identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C741621453462EBDDF343AFA51FCA9.text	03C741621453462EBDDF343AFA51FCA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinellini Latreille 1807	<div><p>Tribe Coccinellini Latreille, 1807</p> <p>Diagnosis. Adults usually brightly coloured, reddish, orange or yellow with spots and other patterns (Fig. 2), rarely pink or lime green. Body medium to large (2.50–18.00 mm), form circular, short oval, or elongate oval in outline, dorsum weakly to strongly convex, always glabrous (except for one genus, Singhikalia Kapur having distinct dorsal pubescence). Anterior clypeal margin normal, never laterally expanded, straight or shallowly to deeply arcuate between usually prominent lateral projections in predatory forms, without distinct lateral projections in mycophagous forms. Eyes prominent and large, usually finely facetted, weakly emarginate anteriorly. Antenna as long as or shorter or longer than head width, with 11 antennomeres, weakly or distinctly clubbed and inserted laterally in front of eyes. Mandibles usually apically bifid in predatory forms, apically multidentate, with a series of small serrations on the ventral side of apical tooth in mycophagous forms. Terminal maxillary palpomere typically securiform or axe-head shaped, elongate or more transverse in different degrees, apical margin strongly divergent. Prosternal intercoxal process moderately broad, usually with a pair of parallel carinae, occasionally absent. Middle and hind tibiae with or without a pair of apical spurs. Tarsal formula 4-4-4, tarsal claws usually appendiculate, rarely apparently double and apically cleft or almost simple with only a basal dilation. Abdomen with six ventrites; abdominal postcoxal lines on ventrite 1 complete or incomplete, occasionally with an associated oblique line, rarely absent; abdominal ventrites 5 and 6 posteriorly modified and sexually dimorphic in most cases. Male genitalia with tegmen symmetrical, parameres well developed with inner and / or apical margins densely setose; penis usually with a well-defined capsule, penis apex variously modified. Ovipositor broad, coxites of club and handle type, bearing short, or rarely prominent styli, colleterial glands always present; spermatheca with well-differentiated nodulus and ramus or only nodulus or only ramus distinct, infundibulum present or absent.</p> <p>Adults of some Endomychidae (Fig. 3c, d) and Tenebrionidae (Fig. 3e–h) have bright red and black colour patterns and are often mistaken with Coccinellini and these can be easily separated from Coccinellini by the above character combination.</p> <p>Immature stages. The immature stages of Coccinellini are briefly described below with representative illustrations. For detailed descriptions of the morphology of the larvae and pupae of Coccinellini, see Tomaszewska &amp; Ślipiński (2010) and Ślipiński et al. (2020).</p> <p>Eggs (Fig. 4). Members of Coccinellini typically lay oval and spindle-shaped eggs in small or large groups. The eggs are usually orange yellow or bright golden yellow and rarely cream or white and the surface is smooth and shiny without any microsculpture.</p> <p>Larvae (Fig. 5). General appearance alligator-like (‘campodeiform’), ground colour slate grey to dark chocolate brown or black or yellow or reddish, with red, orange, yellow, or white spots / patterns, dorsal surface sometimes pruinose / covered with a whitish dust. Larvae of mycophagous species usually bright lemon yellow, or pale greyish with black and yellow spots and patterns.</p> <p>Pupae (Fig. 6). Coccinellini pupae are exarate, though legs and other appendages are not fully free, with some degree of partial fusion and are usually found attached to the substrate with the last larval skin attached to the caudal end. The pupae of most Coccinellini are often brightly coloured with spots and other patterns.</p> <p>Biology / prey preferences. In general, members of the tribe Coccinellini are aphidophagous and also feed on other Hemiptera such as psyllids, leaf- and planthoppers, whiteflies and early-stage larvae of Lepidoptera and also mites. Among Indian species, Anegleis cardoni (Weise), Phrynocaria unicolor (Fabricius) and Phrynocaria perrotteti (Mulsant) show a propensity to feed on whiteflies in preference to aphids (label data, personal observations). Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope) and some species of Calvia are notable for being predatory on the eggs, larvae and pupae of chrysomelid beetles (Booth 1997). Species of Synona Pope are predators of plataspidid bugs (Hemiptera) in India and Australia (Ślipiński 2007; Poorani et al. 2008) and Indian Synona spp. are well known predators of Coptosoma ostensum Distant, a major pest of pigeonpea (Poorani et al. 2008). In India and elsewhere, Bulaea lichatschovii (Hummel) and B. lividula bocandei Mulsant feed on pollen and may be occasionally phytophagous (Poorani et al. 2018). Micraspis spp. are abundant in the paddy ecosystems of the Indian region and feed primarily on rice pollen and also on insect prey (Poorani et al. 2023).</p> <p>The molecular phylogenetic study on Coccinellini by Escalona et al. (2017) was focused on the reconstruction of the evolution of selected morphological traits and food preferences in Coccinellini. Their analysis supports the idea of aphidophagy being the ancestral state in Coccinellini. They suggested that evolution of host preferences in Coccinellini possibly involved multiple independent host switches from different insect orders to fungal spores and plant tissue and that prey diversification and switch to pollinivory, herbivory, mycophagy or predation on non-aphid hosts during periods of low aphid abundance in Coccinellini probably played a major role in their evolution.</p> <p>Key to the genera of Coccinellini of Indian mainland</p> <p>(Note. Schematic illustrations / photos of the major diagnostic characters used in the key are given in Figs 7–12).</p> <p>1. Dorsum with distinct, short and dense pubescence, ground colour reddish with black maculae on pronotum and elytra (Fig. 2a, b). Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete with an oblique associated line (Figs 7b, 11e, f, k, m, p). Distributed in the Himalayas (Sikkim) and Pakistan, rarely collected............................................................ Singhikalia</p> <p>- Dorsum always glabrous, coloration variable (Fig. 1a–h). Abdominal postcoxal lines complete (Fig. 11l) or incomplete, with (Fig. 11e, f, k, m, p) or without (Fig. 11g –j, n, o) an oblique associated line. Distribution variable...................... 2</p> <p>2. Mandibles apically bifid with ventral tooth / incisor edge having a row of small teeth (Fig. 9g). Anterior clypeal margin without distinct lateral projections or only barely produced. Antenna much longer than head width, with a loosely segmented club (Fig. 9e). Coloration predominantly yellow or creamy yellow with other patterns....................................... 3</p> <p>- Mandibles large, apically bifid with a sclerotized basal mola bearing a prominent tooth (Fig. 9h, i). Anterior clypeal margin with distinct lateral projections (Fig. 9b–d). Antennal length and coloration variable.................................... 6</p> <p>3. Terminal maxillary palpomere greatly transverse (Fig. 10m). Adults bright lemon yellow or creamy yellow, usually with and rarely without a pair of black spots on pronotum (Fig. 1f................................................... Illeis</p> <p>- Terminal maxillary palpomere less strongly transverse (Fig. 9f). Adult coloration variable............................ 4</p> <p>4. Adult very small (2.5 mm or less), creamy yellow, elytra with 18 black spots.Anterior margin of pronotum shallowly emarginate, covering only posterior half of eyes............................................................... Psyllobora</p> <p>- Adult much larger (4.0 mm or longer), coloration and elytral pattern variable. Anterior margin of pronotum more or less straight, almost fully covering eyes....................................................................... 5</p> <p>5. Male genitalia with parameres bilobed with a distinct subapical lobe, both lobes densely setose; penis capsule with inner process much reduced. Spermatheca c-shaped with distinct nodulus and ramus............................. Macroilleis</p> <p>- Male genitalia with normal parameres, penis capsule with inner and outer processes almost subequal and distinct. Spermatheca c-shaped with nodulus and ramus distinct but produced to a lesser degree.................................... Halyzia</p> <p>6. Size small (2.5–3.0 mm), orange- or yellow-coloured adults with black maculae. Anterior margin of prosternum medially prominent, forming a chin piece; prosternal intercoxal process at a distinctly elevated plane and carinate. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete without an associated line. Distribution restricted to northeastern India, Myanmar, Southeast Asia...................................................................................................... Protothea</p> <p>- Size larger (&gt;3.0 mm), coloration variable. Anterior margin of prosternum not forming a chin piece; prosternal intercoxal process normal, T-shaped, with or without carinae. Abdominal postcoxal line complete or incomplete, with or without an associated line. Distribution variable...................................................................... 7</p> <p>7. Form elongate oval, dorsum weakly to only moderately convex. Anterior margin of pronotum weakly excavated. Abdominal postcoxal lines complete and shallowly semicircular or absent. Legs long, distinctly projecting beyond outer margin of elytra. Tarsal claws double and cleft near apical one-third (Fig. 11r).......................................... Hippodamia</p> <p>- Form broadly round, oval or elongate oval, dorsum moderately to strongly convex. Anterior margin of pronotum more strongly excavated. Abdominal postcoxal lines always present, complete or incomplete, with or without an associate line. Legs not unusually long. Tarsal claws appendiculate (Fig. 11u, v) or apically split (Fig. 11t), or almost simple (Fig. 11q, s)......... 8</p> <p>8. Scutellar shield small to very small (about 1/15 times as broad as elytra at shoulders or less), triangular................. 9</p> <p>- Scutellar shield regular triangular or broader, transverse triangular, not very small (at least 1/10 times as broad as elytral width at shoulders or wider)................................................................................. 11</p> <p>9. Form distinctly elongate oval. Antenna much longer than width of head capsule. Elytral epipleuron narrow. Prosternal intercoxal process narrow, without carinae (Fig. 11a). Mesoventrite anteriorly barely emarginate. Mid- and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs (Fig. 11d). Distributed mainly in the colder parts of northwestern India, Himalayas, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan. Adalia</p> <p>- Form broadly rounded or oval.Antenna shorter than or at most only slightly longer than width of head capsule. Elytral epipleuron distinctly broader. Prosternal intercoxal process broader, with (Fig. 11b) or without carinae (Fig. 11a). Mesoventrite anteriorly distinctly but shallowly emarginate. Mid- and hind tibiae lacking apical spurs (Fig. 11c). Widely distributed............ 10</p> <p>10. Form circular. Prosternal intercoxal process without carinae. Spermatheca vermiform without well differentiated cornu, nodulus and ramus..................................................................................... Anegleis</p> <p>- Form broad or elongate oval to almost circular. Prosternal intercoxal process with a pair of carinae. Spermatheca not vermiform, with regular c-shaped cornu but ramus and nodulus often not well demarcated.............................. Micraspis</p> <p>11. Antenna short, scape greatly enlarged and club spindle shaped, distinctly shorter than width of head capsule (Fig. 10e). Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete with an associated oblique line. Male genitalia with penis apex thread-like and very long. Female genitalia with a very long, intricately coiled sperm duct................................... Cheilomenes</p> <p>- Antenna distinctly longer than width of head capsule, scape not unusually enlarged (Fig. 10b, d, i). Abdominal postcoxal lines complete or incomplete with or without an associated line. Male genitalia with penis apex not thread-like, modified otherwise. Female genitalia with sperm duct not unusually long or coiled................................................. 12</p> <p>12. Medium to large adults (7–15 mm) with explanate elytral margins. Elytral base distinctly much broader than pronotum... 13</p> <p>- Medium to small adults (usually &lt;7 mm), with or without explanate elytral margins. Elytral base not unusually broader than pronotum........................................................................................... 18</p> <p>13. Anterior clypeal margin semicircularly emarginate between lateral projections. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete with an associated line....................................................................................... 14</p> <p>- Anterior clypeal margin straight between lateral projections. