identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A90E87C4FFD3F050892232C6895A4810.text	A90E87C4FFD3F050892232C6895A4810.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelodera Schneider 1866	<div><p>Genus  Pelodera Schneider, 1866</p><p>Type species</p><p>Pelodera strongyloides (Schneider, 1860) .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Body medium-large sized. Cuticle annulated, with or without punctations. Sexual dimorphism often exists with female having offset, distinctly expanded lip region. Lips six, globular, well-separated; labial sensilla papilliform.Amphids labial with small openings. Stoma with distinguishable or indistinguishable pharyngeal collar. Glottoid apparatus conspicuous, with well-developed, setose denticles. Pharynx well-developed, highly muscular with prominent metacorpal swelling and a muscular, rounded to ovoid basal bulb. Rectum with or without a dilated lumen. Rectal glands distinguishable or not distinguishable. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic with paired ovaries. Oocytes with prominent nuclei, arranged in multiple rows around the rachis at distal end. Uterus divided into well-developed glandular and muscular parts. Intra-uterine eggs often present. Vagina thick-walled. Vulva transverse slit with protruded lips. Male with spicules distally fused. Gubernaculum slender, trough-shaped. Genital papillae nine pairs. Bursa peloderan, anteriorly closed or open, with or without punctations. Tail elongate-conoid to cupola-shaped, with or without spike. Phasmidial opening conspicuous.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A90E87C4FFD3F050892232C6895A4810	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mahboob, Mohammad;Jahan, Rehmat;Tahseen, Qudsia	Mahboob, Mohammad, Jahan, Rehmat, Tahseen, Qudsia (2023): Comparative and cladistic analyses of the species of the genus Pelodera Schneider, 1866 (Rhabditidae: Nematoda) belonging to the coarctata group. European Journal of Taxonomy 890 (1): 71-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.890.2253, URL: http://zoobank.org/f062c142-9da5-464b-92f7-b05fcf4590f9
A90E87C4FFD2F05A89F035458E3F4FAC.text	A90E87C4FFD2F05A89F035458E3F4FAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelodera indica Mahboob & Jahan & Tahseen 2023	<div><p>Pelodera indica sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AE90DC74-C667-4E6B-AE39-D400BF61F43A</p><p>Figs 1–3, 13–15; Tables 1, 5–6; Appendices 1–2</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The new species  Pelodera indica sp. nov. is characterized by transversely and longitudinally striated cuticle; sexual dimorphism in anterior region with females having conspicuously expanded, offset lip region; lips distinctly separated with tapering ends directed towards oral aperture; laterals larger than submedians; stoma wide, having three strong setose denticles on each metastegostomal plate; secretory-excretory pore at level of basal bulb or cardia; distal end of ovaries reaching up to vulva, often crossing each other; bursa peloderan, anteriorly closed; velum punctated with two deep grooves on either side; genital papillae nine pairs, compactly placed arranged in 0/1+1+1+1+1+P+3+1 configuration; without any gap between pre- and post cloacals; GP1 anteriorly directed with base located at level of posterior cloacal lip; GP1, GP4 and GP9 opening dorsally; genital papillae GP6–8 basally fused.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species name is derived from the name of the country ‘India’.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype INDIA • ♂; Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Terai region, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.6499&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.143717" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.6499/lat 27.143717)">District Sidhharthnagar</a>; 27°08′37.38″ N, 82°38′59.65″ E; 309 m a.s.l.; isolated from the elytra (front wing) of dung beetles  Catharsius molossus ( Coleoptera:  Scarabaeidae) (the beetle specimens were destroyed due to dissection/excision); AMU/ZD/NC slide no.  Pelodera indica sp. nov. /NIT/ctrs/1.</p><p>Paratypes INDIA • 9 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀, 5 juvs; same collection data as for holotype; AMU/ZD/NC slide no.  