identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7C6012C6BAA15FFF93A4054E6E0D8D5F.text	7C6012C6BAA15FFF93A4054E6E0D8D5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afronurus cervina (Braasch & Soldan 1984)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Afronurus cervina (Braasch &amp; 
Soldan
, 1984)
</p>
            <p>Figs 1A-E, 2A-E, 3A-E, 4A-E, 17A, B</p>
            <p> Cinygmina cervina Braasch &amp;  Soldán , 1984: 196, figs 14-32, original description (male and female imago, nymph); Venkataraman and Sivaramakrishnan 1989: 118, figs 7, 10 (nymph). </p>
            <p> Afronurus cervina - Boonsoong and Braasch 2013: 85. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  13 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.62743/lat 12.0638)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.62743&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.0638">Chanthaburi Prov.</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.62743/lat 12.0638)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.62743&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.0638">Rattanaburi</a>
                 resort, 12°31'39.9216"N, 102°10'38.9064"E 41 m, 4.V.2023, B. Boonsoong leg. (ZMKU); 5 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.62743/lat 12.0638)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.62743&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.0638">Kanchanaburi Prov.</a>
                 , Huai Pilok, 1 4°39'52.7"N, 98°33'00.3"E, 132 m, 31.I.2019, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 4 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.62743/lat 12.0638)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.62743&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.0638">Kanchanaburi Prov.</a>
                 , Ban Tao Tan, 14°38'58.199"N, 98°34'55.8006"E, 166 m, 31.I.2019, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 7 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.62743/lat 12.0638)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.62743&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.0638">Tak Prov.</a>
                 , Oum Yom, 16°48'15.7"N, 99°00'08.3"E, 249 m, 26.XII.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 24 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.62743/lat 12.0638)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.62743&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.0638">Ratchaburi Prov.</a>
                 , Bor Klueng, 13°31'27.3612"N, 99°14'39.3606"E, 180 m, 24.XI.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 9 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.62743/lat 12.0638)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.62743&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.0638">Loei Prov.</a>
                 , Nam Thob, 17°15'36.50"N, 101°34'52.90"E, 376 m, 17.XII.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 17 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.62743/lat 12.0638)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.62743&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.0638">Ratchaburi Prov.</a>
                 , Kang Som Maew, 13°24'22.32"N, 99°6'43.74"E, 207 m, 24.XI.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 6 nymphs, Phetchaburi Prov., Huai Sat Yai, 12°38'13.5"N, 99°30'59.34"E, 162 m, 25.II.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 7 nymphs, Prachuap Khiri Khan Prov., Huai Sam Rong, 12°3'49.68"N, 99°37'38.76"E, 103m, 25.II.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p> Nymph. See Braasch and  Soldán (1984: 196-197, 199, figs 17-32, original description). </p>
            <p> Adult. See Braasch and  Soldán (1984: 196-197, 199, figs 14-16, original description), Braasch (1990: 8). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Nymph of  Afronurus cervina (Fig. 1A) has unique characteristics such as a brown abdomen with pale mark and tergites III-IX with two pairs of longitudinal marking on median and lateral. Markings fused on tergites VIII-IX whereas tergite X is dark (Fig. 1B), and no marking on sternites (Fig. 1C). In addition, no marking on anterior margin of head (Fig. 1D). Gill V (Fig. 2A) and gill VI (Fig. 2B) obliquely rounded, triangular, with small projection, and gill VII (Fig. 2C) broad, asymmetrically oval. Marking pattern of hind femur as Figs 1E, 2D. Bristles on the dorsal face of the hind femur are blunt in shape (Fig. 2E). </p>
            <p> Adult of  Afronurus cervina can be distinguished from other  Afronurus species by its abdominal patterns, dark brown in a band down the middle and yellow along the margin, tergites III-VIII with a pair of thick stripes on the submedian, all tergites with a longitudinal median dark band (Fig. 3A, B). Genital plate emarginated, penis lobes enlarged with terminal edge jagged, between each lobe with cone shaped tubercle (Fig. 3C). The titillators are short, canine tooth-like (Fig. 17A, B). Subanal plate of female adult tongue-shaped and slightly truncated at tip (Fig. 3D). Fore and hind wing as Fig. 3E. </p>