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete without an associated line................................................................................................... 16</p> <p>14. Medium sized adults (6.5–8.0 mm long), elytra with a prominent marginal bead. Head and pronotum fully or partially orange-yellow to reddish, elytra fully black (Fig. 1g). Spermatheca with a well-developed ramus but much reduced nodulus. Synona</p> <p>- Large adults (9.0 mm– 15 mm long), elytra without a marginal bead. Coloration variable. Spermatheca with ramus much reduced, nodulus elongate tubular and snout-like........................................................... 15</p> <p>15. Pronotum with steep and almost straight lateral sides, antero- and posterolateral corners acutely angulate. Spermatheca with a tubular and straight nodulus. Distributed in northwestern and eastern Himalayas, Pakistan; rarely collected...... Palaeoneda</p> <p>- Pronotum with strongly rounded sides, posterolateral corners rounded. Spermatheca with a tubular but distinctly curved nodulus. Distributed in northwestern and northeastern India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan; more commonly collected................................................................................................... Aiolocaria</p> <p>16. Form broad around middle of elytra and distinctly narrower towards both ends. Ground colour bright carmine red with black maculae on pronotum and elytra. Sides of pronotum steep but gradually narrowed towards anterior, widest at posterior margin, posterolateral corners broadly rounded. Distribution restricted to northwestern and eastern Himalayas........... Callicaria</p> <p>- Form broad oval to almost circular. Ground colour reddish or orange-yellow with black maculae. Sides and anterolateral corners of pronotum rounded. Distributed more widely, commonly associated with bamboo aphids.................... 17</p> <p>17. Tarsal claws stout, double and apically split (Fig. 11t)................................................ Synonycha</p> <p>- Tarsal claws appendiculate (Fig. 11u, v).......................................................... Megalocaria</p> <p>18. Prothoracic hypomera with distinct foveae near anterolateral corners (Fig. 8c).................................... 19</p> <p>- Prothoracic hypomera without foveae near anterolateral corners............................................... 23</p> <p>19. Male genitalia with penis consisting of more than one sclerite, one basal and a smaller apical piece, distinctly separated by membranes......................................................................................... 20</p> <p>- Male genitalia with penis not having more than one sclerite, with a distinct capsule and a modified apex............... 21</p> <p>20. Form broadly rounded. Ground colour bright lemon yellow to creamy yellow, pronotum with a pair of black spots, elytra with 10 large, black maculae. Anterolateral corners of pronotum sinuate / weakly emarginate before apex. Male genitalia with penis guide distinctly shorter than parameres. Distribution restricted to Himalayas and North-eastern India, Nepal and Bhutan.................................................................................................. Alloneda</p> <p>- Form broad oval to almost circular. Color pattern variable, not as above. Anterolateral corners of pronotum normally rounded, rarely sinuate before apex. Male genitalia with penis guide usually elongate and as long as parameres. Widely distributed............................................................................................... Coelophora</p> <p>21. Form broad to elongate oval. Female genitalia with spermatheca having distinct but short nodulus and ramus, infundibulum distinctly sclerotized. Distribution restricted to NE India, Nepal, Bhutan.................................. Microcaria</p> <p>- Form elongate oval to almost circular. Female genitalia with spermatheca not having well differentiated nodulus and ramus, infundibulum less prominent. Widely distributed........................................................... 22</p> <p>22. Form broadly rounded, dorsum strongly convex. Eyes large, narrowly separated with strongly divergent inner margins, interocular distance about one-third as wide as head including eyes, ocular canthus narrow and deep. Mesoventrite usually with a short longitudinal median carina not reaching beyond middle. Middle and hind tibiae without apical spurs (Fig. 11c). Female genitalia with coxites having distinct styli (Fig. 12a)................................................. Phrynocaria</p> <p>- Form distinctly more elongate oval, dorsum only moderately convex. Eyes smaller, more broadly separated with inner margins subparallel, ocular canthus moderately deep. Mesoventrite without a median carina. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs (Fig. 11d). Female genitalia with coxites having reduced and barely visible styli......................... Propylea</p> <p>23. Tibial spurs absent. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete laterally, usually with an oblique, curved associated line connected at its end (Fig. 11f); antenna short with a compact, broad club, terminal antennomere expanded, strongly transverse (Fig. 10c).............................................................................................. Harmonia</p> <p>- Tibial spurs present. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete with an associated line distinctly separated from basal line (Fig. 11 m, p) or incomplete without associated line (Fig. 11g –j, n, o). Antenna variable................................... 24</p> <p>24. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete with an oblique associated line distinctly separated from basal line (Fig. 11m, p).... 25</p> <p>- Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete without an associated line, occasionally very short (Fig. 11g, n)................. 26</p> <p>25. Form elongate oval. Head black, always with a pair of yellow or white frontal spots. Mesoventrite anteriorly barely emarginate. Female genitalia with spermatheca always having wart-like projections in the proximal half. Male genitalia with penis capsule usually very large............................................................................. Coccinella</p> <p>- Form usually broad oval to almost circular. Head yellow or black, without frontal spots. Mesoventrite distinctly but shallowly emarginate anteriorly. Female genitalia with spermatheca differentiated into a nodulus and often elongate and distally bulbous ramus, and a sclerotized infundibulum, without wart-like projections. Male genitalia with penis capsule regular, not unusually large......................................................................................... Oenopia</p> <p>26. Eyes small, widely separated, interocular distance about 3x as wide as an eye (Fig. 9a). Antenna with a compact club, terminal antennomere distinctly transverse and quadrate (Fig. 10g). Terminal maxillary palpomere elongate securiform. Prosternal process without carinae. Abdominal postcoxal line apically recurved and incomplete. Tarsal claws simple (Fig. 11q) or almost simple, at most with a slight median projection (Fig. 11s). Female genitalia without infundibulum................ Bulaea</p> <p>- Eyes much larger, interocular distance less than thrice eye width, with inner margins usually strongly divergent at both ends. Antenna long and loosely jointed, terminal antennomere elongate oval. Terminal maxillary palpomere regular securiform. Prosternal process with carinae. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, parallel to posterior margin of ventrite 1, occasionally very short. Elytra often with deep, distinctly dual punctation. Tarsal claws appendiculate. Female genitalia with infundibulum............................................................................................... Calvia</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621453462EBDDF343AFA51FCA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621441462EBDDF35B1FBEDF939.text	03C741621441462EBDDF35B1FBEDF939.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adalia Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Adalia Mulsant</p> <p>Idalia Mulsant, 1846: 44. Type species: Coccinella bipunctata Linnaeus, 1758 (junior homonym), designated by Crotch 1874: 99.</p> <p>Adalia Mulsant, 1846: addenda et errata [p. 2] (replacement name); Gordon 1985: 776; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 429; Pope 1989: 648; Poorani 2002a: 320.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form elongate to short oval, dorsum weakly to moderately convex, glabrous. Anterior clypeal margin straight between lateral projections. Antenna short with a compact, three-segmented club. Scutellar shield small, triangular. Prothoracic hypomeron without foveae on anterolateral corners. Prosternal intercoxal process smooth, slightly convex, with weak lateral ridge extending anteriorly as far as anterior margin of coxa, not carinate. Anterior margin of mesoventrite barely emarginate, almost truncate. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. Abdominal postcoxal line complete or nearly so, lacking an associate oblique line. Female genitalia with a conspicuous infundibulum.</p> <p>Distribution. There are over 35 species of Adalia distributed worldwide (Gordon 1985) and six species are known from the Palaearctic region (Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included Adalia in the Cycloneda -group of genera in their phylogenetic analysis and none of the other genera in this group is found in the Indian region.</p> <p>Included species. This genus is represented by three species in the Indian subcontinent- Adalia simmondsi Kapur &amp; Sudha Rao, A. tetraspilota (Hope) and A. bipunctata (Linnaeus). All of them are confined to the coldest parts of north, northwestern and eastern Himalayan region of India and Pakistan.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621441462EBDDF35B1FBEDF939	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621441462CBDDF308FFBEFFD1E.text	03C741621441462CBDDF308FFBEFFD1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus)</p> <p>(Fig. 13)</p> <p>Coccinella bipunctata Linnaeus, 1758: 364 (Lectotype female, LSL; Type locality: ‘In Europae’).</p> <p>Idalia bipunctata: Mulsant 1846: 51.</p> <p>Adalia bipunctata: Mulsant 1846: Addenda et errata [second]; Crotch 1874: 102; Korschefsky 1932: 385; Iablokoff-Khnozorian 1982: 438; Gordon 1985: 780; Pope 1989: 649; Poorani 2002a: 320; Ren et al. 2009: 170–171; Ślipiński 2007: 146; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 15.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.50–5.50 mm; width: 3.30–4.20 mm. Form (Fig. 13a, b) elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous. Head black with a semicircular creamy yellow area on either side of inner margins of eyes. Pronotum creamy yellow with a black M-shaped median marking. Scutellar shield black. Eltyra reddish, each with a median black spot. Ventral side black except prothoracic hypomeron, epipleura and lateral parts of abdominal ventrites yellowish; legs black. Male genitalia (Fig. 13c–f) and spermatheca (Fig. 13g) as illustrated. Highly polymorphic with numerous colour forms.</p> <p>Distribution. Pakistan (Rafi et al. 2005; Khan et al. 2007). Specimens collected from mainland India have not been examined, but it is presumed to be present in the colder reaches of the northwestern region. This is a Holarctic species, introduced in Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Australia (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Feeds on Adelges joshii (Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider) and Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) as reported in Pakistan (Rafi et al. 2010); and wheat aphids infesting Triticum aestivum and T. alexanderium (Khan et al. 2007).</p> <p>Notes. Adalia tetraspilota (Hope) occasionally has two-spotted elytra and it is often misidentified as A. bipunctata. See Ślipiński et al. (2020) for a detailed description of A. bipunctata.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621441462CBDDF308FFBEFFD1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621444462BBDDF36EBFD8AFC67.text	03C741621444462BBDDF36EBFD8AFC67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adalia simmondsi Kapur & Sudha Rao	<div><p>Adalia simmondsi Kapur &amp; Sudha Rao</p> <p>(Fig. 14)</p> <p>Adalia simmondsi Kapur &amp; Sudha Rao, 1962: 49–51 (Holotype male, ZSIK; Type locality: Kalatop Forest, Chamba, Himachal Pradesh); Poorani 2002a: 320.</p> <p>Adalia puetzi Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1986: 80 (Holotype male, Institute de Zoologie, Yerevan; Type locality: NW Murree, Pakistan). New synonym.