Pelodera indica sp. nov. /NIT/ctrs/2–15  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Adult</p><p>Body medium-sized, almost straight to slightly ventrally arcuate, tapering at both extremities. Cuticle 1 μm thick, finely annulated, with fine longitudinal lines and inconspicuous punctations. Lip region showing sexual dimorphism, with females having 2.5–3.0 times as wide as high, offset lip region more expanded than in males. Lips six, globular, distinctly separated with tapering ends projecting into stomal cavity; lateral lips larger than submedians. Labial sensilla papilliform. Amphids labial with small openings indiscernible under LM. Stoma well-developed, posteriorly widened, ca 3–4 times as long as wide or 13.1–13.4% of pharyngeal length. Cheilostom small, rod-shaped, cuticularized. Gymnostom with parallel walls, strongly cuticularized. Stegostom covering about 45–46% of stoma from its base. Metastegostom anisoglottoid, relatively widened with three strongly developed, thorn-like setose denticles on each plate. Telostegostom heavily cuticularized. Pharynx well-developed, highly muscular, divided into 65–70 μm long corpus with prominent metacorpal swelling, a slightly narrower 39–49 μm long isthmus, and a muscular, rounded to ovoid basal bulb of 26–31 μm×25–28 μm dimension with a well-developed grinder and two-chambered haustrulum. Nerve ring encircling posterior region of isthmus at ca 71–82% of pharyngeal length. Secretory-excretory duct opening at level of basal bulb, at ca 82.8–98.2% of pharyngeal length. Intestine with wide lumen, often dilated at anterior and posterior ends to form bacterial pouches with intestinal epithelium thinning out in the region; intestinal lumen refractive. Rectum 20–26 μm long, shorter than anal body diameter often with dilated lumen; rectal glands distinct. A thick-walled, conspicuous pre-rectal pouch observed in one specimen.</p><p>Female</p><p>Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic; ovaries paired, lateroventrally reflexed with distal parts often crossing each other. Oocytes with prominent nuclei, arranged in multiple rows around rachis towards distal end. Spermathecae filled with stacked spermatozoa. Each uterus divided into well-developed glandular and muscular parts; two pairs of glandular cells opening at proximal end of vagina. Intra-uterine eggs about 6–10, linearly arranged end to end or obliquely placed. Vagina thick-walled. Vulva transverse slit with protruded vulval lips. Tail cupola-shaped with a moderately developed spike of ca ½ of tail length. Phasmids opening laterally at level or just posterior to anus.</p><p>Male</p><p>Similar to female in general morphology except for relatively narrower lip region and body having greater ventral curvature posteriorly. Lip region narrow, continuous, or slightly offset from body contour. Lips relatively smaller than those of female, laterals larger than submedians. Testis single, dorsally or laterally reflexed, on right side of intestine. Spermatocytes arranged in multiple rows; seminal vesicle separated from vas deferens by a deep constriction. Tail conoid, tapering posteriorly to an acute terminus. Spicules with rounded capitulum, narrow neck and slender shaft, fused distally up to 24–28% of total length. Gubernaculum slender, trough-shaped, 37–51% of spicule length. Genital papillae nine pairs, evenly spaced and arranged in 0/1+1+1+1+1+P+3+1 configuration, without any gap in between. GP1 slender, directed towards anterior edge of bursa, with base located at posterior cloacal lip or beyond. GP2 relatively plump. GP1, GP4 and GP9 opening dorsally. Bursa well-developed, anteriorly closed, transversely and longitudinally striated with dot-like punctations. Anterior bursal rim close to cloacal opening, bursal velum appearing lobed under LM, forming two deep grooves at GP2 and GP5. Phasmids relatively plump and shorter, located in between GP5 and group of GP6–8. Genital papillae GP6–8 basally fused.</p><p>Dauer/phoretic juvenile</p><p>Body often straight or slightly ventrally arcuate upon fixation. Cuticle thin, ca 0.1–0.5 μm. Lateral field inconspicuous. Lip region continuous. Lips amalgamated, not differentiated into six separate lips. Oral aperture covered by a highly sclerotized cuticular plug. Stoma long, narrow, ca 5–6 times as long as wide. Metastegostomal swellings with faintly visible denticles. Pharynx weakly developed with slender procorpus 42–56 μm long; a swelling metacorpus 11–15 ×10–12 μm in dimension and a narrow, long, isthmus of 25–36 μm, expanded posteriorly to an oval basal bulb 15–25 ×12–17 μm in dimension, having weakly-developed grinder. Nerve ring encircling mid or posterior region of isthmus. Secretory-excretory duct inconspicuous. Cardia short, conoid. Rectum shorter than anal body diameter. Rectal glands inconspicuous. Phasmidial aperture inconspicuous. Tail long, conoid, ending with a sharp, pointed tip.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pelodera indica sp. nov. comes closer to  P. cylindrica (Cobb, 1898) in most of the morphometric and morphological characters but differs in having females with smaller c (14.7–21.1 vs 38.6–70.9) and greater c’ (1.1–1.8 vs 0.5–0.6) values; tail cupola-shaped (vs hemispheroid) with (vs without) spike and males with spicules having rounded (vs elongated) capitula, fused up to 24–28% (vs 15–20%) at distal end; bursa lobed (vs not lobed in  P. cylindrica fide Sachs (1950), Völk (1950) and Osche (1952)).</p><p>The new species resembles  P. isociensis (Maupas, 1916) in most morphometric characters but differs in having smaller females (849–1065 μm vs 1214–1830 μm); smaller c (14.7–21.1 vs 30.3–57.3) value; tail spike as long as (vs one third) of anal body diameter; males with GP2 and GP3 relatively closer (vs spaced in  P. isociensis fide Sachs (1950)).