identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
162A882E3D73FF97FFD2FAD2FA8AF9C8.text	162A882E3D73FF97FFD2FAD2FA8AF9C8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flavomyces fulophazii	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.2. Amounts of compounds in the in vitro cultures of  F. fulophazii</p>
            <p> Amounts of all identified compounds were determined by HPLC-MS in the lyophilized cultures of ten Hungarian and seven Mongolian  F. fulophazii isolates grown in three replicates (Supplementary Table S4, Fig. S8). Among tetramic acids and azaphilones, vermelhotin and flavochlorine A were found to be the main compounds, respectively, in all samples. The highest amounts of vermelhotin were determined in cultures of the Hungarian and Mongolian isolates HF-3 (5.3 mg /g) and MF-7 (5.5 mg /g), respectively (data are averages, calculated from contents of three replicate cultures). </p>
            <p> In order to isolate vermelhotin by preparative HPLC, three-three lyophilized cultures of the isolate HF-3 and those of MF-7 were pooled and extracted (six cultures, in total). Since the total weight of these pooled cultures was 1.09 g, 5.9 mg vermelhotin could be isolated as the calculated maximum yield (CMY). The preparative HPLC isolation could be regarded to be effective, according to a comparison of the CMY of vermelhotin (5.9 mg) with the amount of vermelhotin isolated from the lyophilized cultures (4.8 mg), thus suggesting the practical utility of  F. fulophazii in high-yield vermelhotin production. Accumulation of the vermelhotin derivatives (dihydroxyvermelhotin, hydroxyvermelhotin, methoxyvermelhotin and oxovermelhotin) showed a close correlation with that of vermelhotin, resulting in their highest amounts also in the cultures of isolates HF-3 and MF-7 (Supplementary Table S4). Among these vermelhotin derivatives, hydroxyvermelhotin was determined to be the most abundant compound, reaching its maximum levels of 1.1 mg /g and 1.0 mg/g in the cultures of isolates HF-3 and MF-7, respectively (average values, calculated from contents of three parallel cultures). Accordingly, in addition to vermelhotin, hydroxyvermelhotin could also be isolated from the pooled cultures of isolates HF-3 and MF-7 by preparative HPLC. </p>
            <p>A relative high-level accumulation of the azaphilone flavochlorine A was detected in cultures of isolates MF-3 (MF-3B, 4.2 mg /g), HF-1 (HF-1A, 3.1 mg /g) and HF-9 (HF–9B, 2.2 mg /g). However, flavochlorine A levels were at least one order of magnitude smaller in the corresponding parallel cultures of these isolates. Consequently, in order to isolate flavochlorine A, cultures of different isolates (detailed above), containing the highest levels of this compound, were pooled and extracted. Accumulation of azaphilones B–G, occurring as minor compounds relative to flavochlorine A, showed a close correlation with the accumulation of flavochlorine A.</p>
            <p> We found the metabolite production of  F. fulophazii highly variable, resulting in differences in the amounts of compounds among the isolates and also among the parallel cultures of one isolate. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/162A882E3D73FF97FFD2FAD2FA8AF9C8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos;Gergo Toth;Szilvia Bosze;Lilla Borbala Horvath;Andras Darcsi;Sandor Csikos;Daniel G. Knapp;Gabor M. Kovacs;Imre Boldizsar	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos, Gergo Toth, Szilvia Bosze, Lilla Borbala Horvath, Andras Darcsi, Sandor Csikos, Daniel G. Knapp, Gabor M. Kovacs, Imre Boldizsar (2021): The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives. Phytochemistry (112851) 190: 1-11, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851
162A882E3D73FF96FC84F93BFE76FE2B.text	162A882E3D73FF96FC84F93BFE76FE2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lactuca	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.3. Activity of isolated compounds on the seed germination of  Lactuca sativa and on the growth of  Lemna minor plants </p>