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.80–4.30 mm; width: 2.60–2.80 mm. Form (Fig. 14a) elongate oval, weakly convex. Head yellowish testaceous, with a black marking covering most of middle and lateral sides. Pronotum pale yellowish to ochreous, with at least 5 and a maximum of 11 black maculae of varying size and shape, sometimes fused to form larger markings. Scutellar shield light yellowish brown or with darker borders. Elytra uniformly pale ochreous to yellowish brown, elytral punctation somewhat coarse, clearly dual and dense. Ventral side more or less dark pitchy brown, except outer half of prothoracic hypomeron, elytral epipleura and posterior abdominal ventrites pale ochreous to yellowish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 14c–e) and spermatheca (Fig. 14b) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution: India: Northwestern Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh). It appears to be endemic to this region and extremely rare.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Adelgidae: Adelges spp. on silver fir (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during July, November, and January, in northwestern India (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Adalia puetzi Iablokoff-Khnzorian (new synonym) is conspecific with this species and the specimens identified by Dr Roger Booth as A. puetzi in the collections of BMNH (examined) match A. simmondsi and in both, elytral punctation is somewhat coarse, clearly dual and dense and the interspaces are not smooth and shiny as in A. bipunctata and A. tetraspilota. In general, A. simmondsi appears to be smaller in size and museum specimens are dull yellow. Kovář (2007: 605) wrongly listed it as a synonym of A. tetraspilota (Hope). Kapur &amp; Sudha Rao (1962) described it in detail with illustrations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621444462BBDDF36EBFD8AFC67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214444629BDDF3231FBD3F855.text	03C7416214444629BDDF3231FBD3F855.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adalia tetraspilota (Hope)	<div><p>Adalia tetraspilota (Hope)</p> <p>(Figs 15–17)</p> <p>Coccinella tetraspilota Hope, 1831: 31 (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality: Nepal).</p> <p>Adalia tetraspilota: Crotch 1874: 101; Korschefsky 1932: 434; Poorani 2002a: 320.</p> <p>Adalia (Adalia) tetraspilota: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 436.</p> <p>Adalia hopii Mulsant, 1850: 57. Incorrect replacement name for A. tetraspilota Hope (Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 356).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.38–4.90 mm; width: 3.18–3.65 mm. Form (Figs 15a–i, 16a, 17g) elongate oval, moderately convex. Head black with two oblique, creamy yellow spots, adjacent to inner margins of eyes; antennal canthus yellow. Pronotum black, lateral sides creamy yellow and anterior margin transparent. Elytra orange yellow to red, with two pairs of black spots arranged in a shallow arc just before middle, outer pair usually larger than inner pair. Elytral pattern highly variable (Fig. 15a–i), spots variously fused or reduced. Ventral side black or dark brown, except lateral margins and apical ventrites of abdomen lighter yellowish brown and elytral epipleura yellow. Abdominal postcoxal line complete. Male genitalia (Figs 15m –o, 16b–e), and spermatheca (Fig. 15p) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Life stages as illustrated (Fig. 17).</p> <p>Distribution. India: North and northwestern regions (Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Pakistan; Nepal; Afghanistan; China.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Adelgidae: Adelges spp.; Aphididae: Aphis craccivora Koch, A. fabae Scopoli, A. pomi De Geer, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (as H. arundinis auctt.), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Kaltenbach), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and Pemphigus sp.; Diaspididae: Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock); Pyralidae: Dioryctria abietella (Denis &amp; Schifferm̧ller) in Pakistan (Irshad 2001).</p> <p>A high-altitude species, commonly associated with Adelges sp. and other adelgids infesting conifers, and aphids on apple, plum, poplar, rose, cabbage, mustard, cauliflower, Salix sp. and Urtica dioica. Immature stages commonly associated with aphids on Prunus cornuta, Populus ciliata, Cirsium sp., and Viburnum cotinifolium (Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972). Collected on cotton (label data). Collected on fig, walnut, akk plant, mulberry, wheat and maize (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during late March–November (particularly active during April–July in northwestern region). Adults hibernate in winter. In Kashmir, adults were observed to emerge in May and started overwintering in October (Maqbool et al. 2020). It has three generations in a year in Pakistan (Irshad et al. 2001). Joshi et al. (2012) studied its predatory potential on green peach aphid.</p> <p>Natural enemy. Oomyzus scaposus (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).</p> <p>Notes. A commonly collected variant of A. tetraspilota has only two elytral spots and is usually misidentified as A. bipunctata. Rahman &amp; Khan’s (1941) report of Adalia bipunctata (L.) from Punjab as a predator of E. lanigerum and B. helichrysi probably involved A. tetraspilota. Bielawski (1963b) illustrated the male genitalia of A. tetraspilota. Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani (1972) studied its biology on adelgids and described the immature stages with illustrations. Sharma &amp; Verma (1993) studied its seasonal occurrence and predatory potential.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214444629BDDF3231FBD3F855	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214784617BDDF36EBFC13FCEA.text	03C7416214784617BDDF36EBFC13FCEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aiolocaria Crotch	<div><p>Genus Aiolocaria Crotch</p> <p>Aiolocaria Crotch, 1871: 6. Type species: Coccinella hexaspilota Hope, 1831, by subsequent designation of Crotch 1871: 6.</p> <p>Ithone Solsky, 1872: 276 (preoccupied). Type species: Leis mirabilis Motschulsky, 1860, by monotypy.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form large and round, dorsum strongly convex, glabrous. Anterior margin of clypeus medially distinctly and semicircularly emarginate (Fig. 18b). Antenna (Fig. 18a) distinctly longer than interocular width; first antennomere nearly as wide as long, with the anterior half forming a semicircular projection, antennomere 9 as broad as long, antennomere 10 strongly transverse and the terminal antennomere nearly as long as wide with an obliquely truncate apex. Pronotum with sides strongly rounded, anterior margin trapezoidally excavated. Elytra laterally broadly expanded and not marginated. Prothoracic hypomeron depressed along sides. Prosternal process carinate, anterior margin of mesoventrite medially shallowly emarginate. Middle and hind tibiae of legs with a pair of apical spurs. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, with an associated lateral oblique line (Fig. 18c). Epipleuron deeply curved, weakly foveolate on level with middle and hind legs. Coxites (Fig. 19e) as illustrated.</p> <p>Affinities. In the phylogenetic analysis by Tomaszewska et al. (2021), Aiolocaria was included under the Coccinella- group of genera and formed a well-supported sister group with Synona Pope. Morphologically, Aiolocaria showed a sister relationship with another Oriental genus, Palaeoneda. In all these three genera, the anterior clypeal margin is distinctly concave and in Palaeoneda and Aiolocaria, the spermatheca has a long and tubular nodulus.</p> <p>Distribution. Mainly Oriental and parts of the Palaearctic region.</p> <p>Included species. This genus is monotypic and the type species, Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope), is distributed in the northwestern and eastern parts of India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bhutan.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214784617BDDF36EBFC13FCEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214784614BDDF35BFFCBAFEFE.text	03C7416214784614BDDF35BFFCBAFEFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope 1831)	<div><p>Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope)</p> <p>(Figs 18, 19)</p> <p>Coccinella hexaspilota Hope, 1831: 31 (Lectotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Nepal).</p> <p>Caria sexspilota: Mulsant 1850: 235; 1866: 168.</p> <p>Aiolocaria hexaspilota: Crotch 1874: 178.</p> <p>Aeolocaria hexaspilota: Barovsky 1928: 232.</p> <p>Aiolocaria hexaspilota: Korschefsky 1932: 277; Poorani 2002a: 320; Ren et al. 2009: 170–171; Yu 2010: 136.</p> <p>Leis mirabilis Motschulsky, 1860: 246 (Type locality: Amur / Russia); Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1972: 165.</p> <p>Aiolocaria mirabilis: Korschefsky 1932: 277; Sasaji 1971: 297.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 9.50–12.00 mm; width: 8.00– 9.50 mm. Form (Fig. 19a, b) subrounded, convex. Head black with a median, three-pronged subtriangular yellow-orange marking on frons. Pronotum black, lateral sides white or pale yellow, posterior half with narrow black margin. Elytra black with red markings (Fig. 19a) or orange to bright reddish with black markings (Fig. 19b), or sometimes entirely black. Ventral side black except anterior half of prothoracic hypomeron yellowish, inner half of elytral epipleura and lateral margins of abdominal ventrites yellowish, elytral epipleura red. Antenna yellowish brown, apically darker. Abdominal postcoxal line (Figs 18c, 19c) incomplete with an oblique associated line. Abdominal ventrite 5 in male truncate, ventrite 6 gently emarginate. Spermatheca (Figs 18f, 19d) with a very long, protruding nodulus. Male genitalia (Figs 18d, e, 19f–i) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Himalayas; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; China; Japan; Korean peninsula; Far Eastern Russia.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. It is one of the largest coccinellids of the region and is known to feed on the eggs, grubs and pupae of chrysomelids on apple, willow, walnut (Juglans mandshurica), Alnus nepalensis, Salix alba, Quercus incana, and Quercus dilatata. It is apparently arboreal in its habits and associated with mixed-coniferous and broad-leaved forests, forest agrocoenoses and orchards (Kuznetsov 1997). Maqbool et al. (2020) reported it as feeding on A. pomi and scales in the apple orchards of Kashmir. Phaloura et al. (1992) and Kuznetsov (1997) studied its biology (as A. mirabilis).</p> <p>Known host records are as follows: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelina (as Linaeidea) chlorina Maulik, Gastrolina depressa Baly, Gastrolina pallipes Chen, Gastrolina peltoidea (Gebler), Gastrolina thoracica Baly, Melasoma adamsi Baly, Melasoma populi (Linnaeus), Melasoma vigintipunctata (Scopoli), Podontia lutea (Olivier); Erebidae: Hyphantria cunea (Drury); Diaspididae: Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock).</p> <p>Found feeding on scale insects on walnut trees and other wild vegetation in Pakistan (Khan et al., 2006).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during June–August and October–November (label data). In Kashmir, adults were observed to emerge in May and started overwintering in September (Maqbool et al. 2020). Active during May–August on willow trees (Kundoo 2019).</p> <p>Notes. Sasaji (1971), Kuznetsov (1997), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) have provided detailed descriptions and illustrations of the habitus, immature stages and the genitalia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214784614BDDF35BFFCBAFEFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162147B4614BDDF37CAFCAEFB42.text	03C74162147B4614BDDF37CAFCAEFB42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alloneda Iablokoff-Khnzorian	<div><p>Genus Alloneda Iablokoff-Khnzorian</p> <p>Alloneda Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979: 49, 63.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella dodecaspilota Hope, 1831 (as Coccinella dodecastigma (sic) Hope), by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Size medium to large, form broadly circular, dorsum hemispherical, strongly convex and glabrous. Anterior clypeal margin (Fig. 20c) straight between lateral projections. Antenna (Fig. 20b) 11-segmented, antennomere 1 enlarged in anterior half, antennomere 2 quadrate, 3–8 longer than broad, 9 little longer than wide, 10 transverse and terminal antennomere apically obliquely truncate. Pronotum with sides strongly rounded and slightly sinuate adjacent to anterolateral angles. Prothoracic hypomeron deeply foveate at anterior inner corners. Prosternal carinae (Fig. 20e) reaching up to middle of prosternal process, apically divergent. Anterior margin of mesoventrite (Fig. 20e) with a deep, V-shaped median emargination. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 20d) incomplete. Elytral epipleura deeply foveate on level with hind coxae, inner carinae reaching elytral apex. Male genitalia with penis consisting of more than one sclerite that are distinctly separated by membranes.</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) grouped Alloneda in the Synonycha -group of genera in their phylogenetic analysis. In their study, Alloneda formed a well-defined and supported clade with Coelophora Mulsant (part) and Propylea and shared many morphological similarities with Coelophora (part). Particularly, the male genitalia in Alloneda are similar to those of Coelophora in general and the lateral sides of the pronotum are slightly sinuate near the anterolateral angles in Alloneda and some species of Coelophora (e.g., Coelophora duvaucelii and C. decemguttata).