</p><p>The new species also differs from  P. tretzeli (Sachs, 1950) in having females with smaller body (849– 1065 μm vs 1543–3327 μm); smaller b (5.1–6.2 vs 8.1–11.9) and c (14.7–21.1 vs 28.4–33.1) values; phasmids present at level of (vs posterior to) anus; males with smaller c (13.8–18.1 vs 28.4–35.6) value; larger spicules (45–57 μm vs 32–39 μm); pre cloacal genital papillae absent (vs present); GP3 close to (vs distant from) GP4; bursa with two notches (vs one notch) and anterior rim of bursa close to (vs distant from cloacal opening in  P. tretzeli fide Sachs (1950)).</p><p>Pelodera indica sp. nov. differs from  P. voelki (Sachs, 1950) in having females with smaller body (849– 1065 μm vs 1470–3610 μm), smaller b (5.1–6.2 vs 7.6–9.6) and c (14.7–21.1 vs 25.8–36.3) values; males having smaller body (591–727 μm vs 885–1625 μm), and relatively smaller b (4.1–5.3 vs 5.3–6.1) and c (13.8–18.1 vs 21.6–26.7) values; smaller spicules (45–47 μm vs 51–70 μm); genital papillae compactly placed (vs spaced); pre cloacals absent (vs present); GP2 relatively plump (vs slender); GP2 and GP3 closely (vs distantly) placed; anterior bursal rim just ahead of cloaca (vs distant from cloaca in  P. voelki fide Sachs (1950)).</p><p>The new species differs from  P. aligarhensis Tahseen et al., 2014 in having females with relatively larger body length (849–1065 μm vs 688–841μm); greater b (5.1–6.2 vs 3.9–4.6) and relatively smaller c (14.7–21.1 vs 22.1–41.2) values; longer tail spike (20–31 μm vs 5.9 μm); males with larger spicules (45–57 μm vs 30–38 μm); anterior bursal rim just anterior to (vs distant from) cloacal opening; pre cloacal genital papillae shifted (vs not shifted) posterior to cloaca; genital papillae not arranged in groups (vs arranged in three groups in  P. aligarhensis).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A90E87C4FFD2F05A89F035458E3F4FAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mahboob, Mohammad;Jahan, Rehmat;Tahseen, Qudsia	Mahboob, Mohammad, Jahan, Rehmat, Tahseen, Qudsia (2023): Comparative and cladistic analyses of the species of the genus Pelodera Schneider, 1866 (Rhabditidae: Nematoda) belonging to the coarctata group. European Journal of Taxonomy 890 (1): 71-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.890.2253, URL: http://zoobank.org/f062c142-9da5-464b-92f7-b05fcf4590f9
A90E87C4FFD8F04389F6328189844945.text	A90E87C4FFD8F04389F6328189844945.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelodera adeeli Mahboob & Jahan & Tahseen 2023	<div><p>Pelodera adeeli sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 40B1FCCA-69E5-4C95-957D-3B40DD68E7F2</p><p>Figs 4–6, 13–15; Tables 2, 5–6; Appendices 1–2</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The new species  P. adeeli sp. nov. is characterized by the absence of sexual dimorphism in anterior region; cuticle transversely and longitudinally striated; lips equal, strongly offset with loose cuticular margins; stoma 4.5–5.0 times as long as wide with three well-developed, relatively small setose denticles on each metastegostomal plate; secretory-excretory pore located nearly at level of pharyngo-intestinal junction; distal ends of ovaries crossing each other; vulval lips strongly protruded; tail paedomorphic with retention of juvenile cuticle, conoid, regularly tapering to acute terminus; males with slender spicules, rounded capitulum, long neck, shaft fused distally; gubernaculum ca ⅓–¼ of spicule length; bursa peloderan, anteriorly closed and punctated with serrated margins, anterior rim of bursa distant from cloacal opening; genital papillae nine pairs: two pre cloacal and seven post cloacal pairs arranged in 2/1+2+Ph+3+1 configuration with wide gap between GP2, GP3 and GP4.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species name is given in honour of Mr Mohammad Adeel, the father of Mohammad Mahboob.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype INDIA • ♂; Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Terai region, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=82.6499&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.143717" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 82.6499/lat 27.143717)">District Gonda</a>; 27°08′37.38″ N, 82°38′59.65″ E; 309 m a.s.l.; isolated from the elytra (front wing) of dung beetle,  Onthophagus ramoss (Wiedeman, 1823) ( Coleoptera:  Scarabaeidae) (the beetle specimens were destroyed due to dissection/excision); AMU/ZD/ NC slide no.  Pelodera adeeli sp. nov. /NIT/rpt/1  .</p><p>Paratypes INDIA • 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, 5 juvs; same collection data as for holotype; AMU/ZD/NC slide no.  