.1 ″ E 34 ° 48 ′ 33.9 ″ 5 June 2005 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD. ISRAEL • 1 ♀; “ Tel Aviv beach, 10 June 1996 (leg. B. Merz & A. Freidberg) ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Merzliya, 28 August 1977, F. Kaplan ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂; “ 5 km E, No’omi, saline, 31 ° 54 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E, 16 March 2005, L. Friedman ”; TAU. CYPRUS • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Akamas Peninsular, Lara beach 0 m 28 April 2002 / 2 t. 28 dunes, meadow (leg. B. Merz, J. Deeming, M. Ebejer & P. Gatt) ”; NMWC.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFDD4C73FE2F3B0BD750E5C2.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.0 – 3.0 mm. Wing length: 1.9 – 3.6 mm. Male HEAD. Gena plus mouth margin very narrow, no wider than anterior ocellus, the shining yellow mouth margin significantly broader than linear, often hardly visible dusted gena. Gena broadening abruptly just below antennae, running into long narrow frons, at antennal insertions hardly as wide as scape is long, covered with whitish-grey or brown dust, often a little darker and browner centrally, frons paler dusted in Israeli specimens. Eyes clearly separated, by distinctly more than half diameter of anterior ocellus. Vertex between the eyes densely brown dusted, often a little darker than the frons, but paler and uniform in Israeli specimens. Ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour, dark brown dusted, hind ocelli contiguous with the eye, front ocellus narrowly separated. Pale hairs on ocellar tubercle rather longer than the width across hind ocelli. White hairs on anterior part of frons short and inconspicuous. Eye facets small and equal throughout. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with brown to grey-brown dust. Occiput covered with pale yellow to white hairs, upper ones short, falling well short of tips of hairs on ocellar tubercle, those on ventral side of head a little longer but not dense. Antennae black with a brown or grey cast on scape and pedicel, postpedicel variable, longer than scape and pedicel together, obviously contracted below in apical third, convex, swollen below in basal two thirds, tip truncate. Palps relatively large, easily seen, pale yellow with a few very inconspicuous pale hairs apically. Proboscis black, rather short, about equal to thorax length (with scutellum), but longer in Israeli specimens where longer than head plus thorax, hairless dorsally, the basoventral membrane pale-whitish. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dense grey to brown dust, often with an olive tinge, patterned with sharply defined dark brown paramedian vittae back to just rear of wing bases and antehumeral vittae, the latter broadly separated at thoracic suture. A dark prescutellar vittae running forward almost to paramedian pair, less clear but still present in some specimens; supra-alar area just behind transverse suture lacking any defined marking in many, but clear in some. Hairs of mesonotum white to very pale yellow, relatively short, arranged along acrostichal and dorsocentral lines irregularly bi- to tri-serial more general on lateral parts of mesonotum. Scutellum dark grey-brown dusted similar to adjacent parts of mesonotum, often with darker longitudinal mid-vittae, sparse yellowish to white hairs on disc longer around margin. Pleura greyer dusted than mesonotum, pronotum and posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum, with short white hairs. WING. Membrane apart from faint brownish tinge, with clear brown spots over junctions of R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5, base of R 4, r-m, m-m and m-cu. Veins brown, subcosta yellower basally. Crossvein r-m approximately at mid-point of discal cell, or even beyond, well beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, equal or a little broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Knob variable, from clear white (some Israeli specimens) to more or less dark brown dorsally (Greece and Turkey), stem slightly infuscated especially at base. LEGS. Femora and coxae brown to black, coxae with narrow yellow apical rim, femora sometimes yellowish basally, tips of femora yellow. Trochanters dark black to brown. Tibia and base of basitarsi yellow, apical tarsal segments black, hind tibia sometimes infuscated dorsally and apically. Coxae grey dusted like pleura; femora also grey-dusted but more thinly so. Coxae, femora and tibia clothed with short white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally. ABDOMEN. Dark brown dusted with greyer dust laterally on reflexed margins, all tergites with conspicuous yellow apical margins, broadest on basal tergites and laterally, narrowing to edge of tergites (margins broader and brighter in Israeli specimens). All tergites with white to pale yellow hairs mainly longer then the length of respective tergite, longest laterally, shorter and sparser on disc. Sternites similar to tergites but distinctly more grey-dusted, pale apical margins more obscure. GENITALIA. Large for the genus, only some members of Parusia gen. nov. with proportionately larger male genitalia, dusting similar to lateral part of abdomen, epandrium shining apically, yellow to brownish or blackish. Gonocoxite also shining and more brownish apically. Both epandrium and gonocoxite with long hairs as on tergites, or even longer on gonocoxites. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, about one fifth head width (a little wider in Israeli specimen), hind ocelli separated from eye margin by a little more than their diameter (more in Israeli specimen). Frons dusted as occiput, a darker brown line down middle from front ocellus to antennae, short sparse hairs antero-laterally. Postpedicel averages a little shorter. Hairing of thorax, legs and abdomen shorter. Femora often much paler, brown or sometimes almost as yellow as tibia. Wing spotting often more distinct and can include a spot at tip of anal cell. Haltere variable, knob with dark infuscation in Israeli specimen.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFDD4C73FE2F3B0BD750E5C2.taxon	discussion	Remarks Very closely allied to Pro. kerkini gen. et sp. nov. and Pro. strymonas gen. et sp. nov. Relatively widely distributed and so exhibiting some variability with more southern examples (Israel) being generally paler and with entirely white knob to haltere (2 males), or brown infuscated (1 female) and longer proboscis. No significant differences could be found in the epiphallic complex between Greek / Turkish and Israeli specimens.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFDD4C73FE2F3B0BD750E5C2.taxon	distribution	Distribution Cyprus, Greece, Israel, Turkey.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD04C77FEBD3A1DD1A6E002.taxon	description	Fig. 55	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD04C77FEBD3A1DD1A6E002.taxon	etymology	Etymology After the locality “ Garf Raydah ” where the types were collected.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD04C77FEBD3A1DD1A6E002.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA • ♂; “ Not seen but photographs studied. Asir. Abha. Raydah, 1811.884 ’ N, 4224.435 ’ E, Alt. 2387 m asl, 8 June 2014, Sweep-net Leg. El-Hawagry ”; KSMA. Paratypes KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA • 1 ♂; “ not seen but photographs of EFC specimens studied Asir. Abha. Raydah, 1811.884 ’ N, 4224.435 ’ E, Alt. 2387 m asl, 7 June 2014, Sweep-net Leg. El-Hawagry ”; EFC • 2 ♀♀; “ Asir. Abha. Raydah, 1811.884 ’ N, 4224.435 ’ E, Alt. 2387 m asl, 7 June 2014, Malaise Leg. Al Dhafer, H; Fadl, H; Abdel Dayem, M; El Torkey, A; El Gharbawy, A ”; KSMA • 1 ♀; “ same data ”; EFC. Other material examined Metatypes KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA • 1 ♂; “ Asir. Abha. Raydah, 18 ° 11.749 ’ N, 42 ° 23.345 ’ E, Alt. 1614 m asl, 5 September 2015, M. T. 9 [Malaise Trap 9] Leg. Al Dhafer, H; Fadl, H; Abdeldayem, M; El Torkey, A; El Gharbawy, A; Soliman, A / Parageron raydahensis El-Hawagry & Al Dhafer, 2016 ♂ ”; PCDG • 1 ♀; “ same data. Parageron raydahensis El-Hawagry & Al Dhafer, 2016 ♀ ”; PCDG (donated by KSMA).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD04C77FEBD3A1DD1A6E002.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.7 – 3.2 mm. Wing length: 3.6 – 4.0 mm. Male HEAD. Frons and gena densely silvery dusted entirely obscuring ground colour, longer erect hairs almost absent, can look more yellowish from some angles. Eye margin of frons sigmoid when viewed from directly above. Silvery dusted gena narrowing below antennae, at narrowest point narrower than the more shining, yellowish mouth margin, slightly protuberant. Occiput and ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour fairly densely covered with whitish dust, browner between ocelli, slightly thinner and more shining on elongate triangle behind ocelli. Ocellar tubercle with fine, pale yellow hairs about as long as width across hind ocelli, occiput with fine white, dorsally not over-topping ocellar tubercle, becoming longer ventrally but not particularly dense. All ocelli in contact with eye margin. Eyes confluent for slightly longer than the length of vertex (from photos about 1: 1.1). Ommatidia conspicuously enlarged in the upper half to two fifths of the eyes, the transition to the smaller ones occupying the lower part distinct but not very abrupt. Antennae blackish, sparsely whitish dusted, scape approximately as long as broad, pedicel shorter, approximately one and a half times as broad as long. Postpedicel rather elongate, parallel-sided, roundly blunt-ended, with a small point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus, almost twice as long as scape and pedicel together and three times as long as deep. Sensilla in subapical sulcus whitish translucent so relatively conspicuous. Short, sparse whitish hairs on scape and pedicel, postpedicel with very short, sparse hairs dorsally, longer and more frequent before sub-apical sulcus. Palps small, slightly clavate, dark brown to black with a few short white hairs apically. Proboscis relatively long, approximately three to three and a half times the length of the head, longer than head, thorax and scutellum combined, dorsally entirely devoid of hairs, black, basoventral membrane brownish-yellow to dirty white. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by whitish-grey to brownish dust. Mesonotum with pronounced dark-brown to blackish, subshining paramedian and antehumeral vittae the latter widely divided at thoracic suture a very faint round dark spot between wing base and posterior antehumeral vittae. The grey acrostichal line is narrower than to about as wide as the paramedian vittae at their widest (about middle), anterior antehumeral vittae as broad or broader than the grey dusted area between paramedian and antehumeral vittae. Whole of mesonotum and scutellum covered with fine, whitish hairs, coarser and longer laterally. Paramedian and antehumeral vittae bare, acrostichal hairs bi- triserial, dorsocentrals in four to fine irregular lines. Scutellar hairs rather longer, especially laterally. Dusting of scutellum as mesonotum but thinner so shining cuticle visible centrally and in posterior view distinct paler grey dusting baso laterally. Pleura grey dusted as notopleuron, a little greyer and denser than on disc of mesonotum with similar hairs on pronotum, sparsely scattered across hind half of anepisternum and in antero-dorsal corner of katepisternum. WING. Membrane hyaline, faintly brown tinted, the veins brown, paler on subcosta and basally. Crossvein r-m within or at basal third of the discal cell just a little beyond m-cu. Anal lobe broad with conspicuously convex margin, clearly broader than anal cell. HALTERE. White to pale yellow, base of stem slightly infuscated, in some a clear brown infuscation on base of knob dorsally. In other examples with base of knob more or less infuscated with brown. LEGS. Largely black with a coating of thin white dust, denser, similar to pleura, on coxae. Femora with the tips narrowly clear yellowish, a little redder on hind femora. Hind tibia narrowly yellow at extreme base, other tibia more extensively yellow, especially mid tibia dorsally. Adpressed fine whitish hairs clothe legs, rather longer, hairs on four anterior femora posteroventrally, on hind pair anteroventrally and on coxae. Hind tibia with a fairly regular uniserial row of darker setae dorsally on apical half. ABDOMEN. Tergites dark brown to black, tending to be blacker basally, browner close to pale apical margins, thinly brownish-grey dusted, subshining, laterally and on reflexed margins much more densely yellow-grey dusted, denser than that on pleura and almost obscuring ground colour. Tergite one with dusting on reflexed lateral margins not strongly delimited, merging into dusting of disc which is a little more densely dusted than tergite two. Each tergite with sharply demarcated pale yellowish apical margins, mostly narrower than the thickness of a tibia. Sternites densely grey dusted as reflexed margins of tergites with pale apical margins paler and narrower than those on respective tergites. Tergites and sternites all covered with sparse, fine, silky whitish hairs, longest on lateral margins of tergites, tergite one hairless on disc except pale apical margin which has relatively short, adpressed hairs. Tergites two and three also bare basally, much of disc only sparsely haired. GENITALIA. Relatively large when compared to other holoptic species. Gonocoxites black to dark brown, apices reddish brown, yellowish grey dusted, subshining, paler tips shining, undusted, with whitish hairs similar to those on lateral margins of tergites. Epandrium rectangular when viewed laterally, blackish brown basally with broad yellow apical margin, especially the triangularly pointed apical corners, covered with short, adpressed whitish hairs similar to those on tibia. Gonostyli and epiphallic complex essentially identical to Pro. negevi gen. et comb. nov. as far as can be seen in undissected specimen. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons dark in ground colour, except anteriorly between antenna where brownish yellow, densely grey-brown dusted, any hairs minute and confined to anterior third and lateral margins, a small dark shining spot centrally. Hind ocelli separated from eye-margin by about twice the diameter of that ocellus. Frons about a quarter to two-fifths head width. Mesonotum darker markings can be less conspicuous, the antehumeral vittae very obscure, or as male. Hairing of thorax, legs and abdomen shorter, significantly so on the abdomen. In dried specimen apical sternite strongly convex, sharply ridged apically, fairly thinly yellow-grey dusted, subshining.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD04C77FEBD3A1DD1A6E002.taxon	discussion	Remarks In the key provided by Engel (1932) this taxon runs to Pro. inornata; and to Usia grisea Efflatoun with the key in Efflatoun (1945). It has not been possible to study male specimens of either species, but from Efflatoun’s (1945) descriptions, Pro. raydahensis gen. et comb. nov. is significantly smaller than Pro. inornata and larger than Usia grisea, and from both by more extensive pale bases to the four anterior tibia and more thinly dusted mesonotum with shining paramedian and antehumeral vittae. Also, it seems likely that Usia grisea in fact belongs in Apolysis based on its very small size and Efflatoun’s (1945: pl. 20 fig. 319) illustration of the antennae but is currently retained in unplaced Usia. Protypusia raydahensis gen. et comb. nov. is very closely allied to Pro. negevi gen. et comb. nov., the male and female genitalia being exceedingly similar. Protypusia negevi is a much paler, densely dovegrey dusted species with very inconspicuous, vaguely darker paramedian and antehumeral vittae.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD04C77FEBD3A1DD1A6E002.taxon	distribution	Distribution Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, mountains of the Asir province in the southwest of the country.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD44C74FDD13E5BD4B4E133.taxon	description	Fig. 56	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD44C74FDD13E5BD4B4E133.taxon	etymology	Etymology Noun in apposition, named after the River Strymonas that flows through Lake Kerkini, Northern Greece.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD44C74FDD13E5BD4B4E133.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype GREECE • ♂; “ Kerkini, Ecotourism site 65 m, N 41 ° 8 ′ 15.6 ″ E 23 ° 13 ′ 1 ″, 19 June 2008, leg. G. Ramel pan trap ”; NHMUK. Paratypes GREECE • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Kerkini, Ecotourism site 65 m, N 41 ° 8 ′ 15.6 ″ E 23 ° 13 ′ 1 ″, 19 June 2008, leg. G. Ramel pan trap ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ same data ”; PCDG • 1 ♀; “ 1 – 7 August 2006, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; PCDG • 1 ♂; “ 15 - 21 August 2006, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; PCDG • 1 ♀; “ Lithotopossite, N 41 ° 13740 E 23 ° 21714, 20 - 26 June 2005, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ Krousia Site 190 m, N 41 ° 11 ′ 32.4 ″ E 23 ° 3 ′ 59.5 ″, 8 – 14 August 2007, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; PCDG • 1 ♀; “ 11 – 17 July 2007, leg. G. Ramel Malaise ”; PCDG.