            <p>Metabolites of endophytic fungi can protect the host plants against various classes of pests (like pathogenic fungi, parasitic nematodes, herbivorous insects, etc.) thus, indirectly promoting plant growth (Li and Strobel, 2001; Schwarz et al., 2004; Schardl et al., 2007). Some volatile organic compounds were also confirmed as enhancers of plant development, affecting directly the plants (Berthelot et al., 2016). However, several endophytic metabolites have been shown to be phytotoxic, inhibiting growth of the plants (Choi et al., 2004) and their seedlings (Rivero-Cruz et al., 2003; García-M´endez et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2020).</p>
            <p> To test the effects of our isolated metabolites on plants, two standardized assays, i.e., the  Lactuca sativa seed germination- and the  Lemna minor growth test, both having international recommendations, were performed (Priac et al., 2017; Vanhoutte et al., 2017). Neither the seed germination nor the reproduction and leaf development were affected by the metabolites of  F. fulophazii , suggesting their no direct effects on plants (Supplementary Figs. S9 and S10). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/162A882E3D73FF96FC84F93BFE76FE2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos;Gergo Toth;Szilvia Bosze;Lilla Borbala Horvath;Andras Darcsi;Sandor Csikos;Daniel G. Knapp;Gabor M. Kovacs;Imre Boldizsar	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos, Gergo Toth, Szilvia Bosze, Lilla Borbala Horvath, Andras Darcsi, Sandor Csikos, Daniel G. Knapp, Gabor M. Kovacs, Imre Boldizsar (2021): The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives. Phytochemistry (112851) 190: 1-11, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851
162A882E3D72FF99FC84F9F3FD30FDE4.text	162A882E3D72FF99FC84F9F3FD30FDE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Flavomyces fulophazii	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.2. Preparation of  F. fulophazii culture extracts for analysis and isolation </p>
            <p>Each isolate was grown in three replicates (labeled as A, B, C) in Petri dishes (60 mm × 15 mm) on Potato dextrose agar medium (VWR, Hungary) at room temperature in dark for 30 days. The voucher specimens of all isolates are available in the Department of Plant Anatomy, E¨otvos ¨Lor´and University, Budapest, Hungary and two isolates were also deposited in the CBS collection (as indicated in Table 1). Complete in vitro cultures containing culture medium with the fungal mycelium grown on it were lyophilized and pulverized. The NMR solvents chloroform- d, dimethyl sulfoxide- d 6 (DMSO d 6) and methanol- d 4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Hungary. The other materials and reagents applied in the analysis and isolation of fungal metabolites, such as acetonitrile, distilled water, formic acid, methanol (Reanal, Hungary) were all of analytical reagent grade of the highest purity available.</p>
            <p>1–5</p>
            <p>literature data, obtained from Lajko´et al. (2018); Kiss et al. (2019); Baranyai et al. (2017); Tripodi et al. (2020); Orb´an et al. (2011), respectively.</p>
            <p>a Daunomycin (Dau, against all cells) and 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide (Sal, against the HepG2, U87 and MonoMac-6 cells) were used as positive control.</p>
            <p>Extracts for analysis: Aliquots of the powdered cultures (10.0 mg) were extracted with 5 mL of methanol at 60 ◦ C, via a reflux condenser, for 30 min. The insoluble, centrifuged material was subsequently reextracted in the same way. The supernatants were combined and these combined solutions were dried by a rotary vacuum evaporator at 40 ◦ C. Before analysis, these dried extracts were dissolved in methanol.</p>