Pelodera adeeli sp. nov. /NIT/rpt/2–10  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Adult</p><p>Body medium-sized, obese, stout, almost straight, tapering at both extremities. Cuticle annulated, 2 μm thick with annules 1.0–1.5 μm wide at pharyngeal region and 3–4 μm wide at mid-body. Longitudinal striations relatively prominent, extending up to tail, crossed by transverse striation to form corn cob pattern. Sexual dimorphism indistinct in anterior region with lip region offset from body contour and 2.5–3.0 times as wide as high. Lips six, equal-sized with loose margins, globular in shape, distinctly separated, containing slightly raised labial sensilla. Amphids labial with small, rounded apertures. Stoma well-developed, ca 4.5–5.0 times as long as wide or 13–14% of total pharyngeal length. Cheilostom highly cuticularized; gymnostom relatively narrower than stegostom; stegostom more than half of stoma length, surrounded by pharyngeal tissue at about 56.5–57.4% of stoma length; metastegostom with three prominent setose denticles on each swelling; telostegostom heavily cuticularized. Pharynx well-developed, divided into muscular, 60–66 μm long, slender corpus, well-developed, highly muscular metacorpus of 22–26 ×21–25 μm dimension, and isthmus relatively narrower, 40–45 μm long, expanding posteriorly to form well-developed basal bulb of 27–32×24–26 μm dimension, having a grinder and double-chambered haustrulum. Cardia conoid, 5–7 μm long. Nerve ring encircling posterior region of isthmus at 67.8–68.7% of pharyngeal length from anterior end. Secretory-excretory duct usually opening posterior to pharynx at 96.2–105% from anterior end. Intestine with wide lumen, often anteriorly and posteriorly dilated to form bacterial pouches with intestinal epithelim thinning out in the region; intestinal lumen refractive. Rectum 24–28 μm long, approximately equal to anal body diameter, occasionally with dilated lumen. Tail paedomorphic, retaining larval cuticle, conoid in shape, ca twice of anal body diameter. Phasmids tubular, opening slightly posterior to anus.</p><p>Female</p><p>Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic; ovaries well-developed, paired, opposed, and lateroventrally reflexed, usually distal ends of ovaries extended beyond vulva, crossing each other. Oocytes with prominent nuclei arranged in multiple rows. Usually, two uterine eggs present at different stages of embryonation. Vagina thick-walled. Vulva rounded in shape with strongly protruded vulval lips, situated posterior to the mid-body or at 57.7–60.0% from the anterior end.</p><p>Male</p><p>Similar to female in general morphology except prominently curved posterior region. Testis single, dorsally reflexed, on right lateral side of intestine. Spermatocytes arranged in multiple rows. Seminal vesicle filled with spermatids continuing into vas deferens. Vas deferens narrowing posteriorly to form a narrow ejaculatory duct. A pair of ejaculatory glands present. Tail conical, ending in an acute terminus. Bursa well-developed, anteriorly closed, oval in shape, transversally and longitudinally striated with dot-like punctations. Bursal margins crenate. Anterior bursal velum distant from cloacal opening. Spicules slightly ventrally curved, slender with rounded capitulum, narrow necks and conspicuous ventral conoid process, fused distally up to 20–22% of total length. Gubernaculum slender, trough-shaped, ca 22–25% of spicule length. Genital papillae nine pairs in 2/1+2+P+3+1 configuration. Pre cloacals GP1 and GP2 similar in shape and size, directed towards anterior velum of bursa. GP3 situated just posterior to cloaca. GP4, GP5 and phasmid closely placed while GP4 far from GP3. Phasmid relatively shorter and plump, GP6–8 basally fused, equal in shape and size. GP9 open dorsally, close to group of GP6–8.</p><p>Dauer/phoretic juvenile</p><p>Body straight, tapering at both extremities, more towards posterior region. Cuticle thin, ca 0.1–0.3 μm. Lateral field with single line or incisor. Lip region continuous. Stoma long, narrow, ca 6–7 times as long as wide. Metastegostomal swellings weakly-developed with faintly visible small denticles. Pharynx well-developed with slender procorpus 38–45 μm long, a swollen metacorpus of 12–15 μm× 11–12μm dimension and a narrow, long isthmus of 28–32 μm, expanded posteriorly to an oval basal bulb of 15– 17 μm ×12–12 μm dimension, having weakly-developed grinder. Nerve ring encircling mid-region of isthmus. Secretory-excretory duct inconspicuous. Bacterial chamber present. Rectum shorter than anal body diameter. Rectal glands prominent. Tail long, conoid, ending with filiform tip.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pelodera adeeli sp. nov. comes closer to  P. cylindrica (Cobb, 1898) in most morphometric and morphological characteristics but differs in sexual dimorphism absent (vs present); females having smaller c (12.5–17.2 vs 38.6–70.5) and greater c’ (1.7–2.1 vs 0.5–0.6) values; labial sensilla slightly raised (vs minute); metastegostomal denticles relatively smaller (vs larger); lip margins loose (vs defined); posteriorly located secretory-excretory pore 96.2–105.0% (vs 53–75%) of pharyngeal length; tail conoid (vs hemispheroid); males with pre cloacal genital papillae not shifted posteriorly (vs shifted posteriorly in  P. cylindrica fide Sachs (1950) and Völk (1950)).