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD44C74FDD13E5BD4B4E133.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 1.8 – 2.4 mm. Wing length: 1.8 – 2.2 mm. Male HEAD. Gena plus mouth margin very narrow, no wider than anterior ocellus, the shining yellowish mouth margin significantly broader than the linear, often hardly visible dusted gena. Gena broadening fairly abruptly just below antennae, running into long narrow frons, at antennal insertions no wider than scape, covered with grey to brown dust. Eyes narrowly separated by about half the diameter of the anterior ocellus or even less. Vertex between the eyes densely grey-brown dusted, similar to frons. Ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour, dark brown dusted, all ocelli contiguous with the eye margins or narrowly separated, especially anterior ocellus. Yellow hairs on ocellar tubercle about as long as width of vertex at its broadest, often sparse or even absent. Eye facets small and equal throughout. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with grey-brown dust. Occiput covered with pale yellow to white hairs, upper ones just behind eyes relatively long, almost equalling hairs on ocellar tubercle, those on ventral side of head similar only a little longer. Antennae black with a brown or grey cast on scape and pedicel, postpedicel a little longer than scape and pedicel together, conspicuously contracted below in apical third, tip truncate (postpedicel rather variable in size and shape). Palps small but readily seen, pale greyish-white with a few inconspicuous pale hairs apically. Proboscis black, not exceptionally long, about equal to thorax including scutellum, hairless dorsally, the basoventral membrane pale-whitish. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dense grey to brown dust, often with a golden or olive tinge, patterned with sharply defined dark brown paramedian vittae back to just rear of wing bases and antehumeral vittae, the latter broadly separated at thoracic suture. The median area in front of scutellum and posterior to the paramedian vittae with darker brown, poorly defined area; often a well-defined dark brown spot on supra-alar area just behind transverse suture (obscure in some). Hairs of mesonotum white to pale yellow, rather sparse, relatively short, arranged biserially along acrostichal and uniserially along dorsocentral lines, more general on lateral parts of mesonotum. Scutellum dark grey-brown, dusting similar to adjacent parts of mesonotum, more or less darker longitudinal mid-line, yellowish to white hairs very scant on disc longer around margin. Pleura greyer dusted than mesonotum, pronotum and posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum, with short yellow to white hairs. Anterior spiracle conspicuously white. WING. Membrane hyaline with the faintest brownish tinge, the veins brown, yellower basally. Crossvein r-m between one third and mid-point of discal cell, distinctly beyond m-cu. Anal lobe fairly well developed with evenly convex margin, about as broad as anal cell. HALTERE. Whitish, stem slightly infuscated especially at base, knob with a clear dark brown dorsal spot. LEGS. Dark brown, coxae variable with dull yellow apices, trochanters murky yellow to brown, hind ones often with blackish rim, femora narrowly yellow basally and apically, often obscure, tibia and base of basitarsi dull yellow tending to be infuscated dorsally, remainder of tarsi blackish. Coxae grey dusted like pleura, femora more thinly grey dusted. Coxae, femora and tibia clothed with short white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally often also a little longer haired. ABDOMEN. Dark brown dusted with greyer dust laterally all tergites with narrow but clear yellow apical margins, broadest on middle tergites and laterally, extending right to edge of tergites. All tergites with variable white to pale yellow hairs shorter than the length of respective tergite especially on basal tergites, hairs a little longer laterally. Sternites similar to tergites but more evenly grey dusted, apical margins whiter, hairing short and sparse. GENITALIA. Large for Protypusia gen. nov., but a little smaller than in Pro. punctipennis, concolourous with abdomen, but more obviously grey dusted, tip of epandrium dull yellow-brown, less dusted so shinier, gonocoxite also with shiny yellow apices, much longer-haired than tergites, epandrium shorterhaired but still slightly longer-haired than tergites. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, about one fifth head width, hind ocelli separated from eye margin by a one and a half times their diameter. Frons dusted as occiput, a little greyer, a darker brown line down middle from front ocellus to antennae, this dark area continued behind ocellar tubercle onto occiput. Frons with short sparse hairs antero-laterally. Postpedicel averages a little shorter. Hairing of thorax and legs shorter. Abdomen also short haired but not much different to male. Legs very similar to male, in some more extensively yellow.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD44C74FDD13E5BD4B4E133.taxon	discussion	Remarks See Pro. punctipennis and Pro. kerkini gen. et sp. nov. Only eight specimens known from two samples at almost the same location in the village of Lithotopos to the south of Lake Kerkini, Northern Greece. Presumably more widely distributed but Usiini have a tendency towards endemism so could be very restricted.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD44C74FDD13E5BD4B4E133.taxon	distribution	Distribution Greece (Lake Kerkini).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD74C6AFE3C3F4AD417E496.taxon	description	Fig. 57	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD74C6AFE3C3F4AD417E496.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after the collector of the three type specimens, Mohamed Tewfik Effendi. Type material (not examined) Two female syntypes in ESEC and one in EFC, all three at least partially present, two appearing intact from available photos. No specimens examined but photographs of the syntype in EFC was made available by Professor Magdi El-Hawagry. Syntypes EGYPT • 2 ♀♀; “ Bir Abrag, between Km-Ombo and Bir Shalatein, Red Sea Coast and Wadi Ibib 50 km SE of latter locality ”; ESEC • 1 ♀; “ same data ”; EFC.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD74C6AFE3C3F4AD417E496.taxon	description	Redescription Male Unknown. Female (based on Efflatoun (1945), Smithsonian Archives plate, and photographs of EFC specimen) A small species readily identified (in female at least) by the unique abdominal pattern, tergite dark with whitish-grey dusted longitudinal stripe medially and laterally, the latter just visible dorsally at least on basal tergites. MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.6 – 3.2 mm. HEAD. Dark in ground colour obscured by dense glistening whitish dust, this colour extending down the gena as a very narrow dusted strip, much narrower than the more shining, and yellowish mouth margin that is rather protuberant (from EFC specimen). Frons about one third head width at the vertex, lateral ocelli rather distant from eye margin, approximately two and a half to three times ocellar diameter (from EFC specimen). Frons medially with a distinct brownish tinge to the dusting, centrally with a small shining black spot where cuticle shows through. Pubescence of frons sparse, the hairs very short, whitish and scattered along the eye margins. Ocellar tubercle and occiput dusted as frons with short pale-yellowish hairs, the occiput rather densely punctured, hairs on jowls sparse, soft, short and white. Antennae black, scape and pedicel paler due to white dust more conspicuous than on postpedicel. Postpedicel relatively robust, evenly convex ventrally, less strongly convex dorsally up to subapical sulcus, a little less than twice the length of scape and pedicel combined. Antennae sparsely white haired above, especially on scape and pedicel. Palps yellow and apparently glabrous. Proboscis fairly long, more than twice as long as head (including antennae), black except for the yellow baso-ventral membrane. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dense whitish dust conferring its overall greyish-white appearance. Mesonotum with relatively poorly defined darker paramedian vittae from anterior slope to rear third, acrostichal grey stripe about twice as wide as darker paramedian vittae. Antehumeral vittae are less well defined but similar colour, interrupted at thoracic suture, rather narrow and parallel sided both anterior to and behind thoracic suture. Mesonotal dusting faintly but distinctly brownish on disc, the EFC specimens shows a small, round dark spot between wing base and antehumeral vittae. Mesonotum covered with short, sparse, pale yellowish hairs arising from fine punctures. Scutellum uniformly grey as mesonotum, the hairs rather longer pale yellowish. Dusting on pleura rather thinner and so a little darker than on mesonotum, anepisternum with short, erect, soft, glistening whitish hairs. WING. Membrane hyaline, the veins pale yellow-brown. Crossvein r-m at or before basal third of the discal cell, m-m cross-vein not straight, feebly bent (looks almost straight in EFC specimen). Anal cell with relatively long petiole, approximately equalling r-m. Anal lobe broad with conspicuously convex margin wider than anal cell. Squamae with a pale yellow margin and short whitish fringe. HALTERE. Very pale ivory yellow to light ochraceous-buff, base of stem obscure brownish-black. LEGS. Coxae blackish, dusted as pleura. Femora, tibia and tarsi, very dark reddish-brown, almost blackish with tips of femora and narrow bases yellowish-red, tips of tibia and extreme base of basitarsi brownishred. Legs covered with minute, adpressed, sparse and glistening white hairs. ABDOMEN. Dull brownish-black with somewhat dense white dusting along a fairly broad mid-dorsal longitudinal stripe and laterally extending onto recurved sides of tergites. Tergite one more generally grey dusted, darker areas only indicated laterally. Each tergite with well demarcated but narrow, very pale cream apical margins. Sternites similar with light cream-buff apical margins. Tergites and sternites covered with short, not dense, very pale yellowish hairs, appearing longer and more conspicuous laterally and towards the tip of the abdomen (EFC specimen). GENITALIA. Ovipositor (apical sternite?) pale yellowish with short erect pale yellowish hairs.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD74C6AFE3C3F4AD417E496.taxon	discussion	Remarks Efflatoun (1945) keyed this species next to A. minusculus which can be assigned to Apolysis with confidence. Oddly, Efflatoun (1945) makes no mention in his key or the diagnosis section of the type description of the unique abdominal pattern that distinguishes this species from all other Parageron s. lat. In his type description he describes this feature, but does not suggest it is variable, and it is quite obvious in the photographs of the EFC specimen and in the Smithsonian archives plate. Although this is a tiny species it has the general appearance of Parageron s. lat., notably wing venation, the short robust postpedicel and the illustrations in Efflatoun (1945: pl. 21 fig. 355) which shows no sign of the arista diagnostic of Apolysis. Professor Magdi El-Hawagry has confirmed that it lacks the apical arista of Apolysini and belongs in Usiini. It is impossible to be confident of the affinities of this species without examination of the genitalia, including those of the unknown male. The unique abdominal pattern suggests that it could be a taxonomically isolated species, but almost certainly within Protypusia gen. nov.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFD74C6AFE3C3F4AD417E496.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt (Bir Abrag, between Km-Ombo and Bir Shalatein, Red Sea Coast and Wadi Ibib 50 km SE of latter locality).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCA4C6FFE0A3C11D4EFE698.taxon	description	Figs 8, 58	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCA4C6FFE0A3C11D4EFE698.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ vagus ’ = ‘ wandering’, ‘ vague’.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCA4C6FFE0A3C11D4EFE698.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype TUNISIA • ♂; “ Gafsa, Biró / vagans Beck. ♂ det. Becker / Lectotypus / Zool. Mus. Berlin [leg. Lajos Biró, abdomen greased, head glued back on upside down] ” ZMHB. Other material examined MOROCCO • 4 ♀♀; “ Oujda, Plateau du Rekkam 100 km E Ain-Benimathar 1150 m N 33 ° 44.254 W 2 ° 59.095, 25 April 2010, Leg. Dils J. Faes J. ” PCJD.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCA4C6FFE0A3C11D4EFE698.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length. 2.2 – 2.6 mm. Wing length: 2.3 – 3.0 mm. Male HEAD. Gena and mouth margin narrow, about as broad as the length of the pedicel with pale grey-dusted gena barely wider than the tip of the palps, mouth margin shiny. Frons rather small, triangular and not tumid, silky white without outstanding hairs. Eyes meeting for about 9 – 10 facets, equal to or greater than the length of the vertex. Ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour, densely grey-brown dusted, all ocelli contiguous with the eye margins. White hairs on ocellar tubercle noticeably longer than the width of vertex at its broadest. Eye facets large in upper half, small in lower half, the division between them, just below the antennal insertion, not well marked. Occiput dark in ground colour, densely coated with grey-brown dust, covered with whitish hairs about half as long as those on ocellar tubercle, becoming longer and silky below. Antennae blackish with scape and pedicel more brownish, postpedicel about 1.4 times as long as scape and pedicel together, rather oval in shape with no more than a slight point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus. Palps small, subclavate, pale brown with several white hairs apically as long as palp. Proboscis moderate, about as long as thorax and scutellum, hairless dorsally, the basoventral membrane blackish-brown. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by brownish-grey dust, with vaguely darker paramedian vittae extending back two thirds the length of the mesonotum, also faint, obscurely defined, darker antehumeral vittae broken at thoracic suture. Hairs of mesonotum pale yellow-white, rather long, longer than ocellar hairs, acrostichals irregular, dorsocentrals irregularly uniserial, hairs on hind third and lateral parts of mesonotum more general, more dense on notopleuron, area above wing bare. Scutellum rather more yellowish brown dusted than mesonotum, hairs equal in length to than those on mesonotum, generally scattered dorsally but lateral margins bare. Pleura concolourous with mesonotum, pronotum and posterior two-thirds of the anepisternum, with long, white hairs. WING. Membrane somewhat milky with inconspicuous brown shades around fork of R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5, fork of R 4 and R 5 and the crossveins r-m, m-m and m-cu the veins pale yellow basally, darker in rather more than apical half. Crossvein r-m a little beyond basal third of the discal cell, clearly beyond m-cu. Anal lobe very well developed with conspicuously convex margin, much broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Yellow, stem and base of knob clearly suffused with brown. LEGS. Coxae concolourous with pleura. Femora and tibia rather browner, not densely dusted, very tip of femora and narrow base of tibia yellow. Legs covered with white hairs, longer on the coxae, fore and mid-femora posteriorly, hind femora antero-ventrally and hind tibia dorsally. ABDOMEN. Greased but probably grey-brown dusted similar to thorax. Tergite one brownish laterally and along apical margin, remaining tergites also with narrow dull brownish posterior margins. All tergites with long white hairs on reflexed lateral margins, dorsally hairs shorter and largely confined to the posterior half of each tergite. Sternites similar to tergites. GENITALIA. Small even for holoptic Protypusia gen. nov., dark in ground colour, tip of gonocoxite yellower, densely covered in brown dust, covered in white hairs. Female Differs from male in having widely separated eyes, frons almost a third head width, densely olive-grey dusted with small median black spot. Laterally, close to eyes and level with anterior ocellus, is a uniserial row of relatively long, proclinate hairs, front half of frons with more generally distributed shorter hairs. Hairs on ocellar tubercle shorter, a little longer than distance across hind ocelli. Hairs of mesonotum, pleura and scutellum very much shorter and rather sparser, dusting with a definite yellow-brown colour. Legs generally with shorter hairs. Infuscation on wing veins can be rather obscure, most conspicuous on crossveins. Abdomen with apical yellow margins of tergites a little broader and more obvious, hairing of tergites and sternites significantly shorter than in male.