            <p>Eggs.</p>
            <p>Chorionic surface of the egg with large KCTs (knob-terminated coiled threads) or equatorial KCT (eKCT) and small KCTs or polar KCT (pKCT) (Fig. 4A). Both poles were covered with dense pKCTs. Equatorial areas were smooth (Fig. 4B) surrounded with eKCTs and micropyle (M) between eKCTs (Fig. 4C).</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Chanthaburi, Kanchanaburi, Loei, Phetchaburi, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ratchaburi and Tak provinces (Fig. 18).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Afronurus cervina was found for the first time in Ho Chi Min, Vietnam (Braasch and  Soldán 1984), then reported in Ban Nam Tok (Chiang Rai province) by Braasch (1990). In this study, we found  A. cervina at several localities along the northern to southern regions of Thailand.  Afronurus cervina was found underneath the cobble substrate in slow running water, but can live in wide range of habitats, such as disturbed areas (as in Nakhon Nayok province) and head water streams (as in Loei province). The optimal altitude is between 24 to 527 meters. The abdominal pattern of nymph of  A. cervina is quite similar to  A. palawanensis (Braasch and Freitag 2008), but it can be distinguished by the markings on the anterior area of the head (Braasch and  Soldán 1984). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C6012C6BAA15FFF93A4054E6E0D8D5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wongyam, Anuntaya;Sartori, Michel;Boonsoong, Boonsatien	Wongyam, Anuntaya, Sartori, Michel, Boonsoong, Boonsatien (2023): Unravelling the diversity of the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) in Thailand. ZooKeys 1176: 55-78, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1176.105159, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1176.105159
54D8775D7CAD59B08DB7250B0454CFDF.text	54D8775D7CAD59B08DB7250B0454CFDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afronurus gilliesiana (Braasch 1990)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Afronurus gilliesiana (Braasch, 1990)</p>
            <p>Figs 5A-E, 6A-E, 7A-C, 8A-E, 17C, D</p>
            <p> Cinygmina gilliesiana Braasch, 1990: 8, figs 13-16, original description (nymph). </p>
            <p> Afronurus gilliesiana - Boonsoong and Braasch 2013: 86. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  5 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.8042/lat 20.011612)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.8042&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.011612">Chiang Rai Prov.</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.8042/lat 20.011612)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.8042&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.011612">Khun Korn</a>
                 waterfall, 19°51'46.10"N, 99°39'4.70"E, 534 m, 6.V.2019, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 4 nymphs, Chiang Rai Prov., Nang Lae Nai Waterfall, 20°3'9.50"N, 99°49'16.90"E, 529 m, 6.V.2019, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 3 larvae Chiang Rai Prov., Pong Phrabat Waterfall, 20°0'41.80"N, 99°48'15.10"E, 470 m, 7.V.2019, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Nymph. See Braasch (1990: 8, 10, figs 13.1-13.4, 14-16, original description).</p>
            <p>Adult. Male subimago (in alcohol, Fig. 7A, C, E). Head. Eyes rounded, blackish on both dorsal and ventral parts, pale laterally. Thorax. Yellowish with triangular brown patch on sub-median of mesonotum. Forelegs brownish; lengths of femur, tibia, and tarsi 1.64 mm, 1.24 mm, and 0.63 mm, respectively. Midlegs brownish; lengths of femur, tibia, and tarsi 1.68 mm, 1.38 mm, and 0.72 mm, respectively. Hindlegs brownish; lengths of femur, tibia, and tarsi 1.7 mm, 1.42 mm, and 1.22 mm, respectively. Wings transparent; forewing C, Sc and RA thick and yellowish brown, other veins thinner, Sc and RA parallel along the wing, convergent at base, RS and MP forked basally, MA forked at the middle, and CuP and CuA adjacent at base; hindwings rounded, RA and MA adjacent at base of wing, MA and MP forked at the middle (Fig. 7E). Abdomen. Middle area brown with one pair of longitudinal yellow marks, outer margin pale yellow (Fig. 7A). Genitalia: penis bilobate, expanding laterally to the enlarged lobes, the inner part of lobes with a small cleft (Fig. 17C). Titillators very short, canine-like (Fig. 17C, D), forceps 4-segmented, segment I very small, length ratio of segment II to segment III to segment IV is 0.29: 0.12: 0.1 (Fig. 7C).</p>