</p><p>The new species differs from  P. par Andrássy, 1962 in having females with smaller a (11.6–13.9 vs 18.5), b (4.2–5.4 vs 7.1) and c (12.5–17.2 vs 27.5) values; labial sensilla raised (vs minute); stegostom slightly (vs strongly) expanded; tail conoid (vs cupola-shaped); males with smaller a (13.4–16.8 vs 22.7) and c (15.6–19.4 vs 21.0) values; gubernaculum ca ⅓–¼ of spicule length (vs half of spicule length); pre cloacal genital papillae 2 pairs (vs 3 pairs in  P. par).</p><p>The new species resembles  P. cystilarva (Völk, 1950) but differs in having females with smaller body size (678–934 μm vs 1224–1744 μm); smaller b (4.2–5.4 vs 6.2–7.6) and c’ (1.7–2.1 vs 2.6–6.7) values; greater c (12.5–17.2 vs 7.5–9.1) value; stoma 4.5–5.0 times (vs 6–7 times) as long as wide; rectum approximately equal to (vs half or less than) anal body diameter; tail conoid (vs dome-shaped); males with smaller body (577–722 μm vs 880–1072 μm); greater a (13.4–16.8 vs 11.5–12.0) value; smaller b (4.0–4.8 vs 5.0–5.4) and c (15.6–19.4 vs 26.1–46.3) values; bursal velum expanded (vs relatively converging type in  P. cystilarva fide Völk (1950)).</p><p>Pelodera adeeli sp. nov. comes close to  P. serrata (Körner in Osche, 1952) but differs in having females with smaller body size (678–934 μm vs 1148–1409 μm); smaller c (12.5–17.2 vs 37.0–50.7) value; secretory-excretory pore located at level of pharyngo-intestinal junction (vs at mid-level of isthmus); tail conoid (vs cupola-shaped); males with body shorter (577–722 μm vs 1067–1242 μm); relatively smaller b (4.0–4.8 vs 4.8–5.9) and c (15.6–19.4 vs 29.3–41.0) values; smaller spicules (37–50 μm vs 68–80 μm) and genital papillae GP3 and GP4 distantly positioned (vs closely placed in  P. serrata fide Körner in Osche (1952)).</p><p>The new species differs from  P. voelki (Sachs, 1950) in having no sexual dimorphism (vs sexual dimorphism present); females with smaller body size (678–934 μm vs 1470–3610 μm); smaller b (4.2– 5.4 vs 7.6–9.6) and c (12.5–17.2 vs 25.8–36.3) values; metastegostomal denticles relatively small (vs long); stoma 4.5–5.0 times (vs 2.5–3.0 times) as long as wide; tail conoid (vs cupola-shaped); males shorter (577–722 μm vs 885–1625 μm), with relatively smaller a (13.4–16.8 vs 16.3–20.0), b (4.0–4.8 vs 5.3–6.1) and c (15.6–19.4 vs 21.6–26.7) values; smaller spicules (37–50 μm vs 51–70 μm); genital papillae GP1 and GP2 distant (vs close) to cloaca and GP3 distant from GP4 (vs close to GP 4 in  P. voelki fide Sachs (1950)).</p><p>The new species also differs from  P. kolbi (Sachs, 1950) in not showing (vs showing) sexual dimorphism; females with smaller body length (678–934 μm vs 1185–1326 μm); smaller b (4.2–5.4 vs 5.9–7.9) and c (12.5–17.2 vs 21.9–27.9) values; greater c’ (1.7–2.1 vs 0.9–1.0) value; tail conoid (vs cupola-shaped); males with relatively smaller a (13.4–16.8 vs 16.1–18.1) value; genital papillae GP1 inside (vs outside) bursa; pre cloacal genital papillae (two pairs vs single pair); GP2 distantly ahead of cloaca (vs at level of cloaca) and GP4–5+P and GP6–8 arranged in groups (vs not arranged in groups in  P. kolbi fide Sachs (1950)).</p><p>Pelodera adeeli sp. nov. differs from the Indian species,  P. aligarhensis Tahseen et al., 2014, in having sexual dimorphism absent (vs present); smaller a (11.6–13.9 vs 16.3–20.0) and c (12.5–17.2 vs 22.1– 41.2) values; relatively greater c’ (1.7–2.1 vs 0.8–1.4) value; labial margins wavy (vs compact); denticles relatively small (vs large); tail conoid (vs cupola-shaped); males with smaller a (13.4–16.8 vs 17.5–18.4) value; adcloacal papilla absent (vs present); GP3 distant (vs close to GP 2 in  P. aligarhensis).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A90E87C4FFD8F04389F6328189844945	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mahboob, Mohammad;Jahan, Rehmat;Tahseen, Qudsia	Mahboob, Mohammad, Jahan, Rehmat, Tahseen, Qudsia (2023): Comparative and cladistic analyses of the species of the genus Pelodera Schneider, 1866 (Rhabditidae: Nematoda) belonging to the coarctata group. European Journal of Taxonomy 890 (1): 71-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.890.2253, URL: http://zoobank.org/f062c142-9da5-464b-92f7-b05fcf4590f9