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCA4C6FFE0A3C11D4EFE698.taxon	discussion	Remarks The male and female genitalia suggest close affinities with Pro. dimonica and Pro. hyalipennis, the shape of the gonostyli especially being very similar in these three species. Protypusia hyalipennis especially is very similar, but the mesonotal pattern and hyaline wings readily distinguish it. Although both species occur in Morocco, Pro. hyalipennis is known north of the Atlas Mountains while Pro. vagans to the south. Protypusia dimonica also occurs on the Saharan side of the Atlas Mountains in Morocco, so could be sympatric with Pro. vagans, but is readily identified by its general blue-grey colour and entirely hyaline wings.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCA4C6FFE0A3C11D4EFE698.taxon	distribution	Distribution Morocco, Tunisia.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCC4C6EFE7538B7D418E4A1.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after the type locality Xiang, Langkazi in Tibet. Type material (not examined) Holotype (specimen not seen but photographs of holotype examined) CHINA • ♀; “ Xizang [Tibet], Langkazi (4300 m), 30 August 1978, [Leg.] Fasheng Li ”; CAU. Other material examined None.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCC4C6EFE7538B7D418E4A1.taxon	description	Redescription Male Unknown. Female (based upon the type description and photographs of holotype) MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 3.0 mm. Wing length: 3.5 mm. HEAD. Dark in ground colour, obscured by grey dust. Gena plus mouth margin relatively broad, in part yellowish in ground colour, a little less than width of proboscis, the dusted gena narrower than the more shining mouth margin. Frons a little less than a third of head width, widening out towards front, densely grey dusted, small central dark spot. Occiput as frons well furnished with yellow hairs. Ocellar triangle equilateral, lateral ocelli well separated from eyes by more than twice diameter of these ocelli. Antenna black (postpedicel missing). Proboscis black, moderately long a little longer than thorax including scutellum, or twice head length, palps black. THORAX. Blackish ground colour, densely covered with grey-brown dust. Mesonotum with blurry brown paramedian vittae and obscure darker antehumeral vittae broken at transverse suture. Scutellum similarly dusted, or a little greyer. Mesonotum and scutellum with yellow hairs. Pleura densely dusted, greyer then on mesonotum WING. Hyaline, veins dark brown to black, yellower towards base, and subcosta entirely yellow. Crossvein r-m in basal third of discal cell, just a little beyond m-cu. HALTERE. Yellow, except brownish base of stem, and a clear brown spot on dorsum of knob. LEGS. Black with abruptly yellow apices to all femora and narrowly at base of all tibia. Coxae and femora covered with grey dust, as are tibia and tarsi [more thinly so?], all with short yellow hairs. ABDOMEN. Black covered with olive-grey dust, denser laterally, disc of basal tergites subshining as if thinly dusted. All tergites with clear yellow apical margins approximately a quarter the length of respective tergites, narrowing on reflexed lateral margins. Yellow hairs on tergites and sternites.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCC4C6EFE7538B7D418E4A1.taxon	discussion	Remarks Based on available keys, Yang & Yang (1994) compared this species with U. aenea (Rossi), a quite different species with shining, strongly sclerotised cuticle lacking yellow on legs and abdomen. Within Usia s. str. it is superficially much closer to U. transcaspica of central Asia, which has yellow on legs and apices of tergites, but like U. aenea, this species also has the tergites and disc of mesonotum shining, undusted. Yang & Yang’s Usia xizangensis clearly belongs in Protypusia gen. nov. and not Usia based on the heavily dusted mesonotum and abdomen and the tergites not strongly sclerotised so not holding their shape on drying. Based on what can be seen in the available photographs, it seems to be closest to Pro. negevi, but this species has a longer proboscis, clear white knob of haltere and generally pale blue-grey dusting. None of these characters, either individually or together, absolutely eliminate the possibility that these taxa are conspecific, similar variation can be seen across populations of other species of Usiini. However, it would be remarkable if the distribution of Pro. negevi stretched all the way from the Negev Desert to the high plateau of Tibet, far more likely that Pro. xizangensis is a distinct species.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCC4C6EFE7538B7D418E4A1.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Tibet).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCE4C63FE263C11D76FE5B0.taxon	description	Fig. 59	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCE4C63FE263C11D76FE5B0.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named in memory of Leonid Sergeevich Zimin (1902 – 1970), who collected the types.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCE4C63FE263C11D76FE5B0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (here designated) UZBEKISTAN • ♂; “ Tschangyr, northwest Bukhara, 13 June 1930 1 ♂ (leg. L. S. Zimin) / Parageron zimini sp. nov. ♂ S. Paramonov det. Syntypus / Zool. Mus. Berlin. ” ZMHB. Paralectotypes UZBEKISTAN • 2 ♀♀; “ locality as lectotype 10 June 1930 ”; ZMHB • 1 ♂ [dissected], 1 ♀; “ same locality 13 June 1930 ”; ZMHB • 1 ♀; “ same data 17 June 1930 ”; ZMHB • ♂ ♀ in copula, 2 ♀♀; “ same data 20 June 1930 ”; ZMHB. Other material examined IRAN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Ghazvin, road to Zereshk 1682 m, N 36 ° 24 ’ 128 ” E 50 ° 5 ’ 434 ” 28 June- 7 July 2009, pan trap Leg. B. Gharali ”; PCDG.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCE4C63FE263C11D76FE5B0.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length; 3.9 – 5.1 mm. Wing length: 4.1 – 5.2 mm. Male HEAD. Frons and gena pale yellow in ground colour, the frons slightly tumescent covered with silky off-white dusting, lacking longer hairs. Gena moderately broad, at narrowest point about as broad as length of pedicel, more shining mouth margin a little narrower, together almost as broad as scape length. Occiput and ocellar tubercle dark in ground colour densely covered with grey dust and outstanding white hairs, ocelli contiguous with eyes. Eyes confluent for slightly longer than the length of vertex. Ommatidia conspicuously enlarged in the upper half of the eyes, sharply contrasting with the smaller ones occupying the lower half. Antennae blackish, tip of pedicel can be paler, postpedicel rather long with a small point dorsally immediately beyond the subapical sulcus. Palps small and slender, yellowish to brown, darker apically, the white apical setae shorter than the length of the palps. Proboscis very long, about equal to body length, naked dorsally, the basoventral membrane yellow. THORAX. Dark ground colour obscured by dove-grey dust, in some becoming more yellowish on posterior of mesonotum and scutellum, very faint darker paramedian vittae on anterior half or slightly more of mesonotum, antehumeral vittae may be indicated. Whole of mesonotum and scutellum evenly covered with moderately long, silky white hair, largely absent on darker vittae, on the front of the mesonotum hairs longer than tibia is thick at its mid-point. Pleura with similar hairs on pronotum, posterior twothirds of the anepisternum, and a few in upper middle of katepisternum. Metepimeron naked, can be yellow (Uzbekistan). WING. Membrane hyaline, the veins pale yellow, or becoming brown apically. Crossvein r-m from basal quarter to third of the discal cell, opposite or a little beyond m-cu. Anal lobe broad with conspicuously convex margin, broader than anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly infuscated. LEGS. Coxae dark with a dense coating of grey dust. Femora predominantly dark with a covering of grey dust, up to apical quarter clear yellow (Uzbekistan specimens) or just narrowly yellow (Iranian specimens). Front and mid-tibia clear yellow, hind tibia infuscated apically (Uzbekistan specimens) or infuscation more extensive (Iranian specimens). Tarsi black with the basitarsi more or less yellow basally in some. Legs covered with silky white hairs, rather variable, longer on Iranian male. ABDOMEN. Tergite one entirely yellow (Uzbekistan specimens) or with just apical margin yellow (Iranian specimens), remaining tergites black with dense grey dusting and sharply demarcated apical yellow margins (Uzbekistan specimens) or poorly defined pale margins (Iranian specimens), these becoming narrower rearwards. Sternites similar but yellow apical margins clearer. Tergites and sternites all covered with fairly long, erect white to very pale yellow, rather wavy hairs. GENITALIA. Relatively large when compared to other holoptic species. Gonocoxites black, grey dusted with broad yellow tips, covered in long whitish hairs. Epandrium basally black, grey dusted, with very broad yellow apical margin and narrow lateral margins, covered in short whitish hairs. Female Differs from the male in its broadly separated eyes, the frons pale yellow and hairless anteriorly, densely pale-grey dusted on hind half, laterally with 1 – 2 rows of tiny hairs. Legs yellow except for coxae basally (Uzbekistan specimens) or similar to the male, grey dusted, more or less infuscated tarsi largely blackish. Abdomen much more extensively yellow than in the male with less well defined blackish-brown bases to the tergites (except T 1) and sternites (Uzbekistan specimens) or similar to male. Hairs on the thorax and abdomen a little shorter, most clearly on the tergites.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCE4C63FE263C11D76FE5B0.taxon	discussion	Remarks Although twelve specimens were available, they originate from just two widely separated localities, 10 from the type locality and two from Iran. There is quite a degree of variation between these two locations notably in the extent of yellow on tergites and legs. Uzbekistan specimens have much yellower tergites and legs compared to the two specimens from Iran. However, in most features, including the structure of both male and female genitalia, they differ very little so I am as confident as I can be that they are conspecific. The illustrations provided by Zaitzev (1966) and ascribed to Pro. grisea (Paramonov) are certainly not Pro. grisea and appear very similar to this species or, perhaps the closely related Pro. negevi. The description, while brief, could fit either species, closer to Pro. negevi on size but more likely to be Pro. zimini on range. Without seeing the specimens it is not possible to be confident what species Zaitzev had before him.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFCE4C63FE263C11D76FE5B0.taxon	distribution	Distribution (? Georgia), Iran, Uzbekistan.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC04C62FD623BCED6F4E49A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Voluccella aurata Fabricius, 1794.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC04C62FD623BCED6F4E49A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The combination of dichoptic males, very narrow gena plus oral margin, relatively short proboscis, entirely black legs, relatively weakly sclerotised matt-black tergites with yellow apical margins and large, globular genitalia in the male should serve to distinguish this genus from other Parageron s. lat. and Usia. However, all these characteristics are variable, and are found at least in part in other Usia and Parageron s. lat. The most convincing characters are found in the male epiphallic complex and the female genitalia. Males have a strongly sclerotised epiphallus and very large basal ejaculatory apodeme enclosed within a very large, strongly sclerotised and shining black hypopygium. The female genital fork is strongly sclerotised, often flat, sometimes bent dorsally, sometimes strongly angled with the arms. Compared to other Usiini, there is no obviously separate vaginal plate, it appears to be contiguous with the genital fork body. In many Protypusia gen. nov. the genital fork is also strongly sclerotised, but the vaginal plate is always discernible, even when sclerotised and fused with the genital fork.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC04C62FD623BCED6F4E49A.taxon	etymology	Etymology ‘ par (a) - ’ and ‘ usia ’ meaning ‘ near to the genus Usia ’.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC04C62FD623BCED6F4E49A.taxon	discussion	Remarks This genus encompasses the former ‘ aurata ’ - complex including Pru. loewi. It is a very coherent group, all very closely related to each other and clearly monophyletic, but with no obvious affinities within the rest of the Usiini. The group might arguably be closer to Usia, and it has often been placed here rather than in Parageron. While there are some members of Parageron s. lat. that share some of the features of the ‘ aurata ’ - complex, the Parageron s. str. are really quite different, and it became apparent that if the separation of Usia and Parageron were to be maintained, then Parageron in its former sense needed to be subdivided. Parusia gen. nov., like other Usiini, exhibits a strong tendency for endemism, in this case with many cryptic species superficially very similar and differing predominantly in the structure of male and female genitalia. During this study, it has been possible to show that the two formerly recognised species Pru. aurata and Pru. loewi (with Pru. taeniolata a synonym of the former) in fact comprise no less than eight species. All of these have been found within a small part of the previously published range of the ‘ aurata ’ - complex in the western Mediterranean east to Libya. Records of Pru. aurata and Pru. loewi come from many countries north to France, east to Kyrgyzstan and south to Kuwait (Evenhuis & Greathead 2015). During this study no specimens from the eastern Mediterranean or Central Asia have been seen so it seems likely that these are all misidentifications in the literature. The lack of any specimens from mainland Italy or Sicily is somewhat surprising, so it could well occur there (probably Pru. taeniolata). Given the number of cryptic species found during this study, it is highly likely that more local endemics remain to be found. Included species Parusia almeria gen. et sp. nov. Parusia aurata (Fabricius, 1794) gen. et comb. nov. Parusia benoisti gen. et sp. nov. Parusia cyrenaica gen. et sp. nov. Parusia faesae gen. et sp. nov. Parusia loewi (Becker, 1906) gen. et comb. nov. Parusia propinqua gen. et sp. nov. Parusia taeniolata (Costa, 1883) stat. rev., gen. et comb. nov.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC24C67FDB73C11D4FAE4B4.taxon	description	Figs 16, 20, 32, 60	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC24C67FDB73C11D4FAE4B4.taxon	etymology	Etymology Noun in apposition, after Almeria, the region of southeast Spain where the type material was collected.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC24C67FDB73C11D4FAE4B4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype SPAIN • ♂; “ Almeria, Bird observatory of the Salinas del Cabo de Gata, N 36 º 45 ′ 39 ″ W 02 º 13 ′ 15 ″, dunes near salines, 9 April 2004 leg. Antonio Aguirre ”; NHMUK. Paratypes SPAIN • 1 ♀; “ Almeria, Bird observatory of the Salinas del Cabo de Gata, N 36 º 45 ′ 39 ″ W 02 º 13 ′ 15 ″, dunes near salines, 9 April 2004, leg. Antonio Aguirre ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂ (in spirit); “ same data ”; PCMC-T • 1 ♂; “ Carboneros N 36 ° 59 ′ 39.7 ″ W 01 ° 56 ′ 29.6 ″ 100 m 19 March 2003, leg. J. Dils & J. Faes ”; PCJD • 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (in spirit); “ near Torregarcía, N 36 º 49 ′ 58 ″ W 02 º 17 ′ 29 ″ zone with Ziziphus lotus and dunes, 13 April 2004 Moericke trap 1, leg. Antonio Aguirre ”; PCMC-T • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Moericke Trap 3 Base del Cerro del Barronal, N 36 º 44 ′ 01 ′ W 02 º 08 ′ 29 ″, very sandy zone with Pitas, Rhamnus sp., and Ammophila areanaria, 12 March 2004 pitfall trap 5, leg. Antonio Aguirre ”; PCDG.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC24C67FDB73C11D4FAE4B4.