</p> <p>Distribution. Asia (Indian Subcontinent; Southeast Asia. China).</p> <p>Included species. Only Alloneda dodecaspilota (Hope) is known from this region at present. Yu (1998) provided a generic diagnosis and a key to the known species of Alloneda.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162147B4614BDDF37CAFCAEFB42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162147B4611BDDF3356FEABFD82.text	03C74162147B4611BDDF3356FEABFD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alloneda dodecaspilota (Hope)	<div><p>Alloneda dodecaspilota (Hope)</p> <p>(Figs 20, 21)</p> <p>Coccinella 12-spilota Hope, 1831: 31 (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality: Nepal).</p> <p>Caria duodecimspilota: Mulsant 1850: 236; 1866: 172.</p> <p>Aiolocaria dodecaspilota: Crotch 1874: 178; Korschefsky 1932: 277; Kapur 1963a: 26.</p> <p>Palaeoneda dodecaspilota: Mader 1934: 302.</p> <p>Alloneda dodecaspilota: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 44; 1982: 252; Poorani 2002a: 321; Ren et al. 2009: 172.</p> <p>Alloneda dodecastigma (sic): Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 63.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.50–8.00 mm; width: 5.70–7. mm. Form (Fig. 20a) broadly circular, dorsum hemispherical, strongly convex. In live adults, ground colour bright lemon yellow with prominent black spots on pronotum and elytra (Fig. 21b–f), ventral side yellow except apical half of meso-and metaventrites and abdomen black. Head, pronotum and elytra with characteristic, strongly microreticulate sculpture between punctures. Posterior margin of ventrite 5 in female sinuate and produced medially backwards. Male genitalia (Fig. 20g –i) as illustrated; female genitalia with sperm duct originating below apex, ventrally on bursa, spermatheca (Fig. 20f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal; Tibet; Myanmar; Thailand; China.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. All known hosts are aphids and include Macrosiphoniella artemisiae (Boyer de Fonscolombe), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Taoia indica (Ghosh &amp; Raychaudhuri), and Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh; found on Alnus nitida and Juglans regia; occasionally found in oak (Quercus serrata) farms (Singh and Singh, 1985).</p> <p>Devi (1989) recorded it as a predator of aphids infesting oak in Nagaland, particularly Eutrichosiphum dubium (van der Goot) (as Holotrichosiphon dubius) on Quercus dealbata and Cervaphis quercus Takahashi on Quercus serrata.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Active during May–July, October–December in north and northeastern India (Singh &amp; Singh 1985; Devi 1989).</p> <p>Notes. Kapur (1963a) recorded it from the Himalayas (Sikkim). Miyatake (1985) and Ren et al. (2009) illustrated the male genitalia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162147B4611BDDF3356FEABFD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162147E4611BDDF3416FDFAFBC8.text	03C74162147E4611BDDF3416FDFAFBC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anatis Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Anatis Mulsant</p> <p>Anatis Mulsant, 1846: 133.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella ocellata Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form broad oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Anterior margin of clypeus straight between lateral projections. Prosternum with anterior margin distinctly sinuate and triangularly produced medially, intercoxal process without carinae. Mesoventrite with anterior margin medially distinctly emarginate. Elytral suture with small excavation bearing a brush of short hairs before apex. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete. Middle and hind tarsi with a pair of apical spurs.</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included Anatis as a morphologically well-defined and clearly supported genus in the Synonycha- group of genera.</p> <p>Distribution. Distributed in the Holarctic, Palaearctic and Nearctic regions (Gordon 1985; Kuznetsov 1997).</p> <p>Included species. Anatis ocellata (Linnaeus), a well-known Palaearctic species, is the only species known from Indian Subcontinent (from Pakistan).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162147E4611BDDF3416FDFAFBC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162147E4611BDDF32D9FCCAF918.text	03C74162147E4611BDDF32D9FCCAF918.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anatis ocellata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Anatis ocellata (Linnaeus)</p> <p>(Fig. 22)</p> <p>Coccinella ocellata Linnaeus, 1758: 366 (Type locality: Europe).</p> <p>Anatis ocellata: Jacobson 1916: 986; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 304; Kuznetsov 1997: 204; Poorani 2002a: 321; Ren et al. 2009: 174.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 8.00–9.00 mm; width: 6.00–7.00 mm. Head black with a pair of creamy white spots. Pronotum creamy white with a large, M-shaped median black macula and two smaller ones on lateral sides. Scutellar shield black. Elytra reddish to yellowish with black spots surrounded by characteristic halos (Fig. 22). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. Pakistan; China; Korean Peninsula; Europe.</p> <p>Notes. This is one of the popular Palaearctic species of Coccinellini with the elytra having spots surrounded by distinct halos. Genitalia illustrated by Ren et al. (2009).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162147E4611BDDF32D9FCCAF918	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162147E4610BDDF30A9FD80FE6E.text	03C74162147E4610BDDF30A9FD80FE6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anegleis Iablokoff-Khnzorian	<div><p>Genus Anegleis Iablokoff-Khnzorian</p> <p>Anegleis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982: 295.</p> <p>Type species: Verania cardoni Weise, 1892, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form circular, dorsum strongly convex, shiny and glabrous. Anterior clypeal margin straight between lateral projections. Head (Figs 23a, 24b) with widely separated eyes, interocular distance more than twice eye width. Antenna (Fig. 24d) slightly shorter than width of head, 11-segmented with a three-segmented club. Terminal maxillary palpomere securiform (Fig. 24c). Labium with terminal labial palpomere tubular and much less broader than penultimate palpomere (Fig. 24e). Scutellar shield small. Prothoracic hypomeron not foveate. Prosternal carinae absent. Mesoventrite anteriorly distinctly but shallowly emarginate. Epipleuron with inner carina not reaching apex (Fig. 24g). Tibial spurs absent. Abdominal postcoxal line (Figs 23b, 24f) incomplete, not recurved, running parallel to posterior margin of ventrite 1. Female genitalia with a vermiform spermatheca not differentiated into nodulus, ramus and cornu (Fig. 23e, f), coxite (Fig. 24h) as illustrated; infundibulum present.</p> <p>Distribution. Oriental region (South and Southeast Asia).</p> <p>Affinities. It is closely related to Micraspis and Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included Anegleis, Micraspis and Protothea in the Coccinella- group of genera in their phylogenetic analysis.</p> <p>Included species. Monotypic genus, known by its type species, A. cardoni (Weise), a very pretty lady beetle widely distributed in the Indian region.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162147E4610BDDF30A9FD80FE6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162147F461CBDDF30B4FBECFE74.text	03C74162147F461CBDDF30B4FBECFE74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anegleis cardoni (Weise)	<div><p>Anegleis cardoni (Weise)</p> <p>(Figs 23–25)</p> <p>Verania cardoni Weise, 1892: 19 (Holotype, ZMB; Type locality: ‘Chota-Nagpore’-Mandar).</p> <p>Coelophora cardoni: Gorham 1894a: 202; 1894b: 209.</p> <p>Micraspis cardoni: Timberlake 1943: 27.</p> <p>Anegleis cardoni: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 295; Poorani 2002a: 321.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.50–3.75 mm; width: 3.25–3.50 mm. Form (Figs 24a, 25g –i) round, strongly convex. Ground colour pale creamy yellow. Head (Fig. 23a) yellow, posteriorly blackish. Pronotum with a pair of triangular markings on posterior margin and a pair of small, transverse markings in the middle. Scutellar shield very small, triangular and black. Each elytron with a pair of thin black stripes, outer one anteriorly bent towards suture and inner one posteriorly bent towards lateral margin and a small circular spot near apex; suture with a black stripe; lateral margins of elytra very narrowly black. Ventral side uniform pale yellow. Posterior margin of ventrite 5 in female medially slightly produced, that of ventrite 6 arcuate, a transverse sclerotized projection present beneath ventrite 6; posterior margin of ventrite 6 in male emarginate. Spermatheca vermiform (Fig. 23e, f). Male genitalia (Figs 23g –k, 24i–k) as illustrated. It is externally strikingly similar to Phrynocaria perrotetti (Mulsant) and can be separated from it by the much smaller scutellum, elytral pattern and the absence of prosternal carinae.</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs (Fig. 25a) yellowish and spindle shaped. Larva (Fig. 25b–d) dark purplish brown to pitchy brown with creamy white or pale yellowish spots. Pupa (Fig. 25e, f) reddish brown to pinkish with pale yellow or whitish markings.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Widely distributed (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh); Sri Lanka; Pakistan.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Predaceous on aphids, mealybugs, scales, whiteflies, eggs and immature stages of Lepidoptera. Known hosts are as follows: Aleyrodidae: Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell); Aphididae: Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi), Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe, and Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy); Coccoidea: Coccidohystrix insolita (Green), Lecanium sp., Megapulvinaria maxima (Green), Monophlebus sp., Orthezia sp., Parasaissetia (as Saissetia) nigra (Nietner), Planococcus citri (Risso), Pseudococcus sp., Pulvinaria psidii Maskell, Pulvinaria sp., Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (as S. hemisphaerica (Targioni Tozzetti)), green mealy scale on coffee shade trees; Lophopidae: Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker); Psyllidae: Diaphorina citri Kuwayama; Lycaenidae: Chilades lajus (Stoll); Papilionidae: Papilio demoleus Linnaeus; Araneae: Olios (as Sparassus) lamarcki (Latreille).</p> <p>Frequently associated with whitefly infestations on Cassia siamea, and guava. Collected on sandal, Pterolobium indicum, Dodonea viscosa, Canthium didymum, lantana, Zizyphus oenoplia, and Ageratum sp. (Chatterjee &amp; Bose 1933). Associated with aphids, mealybugs and scales infesting cabbage and other crucifers, brinjal, wheat, peas, tomato, Achyranthes aspera, Coccinia indica, Duranta repens, D. erecta, Zizyphus jujuba, chrysanthemum, neem, and several other plants (Afroze 2000). Collected on sunflower, sunnhemp, castor, coconut, sugarcane, and tobacco (label data). Collected on wheat, maize, berseem, walnut, potato, mulberry, and spinach (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Irshad (2001) recorded Amritodus atkinsoni, Comstockaspis perniciosa, and Pyrilla perpusilla as hosts in Pakistan. Afroze (2000) studied its biology on C. insolita and B. brassicae.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. “Passes through many generations in a year (at least six), populations are high during January–March and August–December and low during April–July in South India ” (Korschefsky 1933; Chatterjee &amp; Bose 1933). Collected almost throughout the year, particularly common during June–August in south India (label data). Common during mid-September to April in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh (Afroze 2000).</p> <p>Natural enemy. Nothoserphus mirabilis Brues (Coleoptera: Proctotrupidae) (unpublished data).</p> <p>Notes. It is one of the most common species in South India with a propensity to feed on various whiteflies, which is unusual in Coccinellini. Chatterjee &amp; Bose (1933) studied its hosts and seasonal incidence in detail.Afroze (2000) studied its bioecology and briefly described and illustrated the life stages.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162147F461CBDDF30B4FBECFE74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621473461CBDDF344FFE4EFB73.text	03C741621473461CBDDF344FFE4EFB73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulaea Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Bulaea Mulsant</p> <p>Bulaea Mulsant, 1850: 36, 69.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella lichatschovii Hummel, 1827: 43, (by subsequent designation by Crotch, 1874: 105).