A90E87C4FFC1F045891134B6881A493B.text	A90E87C4FFC1F045891134B6881A493B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelodera paratretzeli Mahboob & Jahan & Tahseen 2023	<div><p>Pelodera paratretzeli sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C4B7FC68-5CD4-4A07-8B72-E4B32459F209</p><p>Figs 7–9, 13–15; Tables 3, 5–6; Appendices 1–2</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Pelodera paratretzeli sp. nov. is characterized by conspicuous sexual dimorphism in anterior region with females having lip region strongly offset with well-developed, globular lips and males having lip region dome-shaped, continuous, with low, amalgamated lips; stoma 2.5–3.8 times as long as wide; metastegostom anisomorphic with three well-developed setose denticles on each sector; vulval lips not protruded, flanked by cuticular flaps; tail cupola-shaped with a long spike; spicules with rounded capitulum, long neck, fused up to 12–14% of spicule length; bursa peloderan, anteriorly closed and punctated; anterior bursal rim distant from cloacal opening; bursal velum lobed with a shallow groove at cloaca; genital papillae nine pairs: three pre cloacal and six post cloacals arranged in 3/2+Ph+3+1 configuration. GP1-3 closely placed. GP3 shorter than others. GP4, GP5 and relatively shorter and thickened phasmid forming a group, quite posterior to cloaca; GP6–8 basally fused, equal in shape and size.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species epithet ‘  paratretzeli ’ indicates its close similarity with  P. tretzeli (Sachs, 1950) .</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype INDIA • ♀; Uttar Pradesh, District Aligarh; 27°08′37.38″ N, 82°38′59.65″ E; 309 m a.s.l.; isolated from the elytra (front wing) of dung beetle,  Digitonthophagus bonasus ( Coleoptera:  Scarabaeidae) (the beetle specimens were destroyed due to dissection/excision); AMU/ZD/NC slide no.  Pelodera paratretzeli sp. nov. /HS/AL/ST/BS/1.</p><p>Paratypes INDIA • 5 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂, 5 juvs; same collection data as for holotype; AMU/ZD/NC slide no.  Pelodera paratretzeli sp. nov. /HS/AL/ST/BS/2–12  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Adult</p><p>Body medium-sized, plump, almost straight, with tapering ends. Sexual dimorphism conspicuous in anterior region. Cuticle with transverse and longitudinal striations and fine punctations. Lip region strongly offset from body contour and dilated, ca 2.6–3.2 times as wide as high. Lips globular, distinctly separated, with slightly raised labial sensilla. Amphids labial with small, elliptical apertures. Stoma well-developed, 2.5–3.8 times as long as wide or 11–14% of total pharyngeal length. Cheilostom highly cuticularized. Gymnostom with parallel walls. Stegostom surrounded by pharyngeal tissue up to half of stoma length. Metastegostom anisomorphic and most widened part of stoma, armed with three prominent setose denticles on each plate. Telostegostom heavily cuticularized. Pharynx well-developed, divided into 58–68 μm long corpus, a well-developed, muscular, strongly swollen metacorpus of 18–28 ×20–26 μm; a relatively narrower, 40–53 μm long isthmus, and a well-developed basal bulb of 18–28 μm ×18–24 μm, with a grinder and cuticularized double-chambered haustrulum. Cardia conoid, 5–7 μm long. Nerve ring encircling anterior region of isthmus, just posterior to median bulb at 62.7– 67.1% of pharyngeal length. Secretory-excretory pore located posterior to nerve ring, at mid-level of isthmus or at 79.6–82.8% of total pharyngeal length from anterior end. Intestine showing a bacterial pouch just posterior to pharyngo-intestinal junction. In some individuals, an intestinal diverticulum representing shifted bacterial pouch was observed. Rectum, 0.5–0.7 times anal body diameter. Tail cupola-shaped, ca 1.5–1.7 times as long as anal body diameter. Spike covering more than half of total tail length. Phasmids opening at level of anus.</p><p>Female</p><p>Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, ovaries well-developed, opposed and dorsally reflexed, distal ends reaching up to vulva. A coelomocyte present close to distal tip of each ovary, while another found close to reflexed part. Oocytes with prominent nuclei arranged in multiple rows distally. Oviducts not distinctly separated. Spermathecae elongated, filled with sperm. Uteri spacious, accommodating two to ten eggs at a time. Vagina cuticularized, thick-walled. Vulva equatorial, a transverse slit, with lips not protruded. Lateral cuticular vulval flaps present.</p><p>Male</p><p>Sexually dimorphic with lip region dome-shaped, continuous with body contour. Lips weak, amalgamated, without a discernible identity. Pharynx relatively weak with moderately swollen metacorpus. Anterior region of intestine showing a small bacterial pouch. Testis single, dorsally reflexed, on right lateral side of intestine. Spermatocytes arranged in multiple rows. Seminal vesicle filled with spermatocytes leading to vas deferens.A pair of well-developed ejaculatory glands present.A coelomocyte present close to distal end of testis while another found close to reflexed part. Tail conoid, ending in an acute terminus. Bursa well-developed, anteriorly closed, transversally and longitudinally striated with dot-like punctations. Bursal velum lobed with a shallow groove at cloaca. Anterior bursal rim distant from cloacal opening. Spicules almost straight, slender with rounded capitulum, narrow neck and shaft fused distally up to 12–14% of total length. Gubernaculum trough-shaped, ca 42.5–46.6% of spicule length. Genital papillae nine pairs, arranged in 3/2+Ph+3+1 configuration with pre cloacals GP1 and GP2 forming a group along with very short GP3, nearly half the length of others. GP1, GP4 and GP9 opening dorsally outside bursa; GP4, GP5 and phasmid forming a group; phasmids relatively shorter and thickened, located in between GP5 and group of GP6. GP6–8 basally fused, equal in shape and size. GP9 dorsally oriented.