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 4.4 – 6.6 mm. Wing length: 3.7 – 5.8 mm. Male HEAD. Gena plus mouth margin black in ground colour, much narrower than the apical breadth of a palp, grey dusted gena very narrow, linear, more shining mouth margin a little wider. Frons black in ground colour, hind half narrowing distinctly from hind corners to just in front of anterior ocellus where eyes start to diverge before abruptly widening on anterior part before running parallel down mouth margins. Eyes separated at their narrowest by 1.5 – 2.5 times the diameter of the front ocellus, hind ocellus narrowly separated from the eye margin. Ocellar tubercle shining, barely dusted, narrow part of frons lightly grey dusted, subshining blackish, white dusted on front half, more thinly so medially where dark ground colour shows from some angles. Yellow-brown hairs on ocellar tubercle almost twice as long as the width of the frons at rear, narrow part of frons bare, anterior part of frons with numerous white hairs some of which are as long as scape and pedicel combined, inclined at 45 °. Occiput dark in ground colour with fairly dense grey dust but ground colour still apparent, subshining, more shining on triangular area behind ocellar tubercle. Yellow to white hairs dorsally only just overtopping ocellar tubercle, tips curved anteriorly, hairs significantly longer below and rather wavy. Ommatidia uniform in size across the eyes. Antennae black, postpedicel variable but usually relatively short, less than twice length of scape and pedicel together, sensilla in subapical sulcus can be white and conspicuous. All antennal segments with short pale brown hairs above, longest just before subapical sulcus. Palps short but easily visible, strongly clavate, brown to black, the pale yellow apical setae as long as the length of the palps. Proboscis short, only about twice head length, dorsally clothed with short, adpressed brown setae basolaterally. Basoventral membrane dirty brownish-white. THORAX. Shining black cuticle dulled by relatively thin blue-grey dust except sometimes along paramedian and antehumeral vittae where the shining black cuticle can show through to a greater or lesser extent. Where paramedian vittae are clear they are approximately equal to median dusted stripe anteriorly, widening rearward where tending to fade. Antehumeral vittae interrupted at the thoracic suture. Mesonotum covered with moderately long, pale yellow hair, the longest hairs longer than those on the ocellar tubercle. Scutellum more thinly dusted centrally, long-haired on the disc, hairs fringing the apical margin longer than those on mesonotum. Pleura similar to mesonotum laterally, or a little more densely dusted, white hairs on pronotum, posterior half of the anepisternum and much of katepisternum. WING. Membrane faintly brown tinged, the veins brown. Crossvein r-m beyond basal third but before mid-point of discal cell conspicuously beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, about as broad as the anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow to white, base of stem slightly brownish. LEGS. Coxae black with a coating of grey dust like that on the pleura, not entirely obscuring ground colour. Remainder of legs black or very dark brown, essentially undusted so the shining cuticle is not dulled. Coxae externally and femora ventrally covered with rather long, pale yellow hairs, on the femora longer than the greatest depth of the femora. Femora dorsally and tibia rather densely covered with both short adpressed white hairs, and on tibia a few longer, semi-erect hairs, especially at base. ABDOMEN. All tergites subshining black, dusting on disc obscure and dark, laterally, on the reflexed margin, densely grey dusted mostly obscuring the ground colour, most extensive on tergite one. Middle tergites with narrow but conspicuous and sharply demarcated yellow apical margins; on tergite one this margin disappears laterally, on remaining tergites it tapers away on reflexed margin, tergites seven and eight with yellow apices very narrow or lacking. Sternites black cuticle with grey dusting dulling but not entirely obscuring the ground colour, apical yellow margins obscure. Tergites and sternites all covered with relatively short pale yellow hairs, mostly erect but on basal tergites tending to be inclined towards mid-line. GENITALIA. Conspicuously large and globular. Gonocoxites black to dark brown, shining, composed of two rounded hemispheres separated by a deep sulcus. Epandrium shining black to dark brown. Both gonocoxite and epandrium covered in long yellow hairs, denser than on tergites, especially so on gonocoxite. Female Very similar to male except for broader frons, narrowest at rear where one fifth to one quarter head width, hind ocellus separated from eye by about one and a half times the diameter of that ocellus. Frons widening more evenly towards the front, hairs more extensive, biserial along eye margins to rear of front ocellus. Thorax very similar, hairing tending to be rather shorter. Yellow apical margins to the tergites relatively broader. Abdominal hairing a little sparser and shorter. Proximal part of genital fork more or less in line with angle of the arms, attached membranously, broadest towards pointed tip, basal spermathecal ducts normal, fusing at or just before the vaginal plate which is contiguous with the genital fork and not differentiated.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC24C67FDB73C11D4FAE4B4.taxon	discussion	Remarks Within this genus of eight species there is considerable uniformity in external characters, differences between the species being subtle and not likely to be much use in deducing affinities within the genus. The female genitalia suggest that this species is most closely allied to the other two Parusia gen. nov. that occur in Spain Pru. loewi and Pru. propinqua gen. et sp. nov. Of the African-Tyrrhenian species probably related to Pru. aurata, in which the male and female genitalia are closest to the Iberian species.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC24C67FDB73C11D4FAE4B4.taxon	distribution	Distribution Southeast Spain.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC54C9BFE0D3C10D481E71B.taxon	description	Figs 18, 21 – 22, 61	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC54C9BFE0D3C10D481E71B.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ aurātus ’ = ‘ gilded’, ‘ golden’, presumably referring to the yellow apical margins of the tergites.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC54C9BFE0D3C10D481E71B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (here designated) “ Barbariae floribus ” [= MOROCCO, ALGERIA or TUNISIA] • ♀; “ Museum Paris, Barbarie, Coll Bosc 1828 [accession date] / V. aurata. Fab. [in Bosc’s handwriting], florea [=? floribus, almost illegible] Barbariae / aurata f. ”; MNHN. In his original description Fabricius states “ Barbariae floribus Mus. Desfontaines ” for this species. The Desfontaines collection was acquired by MNHN in 1826. The “ Bosc ” specimen with the Fabrician locality here designated as lectotype is dated 1828. That means it was not accessioned from the Desfontaines collection but was a specimen from the Bosc collection. It is presumed that a unique specimen would not have been exchanged thus this specimen is here not considered to be a holotype but a syntype that was exchanged with Bosc. The fate of the Desfontaines “ type ” is not known. (N. Evenhuis pers. com.). A single female specimen with appropriate data was located in the general collection at MNHN. Although the labels are in Bosc’s handwriting and not Fabricius’, the pin through the insect is of the same type as seen with other Fabrician types. It was not uncommon for collectors of the time to replace labels with their own. Therefore it is concluded that this specimen is a syntype of aurata. Other material examined ALGERIA • 1 ♀; “ Mascara 29 April ”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ 21 April 1 ♀ ex. Coll. B. Aldgren ”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ NE of Saida, Ain el Hannach 29 June 1983 1 ♀ (leg. J. Hutsebaut) ”; MNHN • [♂ ♀ in cop. 3 ♂♂]; “ Rouiba, J. Surcouf May-June 1911, Museum Paris ”; MNHN • 2 ♂ ♀ in cop.; “ same data 15 May 1913 ”; MNHN • 1 ♂; “ Rocher Blanc, J. Surcouf, Museum Paris 1919 ”; MNHN • 5 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; “ March-April 1913 ”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ Oran, J. Surcouf Museum Paris 1919 ” MNHN • 4 ♀♀; “ Museum Paris, Env. D’Alger Bové 126 - 38, Usia aurata ”; MNHN. MOROCCO • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; “ Guelmin, 11 km N. Guelmin, N 29 ° 08 ′ 30 ″ W 10 ° 05 ′ 48.4 ″ 430 m 23 March 2006 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Azilal, Afourer N 31 ° 11 ′ 32.8 ″ W 06 ° 31 ′ 20.4 ″ 880 m 8 April 2006 ”; PCJD • 1 ♀; “ Marrakech, W of Demnate N 31 ° 43 ′ 58.2 ″ W 07 ° 16 ′ 58.9 ″ 700 m 6 April 2006 ” PCJD • 1 ♀; “ Agadir, Tioulit N 29 ° 53 ′ 28 ″ W 09 ° 00 ′ 00.2 ″ 1200 m 27 March 2006 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD. TUNISIA • 2 ♀♀; “ Sfax Plage 30 April [18] 99, Museum Paris, Tunisie, Museum Paris, Bleuse 1899 ”; MNHN.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC54C9BFE0D3C10D481E71B.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.3 – 5.2 mm. Wing length: 2.5 – 5.2 mm. Male HEAD. Gena and mouth margin black in ground colour, narrower than the apical breadth of a palp, grey dusted gena linear, mouth margin more shining. Frons black in ground colour, hind half narrowing distinctly from hind corners to just in front of anterior ocellus where eyes start to increasingly diverge gradually, then narrowing down gena. Eyes separated at their narrowest by 2.5 – 3 times the diameter of the front ocellus, hind ocelli separated from the eye margin by about half diameter of respective ocellus. Ocellar tubercle shining, barely dusted, narrow part of frons velvety black, appearing lightly grey or brown dusted from some angle, this colour narrowly continued down eye margins in some specimens. Anterior part of frons grey-white dusted, often more thinly so medially where dark ground colour shows from some angles. Yellow-brown hairs on ocellar tubercle almost twice as long as the width of the frons at rear, narrow part of frons bare, anterior part of frons with numerous white hairs some of which are longer than scape and pedicel combined, almost as long as postpedicel, inclined at 45 °. Occiput dark in ground colour densely covered with grey dust largely obscuring ground colour, only slightly subshining, except on triangular area behind ocellar tubercle which is shining, thinly dusted. Yellow to white hairs dorsally not or only just overtopping ocellar tubercle, tips curved anteriorly, hairs much longer below, often wavy-tipped. Ommatidia uniform in size across the eyes. Antennae black, postpedicel variable about twice length of scape and pedicel together (tends to be relatively smaller in small individuals), sensilla in subapical sulcus can be pale and conspicuous. All antennal segments with short pale brown hairs above, longest just before subapical sulcus. Palps short but easily visible, strongly clavate, brown to black, the pale yellow apical setae as long as the length of the palps or even longer. Proboscis short, only about twice head length, often less, basolaterally on dorsal surface with abundant, semi-erect brown hairs, diminishing in size towards tip. Basoventral membrane dark brown to brownish-white. THORAX. Black cuticle dulled by dense olive-brown to grey dust except along well defined paramedian and antehumeral vittae where the underlying cuticle shows through and is dulled by black dusting, often subshining in smaller individuals. Paramedian vittae clear to just behind wings, widening rearwards, dusted acrostichal stripe approximately equal width throughout. Antehumeral vittae interrupted at the thoracic suture. Mesonotum covered with moderately long, pale yellow hair, the longest hairs longer than those on the ocellar tubercle. Scutellum more thinly dusted centrally, long-haired on the disc, hairs fringing the apical margin longer than those on mesonotum. Pleura similar to mesonotum laterally, white hairs on pronotum, posterior half of the anepisternum and much of katepisternum (can be sparse in smaller individuals). WING. Membrane faintly brown tinged, the veins brown. Crossvein r-m beyond basal third but before mid-point of discal cell conspicuously beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, about as broad as the anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow to white, base of stem infuscated. LEGS. Coxae black with a coating of grey dust like that on the pleura, obscuring ground colour. Remainder of legs black, essentially undusted so the shining cuticle is not dulled. Coxae externally and femora ventrally and posteriorly on front femora, covered with rather long, pale yellow or white hairs, on the femora longer than the greatest depth of the femora. Femora dorsally and tibia rather densely covered with both short adpressed white hairs, and on tibia a few longer, semi-erect hairs, especially at base. ABDOMEN. All tergites velvety black, dusting on disc black, laterally on the reflexed margin dark greybrown dusted mostly obscuring the ground colour, most extensive on tergite one. Middle tergites with narrow but conspicuous and sharply demarcated yellow apical margins, these variable and can be absent on small individuals; on tergite one this margin disappears laterally, on remaining tergites it tapers away on reflexed margin. Sternites black, grey dusted like sides of tergites, largely obscuring the ground colour, apical yellow margins narrow and obscure. Tergites and sternites all covered with relatively long pale yellow hairs, mostly longer than length of respective tergite. GENITALIA. Very large and globular, as deep as abdomen and up to a third its length (including genitalia), relatively even larger in small individuals. Gonocoxites shining black, composed of two rounded hemispheres separated by a deep sulcus. Epandrium also shining black. Both gonocoxite and epandrium covered in long yellow hairs, longer than on tergites, especially so on gonocoxite. Female Very similar to male except for broader frons, narrowest at rear, being one-fifth to one-fourth head width, hind ocellus separated from eye by about one to one and a half times the diameter of that ocellus. Frons widening more evenly towards the front, hairs more extensive, irregularly uniserial along eye margins to rear of front ocellus. Thorax very similar, hairing tending to be rather shorter. Yellow apical margins to the tergites relatively broader, especially on tergites seven and eight, latter shining and undusted, tergite nine also shining but lacking yellow margin. Abdominal hairing distinctly shorter. Proximal part of genital fork only moderately at an angle with the arms, attached to arms by thin, linear sclerotised strip, broadest closest to tip, blunt ended. Arms of genital fork very broad. Basal spermathecal ducts expanded relative to apical ducts, fusing at proximal tip of the vaginal plate that is not differentiated from the genital fork.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC54C9BFE0D3C10D481E71B.taxon	discussion	Remarks Based on female genitalia seems to show affinities with both the other African / Tyrrhenian species and the three Iberian species. The development of the basal spermathecal duct is intermediate between these two groupings. The male genitalia and external characters do not offer any clues as to its affinities.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FFC54C9BFE0D3C10D481E71B.taxon	distribution	Distribution Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF384C98FDB63934D67BE0F3.taxon	description	Figs 19, 62	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF384C98FDB63934D67BE0F3.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after French botanist and entomologist Raymond Benoist (1881 – 1970) who collected the majority of the type series.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF384C98FDB63934D67BE0F3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype MOROCCO • ♂; “ Oued Yquem, Alluaud [19] 62 / Usia aurata F, det J. Bowden ”; MNHN. Paratypes MOROCCO • 1 ♂; “ Museum Paris, Maroc, Rabat, R Benoist 1928 / 7 Mai 1928 ”; MNHN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ same location 8 Mai 1928 ”; MNHN • 1 ♂; “ Oued Yquem, Alluaud 62 ”; MNHN • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Museum Paris, Maroc, de M’rirt à El Hadjeb, R Benoist 1919 ”; MNHN • 3 ♀♀; “ Mai / Museum Paris, Maroc, Sidi Bettache, R Benoit [sic] 1928 ”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ Museum Paris, Tanger (Env.), Favier 113 - 59 ”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ Rabat, 30 May [19] 34, Surcouf ”; MNHN • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Env ♂. Tanger, 4 May 1970, [leg.] P. duMerle ”; MNHM • 1 ♀; “ Kenitra, N 34 ° 17 ′ 30.4 ″ W 06 ° 30 ′ 18.2 ″ 0 m 8 May 2008, leg. Dils J. & Faes J. ”; PCJD.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF384C98FDB63934D67BE0F3.