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form elongate oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Ground colour yellowish with black maculae on pronotum and elytra (Fig. 26a). Antenna (Figs 26b, 28b) 11-segmented with a compact three-segmented club, terminal antennomere distinctly transverse and quadrate. Terminal maxillary palpomere elongate and narrowly securiform (Figs 26c, 28d). Prosternal intercoxal process without carinae (Fig. 27d). Tarsal claws almost simple (Figs 27f, 28f), at most with only a weak medial dilation and lacking a basal tooth. Abdominal postcoxal line (Figs 26d, 27b) strongly recurved, incomplete. Female genitalia (Fig. 27g) as illustrated, spermatheca (Figs 26e, f, 27h, 28g) with a typically elongate tubular ramus and a much shorter nodulus, infundibulum absent.</p> <p>Distribution. Oriental, Palaearctic and Afro-tropical.</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included Bulaea in the Coccinella -group of genera. It was found to be paraphyletic and closely related to Anisosticta, Coccinula and Tytthaspis in their morphological analyses.</p> <p>Biology. The species of Bulaea are known to have a mixed diet and are at least partially phytophagous (Escalona et al. 2017). Bulaea lichatschovii is commonly known to feed on a mixed diet of leaves, pollen and aphids (Savoiskaya 1970, 1983).</p> <p>Included species. Two species, B. lichatschovi and B. lividula bocandei, are distributed in this region and not commonly collected.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621473461CBDDF344FFE4EFB73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621474461ABDDF36EBFF33FD6A.text	03C741621474461ABDDF36EBFF33FD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulaea lichatschovii (Hummel 1827)	<div><p>Bulaea lichatschovii (Hummel)</p> <p>(Figs 26, 27)</p> <p>Coccinella lichatschovii Hummel, 1827: 43 (Type locality: ‘Eurasia mer.’).</p> <p>Bulaea flavidula Mulsant, 1850: 73 (lectotype; UCCC).— Gordon 1987: 12 (lectotype designation). Synonymized by Crotch 1874: 105.</p> <p>Bulaea lichatschovii: Crotch, 1874: 105; Kapur &amp; Bhaumik 1966: 446; Poorani 2002a: 319; Ren et al. 2009: 178; Yu 2010: 139; Kovář 2007: 600.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.50–5.50 mm; width: 3.50–4.20 mm. Form elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Head (Fig. 27a) yellow with a pair of black spots or a larger black basal macula. Pronotum yellow with 6–7 black spots. Each elytron with nine black spots (Fig. 26a), spots of variable size, often lighter in colour or large and confluent with one another. Spermatheca (Fig. 27g, h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh); Central and West Asia; Afghanistan; Mediterranean region; North and Central Africa.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Collected on beetroot (label data). F̧rsch (1967) reported that it feeds on the pollen of Chenopodiaceae. Ozbek &amp; Cetin (1991) reported sugar beet, lentil and alfalfa as its host plants. Ali et al. (2014) recorded it as feeding on different species of aphids on wheat and mustard pollen in the deserts of Sindh Province of Pakistan, but rarely from agricultural fields. The label data of specimens of B. lichatschovii examined from Rajasthan also show Chenopodium sp. as the host plant. Iqbal et al. (2017) illustrated the colour morphs of this species in Pakistan and recorded three host plants (Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae), Artemisia vulgaris and A. maritima (Asterales: Asteraceae)).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in April (Kapur &amp; Bhaumik 1966); June–August (Iqbal et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. Kapur &amp; Bhaumik (1966) recorded it from Rajasthan and provided notes on its distribution. Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) illustrated the habitus and the genitalia from China. Iqbal et al. (2017) recorded it from Pakistan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621474461ABDDF36EBFF33FD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621475461ABDDF353EFA59F912.text	03C741621475461ABDDF353EFA59F912.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulaea lividula subsp. bocandei Mulsant	<div><p>Bulaea lividula bocandei Mulsant</p> <p>(Fig. 28)</p> <p>Bulaea bocandei Mulsant, 1850: 71, 1016 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: Senegal); Gordon, 1987: 12.</p> <p>Bulaea lividula Mulsant 1850: 1016 (Type locality: Spain).</p> <p>Bulaea lividula bocandei: Kovář 2007: 600; Poorani et al. 2017: 195.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Length: 4.60–5.40 mm; width: 3.40–4.20 mm. Form (Fig. 28a) elongate oval, broadest around shoulders of elytra; dorsum convex and glabrous. Head creamy yellow, posteriorly black. Pronotum creamy yellow with black maculae as follows: two lateral, circular spots, a pair of oblique spots around middle and a smaller, circular median spot above scutellar shield. Scutellar shield anteriorly yellow, borders and apex blackish. Elytra bright yellow with 19 black spots, a common sutural spot on scutellar shield and nine spots on each elytron arranged in a 1-2-3-2-1 pattern, first two rows of spots on anterior half, third row of spots around middle and the last two rows in posterior half, penultimate pair of spots coalesced to form a large transverse macula. Abdominal postcoxal lines (Fig. 28e) apically strongly recurved, incomplete. Tarsal claws (Fig. 28f) almost simple with a very small median bulge or projection. Male genitalia (Fig. 28h–j) and spermatheca (Fig. 28g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand); Pakistan; Africa: Eritrea; Asia: United Arab Emirates, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Jordon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen; North Africa: Algeria, Egypt and Mauritania (F̧rsch 2005; Kovář 2007; Abdel-Dayem et al. 2017)</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Found in association with a halophytic plant, Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. (Chenopodiaceae), known to be common in mangroves (Poorani et al. 2017). All the life stages of the beetle were observed on this plant and gut contents indicated pollen feeding. Abdel-Dayem et al. (2017) recorded it on Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f) Wight &amp; Arn. (Rhamnaceae).</p> <p>Note. It appears to be rarely collected. Poorani et al. (2017) redescribed it with illustrations from South India.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621475461ABDDF353EFA59F912	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214754618BDDF30A6FAA5FE86.text	03C7416214754618BDDF30A6FAA5FE86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callicaria Crotch	<div><p>Genus Callicaria Crotch</p> <p>Callicaria Crotch, 1871: 6.</p> <p>Type species: Caria superba Mulsant, 1853 (by monotypy).</p> <p>Pseudosynonycha Kurisaki, 1923: 101. Type species: Synonycha japonica Kurisaki, 1914: 443, by original designation; Sasaji 1971: 294.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Size large (13–15 mm), with a characteristic body outline broadest around the middle and narrowed towards both ends; coloration carmine red with black maculae (Fig. 29a–c).Anterior clypeal margin straight.Antenna (Fig. 29d) longer than frons, last three antennomeres forming a tight and compact club. Pronotum distinctly narrower than elytra, lateral sides slightly arcuate to almost straight, anterolateral corners sharply rectangular, posterolateral corners angulate. Scutellar shield prominent, triangular, about 1/10 th as broad as pronotum. Elytra basally distinctly wider than pronotum, lateral sides broadly explanate. Prosternal carinae present, posteriorly slightly divergent. Mesoventrite anteriorly deeply emarginate. Elytral epipleuron entire, broad, outer half distinctly inclined below. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete (Fig. 29e), reaching the posterior margin of abdominal ventrite 1. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. Tarsal claws appendiculate.</p> <p>Distribution. Mainly Oriental, also distributed in some parts of Palaearctic Asia (India; Himalayas; China; Japan; Taiwan).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Synonycha- group of genera, but it was not included in their molecular analysis.</p> <p>Included species. It is a monotypic genus known by the type species, Callicaria superba (Mulsant) with a distribution restricted to the colder parts of northwestern and northeastern regions of India, Nepal and Bhutan.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214754618BDDF30A6FAA5FE86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214774618BDDF3712FB1FFB6C.text	03C7416214774618BDDF3712FB1FFB6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callicaria superba (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>Callicaria superba (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 29)</p> <p>Caria superba Mulsant, 1853a: 159 (Type locality: “les Indes”).</p> <p>Callicaria superba: Crotch 1874: 170; Korschefsky 1932: 271; Poorani 2002a: 322; Ren et al. 2009: 178.</p> <p>Pseudosynonycha japonica Kurisaki, 1923: 104–105; Sasaji 1971: 294.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 11.00–12.00 mm; width: 9.00– 10.50 mm. Form (Fig. 29a–c) subcircular, broadest around base of elytra, narrowed in posterior half, convex. Dorsum dark blood red to orange-red, pronotum with a pair of oblong oval median black spots above basal margin on either side of scutellar shield, scutellar shield black, each elytron with seven black spots arranged in a 1-3-3 pattern (Fig. 29a, b) as follows: spot 1 on humeral callus, three spots forming a transverse line before middle, outer one reaching elytral margin, transverse, three spots at about two-thirds, forming a concave band towards apex; occasionally elytral spots coalesce, forming larger maculae (Fig. 29c). Ventral side reddish brown, except pro-, meso-and metasterna black, abdomen medially black and elytral epipleura partially black. Male genitalia (Fig. 29g, h) and spermatheca (Fig. 29f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: northeastern region (Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Himalayas; Nepal; Bhutan; China; Tibet; Taiwan; Japan.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Associated with adelgids (Adelges spp.), aphids (Aiceona litseae Basu &amp; Hille Ris Lambers, Aphis gossypii Glover, Prociphilus fraxini (Fabricius), Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh)) and psyllids (Anomoneura mori Schwarz).</p> <p>Associated with adelgids infesting silver fir, aphids associated with Litsea polyantha, Alnus nitida, Cedrus deodara, Quercus incana, Quercus serrata, Spiraea lindleyana, and Eupatorium odoratum (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during May–June, August and November in north and northeastern regions (Singh &amp; Singh 1985).</p> <p>Notes. Sasaji (1971) described this genus and species in detail. Kamoi &amp; Imata (1978) studied its life history. In Japan, Kamei (1978) studied its life history on the mulberry psyllid, Anomoneura mori Schwarz.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214774618BDDF3712FB1FFB6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214774606BDDF3340FB9FFD82.text	03C7416214774606BDDF3340FB9FFD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Calvia Mulsant</p> <p>Calvia Mulsant, 1846: 140; Crotch 1874: 143; Mader 1926: 20; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 176.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella decemguttata Linnaeus, 1758: 367, by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874.</p> <p>Anisocalvia Crotch, 1871: 329; Casey 1899: 96. Type species: Coccinella quatuordecimguttata (L.) by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874.</p> <p>Calvia (Anisocalvia): Korschefsky 1932: 521; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 184.</p> <p>Eocaria Timberlake, 1943: 37; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 176. Type species: Eocaria muiri Timberlake, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form broadly circular or broad oval or distinctly elongate oval, dorsum moderately to strongly convex, glabrous. Anterior clypeal margin straight or subtruncate between relatively narrow projections (distinctly concave with broad lateral projections in Calvia tricolor Korschefsky, an Indian species of doubtful generic status). Punctation on pronotum and elytra similar or often very different with elytra having distinct, strongly dual punctures. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs, rarely without. Abdominal postcoxal line usually incomplete, occasionally very short, without an associated line. Male genitalia with penis usually having a median swollen area and lateral flaps or wings. Female genitalia with spermatheca usually c-shaped, infundibulum present.</p> <p>Distribution. Distributed throughout the Oriental and Palaearctic regions, except one species, Calvia quatuordecimpunctata (L.) which is found in the northern parts of North America. Many species of Calvia are endemic to the Himalayan region, the southern part of the Himalayas being a high biodiversity region for this genus (Booth 1997).</p> <p>Affinities. Calvia is a genus difficult to define. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Synonycha- group of genera based on their phylogenetic analysis and observed that it was a problematic genus requiring further studies due to its poorly defined and weakly supported relationships with the other genera in the group. Many known Indian species of Calvia appear to have distinctly dual elytral punctation which is highly unusual for Coccinellini. Booth (1997) observed that Calvia tricolor Korschefsky, ‘does not properly belong in Calvia ’ and indeed it is certainly not a Calvia (see species account for more details). Presence of a single mesotibial spur in Calvia shiva Kapur is another oddity that is most unusual in Coccinellidae / Coccinellini (Booth 1996).</p> <p>Included species. Fourteen species have been recorded from this region, of which only one, Calvia andrewesi (Weise), is definitively known from peninsular / south India. Some of the species are highly polymorphic and variably coloured and examination of the male genitalia is required for correct species identification in such cases. Booth (1997) revised the species of this region, provided a key and prey information.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214774606BDDF3340FB9FFD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214694606BDDF3416FD60FABA.text	03C7416214694606BDDF3416FD60FABA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia albida Bielawski	<div><p>Calvia albida Bielawski</p> <p>(Fig. 30)</p> <p>Calvia albida Bielawski, 1972: 308 (Holotype male, ZSBS; Type locality: Nepal).—Booth 1997: 931; Poorani 2002a: 322; Ren et al. 2009: 180; Yu 2010: 49.</p> <p>Halyzia maculata Jing, 1987: 201.—Synonymized by Yu 2010: 49.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 7.00– 7.50 mm; width: 6.00– 6.50 mm. Form (Fig. 30a, b) elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous except head with silvery white hairs. Ground colour lime green to yellowish green in live specimens, pronotum with an indistinct, M-shaped brown marking, elytra mottled with creamy white spots. Prosternal process convex, without carinae. Spermatheca (Fig. 30c, d) as illustrated, with a bulky cornu. Its green colour with a mottled elytral pattern is similar to that of Calvia explanata Poorani, from which it can be distinguished by its distinctly elongate oval form and the genitalia.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; China.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Aphididae: Mollitrichosiphum alni Ghosh et al. on Indian alder (Phaloura &amp; Singh 1991); Vesiculaphis (data label) (Booth 1997).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in April, August and November (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Bielawki (1972) described it from Nepal. Booth (1997) included it in his key to Indian Calvia spp. Yu (2010) recorded it from China and illustrated it.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214694606BDDF3416FD60FABA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162146B4604BDDF36EBFE0AFCC9.text	03C74162146B4604BDDF36EBFE0AFCC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia andrewesi (Weise)	<div><p>Calvia andrewesi (Weise)</p> <p>(Figs 31, 197)</p> <p>Anisocalvia andrewesi Weise, 1908: 220 (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality: Anamalai Hills); Booth 1997: 929.</p> <p>Calvia andrewesi: Korschefsky 1932: 521; Booth 1997: 929; Poorani 2002a: 322.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.50–6.00 mm; width: 5.20–5.50 mm. Form broadly oval to subcircular, dorsum strongly convex, glabrous. Ground colour yellowish (Figs 31a, 197f–i) or reddish brown (Fig. 31c) or dark brown with paler elytral margins (Fig. 31b), elytra unmarked or yellow with black spots arranged in a 1-2-2-1 pattern (Fig. 31a). Elytra with strong dual punctation (Fig. 31f). Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete (Fig. 31d), parallel to posterior margin of ventrite 1. Male genitalia (Fig. 31h–k) and spermatheca (Fig. 31g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Life stages. Life stages as illustrated in Fig. 197.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Endemic to the Western Ghats (Anamalai Hills, Nilgiris).</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Collected in association with Greenidea sp. (Aphididae) on jack fruit (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in April, January (label data).</p> <p>Note. It is a variable species, very similar to Calvia punctata (Mulsant), a species found in north and northwestern India and the Himalayas, in terms of size and dual punctation of elytra, but differs from it by the more rounded and strongly convex form. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1979, 1982) considered it as a synonym of the latter, but Booth (1997) confirmed it as a valid species based on the more strongly rounded and convex form and the distinct male genitalia and designated a lectotype.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162146B4604BDDF36EBFE0AFCC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162146B4604BDDF35D8FCDCF957.text	03C74162146B4604BDDF35D8FCDCF957.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia breiti Mader	<div><p>Calvia breiti Mader</p> <p>(Fig. 32)</p> <p>Calvia (Anisocalvia) breiti Mader, 1932: 6 (Syntype; Type locality: Manali Kulu, Himachal Pradesh).</p> <p>Calvia breiti: Korschefsky 1932: 589; Booth 1997: 930; Poorani 2002a: 323; Yu 2010: 53–54.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.30–6.55 mm; width: 4.32–4.50 mm. Form elongate, oblong, moderately convex. Ground colour dull yellow to yellowish brown, with bold, irregular black markings on pronotum and elytra (Fig. 32a–c). Ventral side yellowish brown except abdomen with characteristic maculation (Fig. 32d, g) and femora of all legs with a median dark patch. Head (Fig. 32e) with inner margins of eyes strongly divergent.Antenna (Fig. 32f) elongate with a distinct club. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 32g) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 32i–l) and spermatheca (Fig. 32h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Pakistan; Nepal; Bhutan; Southern China.</p> <p>Introduced in the USA (North Carolina) for balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg)) but did not establish.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Adelges sp.; Associated with adelgids infesting spruce, hemlock and other coniferous trees (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. A univoltine species, active during May–June, enters hibernation during winter (Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972). Collected during April–May, August (label data).</p> <p>Natural enemy. Tetrastichus sp.</p> <p>Notes. Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani (1972) studied its bionomics (as genus nr. Calvia). Booth (1997) described and illustrated it and later, Yu (2010) recorded it from China.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162146B4604BDDF35D8FCDCF957	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162146D4602BDDF36EBFCB3FC91.text	03C74162146D4602BDDF36EBFCB3FC91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia championorum Booth	<div><p>Calvia championorum Booth</p> <p>(Fig. 33a, b)</p> <p>Calvia championorum Booth 1997: 931 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: S Garhwal / Kumaon); Poorani 2002a: 323; Ren et al. 2009: 180.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.50–8.00 mm; width: 5.50–6.50 mm. Form elongate oval, dorsum only weakly convex and glabrous, sides of pronotum and elytra explanate. Dorsal side (Fig. 33a, b) dull yellow to brownish yellow, sometimes elytra with weak suggestion of paler longitudinal stripes, one adjacent to suture, one discal, one sublateral; pronotum with very weakly suggested browner M-shaped mark medially; underside and mouthparts, especially metasternum, slightly darker brownish-yellow, mesan-and metepisterna and epimera paler yellow than metaventrite; tarsal claws and apices of mandibles darker brown (from Booth 1997). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Uttarakhand (listed as Uttar Pradesh in Booth 1997); Bhutan; China.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during June–September (label data).</p> <p>Notes. It is externally similar to Calvia albida Bielawski, but the elytra of the former have a weak mottled pattern of small either slightly paler or slightly darker spots against the lime green (live specimens) or pale yellow (dead specimens) background colour and the prosternal process is convex, entirely lacking carinae (Booth 1997). It is also similar to C. flaveola, but the male genitalia are distinctive.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162146D4602BDDF36EBFCB3FC91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162146D460FBDDF30F0FDFBFF62.text	03C74162146D460FBDDF30F0FDFBFF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia explanata Poorani	<div><p>Calvia explanata Poorani</p> <p>(Figs 34, 35)</p> <p>Calvia explanata Poorani, 2014 (Holotype male, NBAIR; Type locality: Sikkim).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form broad oval to circular, dorsum glabrous, convex.Adult beetle lemon green when alive (Fig. 34c–f), dead specimens pale yellow (Fig. 35a–c); similar to C. albida in having a yellowish-white mottled pattern on a greenish or lemon-yellow background, but can be distinguished by its distinctly broader, almost circular body outline with explanate elytral margins. Abdominal postcoxal line very short, incomplete (Fig. 35d). Male genitalia (Fig. 35e–h) and spermatheca (Fig. 35i) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Pupa (Fig. 34a, b) with yellow and green pattern as illustrated; teneral adult with weak whitish mottled pattern (Fig. 34c, d), mature adult (Fig. 34e, f) lime green with small creamy whitish elytral spots and a narrow, reddish pink sutural stripe.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Manipur, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal); Nepal.</p> <p>Prey / Associated habitat. Collected on Alnus sp. in association with aphids (label data); Taoia indica (Ghosh &amp; Raychaudhuri).</p> <p>Note. This species resembles C. albida in coloration and the mottled elytral pattern but has a much broader, almost circular outline with distinctly explanate elytra and the genitalia also are distinct. See Poorani (2014) for detailed description and illustrations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162146D460FBDDF30F0FDFBFF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621460460FBDDF3736FED0FC58.text	03C741621460460FBDDF3736FED0FC58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia flaveola Booth	<div><p>Calvia flaveola Booth</p> <p>(Figs 36, 37)</p> <p>Calvia flaveola Booth, 1997: 932 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Joshimath / Uttarakhand); Poorani 2002a: 323.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.70–6.60 mm; width: 5.00– 5.50 mm. Form (Fig. 36a) elongate oval, dorsum weakly convex, glabrous except head with silvery white hairs. Dorsal side pale yellow, elytra immaculate, sometimes with three broad brighter yellow stripes, one adjacent to suture, one discal and one sublateral, the sutural and sublateral ones apically joined. Underside pale yellow, metaventrite slightly darker. Prosternum carinate, carinae medially narrowed and divergent at both ends (Fig. 36b). Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. Male genitalia (Fig. 36c–f) and spermatheca (Fig. 36g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Larva (Fig. 37a, b), pupa (Fig. 37c) and live adult (Fig. 37d–f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Uttarakhand, Jammu &amp; Kashmir); Pakistan; Afghanistan (new record from label data); Myanmar.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during May–June (label data).</p> <p>Prey / Associated habitat. Aphidophagous. Recorded as a predator of Macrosiphoniella pseudoartemisiae Shinji on Artemisia vulgaris, walnut aphid, undetermined aphids (Booth 1997). Collected on walnut and willow (label data).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621460460FBDDF3736FED0FC58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621460460FBDDF3269FADEFA65.text	03C741621460460FBDDF3269FADEFA65.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia monosha Bielawski	<div><p>Calvia monosha Bielawski</p> <p>(Fig. 38)</p> <p>Calvia monosha Bielawski, 1979: 122 (Holotype male, NHMB; Type locality: Bhutan); Booth 1997: 927; Poorani 2002a: 323.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.70–7.00 mm. Form broad oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Elytra black with basal and external margins narrowly yellow and with five large yellow spots arranged in a 2-2-1 pattern (Fig. 38b), or spots partly joined laterally into bands (Fig. 38a). Pronotum shining between punctures, contrasting with head where frons between eyes has microreticulate sculpture. Elytral punctures dual, larger elytral punctures close and deep, interstices convex with small punctures. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. See Bielawski (1979) for male genitalia illustrations.</p> <p>Distribution. Bhutan.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in June (label data).</p> <p>Notes. It is a very distinct species and unlikely to be confused with its congeners from this region.