</p><p>Dauer/phoretic juvenile</p><p>Body almost straight, abruptly tapering posterior to anus. Cuticle with fine transverse striations. Lateral field inconspicuous. Lip region continuous with amalgamated lips. Oral aperture covered with a cuticular plug. Stoma long, narrow, ca 5 times as long as wide. Metastegostomal swelling weakly developed, with faintly visible small denticles. Pharynx with a slender procorpus ca 40–52 μm long, an oblong, ca 12–13 μm×9–12 μm metacorpus, a narrow, ca 22–32 μm long isthmus and a pyriform, ca 14–17 μm ×10–14 μm basal bulb, lacking valvular plate. Nerve ring encircling mid-region of isthmus. Secretory-excretory duct inconspicuous. Rectum faintly visible, ca equal to anal body diameter. Phasmidial aperture inconspicuous. Tail long, conoid, covered with hyaline sheath and ended with a sharp, pointed tip.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pelodera paratretzeli sp. nov. comes close to  P. tretzeli (Sachs, 1950) in most morphological characters but differs in females having small-sized body (644–866 μm vs 1543–3327 μm); smaller b (4.8–5.5 vs 8.1–11.9) and c (15.9–21.5 vs 28.4–33.1) values; metastegostom anisomorphic (vs isomorphic); rectum 0.5–0.7 times (vs 0.3–0.4 times) anal body diameter; phasmids at level of anus (vs at base of wider part of tail); males with smaller body length (483–639 μm vs 636–758 μm); smaller b (3.7–4.6 vs 4.9–5.9), c (17.2–21.3 vs 28.4–35.6) and greater c’ (1.2–1.5 vs 0.7–0.8) values; spicules slender (vs slightly plump), having distinct neck (vs neck not demarcated); bursa with shallow groove (vs deep indentation) laterally at level of cloaca; genital papillae with slender bases (vs swollen bases in  P. tretzeli fide Sachs (1950)).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A90E87C4FFC1F045891134B6881A493B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mahboob, Mohammad;Jahan, Rehmat;Tahseen, Qudsia	Mahboob, Mohammad, Jahan, Rehmat, Tahseen, Qudsia (2023): Comparative and cladistic analyses of the species of the genus Pelodera Schneider, 1866 (Rhabditidae: Nematoda) belonging to the coarctata group. European Journal of Taxonomy 890 (1): 71-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.890.2253, URL: http://zoobank.org/f062c142-9da5-464b-92f7-b05fcf4590f9
A90E87C4FFC7F04F8928341B8E024BCF.text	A90E87C4FFC7F04F8928341B8E024BCF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelodera cylindrica (Cobb 1898) Andrassy 1972	<div><p>Pelodera cylindrica (Cobb, 1898)</p><p>Figs 10–15; Tables 4–6; Appendices 1–2</p><p>Rhabditis cylindrica Cobb, 1898: 296–321 .</p><p>Rhabditis neuhausi Sachs, 1950: 323–366, fig. 4.</p><p>Coarctadera cylindrica – Andrássy 1983: 113.</p><p>Pelodera serrata – Ali et al. 1973: 169–188 [not  P. serrata (Körner in Osche, 1952)].</p><p>Pelodera icosiensis – Hussain et al. 2006: 55–62 [not  P. icosiensis Maupas, 1916].</p><p>Emended diagnosis</p><p>Pelodera cylindrica (Cobb, 1898) is characterized by an obese, stout and almost straight body, tapering at anterior region; sexual dimorphism present in anterior region; cuticle finely annulated; lip region strongly offset from body contour and dilated approximately twice of its height; lips with small labial sensilla; stoma ca 2.5–3.0 times as long as its height; metastegostom with three setose denticles on each sector; rectum shorter than anal body diameter; tail short, hemispheroid, shorter than anal body diameter, lacking spike, often with a small mammellate peg or protrusion terminally; spicules with rounded capitulum, short, narrow neck and slender shaft, fused distally up to 24–25% of spicule length; gubernaculum ca 44.0–47.5% of spicule length; bursa peloderan, anteriorly closed, punctated; bursal velum lobed with three deep grooves at GP2, GP3 and GP5; anterior bursal rim close to cloacal opening; genital papillae nine pairs, arranged in 0/1+1+1+1+1+P+3+1 configuration; pre cloacals shifted posterior to cloaca; GP1, GP4 and GP9 open dorsally outside the bursa; GP3–5 relatively close to each other, GP6–8 basally fused and phasmids shorter and thickened between GP5 and GP6.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>INDIA • 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, 6 juvs; Uttar Pradesh, Aligarh, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.102776&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.981112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.102776/lat 27.981112)">Satha</a>; 27°58′52″ N, 78°06′10″ E; extracted from soil samples contaminated by the discharges of sugar industry; AMU/ZD/NC slide no.  Pelodera cylindrica /HL/AL/ST/SM/1–10  .