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 3.7 – 5.7 mm. Wing length: 4.0 – 5.0 mm. Male HEAD. Gena and mouth margin black in ground colour, narrower than the apical breadth of a palp, grey dusted gena linear, narrower then shining mouth margin. Frons black in ground colour, hind half narrowing slightly from hind corners to well in front of anterior ocellus then widening fairly abruptly and evenly to front of frons. Eyes separated at their narrowest by 1.5 – 2.0 times the diameter of the front ocellus, hind ocelli contiguous with the eye margins or very narrowly separated. Ocellar tubercle shining, barely dusted, narrow part of frons grey dusted in front of front ocellus, darker, slightly shining at narrowest part, white dusted on front half, more thinly so medially. White hairs on ocellar tubercle about twice as long as the width of the frons at rear, narrow part of frons bare, anterior part of frons with numerous white hairs some of which are almost as long as those on the ocellar tubercle (variable and hairs easily lost). Occiput dark in ground colour densely covered with grey dust and outstanding white hairs, longest below; except on thinly dusted, hairless, shining triangular area behind ocellar tubercle. Ommatidia uniform in size across the eyes. Antennae black, postpedicel variable but usually relatively short, less than twice length of scape and pedicel together, sensilla in apical sulcus brown so not conspicuous. All antennal segments with short pale brown hairs above, longest just before subapical sulcus. Palps short but easily visible, clavate, black, the pale yellow apical setae as long as the length of the palps. Proboscis not very long, a little shorter than twice head length, dorsally clothed with short, adpressed brown setae extending about three quarters its length. Basoventral membrane dirty brownishwhite. THORAX. Black ground colour largely obscured by blue-grey dust except along the conspicuous paramedian and antehumeral vittae where the shining black cuticle shows through, dulled by a variably thin coating of brownish to black dust dulling shine in some individuals. Paramedian vittae a little narrower than median dusted acrostichal stripe anteriorly, widening rearward stopping rather abruptly above the wing base. Antehumeral vittae interrupted at the thoracic suture, a vague blackish spot between wing base and hind part of antehumeral vittae. Occasionally a vague median darker, shinier prescutellar vittae present. Mesonotum covered with moderately long, pale yellow hair, the longest hairs as long as those on the ocellar tubercle. Scutellum more thinly dusted centrally, relatively sparsely haired on the disc, long hairs fringing the apical margin longer than those on mesonotum. Pleura dusted as on notopleuron and with similar hairs on pronotum, posterior half of the anepisternum and a few in upper middle of katepisternum. WING. Membrane faintly brown tinged, the veins brown. Crossvein r-m a little beyond basal third of discal cell, conspicuously beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, about as broad as the anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow to white, base of stem slightly brownish. LEGS. Coxae black with a coating of grey dust like that on the pleura. Remainder of legs black or very dark brown, essentially undusted so the shining cuticle is not dulled. Coxae externally and femora ventrally covered with rather long, pale yellow hairs, on the femora longer than the greatest depth of the femora. Femora dorsally and tibia rather densely covered with both short adpressed white hairs, and on tibia longer, semi-erect hairs, those in basal half of tibia as long as tibia is wide. ABDOMEN. All tergites black subshining on disc dulled by black dust, laterally on the reflexed margins densely grey dusted obscuring the ground colour, most extensive on tergite one where visible dorsally. All tergites with narrow but conspicuous and sharply demarcated yellow apical margins, on tergite one this margin disappears laterally, on remaining tergites it broadens laterally then tapers away on reflexed margin. Sternites black and densely grey dusted obscuring the ground colour, apical yellow margins obscure. Tergites and sternites all covered with fairly long, dense, erect pale to golden yellow hairs. GENITALIA. Conspicuously large and globular. Gonocoxites black to dark brown, shining, composed of two rounded hemispheres separated by a deep sulcus. Epandrium shining black to dark brown, relatively broad compared to length. Both gonocoxite and epandrium covered in long yellow hairs. The black gonostyli can often be seen without dissection enabling the deeply incised inner basal margin, delimitated proximally by a triangular tooth to be seen. Female Very similar to male except for broader frons, narrowest at front ocellus where it is three times or more as wide as the diameter of that ocellus. Frons widening very slightly in rear half, almost parallel before widening out in anterior half, hairs more extensive along eye margins almost to the level of the front ocellus. Hind ocellus separated from eye margin by about a third of the diameter of that ocellus. Thorax with a tendency to be browner dusted, especially along acrostichal line and margins of the dark vittae. Yellow apical margins to the tergite relatively broader, tergite eight shining with broad yellow margin, tergite nine all black. Abdominal hairing a little sparser and shorter. Proximal part of genital fork at about 45 ° angle to the arms, shaped like an elongate spoon, basal spermathecal ducts greatly expanded and fusing conspicuously before the common vaginal plate / genital fork forming a common duct.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF384C98FDB63934D67BE0F3.taxon	discussion	Remarks A cryptic species that seems to replace Pru. aurata in the northwest of Morocco. Abundantly distinct on characters of both male and female genitalia, the very broadly expanded basal spermathecal duct suggests it is closer to Pru. cyrenaica gen. et sp. nov. and Pru. taeniolata than the parapatric Pru. aurata.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF384C98FDB63934D67BE0F3.taxon	distribution	Distribution Northwestern Morocco (Tangiers to Casablanca).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3B4C9DFDBB390AD4DBE18F.taxon	description	Fig. 63	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3B4C9DFDBB390AD4DBE18F.taxon	etymology	Etymology Treated as a noun in apposition, named after the former Libyan, and before that Roman, province Cyrenaica in eastern Libya where the type series was collected.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3B4C9DFDBB390AD4DBE18F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype LIBYA • ♂; “ Cyrenaica, Nr. Barce [Al Mari], 14 March 1958, leg. K. M. Guichard ”; NHMUK. Paratypes LIBYA • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; “ Cyrenaica, Nr. Barce [Al Mari], 14 March 1958, leg. K. M. Guichard ”; NHMUK.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3B4C9DFDBB390AD4DBE18F.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 4.5 – 5.1 mm. Wing length: 4.3 – 5.0 mm. Male HEAD. Gena and mouth margin black in ground colour, narrower than the apical breadth of a palp, gena very narrow, linear, more shining mouth margin a little wider. Frons black in ground colour hind half narrowing slightly from hind corners to just in front of the front ocellus, then widening fairly abruptly, the eye margin a little concave. Eyes separated at their narrowest by approximately twice the diameter of the front ocellus, hind ocelli narrowly separated from eye margin, less than half diameter of ocellus. Ocellar tubercle shining, thinly dusted, narrow part of frons densely blackish dusted, grey dusted on front half from point where it starts to widen, slightly paler laterally and down past antennal bases. Pale yellow to white hairs on ocellar tubercle about twice as long as the width of the frons, narrow part of frons bare, anterior part of frons with numerous pale yellow hairs, some of which are almost as long as those on the ocellar tubercle (variable and hairs easily lost). Occiput dark in ground colour densely covered with grey dust including area behind ocellar tubercle, and outstanding pale yellow hairs, short dorsally, not overtopping ocellar tubercle, much longer ventrally where hairs are as long as those on front of mesonotum and wavytipped. Ommatidia uniform in size across the eyes. Antennae black, postpedicel variable but usually about twice length of scape and pedicel together, sensilla in subapical sulcus brown so not conspicuous. All antennal segments with short yellow hairs above, longest and rather dense just before subapical sulcus. Palps short but easily visible, strongly clavate, black, the yellow apical setae as long as the length of the palps and rather tufted. Proboscis not very long, approximately twice head length, dorso-laterally clothed with short, adpressed brown setae. Basoventral membrane dark brown to blackish. THORAX. Black ground colour largely obscured by dark grey dust, paramedian and antehumeral vittae conspicuously matt black dusted, cuticle obscured. Paramedian vittae a little narrower then dusted acrostichal line anteriorly, widening rearward stopping rather abruptly above the wing base. Antehumeral vittae narrowed, but not entirely interrupted at the thoracic suture. Mesonotum rather uniformly covered with long, pale yellow hairs, the longest longer than those on the ocellar tubercle. Scutellum dark grey dusted as on mesonotum, slightly more thinly dusted medially, relatively densely haired, hairs longer than those on mesonotum especially marginally. Pleura with similar dark grey dusting, hairs on pronotum, all but lower anterior corner of anepisternum and all but rear third of katepisternum. WING. Membrane faintly brown tinged, rather more infuscated in costal cell, cell r 1 and first basal cell, the veins dark brown. Crossvein r-m a little before middle of discal cell, conspicuously beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, a little broader than the anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly brownish. LEGS. Coxae black with a coating of dark grey dust like that on the pleura. Remainder of legs black or very dark brown, essentially undusted so the shining cuticle is not dulled. Coxae externally with rather long, pale yellow hairs, anterior four femora ventrally and posteriorly similarly haired, hind femora with similar long pale yellow hairs on anterior and ventral faces, longer than the greatest depth of the femora. Femora elsewhere and tibia rather densely covered with short steeply inclined pale yellow hairs, and on tibia with some longer hairs dorsally. ABDOMEN. All tergites black dusted, matt, becoming thinly dusted and more or less shining on tergites six and seven, laterally on the reflexed margin densely grey dusted obscuring the ground colour, most extensive on tergite one. Hairs on disc arising from small, shining circles, contrasting with the matt black remainder of disc. All tergites with very narrow but conspicuous and sharply demarcated dark yellow apical margins, on tergite one this margin barely visible laterally, on remaining tergites it broadens laterally then tapers away on reflexed margin and occasionally obscure medially. Sternites black and densely grey dusted obscuring the ground colour, apically any yellow margins very obscure, hardly visible. Tergites and sternites all covered with long, erect golden-yellow hairs. GENITALIA. Conspicuously large and globular, even larger than closely related species (except Pru. faesae gen. et sp. nov.). Gonocoxites black, shining, composed of two rounded hemispheres separated by a deep sulcus. Epandrium shining black, corners rounded. Gonostyli long and relatively straight, very slightly curving in basal two thirds, curving inward more sharply in apical third, twisted, apical flange small. Both gonocoxite and epandrium covered in long yellow hairs, those on gonocoxite even longer than those on tergites. Female Only one specimen available, with missing head. Very similar to male except hairing generally a little shorter and paler. Proximal part of genital fork a simple sclerotised rod, basal spermathecal ducts greatly expanded and joining just before the fused vagial plate / genital fork, conspicuously long, exceeding the tip of the genital fork.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3B4C9DFDBB390AD4DBE18F.taxon	discussion	Remarks This distinctive Parusia sp. represents the most westerly known extension of the genus, and is isolated from its nearest congener by more than 1000 km of Libyan and Tunisian desert. The thick basal spermathecal ducts shows an affinity with the other four species of Parusia gen. nov. occurring in Africa, but not obviously closest to any one of these species.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3B4C9DFDBB390AD4DBE18F.taxon	distribution	Distribution Northeastern Libya	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3E4C92FD8F3FAFD739E74A.taxon	description	Figs 15, 64	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3E4C92FD8F3FAFD739E74A.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after Jeannine Faes who, together with Jos Dils, collected a large proportion of the material used during this study.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3E4C92FD8F3FAFD739E74A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype MOROCCO • ♂; “ Guercif 500 m N 34 ° 13.838 W 03 ° 39.979 27 April 2010 Leg. Dils J. Faes J. ”; NHMUK. Paratypes MOROCCO • 2 ♀♀; “ Guercif 500 m N 34 ° 13.838 W 03 ° 39.979 27 April 2010 Leg. Dils J. Faes J. ” NHMUK • 3 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; “ Guercif 500 m N 34 ° 13.838 W 03 ° 39.979 27 April 2010 Leg. Dils J. Faes J. ”; PCJD. Other material examined MOROCCO • 1 ♂; “ Guercif 500 m N 34 ° 13.838 W 03 ° 39.979 27 April 2010 Leg. Dils J. Faes J. ”; PCJD (excluded from type series because mostly destroyed in transit).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3E4C92FD8F3FAFD739E74A.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.2 – 3.1 mm. Wing length: 2.2 – 3.2 mm. Male HEAD. Gena and mouth margin black to dark brown in ground colour, approximately equal to the apical breadth of a palp, grey-dusted gena exceedingly narrow, almost disappearing below, more shining mouth margin broader. Frons black to dark brown in ground colour, hind half of frons narrowing relatively abruptly, almost in line with angle of hind and front ocelli, from hind corners to just in front of the front ocellus, then widening but no abrupt change of direction, gently curved, the eye margin a little concave. Eyes separated at their narrowest by a little more than the diameter of the front ocellus, hind ocellus very narrowly separated from eye margin, almost contiguous. Ocellar tubercle shining, hardly dusted, narrow part of frons blackish dusted, greyer from some angles, grey dusted on front half from point where it starts to widen, and down past antennal bases. White hairs on ocellar tubercle a little less than twice as long as the width of the frons, narrow part of frons bare, anterior part of frons with numerous white hairs, some of which are almost as long as scape plus pedicel combined (variable and hairs easily lost). Occiput dark in ground colour grey-brown dusted, not entirely obscuring ground colour, slightly subshining, area behind ocellar tubercle more thinly dusted, shining. Outstanding pale yellow hairs to white hairs of occiput, short dorsally, hardly overtopping ocellar tubercle, longer ventrally where hairs are as long as those on front of mesonotum but not very dense. Ommatidia uniform in size across the eyes. Antennae black, postpedicel variable but usually from one and a half to twice length of scape and pedicel together, sensilla in subapical sulcus can be pale and so conspicuous. All antennal segments with short yellow hairs above, longest just before subapical sulcus, fewer and shorter than in related species. Palps short but easily visible, less strongly clavate than related species, black, the yellow apical setae as long as the length of the palps. Proboscis relatively short, approximately one and a half times head length, dorso-laterally clothed with short, inconspicuous, adpressed brown setae. Basoventral membrane dark murky brown. THORAX. Black ground colour largely obscured by dark grey dust, more brownish on disc, paramedian and antehumeral vittae conspicuously more thinly black dusted, cuticle not entirely obscured, subshining. Paramedian vittae narrower then dusted acrostichal line, sometimes conspicuously so, widening rearward stopping rather abruptly above the wing base, at this point equal or wider than acrostichal line. Antehumeral vittae either completely separated or narrowed, but not entirely interrupted at the thoracic suture. Mesonotum rather uniformly covered with long, pale yellow hairs, the longest longer than those on the ocellar tubercle, rather less dense than in many related species. Scutellum grey to brown dusted as on mesonotum, scantily haired, hairs similar to those on mesonotum, a little longer marginally. Pleura with similar grey dusting to the notopleuron, hairs on pronotum, dorsal and hind third of anepisternum and a few fine hairs in dorsal part of katepisternum. WING. Membrane faintly brown tinged, the veins brown. Crossvein r-m a little beyond basal third of discal cell but before middle, conspicuously beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, equal to the anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow, base of stem slightly brownish. LEGS. Coxae black with a coating of dark grey dust similar to that on the pleura. Remainder of legs black or very dark brown, very thinly dusted so the shining cuticle is hardly dulled. Coxae externally with rather long, pale yellow or white hairs, anterior four femora ventrally and posteriorly similarly haired, hind femora with similar long white hairs on anterior and ventral faces, longer than the greatest depth of the femora, although sparser than in related species. Femora elsewhere and tibia