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621460460FBDDF3269FADEFA65	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621460460ABDDF3033FF02FDFA.text	03C741621460460ABDDF3033FF02FDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia punctata (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>Calvia punctata (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 39)</p> <p>Harmonia punctata Mulsant, 1853a: 143 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: India); 1866: 69.</p> <p>Anisocalvia punctata: Crotch 1874: 144; Gordon 1987: 17.</p> <p>Calvia punctata: Korschefsky 1932: 524; Bielawski 1963a: 17–18; Booth 1997: 928; Poorani 2002a: 323.</p> <p>Propylea obversepunctata Mulsant, 1853a: 156; 1853b: 28; 1866: 151; Crotch 1874: 144 (as Anisocalvia); Synonymized by Bielawski 1963a: 17; Gordon 1987: 17.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.00– 5.80 mm. Form elongate oval, moderately convex, and glabrous. Head yellowish, interspaces between punctations strongly microreticulate. Pronotum black, external borders yellowish, interspaces between punctations smooth and shiny. Elytral pattern highly variable (Fig. 39a–f), ground colour of elytra dull yellow to black, elytral pattern usually yellow with six black spots arranged in 3-2-1 pattern or with the number of spots reduced or occasionally fully black with only external margins dark reddish brown to yellow; elytral punctures distinctly dual, large, deep punctures intermixed with finer punctures. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 39g) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 39i–k) and spermatheca (Fig. 39h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: North and northwestern regions (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Pakistan; Nepal; Afghanistan; Also recorded from the Central Asian States of the former Soviet Union (Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Mainly aphidophagous. Recorded hosts include: Aphididae: Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis craccivora Koch, Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach), Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Undetermined aphids, psyllids, and scale insects (Booth 1997); feeds on Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock) (Diaspididae) in Pakistan (Irshad 2001). Found feeding on scale insects on walnut tree and other wild vegetation in Pakistan (Khan et al. 2006). Collected on apple, pear, plum, walnut, almond, mustard and willow (Kundoo 2019; label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during March, May–July, and August–September (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Bielawski (1963b) described it and illustrated the colour morphs and the genitalia. Booth (1997) included it in his key to the Indian species and illustrated the male genitalia. There are many variants and all are not illustrated here.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621460460ABDDF3033FF02FDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621465460ABDDF34CEFBE6FA54.text	03C741621465460ABDDF34CEFBE6FA54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia quatuordecimguttata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Calvia quatuordecimguttata (Linnaeus)</p> <p>(Fig. 40b–e)</p> <p>Coccinella 14- guttata Linnaeus, 1758: 367 (Type locality: Europe).</p> <p>Calvia quatuordecimguttata: Mulsant 1846: 140; Booth 1997: 926; Poorani 2002a: 323; Ren et al. 2009: 182.</p> <p>Coccinella 12- maculata Gebler, 1832: 76. Synonymized by Belicek 1976: 327.</p> <p>Oenopia dorsonotata Mulsant, 1850: 424. Synonymized by Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 353.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.00–6.00 mm; width: 2.70–3.70 mm. Form oval, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous. Head and pronotum orange-yellow, head posteriorly black, pronotum with a pair of oval black, discal spots on either side of middle, scutellar shield yellow, apically darker; ground colour of elytra pinkish in live specimens (Fig. 40b, c), with 11 black spots arranged in a 3-4-3-1 pattern (Fig. 40d, e) as illustrated: each elytron with four black spots arranged in a 1-2-1 pattern, one large black macula on suture around scutellar shield, two more progressively smaller black spots on suture in apical third. Elytral coloration sometimes yellowish-brown with seven pale yellow spots arranged in a 1-3-2-1 pattern. Elytral punctures dense, uneven and of variable size, interspaces between punctures convex. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. See Booth (1997) for male genitalia illustrations.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Himachal Pradesh; West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal; Tibet. Booth (1997) mentioned that ‘it is a widespread and variably coloured Holarctic species which just extends into the more northerly parts of the Indian Subcontinent’. Widely distributed in the Palaearctic region (Kovář 2007).</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat: Found feeding on psyllids and aphids on mulberry and pomelo trees (Sajan et al. 2019).</p> <p>Notes. It is not commonly collected. Booth (1997) included it in his key to Indian Calvia species and illustrated the male genitalia. Sajan et al. (2019) provided an illustrated account from Nepal.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621465460ABDDF34CEFBE6FA54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214654608BDDF305DFB2AFF4E.text	03C7416214654608BDDF305DFB2AFF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia quindecimguttata (Fabricius 1777)	<div><p>Calvia quindecimguttata (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Fig. 40f, g)</p> <p>Coccinella quindecimguttata Fabricius, 1777: 217 (?ZMUC; Type locality: Germany).</p> <p>Anisocalvia quindecimguttata: Sasaji 1971: 269.</p> <p>Eocaria quindecimguttata: Miyatake 1965: 71.</p> <p>Calvia (Anisocalvia) quindecimguttata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 193; Kuznetsov 1997: 199.</p> <p>Calvia quindecimguttata: Poorani 2002a: 323; Ren et al. 2009: 184.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form (Fig. 40f, g) broad oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Dorsal side straw yellow to ochreous or orange yellow, pronotum with a large M-shaped ochreous median marking occupying most of the disc leaving only the antero- and posterolateral corners creamy white to yellowish, elytra with 14 white spots arranged in a 2-2-2-1 pattern on each elytron. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Kuznetsov 1997). It is primarily a Palaearctic species (Japan; China; Mongolia; Europe).</p> <p>Note. The material examined at BMNH is illustrated and specimens from India were not seen.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214654608BDDF305DFB2AFF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214674608BDDF375AFEE1FA8E.text	03C7416214674608BDDF375AFEE1FA8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia shiva Kapur	<div><p>Calvia shiva Kapur</p> <p>(Fig. 41)</p> <p>Calvia shiva Kapur, 1963a: 40 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Singhik, Sikkim).—Booth 1997: 926; Poorani 2002a: 323.</p> <p>Calvia durgae Kapur, 1963a: 42 (Holotype female, BMNH; Type locality: Singhik, Sikkim).— Synonymized by Booth 1997: 926.</p> <p>Calvia trilochana Kapur, 1963a: 42 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Singhik, Sikkim).— Synonymized by Booth 1997: 926.</p> <p>Calvia pinaki Kapur, 1963a: 43 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Singhik, Sikkim).— Synonymized by Booth 1997: 926.</p> <p>Calvia pasupati Kapur, 1963a: 45 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Singhik, Sikkim).— Synonymized by Booth 1997: 926.</p> <p>Calvia connexa Miyatake, 1985: 17 (Type locality: Godavari, Nepal).— Synonymized by Booth 1997: 926.</p> <p>Calvia schiva (sic): Kovář 2007: 608.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.40 mm; width: 3.60 mm. Form (Fig. 41a–c) short oval, moderately convex. Ground colour straw yellow. Pronotum with ill-defined pale brown markings. Elytra yellowish brown, with three pale brown longitudinal stripes of progressively reducing width on each elytron, two dorsal and not reaching apex and one on outer margin reaching apex; one stripe along sutural line reaching apex. This is a highly polymorphic species (Fig. 41a–c) and can be differentiated from the other species of this region by the single spur on mesotibiae and lack of spurs on metatibiae. Male genitalia (Fig. 41d–f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Manipur, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, northeastern region); Nepal; Bhutan.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat: Aphidophagous, known hosts include Cervaphis quercus Takahashi, Mollitrichosiphum alni Ghosh et al., and Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh. Very commonly collected on Juglans regia.</p> <p>Notes. A highly variable species that can be positively identified only by the male genitalia. Its generic placement is somewhat uncertain and the presence of a single mesotibial spur in C. shiva is most unusual in Coccinellidae / Coccinellini and it differs from other Indian Calvia spp. in lacking the metatibial spurs (Booth 1996).</p> <p>See Kapur (1963a), Miyatake (1985) and Booth (1997) for detailed description / illustrations of the variants and / or genitalia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214674608BDDF375AFEE1FA8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214674608BDDF331AFC6CF840.text	03C7416214674608BDDF331AFC6CF840.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia sichuanica Kovar	<div><p>Calvia sichuanica Kovář</p> <p>(Fig. 40a)</p> <p>Calvia sicardi Mader, 1930: 163 [junior homonym]; Ren et al. 2009: 184.</p> <p>Calvia sichuanica Kovář, 2007: 608 (replacement name); Das et al. 2020a: 196.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.70–6.50 mm; width: 5.30–5.70 mm. Form broadly rounded to oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Ground colour ochreous yellow to reddish brown, pronotum with two pairs of ochreous or reddish-brown maculae, outer pair elongate oval and lateral, inner pair median and situated one on either side above scutellar shield, rest of pronotum creamy whitish to yellow; elytral pattern as illustrated with ochreous / reddish brown spots having creamy yellow borders that are interlinked to form two longitudinal rows of spots (Fig. 40a). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Manipur; Nagaland); Myanmar; China.</p> <p>Notes. Kovář (2007) coined C. sichuanica as a replacement name for Calvia sicardi Mader, 1930 because it was preoccupied by C. sicardi (Nunenmacher, 1912), a name originally described as Agrabia sicardi. Agrabia sicardi Nunenmacher 1912 (described from California, USA) is a preoccupied name and also a synonym of Calvia quatuordecimguttata (L.). Ren et al. (2009) illustrated the habitus and male genitalia (as C. sicardi). Das et al. (2020a) recorded it from Manipur (northeastern India) and Myanmar.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214674608BDDF331AFC6CF840	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162141A4675BDDF36EBFA90FCF2.text	03C74162141A4675BDDF36EBFA90FCF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia sykesii (Crotch 1874)	<div><p>Calvia sykesii (Crotch)</p> <p>(Fig. 42)</p> <p>Anisocalvia sykesii Crotch, 1874: 146 (Lectotype male, UCCC; Type locality: Assam).</p> <p>Calvia sykesii: Korschefsky 1932: 529; Booth 1997: 930; Poorani 2002a: 324.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.30–6.54 mm, width: 5.20–5.35 mm. Form elongate, oblong oval, dorsum strongly convex, almost gibbous. Ground colour lime green in live specimens (Fig. 42a–e), dead specimens pale greenish brown / greenish yellow / yellowish with pale reddish-brown markings as follows: pronotum with a median M-shaped brownish red marking; each elytron with an oblique, V-shaped marking near humeral callus and three small reddish-brown spots on disc, roughly forming a triangle. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 42f–h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Mount Everest.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Predatory on adelgids and other aphids; associated with Pineus sp. (label data); collected from cabbage fields (Kapur, 1963a), and Quercus forest (Canepari, 1997); Taoia indica (Ghosh &amp; Raychaudhuri).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence: Collected during February–June, November, December (data labels).</p> <p>Notes. It is a distinctive species common in the northeastern parts of India and the live adult is very characteristic and lime green in colour and dead specimens are yellowish brown to dull straw yellow. Kapur (1963) commented on its type locality “Dukhun”, which was changed by Korschefsky to “Deccan”. Iablokoff-Khnzorian’s (1982) record from Tamil Nadu in southern India is wrong and most likely to be a case of misidentification or mislabelling.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162141A4675BDDF36EBFA90FCF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162141A4675BDDF35D1FCA5F873.text	03C74162141A4675BDDF35D1FCA5F873.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia tricolor Korschefsky	<div><p>Calvia tricolor Korschefsky</p> <p>(Figs 43, 44)</p> <p>Calvia (Anisocalvia) tricolor Korschefsky, 1940: 2 (Syntype, NHNM; Type locality: Bagdogra range / Kurseong, Bengal). Calvia tricolor: Booth 1997: 925; Poorani 2002a: 324.