</p><p>Description</p><p>Adult</p><p>Body medium-sized, obese, stout, almost straight with tapering anterior region. Sexual dimorphism observed in anterior body region. Cuticle 1.0–1.5 μm thick, transversely annulated, interspersed with longitudinal striations and punctation. Lip region dilated, strongly offset from body contour, approximately more than twice its height. Lips six, globular in shape, distinctly separated, with minute papilliform labial sensilla.Amphids labial with small, ovoid apertures. Stoma well-developed, expanding posteriorly, 2.5–3.0 times as long as wide or 13–15% of total pharyngeal length. Cheilostom not cuticularized. Gymnostom constituting 40–45% of stoma length. Stegostom surrounded by pharyngeal tissue, constituting 56–58% of stoma length; metastegostom wide, armed with three well-developed setose denticles on each sector. Telostegostom heavily cuticularized. Pharynx well-developed, divided into 55–77 μm long, slender corpus, a well-developed, highly muscular, approximately 20–30 μm×22– 32 μm metacorpus, a relatively narrower, 35–50 μm long isthmus and a well-developed, rounded to oval-shaped basal bulb of 28–39 μm×24–35 μm having a highly cuticularized grinder with double-chambered haustrulum. Cardia conoid, 5–10 μm long. Nerve ring usually encircling posterior region of isthmus at ca 65.2–73.4% of pharyngeal length. Secretory-excretory pore located posterior to nerve ring, or at 72.4–78.7% of total pharyngeal length. Bacterial chamber present posterior to pharyngo-intestinal junction. Rectum 0.5–0.6 times anal body diameter.</p><p>Female</p><p>Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic. Ovaries well-developed, paired, opposed, and dorsally reflexed, usually distal end extending beyond vulva. Oocytes with prominent nuclei arranged in multiple rows. Spermathecae ovoid filled with sperm. Uteri with 2– 15 eggs ca 50–70 × 37–45 μm in dimension. Vulva without protruded lips, slightly post equatorial. Tail short, hemispheroid, often with a small peg or mammellate tip, shorter than anal body diameter. Phasmids opening slightly posterior to anus.</p><p>Male</p><p>Similar to female in general morphology except narrower lip region, smaller body size, smaller metastegostomal denticles and slight curvature in posterior region. Testis single, dorsally conoid, ending in a pointed terminus. Spicules almost straight, slender with rounded capitulum, narrow neck and slender shaft, fused distally up to 24–25% of total spicule length. Gubernaculum slender, trough-shaped, ca 44.0–47.5% of spicule length. Bursa well-developed, anteriorly closed, transversely and longitudinally striated with dot-like punctations. Bursal velum lobed, forming three deep grooves at GP1, GP2 and GP3. Anterior bursal rim close to cloacal opening. Nine pairs of genital papillae arranged in 0/1+1+1+1+1+P+3+1 configuration with pre-cloacal genital papillae GP1 and GP2 shifted posterior to cloaca. GP3–5 relatively closely placed. Phasmid relatively shorter and thickened, located in between GP5 and GP6. GP6–8 basally fused. GP1, GP4 and GP9 open dorsally outside bursa.</p><p>Dauer/phoretic juvenile</p><p>Body slightly arcuate ventrally, tapering at both extremities. Cuticle with fine transverse striations. Lateral field with a single ridge. Lip region continuous with six separated lips, each containing setose sensilla. Stoma long, narrow, ca 4–5 times as long as wide. Metastegostomal swelling with faintly visible small denticles. Pharynx well-developed with ca 40–43 μm, long, slender procorpus, a highly muscular metacorpus 15–17 μm×13–16 μm in dimension, a narrow, ca 20–34 μm long isthmus and a basal bulb ca 18–22 μm ×15–17 μm in dimension, having a cuticularized grinder. Nerve ring encircling mid of isthmus. Secretory-excretory pore inconspicuous. Pre-rectum-like structure present in posterior region. Rectum ca equal to anal body diameter in length. Phasmidial aperture inconspicuous. Tail short and conoid.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The present population showed conformity with  P. cylindrica (Cobb, 1898) in most characteristics except a few minor differences from the originally described population viz., metastegostom with strongly developed (vs moderately developed) denticles and males with genital papillae GP1 and GP2 distant (vs closely placed). The females in the present population also show a small terminal peg or mammellate protrusion in the tail not reported in the original population.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A90E87C4FFC7F04F8928341B8E024BCF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Mahboob, Mohammad;Jahan, Rehmat;Tahseen, Qudsia	Mahboob, Mohammad, Jahan, Rehmat, Tahseen, Qudsia (2023): Comparative and cladistic analyses of the species of the genus Pelodera Schneider, 1866 (Rhabditidae: Nematoda) belonging to the coarctata group. European Journal of Taxonomy 890 (1): 71-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.890.2253, URL: http://zoobank.org/f062c142-9da5-464b-92f7-b05fcf4590f9