rather densely covered with short steeply inclined pale yellow or white hairs. ABDOMEN. All tergites thinly black dusted subshining, especially on apical tergite, laterally, on the reflexed margin, densely grey-brown dusted obscuring the ground colour, most extensive on tergite one where it covers whole disc. Tergites two and three also with the brownish dust laterally more extensive and visible from above. All tergites with very narrow more or less well demarcated pale yellow apical margins, at least laterally. On tergite one this margin is obsolete laterally, but well-marked medially. On the remaining tergites it tends to be broader laterally then tapering away on reflexed margin and often obscure medially, usually darker and browner. Sternites black and densely grey dusted obscuring the ground colour, apically any yellow margins very obscure, hardly visible. Tergites and sternites all covered with long, erect white hairs. GENITALIA. Conspicuously large and globular, approximately as voluminous as the abdomen, larger than in related species (only cyrenaica gen. et sp. nov. approaches these proportions). Gonocoxites black, shining, composed of two rounded hemispheres separated by a deep sulcus. Epandrium shining black, apico-lateral corners distinctly produced unlike any other member of the genus, usually visible in dried specimens. Gonostyli strongly bent inwards, outer curve almost forming a semi-circle. Apical third with twisted apical flange relatively large and sub-triangular. Both gonocoxite and epandrium covered in long pale yellow to white hairs, those on gonocoxite even longer than those on tergites. Female Very similar to male except for broader frons, narrowest at front ocellus where it is three times or more as wide as the diameter of that ocellus. Rear half of frons widening very slightly, almost parallel before widening out in anterior half. Hind ocellus separated from eye margin by about the diameter of that ocellus. Hairs more extensive along eye margins in a single row almost to the level of the front ocellus, on anterior part of frons scattered white hairs, rarely much longer than scape. Yellow apical margins to the tergites relatively broader, although still obsolete centrally in some individuals, tergite eight shining with broad yellow margin. Sternites more obviously with yellow apical margins. Abdominal hairing a little sparser and shorter. Proximal part of genital fork at about 90 ° angle to the arms, rather boat-shaped, bluntly pointed, arms very robust, basal spermathecal ducts greatly expanded and fusing before the fused vaginal plate / genital fork forming a short common duct.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3E4C92FD8F3FAFD739E74A.taxon	discussion	Remarks Thus far only known from the type locality in Guercif Province, northeastern Morocco. A relatively small species with exceptionally large globular male genitalia, perhaps showing affinity with Pru. benoisti gen. et sp. nov., but could be equally closely related to several other Parusia gen. nov. It is another remarkable example of the strong propensity for endemism within the Usiini, and more cryptic species within the genus can be expected.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF3E4C92FD8F3FAFD739E74A.taxon	distribution	Distribution Northeastern Morocco (Guercif).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF314C97FE173964D718E5D5.taxon	description	Figs 17, 31, 65	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF314C97FE173964D718E5D5.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after Friedrich Hermann Loew (1807 – 1879).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF314C97FE173964D718E5D5.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (here designated) SPAIN • ♂; “ Andalusia, Rosenhauer / Coll. H. Loew / Zool. Mus. Berlin / 95719 Typus ”; ZMHB. Paralectotype SPAIN • 1 ♀ [on same pin. A second label, not on the pin when examined but associated with these specimens]; “ grata Lw. ♀ det Becker ”; ZMHB. Other material examined SPAIN • 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; “ Malaga Province, Marbella 29, 30 April 1983 ”; NHMUK • 6 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; “ 2 – 6 May 1983 (leg. J. Bowden) [dark form] ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Salamanca, Villar de Ciervo, Las Coronas 23 – 25 May 1999 yellow pan ”; PCDG • 1 ♀; “ 6 km N. of Villar de Ciervo 26. v – 2. vi. 1999 1 ♀ (leg. H. - P. Tschorsnig) ”; PCDG • 1 ♀; “ Andalusia, Veer de la Frontera 29 March 2000 1 ♀ (leg. D. J. Greathead) ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂; “ Malaga (Espagne), Don José Maria, de la Fuentes ”; MNHN • 2 ♀♀; “ Museum Paris, Espagne, coll. Dufouri / Usia aurata ”; MNHN • 1 ♂; “ Madrid, Maniola [?], G. Sharma / Usia / Usia aurata Em’s / Museum Paris, Coll. J. Surcouf 1919 ”; MNHN • 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Andalusia, near Padul, 783 m, N 37 ° 01 ′ 40 ″ W 3 ° 37 ′ 3 ″ 2 May 2008, Leg. D. J. Gibbs ”; PCDG • ♂ ♀ in cop.; “ 780 m N 37 ° 01 ′ 42 ″ W 3 ° 37 ′ 5 ″ 2 May 2008, Leg. D. J. Gibbs ”; PCDG • 2 ♀♀; “ 840 m N 37 ° 02 ′ 47 ″ W 3 ° 38 ′ 43 ″ 1 May 2008, Leg. D. J. Gibbs ”; PCDG.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF314C97FE173964D718E5D5.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.4 – 5.0 mm. Wing length: 2.5 – 5.1 mm. Male HEAD. Gena and mouth margin brownish black to black in ground colour, narrower than the apical breadth of a palp, grey dusted gena narrow, linear, more shining mouth margin broader, sometimes yellowish. Eyes separated at their narrowest by twice the diameter of the front ocellus, hind ocellus separated from the eye margin by less than half the diameter of that ocellus. Frons brownish black to black in ground colour, ocellar tubercle shining, barely dusted, narrow part of frons matt blackish, noticeably converging from hind corners to well in front of anterior ocellus, then widening relatively abruptly onto anterior of frons. Front part of frons densely blue-grey dusted, rather more thinly so centrally. White hairs on ocellar tubercle conspicuously longer than the width of the frons at rear, narrow part of frons bare, anterior part of frons with numerous white hairs which are no more than half the length of those on the ocellar tubercle. Occiput dark in ground colour densely covered with grey or brownish dust, triangular area behind ocelli more thinly dusted, subshining. The whole covered with erect pale yellow to white hairs, short above just overtopping ocellar tubercle, much longer below, silky, slightly wavy but not very dense. Ommatidia uniform in size across the eyes. Antennae blackish, tip of pedicel somewhat paler in lectotype, postpedicel variable but usually approximately twice length of scape and pedicel together, sensilla in subapical sulcus sometimes whitish so conspicuous. All antennal segments with short pale brown hairs above, longest just before subapical sulcus. Palps short but easily visible, strongly clavate, brown to black, the pale yellow apical setae as long as the length of the palps. Proboscis not very long, approximately one and a half head lengths, dorso-laterally clothed with short, adpressed brown setae. Basoventral membrane brown. THORAX. Blackish ground colour largely obscured by blue-grey dust except along the conspicuous paramedian and antehumeral vittae where the shining black cuticle shows through, dulled by a variably very thin coating of brownish dust, subshining or even shining. Paramedian vittae variable a little narrower to a little broader then acrostichal dusted stripe, extending from very front of mesonotum to three quarters the way back. Antehumeral vittae divided at thoracic suture, sometimes a vague darker spot above wing base, area in front of scutellum usually darker, more thinly dusted. Mesonotum covered with moderately long, pale yellow hair, the longest hairs as long as those on the ocellar tubercle. Scutellum relatively sparsely haired on the disc, long hairs fringing the apical margin. Pleura dusted as notopleuron, with similar hairs on pronotum, posterior half of the anepisternum and a few scattered across katepisternum. Metepimeron partly yellow in lectotype, entirely dark in other specimens, glabrous. WING. Membrane faintly brown tinged, especially in first basal cell, the veins brown. Crossvein r-m a little beyond basal third of discal cell, conspicuously beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, about as broad as the anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow to white, base of stem slightly brownish. LEGS. Coxae dark with a coating of grey dust like that on the pleura. Remainder of legs black or very dark brown, only thinly dusted so not obscuring the shining cuticle. Coxae externally and femora ventrally covered with rather long, white hairs, on the femora longer than the greatest depth of the femora. Femora dorsally and tibia rather densely covered with short, white hairs. ABDOMEN. All tergites black appearing undusted but rendered matt by thin dark brown dusting, dully shining on disc, tergite seven undusted, shining. Laterally on the reflexed margin densely grey dusted obscuring the ground colour, most extensive on tergite one where it extends to the scutellum. All tergites with narrow to quite broad, conspicuous and sharply demarcated yellow apical margins, narrowing laterally but even clear on tergite one here. Sternites black and densely grey dusted obscuring the ground colour, apical yellow margins less well defined. Tergites and sternites all covered with fairly long, erect white to very pale yellow hairs, longest on sternites. GENITALIA. Conspicuously large and globular compared to most Protypusia gen. nov., but typical for Parusia gen. nov. Gonocoxites black to dark brown, shining, composed of two rounded hemispheres separated by a deep sulcus. Gonostylus sharply curved, tip at right angles to base and twisted, often visible in dried specimens. Epandrium shining black to dark brown, apico-lateral corners rounded. Both gonocoxite and epandrium covered in long whitish to pale yellow hairs, longest and densest on gonocoxite. Female Differs from the male in its more broadly separated eyes, three to three and a half times the diameter of the front ocellus, about one-fifth head width at narrowest point, hind ocelli separated from the eye margins by approximately twice the diameter of these ocelli. A few hairs on the middle part of the frons laterally. Hairs on legs and abdomen shorter, conspicuously so on the abdomen. Apical yellow margins to tergites rather broader, tergite eight not noticeably more shining than preceding tergites. Proximal part of genital fork strongly curved, sometimes at more than a right-angle when viewed laterally. Common spermathecal duct attached to distal end of main sclerotised part of genital fork at an acute angle so pointing towards base of abdomen or at right angles so pointing dorsally. Dark form A series from Malaga Province, southern Spain is significantly darker than the typical form and gives the appearance of being a different species. However, this darker appearance is due to no more than the dusting on the mesonotum being less extensive and thinner such that the ground colour shows through. In some individuals the dust also looks darker and browner but some in the series have dusting very like the typical form, just slightly less extensive. The paramedian vittae are much broader, divided by a narrow dusted acrostichal line which almost disappears posteriorly. Antehumeral vittae also more extensive, dusting on posterior part of mesonotum and scutellum inconspicuous such that these areas are subshining black. Dusting on occiput can be darker and browner. Tergites with narrower yellow apical margins. The male genitalia and female genital fork show some slight differences from the typical form but these are not sufficient to justify specific separation.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF314C97FE173964D718E5D5.taxon	discussion	Remarks This species seems to be the commonest and most widespread of the genus in Iberia, the other two Spanish species so far only known in Andalusia. The female genitalia suggest that it is closest to the other two Iberian species, with Pru. aurata showing the closest affinities in North Africa.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF314C97FE173964D718E5D5.taxon	distribution	Distribution Southern Spain north to Salamanca.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF344C94FDA63BE8D4DDE5B3.taxon	description	Fig. 66	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF344C94FDA63BE8D4DDE5B3.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ propinquus ’ = ‘ near’, ‘ neighbouring’, ‘ related’; refers to the great similarity of this species to other members of the aurata - species group.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF344C94FDA63BE8D4DDE5B3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype SPAIN • ♂; “ Andalusia, Sierra Nevada, above Padul, 1341 m, N 37 ° 02.732 ′ W 3 ° 36.321 ′, 1 May 2008, leg. D. J. Gibbs ”; NHMUK. Paratypes SPAIN • 1 ♂; “ Andalusia, Sierra Nevada, above Padul, 1346 m, N 37 ° 02.736 ′ W 3 ° 36.324 ′, 2 May 2008, leg. D. J. Gibbs ”; PCDG • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Almeria, Uleila N 37 ° 11 ′ 56 ″ W 02 ° 12 ′ 07 ″ 740 m 25 March 2001, leg. J. Dils & J. Faes ”; PCJD • 2 ♀♀; “ Baños y Mendigo, 13 km S of Murcia, Mosa Trajectum 14 May 2004 leg. C. E. Dyte ”; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ same data ”; PCDG.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF344C94FDA63BE8D4DDE5B3.taxon	description	Description MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.6 – 3.9 mm. Wing length: 2.7 – 4.2 mm. Male HEAD. Gena and mouth margin brownish black to black in ground colour, narrower than the apical breadth of a palp, grey dusted gena narrow, linear, more shining mouth margin broader. Eyes separated at their narrowest by two to three times the diameter of the front ocellus, hind ocellus separated from the eye margin by about half the diameter of that ocellus (on average more widely separated than in Pru. loewi). Ocellar tubercle shining, barely dusted, frons brownish black to black in ground colour, narrow part matt grey dusted, more blackish at narrowest part from some angles, noticeably converging from hind corners to well in front of anterior ocellus, then widening relatively abruptly onto anterior of frons. Front part of frons densely blue-grey dusted, rather more thinly so centrally. White hairs on ocellar tubercle conspicuously longer than the width of the frons at rear, narrow part of frons bare, anterior part of frons with numerous white hairs which are no more than half the length of those on the ocellar tubercle, mostly much shorter. Occiput dark in ground colour densely covered with grey or brownish dust, triangular area behind ocelli equally dusted. The whole covered with erect pale yellow to white hairs, short above just overtopping ocellar tubercle, much longer below, silky, slightly wavy but not very dense. Ommatidia uniform in size across the eyes. Antennae blackish, postpedicel variable but usually a little less than twice length of scape and pedicel together, sensilla in subapical sulcus white and conspicuous in the three male types. All antennal segments with short pale brown hairs above, longest just before subapical sulcus. Palps short but easily visible, strongly clavate, brown to black, the pale yellow apical setae as long as the length of the palps. Proboscis not very long, approximately one and a half head lengths, dorso-laterally clothed with short, inclined brown setae, basoventral membrane brown. THORAX. Black ground colour largely obscured by grey to brown dust except along the conspicuous paramedian and antehumeral vittae where the shining black cuticle shows through, dulled by a thin coating of brownish dust, subshining. Paramedian vittae variable a little narrower to a little broader than dusted acrostichal stripe, extending from very front of mesonotum to three quarters of the way back. Antehumeral vittae usually divided at thoracic suture, lacking darker spot above wing base, area in front of scutellum can be darker, more thinly dusted. Mesonotum covered with moderately long, pale yellow hair, the longest hairs as long as those on the ocellar tubercle. Scutellum relatively sparsely haired on the disc, long hairs fringing the apical margin. Pleura dusted as notopleuron, with similar hairs on pronotum, posterior half of the anepisternum and a few scattered across katepisternum. Metepimeron dark in specimens so far seen. WING. Membrane faintly brown tinged, the veins brown, yellower basally. Crossvein r-m a little beyond basal third of discal cell, conspicuously beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, about as broad as the anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow to white, base of stem slightly brownish. LEGS. Coxae dark with a coating of grey dust like that on the pleura. Remainder of legs black or very dark brown, only thinly dusted so not obscuring the shining cuticle. Coxae externally and femora ventrally covered with rather long, white hairs, on the femora longer than the greatest depth of the femora. Femora dorsally and tibia rather densely covered with short, white hairs. ABDOMEN. All tergites black and shining, but very inconspicuously dusted so not as glossy as completely undusted cuticle would be (compare gonocoxite). Tergite one more densely brown dusted so not shining, laterally reflexed margins of all tergites densely grey dusted obscuring the ground colour. All tergites with narrow to very narrow, sharply demarcated yellow apical margins, visible at least laterally even if dull yellow, often obsolete on disc and tapering away towards sternites. Sternites black and densely grey dusted obscuring the ground colour, apical yellow margins absent or very obscure. Tergites and sternites all covered with fairly long, erect yellow hairs, longest on sternites. GENITALIA. Conspicuously large and globular compared to most Protypusia gen. nov., but typical for Parusia gen. nov. Gonocoxites black to dark brown, shining, composed of two rounded hemispheres separated by a deep sulcus. Gonostylus sharply curved, apical three-fifths at right angles to basal twofifths. Epandrium shining black to dark brown, apico-lateral corners rounded. Both gonocoxite and epandrium covered in long whitish to pale yellow hairs, longest and densest on gonocoxite. Female Differs from the male in its more broadly separated eyes, about five times the diameter of the front ocellus, about one-fifth head width at narrowest point, hind ocellus separated from the eye margin by approximately one and a half times the diameter of that ocellus. A few hairs on the middle part of the frons laterally (sometimes very inconspicuous). Hairs on legs and abdomen shorter, conspicuously so on the abdomen. Apical yellow margins to tergites significantly broader and brighter, not or hardly narrowing medially, tergite eight not noticeably more shining than preceding tergites. Proximal part of genital fork flat (only two dissected specimens), spathulate, bluntly pointed. Common spermathecal duct attached to distal end of main sclerotized part of genital fork at an obtuse angle or at right angles so pointing towards tip of abdomen or dorsally.