            <p>Female subimago (in alcohol, Figs 7B, D). Head. Eyes rounded with brownish dorsal part and ventral part dark brown. Thorax. Yellowish with brown patch at margin. Midlegs brownish; lengths of femur, tibia, and tarsi 1.89 mm, 1.46 mm, and 0.66 mm, respectively. Hindlegs brownish; lengths of femur, tibia, and tarsi 2.3 mm, 1.49 mm, and 0.57 mm, respectively. Wings as in male imagos. Abdomen. Tergites VII-IX, middle area pale brown with one pair of pale marks on anterior margin, tergite X pale yellow (Fig. 7B). Subanal plate trapezium-shaped and concave at tip (Fig. 7D), length 0.2 mm, width 0.5 mm.</p>
            <p>Egg.</p>
            <p> Chorionic surface covered with pKCTs and eKCTs. Both poles densely covered with pKCTs. Equatorial and subequatorial areas with eKCTs and micropyle beside eKCTs (Fig. 8C); area between pKCTs and eKCTs with indistinct small tubercles (Fig. 8B), areas of two poles of pKTCs ~ 0.7  × the size of the whole egg (Fig. 8A). </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Nymph of  Afronurus gilliesiana is distinguishable from other species by gill shape, particularly oval-elongated gill I as well as by two large round femoral markings (Figs 5E, 6D). Anterior margin of head with four weak markings (Fig. 5D). Abdomen with marking as shown in Fig. 5A, tergites VIII and IX with pale markings (Fig. 5B) and sternites without marks (Fig. 5C). Gill V (Fig. 6A) and gill VI (Fig. 6B) obliquely rounded, triangular, with small projection; gill VII (Fig. 6C) broad and asymmetrically oval. Bristles on dorsal face of hind femur spatulate in shape (Fig. E). </p>
            <p>Adult male can be distinguished by its genitalia: penis bilobate, expanding into laterally enlarged lobes, the inner part of lobes with a small cleft (Fig. 17C).</p>
            <p>Habitat.</p>
            <p> The nymph of  Afronurus gilliesiana was reported by Braasch (1990) from Mae Sot district, Tak province in northern Thailand. In this study,  A. gilliesiana was found restricted to three localities in Chiang Rai province. The habitats are unique with high mountain areas, waterfalls, base rock, and some areas of cobbles. The altitude is higher than 400 meters. The nymphs were found attached to the cobbles, away from the base rock with strong water falling from the waterfall. The male and female adults and eggs are described for the first time. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Chiang Rai province (Fig. 18).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/54D8775D7CAD59B08DB7250B0454CFDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wongyam, Anuntaya;Sartori, Michel;Boonsoong, Boonsatien	Wongyam, Anuntaya, Sartori, Michel, Boonsoong, Boonsatien (2023): Unravelling the diversity of the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) in Thailand. ZooKeys 1176: 55-78, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1176.105159, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1176.105159
B8B9F57D7CC2558683499E9BD0A96A4B.text	B8B9F57D7CC2558683499E9BD0A96A4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afronurus rainulfiana (Braasch 1990)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Afronurus rainulfiana (Braasch, 1990)</p>
            <p>Figs 9A-E, 10A-E, 11A-C, 12A-C</p>
            <p> Cinygmina rainulfiana Braasch, 1990: 8, figs 9-12, original description (male and female imago, nymph). </p>
            <p> Afronurus rainulfiana - Boonsoong and Braasch 2013: 87. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  3 nymphs, Thailand, Kanchanaburi Prov.,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.24426/lat 13.524267)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.24426&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.524267">Huai Kha Yeng</a>
                 , 14°36'20.98"N, 98°34'39.8"E, 937 m, 31.I.2019, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 12 nymphs, Narathiwat Prov., Klong Aika Ding, 5°47'45.8988"N, 101°50'5.4996"E, 56 m, 22.IV.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 1 nymph, Phetchaburi Prov., Huai Mae Kamoei, 12°58'41.4984"N, 99°34'55.401"E, 119 m, 24.II.2019, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 4 nymphs, Ranong Prov., Klong Phon Rang, 9°53'39.4002"N, 98°38'28.8996"E, 10 m, 20.IV.2018, B. Boonsoong leg. (ZMKU); 13 nymphs, Ratchaburi Prov., Bo Klueng, 13°31'27.3612"N, 99°14'39.3606"E, 180 m, 24.XI.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Nymph. See Braasch (1990: 8, figs 9-12, 18.1-18.3).</p>
            <p> Adult. Female imago (in alcohol, Fig. 11). Head brown with black round eyes. Thorax. Mesonotum brown with pale mark at the middle area, anterior part with dark brown heart-shaped marks. Wings transparent; forewing base area of vein thick and dark brown, RS and MP forked basally, MA forked at the middle; hindwings asymmetrical, 1.6  × longer than width, RA and MA adjacent at basal of wing (Fig. 11C). Abdomen. Dorsally brown marked with yellow, tergites II-V with single pair of circular sub-median marks and another pair of circular posterolateral marks; on tergite V the sub-median mark is fused to form a large square mark, tergites VI and VII with one pair of longitudinal marks each and tergite X pale on anterior part (Fig. 11A); subgenital plate concave at tip; subanal plate extending as triangle-shaped projection and emarginate at tip (Fig. 11B). </p>