            <p>Extracts for isolation: Procedure was the same as described above, except for the amounts of lyophilized and pulverized cultures. To isolate vermelhotin, hydroxyvermelhotin and flavochlorine G, total amount of six unified cultures (HF-3A, HF–3B, HF–3C, MF-7A, MF-7B, MF-7C) were extracted while to isolate flavochlorine A and flavochlorine G three unified cultures (MF-3B, HF-1A, HF–9B) were extracted. Compounds of these extracts were separated by preparative HPLC.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/162A882E3D72FF99FC84F9F3FD30FDE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos;Gergo Toth;Szilvia Bosze;Lilla Borbala Horvath;Andras Darcsi;Sandor Csikos;Daniel G. Knapp;Gabor M. Kovacs;Imre Boldizsar	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos, Gergo Toth, Szilvia Bosze, Lilla Borbala Horvath, Andras Darcsi, Sandor Csikos, Daniel G. Knapp, Gabor M. Kovacs, Imre Boldizsar (2021): The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives. Phytochemistry (112851) 190: 1-11, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851
162A882E3D7DFF99FC84FCB9FA12FB89.text	162A882E3D7DFF99FC84FCB9FA12FB89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lactuca sativa	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.5.1.  Lactuca sativa seed bioassay </p>
            <p> Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata ‘Attrakcio´’ (R´edei Kertimag, Hungary) seeds were washed twice with DW and were placed into Petri dishes (90 × 15 mm) containing filter paper (ø 75 mm, VWR, Hungary) (5 seeds in all Petri dishes). Dilution series of the isolated compounds were made in the concentration range of 1.0–100 μM by DW. The seeds were treated with 1.9 mL amounts of these solutions for 5 days at room temperature on natural light (the control was treated with DW). The length of the root and the hypocotyl was then measured by the software ImageJ (NIH, USA) using the screened pictures of the seedlings. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/162A882E3D7DFF99FC84FCB9FA12FB89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos;Gergo Toth;Szilvia Bosze;Lilla Borbala Horvath;Andras Darcsi;Sandor Csikos;Daniel G. Knapp;Gabor M. Kovacs;Imre Boldizsar	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos, Gergo Toth, Szilvia Bosze, Lilla Borbala Horvath, Andras Darcsi, Sandor Csikos, Daniel G. Knapp, Gabor M. Kovacs, Imre Boldizsar (2021): The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives. Phytochemistry (112851) 190: 1-11, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851
162A882E3D7DFF99FC84FBE6FA4FF9FF.text	162A882E3D7DFF99FC84FBE6FA4FF9FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lemna minor subsp. bioassay	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.5.2.  Lemna minor bioassay </p>
            <p> Lemna minor L. (clone 9441) was cultured during stock cultivation in a light chamber (16 h light exposure) at 24 ◦ C on a liquid medium (Appenroth et al., 1996). The medium was changed every 14 days. Two weeks prior to the tests, fronds were transferred into Steinberg medium to acclimate and the medium was changed after 7 days (Naumann et al., 2007). Dilution series of the isolated compounds were made in the concentration range of 1.0–100 μM by Steinberg medium. The fronds were treated with 1.9 mL amounts of these solutions in 24-well plates for 7 days (in a light chamber, 16 h light exposure) at 24 ◦ C (the control was grown on Steinberg medium). Fronds were then counted and the total leaf area in each well was measured by the software ImageJ using the screened pictures of the plates (Schneider et al., 2012). </p>
            <p> Statistical analyses of the  Lactuca sativa and  Lemna minor bioassays were conducted by Prism v.8.0.1 (GraphPad, USA). The normality of the datasets was tested by Shapiro-Wilk test. In case of normality, one-way ANOVA was performed. When data did not exhibit normality, KruskalWallis test was carried out. To compare the treatments with the control, we used Dunett and Dunn post hoc tests, respectively at α = 0.05. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/162A882E3D7DFF99FC84FBE6FA4FF9FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos;Gergo Toth;Szilvia Bosze;Lilla Borbala Horvath;Andras Darcsi;Sandor Csikos;Daniel G. Knapp;Gabor M. Kovacs;Imre Boldizsar	Berek-Nagy, Peter Janos, Gergo Toth, Szilvia Bosze, Lilla Borbala Horvath, Andras Darcsi, Sandor Csikos, Daniel G. Knapp, Gabor M. Kovacs, Imre Boldizsar (2021): The grass root endophytic fungus Flavomyces fulophazii: An abundant source of tetramic acid and chlorinated azaphilone derivatives. Phytochemistry (112851) 190: 1-11, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112851