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF344C94FDA63BE8D4DDE5B3.taxon	discussion	Remarks Very closely allied to Pru. loewi and occurring alongside it at the type locality although at a higher altitude. Differs mainly in the form of the epiphallus, non-genitalic features being very subtle. Based on the few specimens available, this species is smaller, darker, with less shining thoracic vittae and reduced yellow apical margins to the tergites. Females differ subtly in the form of the genital fork but may not always be reliably determinable. However, in the specimens dissected so far the form of the genital fork and attachment of the common spermathecal duct is consistent.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF344C94FDA63BE8D4DDE5B3.taxon	distribution	Distribution Southeastern Spain.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF374C88FE453BCBD1DEE7EC.taxon	description	Fig. 67	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF374C88FE453BCBD1DEE7EC.taxon	etymology	Etymology From Latin ‘ taenia = ‘ ribbon’, ‘ stripe’ and ‘ lātē ’ = ‘ broad’, ‘ wide’; possibly referring to yellow stripes on abdomen.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF374C88FE453BCBD1DEE7EC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material None seen, but as only one species of the “ aurata ” - group is recorded on Sardinia (type locality of Pru. taeniolata), it is assumed that the material cited below is conspecific with the holotype (type locality: Italy, Sardinia). Other material examined ALGERIA • 1 ♂; “ Oran, Mékalis 1 ♂ ex. Coll. B. Aldgren (leg. L. Bleuse) ”; MNHN • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Tarfaia, Algérie, A. Thery, Museum Paris, Algérie, Tarfaia, A. Théry 1902 ”; MNHN. FRANCE • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Corsica, Ajaccio, 27 May 1951 coll. A. Bayard, Usia aurata Fabric, Sadt., Museum Paris ex coll. Hesse ”; MNHN • 1 ♂; “ Bonifacio 17 / 596, Museum Paris, Coll. Abeille de Perrin 1919, Usia aurata ”; MNHN. ITALY • 1 ♀; “ Sardegna, Cagliari, Domus de Maria N 38 ° 56 ′ 02 ″ E 08 ° 52 ′ 14 ″ 50 m 14 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀; “ Camisa N 39 ° 18 ′ 06 ″ E 09 ° 31 ′ 24 ″ 50 m 16 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Oristano, Sèneghe N 40 ° 06 ′ 44 ″ E 08 ° 36 ′ 48 ″ 600 m 19 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂; “ Nuoro, Burruiles N 40 ° 43 ′ 46 ″ E 09 ° 39 ′ 24 ″ 50 m 12 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; “ Escalaplano N 39 ° 38 ′ 31 ″ E 09 ° 21 ′ 11 ″ 350 m 16 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Seũlo N 39 ° 53 ′ 32 ″ E 09 ° 11 ′ 29 ″ 400 m 17 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Ortueri N 40 ° 00 ′ 21 ″ E 09 ° 02 ′ 41 ″ 450 m 18 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂; “ Desulo N 40 ° 01 ′ 55 ″ E 09 ° 14 ′ 56 ″ 1350 m 20 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 1 ♀; “ Tertenia N 39 ° 34 ′ 56 ″ E 09 ° 35 ′ 39 ″ 100 m 21 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; “ Talana N 39 ° 59 ′ 34 ″ E 09 ° 36 ′ 22 ″ 50 m 22 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂; “ Ulassai N 39 ° 46 ′ 05 ″ E 09 ° 30 ′ 37 ″ 750 m 22 May 1998 ”; PCJD • 1 ♂; “ Cardedu N 39 ° 46 ′ 47 ″ E 09 ° 40 ′ 06 ″ 0 m 22 May 1998 (leg. J. Dils & J. Faes) ”; PCJD • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Sardegna (Cagliari) Isola, San Pietro Aprile 2000, M. Zillich legit ”; CNBFVR • 1 ♀; “ Sardegna (Cagliaei), Seulo dintorni Sardali 780 m, UTM 32 S 0523700 4408453, 17 May 2008 retino, G. Nardi P. Audisio, M. Bardiani M. Trizzino leg., Progetto Sardegna ”; CNBFVR. TUNISIA • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; “ Fernana oued [valley], meadow 14 May 1995 (leg. M. J. Ebejer) ”; PCME.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF374C88FE453BCBD1DEE7EC.taxon	description	Redescription MEASUREMENTS. Body length: 2.8 – 4.8 mm. Wing length: 2.6 – 4.6 mm. Male HEAD. Gena and mouth margin black or dark brown in ground colour, narrower than the apical breadth of a palp, grey dusted gena narrow, linear, more shining mouth margin a little broader. Frons black or dark brown in ground colour, hind half narrowing distinctly from hind corners to just in front of anterior ocellus where more or less parallel, until eyes diverge fairly abruptly on to anterior part, then narrowing down past antennae. Eyes separated at their narrowest by two to two and a half times the diameter of the front ocellus, frons at narrowest one seventh to one eighth head width, hind ocellus separated from the eye margin less than half diameter of respective ocellus, almost touching in some. Ocellar tubercle shining to subshining, thinly dusted but rather variable, narrow part of frons grey or brownish dusted, but blackish in part from some angles, this colour narrowly continued down gena in some specimens. Anterior part of frons grey-white dusted, often more thinly so medially where dark ground colour shows from some angles. Whitish-yellow hairs on ocellar tubercle relatively short, a little longer than the width of the frons at rear, narrow part of frons bare, anterior part of frons with numerous inconspicuous short white hairs mostly barely longer than scape, inclined at 45 °. Occiput dark in ground colour densely covered with grey dust, brownish tinged dorsally, completely obscuring ground colour, thinner and subshining on triangular area behind ocellar tubercle. Yellow to white hairs dorsally not or only just overtopping ocellar tubercle, tips curved anteriorly, hairs rather longer below, silky white, often wavytipped. Ommatidia uniform in size across the eyes. Antennae black, postpedicel variable but relatively long, a little more than twice length of scape and pedicel together (tends to be relatively smaller in small individuals), sensilla in subapical sulcus can be pale and conspicuous. All antennal segments with short pale brown hairs above, longest just before subapical sulcus. Palps short but easily visible, strongly clavate, brown to black, the pale yellow apical setae as long as the length of the palps or even longer. Proboscis short, only about twice head length, often less, baso-laterally on dorsal surface with abundant, semi-erect brown hairs, diminishing in size towards tip. Basoventral membrane murky brown. THORAX. Black cuticle dulled by dense grey-brown dust, often with a golden tinge, except along well defined paramedian and antehumeral vittae where the dusting is more blackish to brownish, only slightly subshining. Paramedian vittae clear to just behind wings, diverging slightly but hardly widening rearwards, dusted acrostichal stripe approximately same width as paramedian vittae, slightly widening rearwards. Antehumeral vittae interrupted at the thoracic suture, usually completely. Mesonotum covered with moderately long, white to pale yellow hair, the longest hairs longer than those on the ocellar tubercle but rather variable. Scutellum dusted as mesonotum, sparsely haired on the disc, hairs fringing the apical margin longer than those on mesonotum. Pleura dusted as mesonotum laterally, white hairs on pronotum, posterior half of the anepisternum and katepisternum dorsally. WING. Membrane hyaline, hardly yellow-brown tinged, the veins brown, yellower basally and on subcosta. Crossvein r-m beyond basal third of discal cell, sometimes almost at mid-point conspicuously beyond m-cu. Anal lobe moderately developed with evenly convex margin, about as broad as the anal cell. HALTERE. Pale yellow to white, base of stem infuscated. LEGS. Coxae black with a coating of grey dust like that on the pleura, obscuring ground colour. Remainder of legs dark brown to black, essentially undusted so the shining cuticle is not much dulled. Coxae externally and femora ventrally and posteriorly on front femora, covered with rather long, pale yellow or white hairs, on the femora longer than the greatest depth of the femora. Femora dorsally and tibia rather densely covered with both short adpressed white hairs, and on tibia a few longer, semi-erect hairs, especially at base. ABDOMEN. All tergites velvety black, dusting on disc black, laterally on the reflexed margin blue-grey dusted obscuring the ground colour, most extensive on tergite one where it just extends on to disc which is browner than remaining tergites. Middle tergites with relatively broad, conspicuous and sharply demarcated bright yellow apical margins, can be narrower and duller in smaller individuals, but clear at least laterally. These yellow margins can be narrower on middle tergites, but on average are equally broad throughout on all tergites, laterally tapering away on reflexed margin. Sternites black, grey dusted like sides of tergites, obscuring the ground colour, apical yellow margins while less striking than on tergites, complete and almost as broad. Tergites and sternites all covered with relatively long pale yellow hairs, mostly longer than length of respective tergite, longest on sternites. GENITALIA. Very large and globular, as deep as abdomen and up to a third its length (including genitalia), relatively even larger in small individuals. Gonocoxites shining black, composed of two rounded hemispheres separated by a deep sulcus. Epandrium also shining black, corners rounded, medially membranous and yellow-brown (often difficult to see in dried material). Gonostylus, short, sharply bent inwards but not quite at a right angle, basal and apical part approximately equal. Both gonocoxite and epandrium covered in long yellow hairs, longer than on tergites, especially so on gonocoxite. Female Very similar to male except for broader frons, narrowest at rear, being one-fifth to one-fourth head width, hind ocellus separated from eye by about diameter of hind ocellus. Frons widening more evenly towards the front, hairs more extensive, irregularly uniserial along eye margins to level of front ocellus. Gena and mouth margin conspicuously wider, especially the shining mouth margin, about as wide as palp apically. Thorax very similar, tending to be rather more yellowish-brown dusted, hairing almost identical. Yellow apical margins to the tergite as striking as in male, or even broader especially on apical tergites, continuing broadly onto reflexed margin where abruptly narrow close to edge. Abdominal hairing distinctly shorter. Proximal part of genital fork almost flat, not strongly angled with the arms, broadest closest to base, blunt ended attached to arms by thin, linear unsclerotised strip. Basal spermathecal ducts much expanded relative to apical ducts, short, not extending beyond tip of genital fork.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF374C88FE453BCBD1DEE7EC.taxon	discussion	Remarks Becker’s (1906) synonymisation of Pru. taeniolata is entirely understandable given that the type is a female and he did not examine the genitalia. However, both male and female genitalia show that this species is quite distinct from Pru. aurata. Perhaps closest to Pru. benoisti gen. et sp. nov. or Pru. cyrenaica gen. et sp. nov., and furthest from the three Iberian species, suggesting it is derived from an ancestor that arrived on the Tyrrhenian Islands from Africa. The distribution of this species is rather surprising being on both the Tyrrhenian Islands and in northern Tunisia and Algeria. There is no reason to doubt these records, although some are very old, they are numerous, and the two from Tunisia are recent. It appears that having differentiated on the Tyrrhenian Islands, this species has reinvaded North Africa.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF374C88FE453BCBD1DEE7EC.taxon	distribution	Distribution Algeria, France (Corsica), Italy (Sardinia), Tunisia. Excluded species Most of the following species were included in Usia or Parageron s. lat. by Evenhuis & Greathead (1999) but have been found during the course of this study not, or almost certainly not, to belong here. Included in the following list are notes on other species already recognised as Apolysis but new information worth bringing to light was found while examining types for this review.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2B4C88FDF13801D407E43D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (not examined) Holotype CHINA • 1 ♂; “ Beijing, Haidian, China Agriculture University (N 40 ° 01 ′ 26 ″ E 116 ° 16 ′ 50 ″), 4. V. 1955, Jikun Yang ”; CAU.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2B4C88FDF13801D407E43D.taxon	discussion	Remarks It is clear from the type description that this taxon belongs in Apolysis and was removed to this genus by Yao et al. (2010: 21).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2B4C88FDF13801D407E43D.taxon	distribution	Distribution China (Beijing).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2B4C8FFDE63A5ED7B1E692.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (not examined) Syntypes EGYPT • 2 ♀♀; “ Kewal El Nedayet (S. E. Desert), 23 February 1938 (Efflatoun 1945) ”; ESEC. Photographs indicate that both are destroyed or almost so.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2B4C8FFDE63A5ED7B1E692.taxon	discussion	Remarks Because Efflatoun (1945) described this species from two females only, and the key uses characters that are highly likely to be variable (leg colour), identifying any non-type material with A. bicolor is exceedingly problematical. None of the specimens available to me can confidently be assigned to this species, although some are exceedingly close, agreeing in nearly all features. It seems clear that this tiny fly with very short mesonotal vestiture has many of the characters of Apolysis but few characters that would point towards Parageron s. lat. The illustration of the head laterally in Efflatoun (1945: pl. 19 fig. 303) clearly seems to show the apico-dorsal arista diagnostic of Apolysis. This tiny feature, often going unnoticed by former workers, and difficult to see even in specimens under the microscope, could be dismissed as an artefact. However, in pls 19 – 21, where heads of certain Apolysis are depicted this arista is apparent, but where certain Protypusia gen. nov. are depicted it is absent. In some illustrations the basal sensilla can be seen (e. g., pl. 20 figs 322, 327, Usia (Micrusia) ignorata Becker) illustrated quite differently to the apical arista of Apolysis. At the time, Apolysis included only species lacking vein m-m, species with this crossvein being placed in Oligodranes or Usia and the taxonomic importance of the articulating arista had not been recognised. It would seem that even if Efflatoun was unaware of the value of this character, such was his attention to detail that he illustrated it. Judging from the type description and the plate in the Smithsonian Institution Archives [Image no. SIA 2012 - 7879], specimens from Israel that were examined are very close to this species and certainly belong in Apolysis, and so I am confident A. bicolor should also be placed there. This action causes the preoccupation of Oligodranes bicolor Melander, 1946, currently in Apolysis, so a new replacement name for the former is erected in the next section.