            <p>Egg.</p>
            <p> Chorionic surface of egg with dense pKCTs on each pole and eKCTs (Fig. 12A). Equatorial and subequatorial areas with eKCTs and micropyle beside eKCTs (Fig. 12C); area between pKCTs and eKCTs with distinct small tubercles (Fig. 12B), areas of two poles of pKTCs ~ 0.5  × that of the whole egg (Fig. 12A). </p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Nymph of  Afronurus rainulfiana is distinguishable from congeners by the combination of the following characteristics: anterior margin of head with four distinct pale spots (Fig. 9C), lateral surface of the eyes with a large bright triangular spot, and area between eyes with two pairs of circular marks, each mark linked with one straight line. Abdomen tergites II-VII with two pairs of circular markings on sub-median and posterolateral areas (Fig. 9A), pair on sub-median areas fused on tergite V, all markings combined in tergites VIII and IX, and tergite X brown without markings (Fig. 9B). Sternites without markings (Fig. 9C). Gill V (Fig. 10A) and gill VI (Fig. 10B) obliquely rounded, triangular, with apical projection, gill VII narrowly lanceolate (Fig. 10C). Pattern of hind femur as shown in Figs 9E, 10D. Bristles on the dorsal face of the hind femur both blunt and pointed (Fig. 10E). The imago can also be distinguished by the pattern on its abdomen (Fig. 11A). </p>
            <p>Habitat.</p>
            <p> Afronurus rainulfiana was described only as a nymph by Braasch (1990) from Saraburi province and then subsequently by Boonsoong and Braasch (2013) in Mae Sot Distinct, Tak province. In this study,  A. rainulfiana was found in 20 localities in six provinces. The nymphs attach to the undersides of the cobbles submerged in running water. We reported the female characteristics. The male adults of  A. rainulfiana are still unknown. </p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Kanchanaburi, Narathiwat, Phetchaburi, Ranong, Saraburi and Tak provinces (Fig. 18).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B8B9F57D7CC2558683499E9BD0A96A4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wongyam, Anuntaya;Sartori, Michel;Boonsoong, Boonsatien	Wongyam, Anuntaya, Sartori, Michel, Boonsoong, Boonsatien (2023): Unravelling the diversity of the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) in Thailand. ZooKeys 1176: 55-78, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1176.105159, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1176.105159
190689CC2CED565497FA8A29118745A7.text	190689CC2CED565497FA8A29118745A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afronurus rubromaculata You, Wu, Gui & Hsu 1981	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Afronurus rubromaculata You, Wu, Gui &amp; Hsu, 1981</p>
            <p>Figs 13A-E, 14A-E, 15A-C, 16A-E, 17E, F</p>
            <p> Cinygmina rubromaculata You, Wu, Gui &amp; Hsu, 1981: 4, figs 14-24 (original description, male and female). </p>
            <p> Cinygmina rubromaculata - Wu, Chen, Cong &amp; You, 1986: 1, 67. </p>
            <p> Cinygmina rubromaculata - Zhou and Zheng 2003: 758, figs 7, 8, 13,17 (nymph first description). </p>
            <p> Afronurus rubromaculatus - Braasch and Jacobus 2011: 65. </p>
            <p> Afronurus rubromaculata - Boonsoong and Braasch 2013: 88. </p>
            <p> Afronurus rubromaculatus - Zhang et al. 2021: 110. </p>
            <p>Material examined.</p>
            <p>
                  11 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.11215/lat 13.406199)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.11215&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.406199">Chanthaburi Prov.</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.11215/lat 13.406199)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.11215&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.406199">Klong Phlu Lang</a>
                 , 12°43.207'N, 102°23.321'E, 115 m, 5.VI.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 2 nymphs,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.11215/lat 13.406199)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.11215&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.406199">Kanchanaburi Prov.</a>
                 , Tao Taan, 14°38'58.199"N, 98°34'55.8006"E, 116 m, 31.I.2019, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU); 3 nymphs, Nan Prov., Na noi, 18°19'22.0002"N, 100°43'14.0016"E, 289 m, 5.XII.2017, B. Boonsoong leg. (ZMKU); 15 nymphs, Ratchaburi Prov., Kang Som Maew, 13°24'22.32"N, 99°6'43.74"E, 207 m, 24.XI.2018, W. Anuntaya leg. (ZMKU)  . 
            </p>
            <p>Description.</p>
            <p>Nymph. See Zhou and Zheng (2003: 757, figs 7, 8, nymph first description).</p>
            <p>Adult. Male imago. See You et al. (1981: 28, figs 14-24, original description).</p>
            <p>Eggs.</p>
            <p> Chorionic surface of egg with dense pKCTs on each pole and eKCTs (Fig. 16A). Equatorial and subequatorial areas with eKCTs and micropyle next to eKCTs (Fig. 16C); the area between pKCTs and eKCTs smooth (Fig. 16B), areas of two poles of pKTCs ~ 0.47  × that of the whole egg (Fig. 16A). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis.</p>
            <p> Nymph of  A. rubromaculata is easily distinguishable from other  Afronurus species by the following characteristics: anterior margin of head with four distinct pale yellow markings and a row of four pale dots in front of antenna bases and three pairs of pale markings between eyes (Fig. 13C), thorax with pattern as shown in Fig. 13A. Abdominal tergites II-VII with pair of pale marks on sub-median and posterolateral areas, sub-median marking of tergite V fused, large; tergites VIII and IX each with sub-median pale marking; tergite X with anterior pale area (Fig. 13B). Sternites IX and X brown (Fig. 13D). Gills V (Fig. 14A) and VI (Fig. 14B) obliquely rounded, triangular, with projection; asymmetrical gill VII (Fig. 14C). Markings of hind femur as shown in Figs 13E, 14D. Bristles on the dorsal face of the hind femur pointed (Fig. 14E). </p>
            <p>Adult male is distinguishable by genitalia and abdominal pigmentation; genital plate emarginated, divided into two lobes, inner lobe broad. The cleft between lobes U-shaped with a small tubercle (Figs 15C, 17E, F), outer lobe canine-like. The titillators robust, canine-like. Forceps comprising four segments, segment I very short, length ratio of segment II to segment III to segment IV is 0.45: 0.14: 0.13 (Fig. 8C). Adult female with anal plate triangular, slightly truncate at tip (Fig. 15D).</p>
            <p>Distribution.</p>
            <p>Chanthaburi, Kanchanaburi, Nan, and Ratchaburi provinces (Fig. 18).</p>
            <p>Remarks.</p>
            <p> Afronurus rubromaculata is a common species in Thai streams and widely distributed (Fig. 18). Suitable localities for  A. rubromaculata appear to be with cobbles deep in running water, the area mostly covered with riparian fields.  Afronurus rubromaculata has a unique pattern on the abdomen. She et al. (1995) described the differentiation of the spine position between  A. rubromaculata and  A. hainanensis , but Zhou (2013) synonymised  A. rubromaculata and  A. hainanensis due to the similarity of the spine on the penes that varies in size. However, in Thailand, the penial character of  A. rubromaculata is distinct from that of other species of  Afronurus in Thailand (Table 3). In this study, the egg morphology of  A. rubromaculata was similar to that of a Chinese specimen, with a smooth surface in the equatorial area (Zhang et al. 2021: fig. 6E). </p>
            <p>Molecular analysis</p>
            <p> The Bayesian inference tree is shown in Fig. 19. The 37 samples of Thai  Afronurus are grouped into four major clades:  Afronurus rainulfiana ,  A. cervina ,  A. gilliesiana , and  A. rubromaculata . Each clade is monophyletic, and strongly supported by the Bayesian posterior probabilities. The intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances are given in Table 2. The range of genetic distances within species is 3%-4%, whereas the range of genetic distances between species is 7%-30%.  Afronurus rainulfiana is clearly supported as a monophyletic clade with the sequence of  Afronurus sp.1 (Surat Thani Prov.) from Yanai et al. (2017). The  A. cervina clade was divided into two sub-clades due to geography; however, the intraspecific genetic distance is 3%. The species  A. mnong (Vietnam) was clustered with the  A. cervina clade, with a low genetic distance (7%). By contrast,  A. meo (Vietnam) was grouped with the  A. gilliesiana clade and showed a relatively high genetic distance (18%).  Afronurus hyalinus (Taiwan) was clustered with the Thai clade of  A. rubromaculata . Surprisingly, the  A. rubromaculata sequence from China is in a different clade than the Thai  A. rubromaculata sequence (genetic distance 22%), while  A. namnaoensis was clustered in the  A. rubromaculata clade with low genetic distance (4%). </p>
            <p>CN = China, IT = Italy, TH = Thailand, TW = Taiwan, VN = Vietnam.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/190689CC2CED565497FA8A29118745A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wongyam, Anuntaya;Sartori, Michel;Boonsoong, Boonsatien	Wongyam, Anuntaya, Sartori, Michel, Boonsoong, Boonsatien (2023): Unravelling the diversity of the genus Afronurus Lestage, 1924 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae) in Thailand. ZooKeys 1176: 55-78, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1176.105159, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1176.105159