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2B4C8FFDE63A5ED7B1E692.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt (Kewal El Nedayet, Southeast Desert)	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2C4C8EFDFD38AAD4C1E012.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Lectotype (here designated) EGYPT • ♂ (pinned through circular card, in good condition); “ Gebel Elba, South Eastern Desert, 15,3 to end April 1929 / Zool. Dep. Collection, Egyptian University, Collection Tewfik / Usia elbae Effl., Det. Efflatoun ”; TAU. Paralectotype EGYPT • 1 ♀ (pinned through circular card, in good condition, thorax partially greasy); “ Gebel Elba, South Eastern Desert, 15,3 to end April 1929 / Zool. Dep. Collection, Egyptian University, Collection Tewfik / Usia elbae Effl., Det. Efflatoun ”; TAU.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2C4C8EFDFD38AAD4C1E012.taxon	discussion	Remarks Efflatoun (1945) based his description of this species on more than 40 males and 50 females, mostly from Gebel Elba, southwestern Egypt, and two males from Wadi Feran [sic = Feiran], South Sinai. While it has not been possible to visit the collections in Egypt, where many of the syntypes still survive, two syntypes in TAU were loaned to me and are here designated as lectotype and paralectotype. A very small species, readily diagnosed as Apolysis from the distal arista in the apico-dorsal sulcus of the postpedicel, sparsely short-haired disc of mesonotum, elongate discal cell, A 1 running dead straight to wing margin, A 1 + CuA 2 (petiole of anal cell) long, slender short-haired palps and form of the form and orientation of the male hypopygium. Neither the lectotype or paralectotype has been dissected as this would not increase confidence of generic placement in Apolysis as currently understood.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2C4C8EFDFD38AAD4C1E012.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt (Gebel Elba, Wadi Edeib and Wadi Kansissrob, Southwestern Desert, and Wadi Feran [sic = Feiran], South Sinai).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2D4C8DFDE33E2BD762E17E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype (not examined) EGYPT • ♀; “ Wadi El-Lega (South Sanai) June 1941 leg. Efflatoun (Efflatoun 1945) ”; ESEC. The female holotype in ESEC is destroyed, photos show that only the pin, mount and labels exist. Other material examined Neotype (here designated) ISRAEL • ♀ (glued to small white card point, in perfect condition); “ Arava Valley, Iddan, side wadi below date orchard, - 640 ft. el., malaise, 17 - IV- 1996, M. E. Irwin, 30 ° 49 ’ 05 ” N 35 ° 16 ’ 55 ” E ”; TAU. Additional specimens (from Neotype locality) ISRAEL • 1 ♀; “ Arava Valley, Iddan, side wadi below date orchard, - 640 ft. el., malaise, 12 - IV- 1996 ” TAU • 1 ♀; “ same location 14 - IV- 1996 ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ same location 17 - IV- 1996 ”; TAU • 2 ♂♂; “ same location 18 / 19 - IV- 1996 ”; TAU • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; “ same location 22 - IV- 1996 ”; TAU • 1 ♂; “ same location 25 - IV- 1996 ”; TAU • 2 ♀♀; “ same location 28 - IV- 1996 ”; TAU • 2 ♀♀; “ same location 30 - IV- 1996 ”; TAU.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2D4C8DFDE33E2BD762E17E.taxon	discussion	Remarks Efflatoun (1945) described this species from just one female specimen, now unfortunately destroyed, although not before a plate was completed of it. Searching for the type, photographs of the relevant drawers from the Egyptian Entomological Society collection were made and show just a pin, mount and labels standing over this name. I thus conclude the holotype is destroyed and propose a neotype for it to fix the name and help avoid confusion with other similar-looking species in this genus. Efflatoun’s (1945) original description plus the plate in the Smithsonian Institution Archives [Image no. SIA 2012 - 7882] refer to a distinctive species, most particularly the contrasting ivory-white scape is a feature not seen in other species. The neotype and all other specimens in the series cited above share this unusual feature and fit very closely with Efflatoun’s description and the plate in the Smithsonian archives. There is a degree of variation in the series (as would be expected) that Efflatoun could not have appreciated from his single specimen. The legs vary in the degree of infuscation, in some front femora and tibia not quite clear yellow. Pleura often more extensively yellow than is suggested from the type description. Base of postpedicel externally often pale (as in Efflatoun’s type), but in some this is not apparent. Efflatoun’s holotype was collected in Wadi El-Lega (South Sinai). This is about 320 km south of the collecting locality of the neotype in the Negev. Although not close, the situation is very comparable, a wadi in rocky desert with sparse vegetation (from Google Maps) so a similar biotope.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2D4C8DFDE33E2BD762E17E.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt (Sinai), Israel (Negev).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2E4C8DFDE03F90D028E569.taxon	description	Fig. 68	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2E4C8DFDE03F90D028E569.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype (not examined) EGYPT • ♂; “ Wadi Ehameib (West Elba Mountain). 28 February 1938, leg. Mohamed Tewfik Effendi (Efflatoun 1945) ”; ESEC. The holotype male is in ESEC, photographs suggest that it still exists but are not sufficient to read the data labels.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2E4C8DFDE03F90D028E569.taxon	discussion	Remarks With the holotype being inaccessible, and no non-type material running to this species nor fitting Efflatoun’s (1945) description, the placement of this taxon is difficult. The plate in the Smithsonian archive [Image no. SIA 2012 - 7883] (Fig. 68) seems to show a typical Parageron s. lat. (Protypusia gen. nov.), relatively robust, short postpedicel, long hair across mesonotum, short discal cell, A 1 + CuA 2 (petiole of anal cell) short and A 1 angled where it meets CuA 2 just before wing margin (left wing only). On the other hand, it is a tiny species and Efflatoun keyed it close to A. elbae, compares it to A. elbae in the description, and appears to illustrate the Apolysis articulating arista in Efflatoun (1945: pl. 20 fig. 319). Given the contradictory evidence, and the fact that the holotype persists, assigning it to a genus here cannot be justified. The possibility that it is conspecific with one of the species of Protypusia gen. nov. treated above has been researched, but none fit the description of U. grisea very closely. However, it could well belong in Protypusia and this is accounted for in the key.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2E4C8DFDE03F90D028E569.taxon	distribution	Distribution The single male was collected in Wadi Ehameib, West Elba Mountain, close to the Sudanese border.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2E4C83FE143B84D489E24E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype (not examined) INDIA • ♂; “ Simla [= Shimla], Himachal Pradesh 16 May [19] 09 leg. Dr. Annandale (Brunetti 1909) ”; NZSI.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2E4C83FE143B84D489E24E.taxon	discussion	Remarks Very likely belongs in Apolysis, non-type material probably of this taxon in the NHMUK was examined and belongs in Apolysis. Examination of the type to confirm this combination is desirable. Removed to unplaced species of Usiinae in Evenhuis (2015).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF2E4C83FE143B84D489E24E.taxon	distribution	Distribution India (Himachal Pradesh).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF204C83FE1D3C6FD129E6F0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (not examined) Syntypes EGYPT • “ Gebel Elba (Wadi Edeib and Wadi Kanssissrob), south Eastern Desert. Mid-March to endApril 1928 (Efflatoun 1945) ”; ESEC. Syntypes in ESEC and EFC not seen but low-resolution photograph of the draw containing them obtained.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF204C83FE1D3C6FD129E6F0.taxon	discussion	Remarks Efflatoun (1945) described this species from four males and 25 females collected in 1928. Of these 29, 12 remain in ESEC (several mounts still apparently with intact specimens) and 14 in EFC (most still more or less intact) making 26, the whereabouts of the remaining three is unknown. It is a very small species that Efflatoun (1945) compares to A. elbae, differing largely in the extent of yellow, colour of mesonotal dusting and in the male only the dark spot on haltere knob missing in A. minuscula, all characters that can be variable in Usiinae. Eight specimens from Israel key to this species in Efflatoun (1945) and closely agree with his description and these certainly belong in Apolysis. Additionally, Efflatoun (1945: pl 21 fig. 341) illustrates the hypopygium in lateral view which is of the Apolysis type and not of Parageron s. lat. type. Small discrepancies with the type description and illustrations suggest that the Israeli specimens are in fact an undescribed species closely allied to A. minuscula rather than A. minuscula itself. Additionally, the considerable distance between the type locality of A. minuscula at Gabel Elba in the South-eastern Desert of Egypt and the collecting locality of the Israeli specimens in the Negev Desert, makes it likely they are different species. Removing this species to Apolysis causes the preoccupation of Apolysis minuscula Hess, 1975 so this species is given a new replacement name below.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF204C83FE1D3C6FD129E6F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt (Gebel Elba (Wadi Edeib and Wadi Kanssissrob, South-eastern Desert).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF204C82FDE23B0DD6D2E17C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (not examined) Syntypes EGYPT • 2 ♂♂; “ Wadi Ehameib (West Gebel Elba, South-Eastern Desert) 28 February 1938 Leg. Mohamed Tewfik Effendi ”; ESEC. Photograph of the draw in ESEC shows two specimens with red labels standing over this name. At the time the photograph was taken they both appear to be intact, but the resolution is insufficient to be sure of their condition.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF204C82FDE23B0DD6D2E17C.taxon	discussion	Remarks This very small species keys next to A. elbae in Efflatoun (1945) and is compared to this species in the original description. The diagnostic characters Efflatoun (1945) uses to identify his two specimens from A. elbae are smaller head and darker legs with yellow-red colour of knees less extensive. Characters apparent in the illustrations in Efflatoun (1945) and the Smithsonian Archives plate [Image no. SIA 2012 - 7891] also show this taxon to be Apolysis, eyes extensively confluent, A 1 running straight to wing margin with long petiole to anal cell, shape of postpedicel apparently with apical arista and type of hypopygium.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF204C82FDE23B0DD6D2E17C.taxon	distribution	Distribution Egypt (Wadi Ehameib, West Gebel Elba, South-eastern Desert).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF214C82FDAD3F9FD71FE57D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Syntypes INDIA • 3 ♀♀; “ Syntype / Usia sedophila Brunetti, Cotype / Syntype Usia sedophila Brunetti. det. J. E. Chainey 1986 / [leg.] Annandale, Simla, Alt. 7000 ft., 16 May [19] 09 / On flowers of Sedum rosulatum / Recd. in exch., from, Indian Museum., Calcutta., 1910 - 14 / Usia sedophila Brun ♂ ♀ ”; NHMUK. Other material examined INDIA • 7 ♀♀; “ On Sedum flowers / India, Phagu to Kufri, Simla Hills, 8 - 9000 ft., 21 May 1916 / [leg.] Annandale & Kemp / Standing over sedophila Brunetti, in J. Bowden Coll., BMNH (E) 2003 - 159 ”; NHMUK.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF214C82FDAD3F9FD71FE57D.taxon	discussion	Remarks Although originally described in Usia this species was moved to Apolysis by Evenhuis & Greathead (1999) and this is confirmed here with some notes on the syntypes. Despite the suggestion on one label, all specimens in the NHMUK, both syntypes and non-type material, are females. While all the seven non-type specimens are conspecific, and are the same species as two of the syntypes, the third (with the cotype label) seems to be a different taxon. All 10 specimens are Apolysis as this genus is currently defined so it is reasonable to assume that any other syntypes in Indian museums will also be Apolysis. Thus, although the specific identity of A. sedophila is currently uncertain, that it belongs in Apolysis is certain.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF214C82FDAD3F9FD71FE57D.taxon	distribution	Distribution India (Himachal Pradesh), Pakistan.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF214C81FE0C3B9FD482E70E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype TURKMENISTAN • ♂; “ Askhabad, Transcaspia 23 April 1926 1 ♂ (leg. S. J. Paramonov) / Oligodranes modestus Lw. S. Paramonov det. ♂ / Parageron turkmenicus sp. Nov ♂ S. Paramonov det. / Holotypus / Zool. Mus. Berlin ”; ZMHB. Other material examined UZBEKISTAN • 1 ♂; “ Samarkand, along river Zeravshan N 39 ° 38 ′ E 67 ° 04 ′ 22 May 1989 1 ♂ ”; NHMUK • 1 ♂; “ 2 km E, pasture N 39 ° 39 ′ E 67 ° 01 ′ 22 May 1989 1 ♂ (leg. Barták, coll. D. J. Greathead) ”; NHMUK • 1 ♀; “ Kisilkum, Fedchenko / Coll. H. Loew / Typus / Oligodranes modestus cotypus Lw ♀ / КиЗилъкумъ [Kizilkum] / Usia sp. Dr. E. O. Engel det / Zool. Mus. Berlin [this specimen is part of the type series of Oligodranes modestus Loew, 1873 (placed in Parageron by Evenhuis & Greathead (1999), Evenhuis & Greathead (2015) and in Protypusia in this review) but is certainly an Apolysis and very likely an example of A. turkmenicus] ”; ZMHB.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF214C81FE0C3B9FD482E70E.taxon	discussion	Remarks Unfortunately, the holotype now lacks antennae making a generic diagnosis difficult. However, it is a very small, slender-bodied species with holoptic eyes, a long, narrow discal cell and broadly developed anal lobe, all characters typical of Apolysis. The genitalia are very small and in the undissected specimen were retracted into the apical tergites rendering them invisible. Upon dissection, it became evident that the genitalia are of the Apolysis type, rotated 90 °, gonostylus sub-bifurcate, and epiphallus simple. A particularly interesting feature is the apparent absence of the lateral ejaculatory apodeme, a condition found in other Apolysis but never in Usiini. Comparison with two further males from the Greathead collection (in NHMUK) and dissection of a probable female provide further evidence for the placing of this species in Apolysis.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF214C81FE0C3B9FD482E70E.taxon	distribution	Distribution Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF224C80FDEB3920D4BEE289.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (not examined) Holotype ISRAEL • ♀; “ loc. No. 31, Upper Galilee, N. Hermon, 10 km E of Qiryat Shemona 2 - 3 May 1994 1 ♀ Leg. M. G. Volkovitsh and M. Yu. Dolgovskaya (Zaitzev 1996) ”; ZIN. Other material examined ISRAEL • 1 ♀; “ Ben Shemen, 19 March 2002, L. Friedman ”; TAU • 1 ♀; “ Gilboa’, HarShaul, 4 April 2007, L. Friedman ”; TAU. GREECE • 4 ♀♀; “ Meteora, 26 May [19] 75, D. J. Greathead ”; NHMUK.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF224C80FDEB3920D4BEE289.taxon	discussion	Remarks Unfortunately, I have not been able to see the holotype in St Petersburg (ZIN), nor obtain any photographs. However, in his type description of the single female available Zaitzev (1996: 1080, fig. 21) illustrated the postpedicel quite clearly showing the arista in the subapical sulcus. This is after Evenhuis & Greathead (1990) had redefined the Usiinae so it should have been described in Apolysis. Non-type material from Israel agrees closely with the type description and one of these specimens is from Lower Galilee, only about 100 km from the type locality of A. volkovitshi. Four female specimens from Greece determined by D. J. Greathead as Apolysis fumipennis Loew, are conspecific with the two from Israel. Zaitzev (1996) compared his female specimen only with the other two Parageron he described in the same paper, making no mention of any previously described Parageron or Apolysis.	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF224C80FDEB3920D4BEE289.taxon	distribution	Distribution Greece, Israel. Replacement names	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF234C80FD6B3FDBD7B8E0AC.taxon	distribution	Distribution Afrotropical: South Africa (Northern Cape).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
EE3F8791FF234C80FD833CB5D778E182.taxon	distribution	Distribution Nearctic: USA (California).	en	Gibbs, David (2023): A world review of the bee fly tribe Usiini (Diptera, Bombyliidae) - Part 3: Parageron Paramonov s. lat. European Journal of Taxonomy 863 (1): 1-162, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.863.2081, URL: http://zoobank.org/10981377-cce7-4487-a415-4e409e55a507