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.50–6.50 mm, width: 5.00– 5.50 mm. Form (Fig. 43a–c) subcircular, strongly convex. Head yellow. Pronotum chestnut brown with yellow lateral sides. Ground colour of elytra dark chestnut brown, each elytron with three large creamy white to yellow spots arranged in a row, lateral margin black, interrupted by three large yellow spots. Ventral side nearly uniformly yellowish brown. Anterior clypeal margin of head (Fig. 43d) distinctly concave. Pronotum and elytra with fine punctation, pronotal punctures slightly closer than those on elytra, interspaces between punctures on pronotum and elytra with distinct microsculpture. Prosternal carinae long, reaching much farther than the anterior edge of procoxal cavities (Fig. 43e), mesoventrite somewhat tumid, its anterior margin medially deeply emarginate. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 43f, g) incomplete with an oblique associated line. Male genitalia (Fig. 44a–e) as illustrated. Female genitalia (Fig. 44f) with coxites having distinctly elongate, stout and somewhat curved styli (Fig. 44g), spermatheca (44h, i) with distinctly developed nodulus and ramus and a c-shaped cornu, infundibulum tubular and distinct.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Collected on Michelia champaca and observed to feed on the eggs of Urostylis punctigera Westwood (Hemiptera: Urostylididae) (Korschefsky 1940).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during January, April and June–July (label data).</p> <p>Notes. It is a rare and distinctive species with a restricted distribution and Korschefsky (1940) described it from Darjeeling hills (Kurseong / Kalimpong, West Bengal). It does not belong in Calvia as observed by Booth (1997). Booth (1997) illustrated the habitus and the male genitalia and commented that it did not properly belong in Calvia because it differs from its conspecifics in many ways. The deeply concave anterior margin of clypeus, relatively shorter antennae, incomplete abdominal postcoxal line with an oblique associated line and distinct microsculpture on interspaces between punctures on pronotum and elytra are shared with Synona Pope, 1989. But it lacks the distinct marginal bead and the hypomeral foveae found in Synona. The female genitalia, particularly the coxites with conspicuous, stout and curved styli appear to be unique and the male genitalia with the penis lacking a median swelling and lateral flaps / wings are also atypical of Calvia. It is also similar to Coelophora. At present, it is not possible to place it in any known genus of Oriental Coccinellini.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162141A4675BDDF35D1FCA5F873	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162141E4671BDDF36EBFC5FFBFC.text	03C74162141E4671BDDF36EBFC5FFBFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia vulnerata (Hope 1831)	<div><p>Calvia vulnerata (Hope)</p> <p>(Fig. 45)</p> <p>Coccinella vulnerata Hope, 1831: 31 (Lectotype, HEC, OMNH; Type locality: Nepal).</p> <p>Calvia vulnerata: Korschefsky 1932: 529; Booth 1997: 927; Poorani 2002a: 324; Yu 2010: 61.</p> <p>Coccinella uniramosa Hope, 1831: 31; Mulsant 1866: 244 (as Verania); Korschefsky 1932: 529.—Synonymized by Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 367; Booth 1997: 927.</p> <p>Calvia flaccida Mulsant, 1853a: 151.— Korschefsky 1932: 524.— Gordon 1987.—Synonymized by Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 368; Booth 1997: 927.</p> <p>Anisocalvia vishnu Crotch, 1874: 145; Korschefsky 1932: 529.—Synonymized by Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 368; Booth 1997: 927.</p> <p>Anisocalvia krishna Crotch, 1874: 145; Korschefsky 1932: 524.—Synonymized by Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 368; Booth 1997: 927.</p> <p>Anisocalvia buddha Crotch, 1874: 145; Korschefsky 1932: 521.—Synonymized by Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 368; Booth 1997: 927.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.70–7.00 mm. A highly variable species, ground colour of elytra pale pinkish (Fig. 45a–c) or yellow to yellowish brown (Fig. 45d, e) or darker reddish brown (Fig. 45f), rarely black, usually with six spots (arranged as in Fig. 45a–c, d, f), spots either yellow or black, with or without a paler or darker outer ring; in all spotted forms, the positions occupied by each spot constant, apical and lateral spots often fused to some extent (Fig. 45a–c); rarely elytra 11-spotted with a black sutural stripe (Fig. 45e). If spots absent, then elytra with narrow black suture and black sublateral line; rarely elytra fully black except for fine reddish-brown margin, pronotum uniform orange-brown. Elytral punctation dual, with larger punctures closely arranged, separated on average by slightly more than one diameter, usually with a single row of small punctures between adjacent large punctures. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 45g) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 45h–j) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution: India (Sikkim, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Delhi); Bhutan; Nepal; China.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Feeding on aphids infesting Dalbergia sissoo (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during February, March, April–June (label data).</p> <p>Notes. It is a highly variably coloured Himalayan species and appears to be rarely collected. Booth (1997) reviewed it with illustrations of the genitalia and a list of synonyms.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162141E4671BDDF36EBFC5FFBFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162141E4670BDDF32C4FBD8FEDA.text	03C74162141E4670BDDF32C4FBD8FEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheilomenes Chevrolat	<div><p>Genus Cheilomenes Chevrolat</p> <p>Cheilomenes Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836: 435.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella lunata Fabricius 1775, designated by Crotch 1874: 179.</p> <p>Chilomenes: Crotch 1874: 179. Unjustified emendation.</p> <p>Menochilus Timberlake, 1943: 40. Replacement name for Cheilomenes sensu Mulsant 1850.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form broad oval to slightly elongate. Anterior clypeal margin semicircularly arcuate between lateral projections (Fig. 46a). Antenna (Fig. 46b) 11-segmented, shorter than interocular distance, scape broader than long, with inner side strongly rounded and produced and outwardly carinate. Inner ocular margins straight. Terminal maxillary palpomere securiform (Fig. 46c). Pronotum with anterior margin trapezoidally excavated and slightly convex, anterior angles narrowly rounded; sides gently arched with lateral borders narrowly upturned. Elytra narrowly expanded on the sides, not marginated. Prothoracic hypomeron lacking a fovea, prosternal process with a pair of short, abbreviated carinae reaching up to middle of prosternum (Fig. 46d); anterior margin of mesoventrite weakly emarginate. Elytral epipleura very slightly foveate to receive meso- and metatibial apices. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, with a short, oblique lateral line (Fig. 46e). Meso- and metatibial apices with a pair of spurs. Male genitalia (Fig. 46f–j) with penis apex greatly attenuated, long and thread-like. Female genitalia (Fig. 46k) with sperm duct very long and coiled (Fig. 46l, m).</p> <p>Distribution. This genus is widely distributed in the Oriental, Australasian and Afrotropical regions (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Coccinella- group of genera based on their phylogenetic analyses and recovered it as a distinct clade including Elpis Mulsant and Menochilus Timberlake. The generic limits of Cheilomenes and its related genera, Elpis and Cydonia Mulsant, were discussed by Fürsch (1989) and Ślipiński et al. (2020).</p> <p>Ślipiński (2007) used the name Menochilus for this genus in his review of Australian genera of Coccinellidae, but Ślipiński et al. (2020) used the name Cheilomenes in their conspectus of Coccinellini of Australo-Pacific region and the same is followed here.</p> <p>Included species. In South Asia, this genus is represented by Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), probably the most widespread and well-studied species of the Oriental and Indian region.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162141E4670BDDF32C4FBD8FEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162141F467BBDDF37F7FEF2FA7E.text	03C74162141F467BBDDF37F7FEF2FA7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Figs 46–49)</p> <p>Coccinella sexmaculata Fabricius, 1781: 96 (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality: ‘Ind. Orient.’).</p> <p>Coccinella 4—plagiata Swartz in Scĥnherr, 1808: 195 (Type locality: ‘ India Orientali’); Synonymized by Nakane &amp; Araki 1959: 50; Sasaji &amp; Akamatsu 1979: 16.</p> <p>Cheilomenes sexmaculata: Dejean 1837: 435; Mulsant 1850: 444; 1866: 289; Crotch 1871: 8; 1874: 180 (as Chilomenes); Poorani 2002a: 325.</p> <p>Cheilomenes quadriplagiata: Dejean 1837: 435; Mulsant 1850: 447; 1866: 290; Crotch 1871: 8; 1874: 181 (as Chilomenes).</p> <p>Menochilus sexmaculatus: Timberlake 1943: 40; Nakane &amp; Araki 1959: 50; Sasaji &amp; Akamatsu 1979: 2; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 58; 1982: 146; Pope 1989: 646.</p> <p>Menochilus quadriplagiatus: Timberlake 1943: 41.</p> <p>Cydonia triangulifera var. inops Mulsant, 1866: 286; Crotch 1874: 180 (as Chilomenes); Bielawski &amp; Chujo 1964: 228 (as Verania).</p> <p>Micraspis inops Chunram &amp; Sasaji, 1980: 488; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 511.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.30–6.20 mm; width: 3.00– 5.30 mm. Form broadly oval to subrounded, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous and shiny. Ground colour orange, light red, yellow or pinkish with the following markings in the typical form (Figs 47, 49g –l): head with a black transverse marking in posterior half (Fig. 46a); pronotum with a T-shaped median marking connected to a broad black band along posterior margin; elytra with two zigzag lines and a posterior black spot, suture with a black stripe. Ventral side uniformly yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 46f–j), female genitalia (Fig. 46k) and spermatheca (Fig. 46l, m) as illustrated.</p> <p>This is the most ubiquitous Coccinellini of the Indian region but its polymorphic forms are widely misidentified due to superficial similarities with other common but unrelated species such as Micraspis discolor (Fabricius, 1798), Propylea dissecta (Mulsant, 1850) and Chilocorus nigrita (Fabricius, 1798). The following forms are frequently seen: (a) the nominate form with two zigzag maculae and an apical spot (Fig. 49g); (b) the elytral markings coalesce and form broader bands (Fig. 49h, i); (c) elytra immaculate except for the sutural black stripe (Fig. 49j), (d) the elytra and pronotum are either partially black leaving only the margins (Fig. 49k), and (e) completely black (Fig. 49l). The pronotal marking is always constant and can be faintly seen even in completely black forms (Fig. 49k, l). All these forms freely intermate and several intermediate forms are found in the field (Subramaniam 1924a).</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs (Fig. 48a) are yellow, spindle-shaped and laid in groups. The larva (Figs 48b, c; 49a–d) is dark slaty grey to brown, with creamy yellowish markings. The pupa (Figs 48g, h; 49e, f) is yellow or orange with black spots. Congregations of larvae and pupae are commonly seen on host plants like Calotropis gigantea and french bean (Fig. 48d, e).</p> <p>Distribution. Distributed almost throughout the Indian Subcontinent, the Oriental region and Asia; Iran; Australo-Pacific region.</p> <p>Introduced and established in the Caribbeans (Assour &amp; Behm 2019) and South America (Chile; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela; Colombia) (Ramírez et al. 2018).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Mainly aphidophagous, but feeds on a diverse range of prey that includes psyllids, whiteflies, mealybugs, tingids, leaf-and planthoppers, mites, early instar lepidopteran larvae and isopods. Agarwala &amp; Yasuda (2000) gave a worldwide checklist of prey of this species. Some of the common hosts are listed below.</p> <p>Aleyrodidae: Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Lipaleyrodes euphorbiae David &amp; Subramaniam, Neomaskellia bergii (Signoret), Rusostigma eugeniae (Maskell), Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday); Aphididae: Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Aphis affinis Del Guercio, Aphis craccivora Koch, A. craccivora pseudoacaciae Takahashi, Aphis cytisorum Hartig, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis longisetosa Basu, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Aphis pomi De Geer, Aphis spiraecola Patch (as A. citricola van der Goot), Aphis umbrella (Boerner), Aulacorthum nipponicum (Essig &amp; Kuwana), Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Capitophorus himalayensis Ghosh et al., Cavariella simlaensis Chowdhuri et al., Cerataphis brasiliensis (Hempel) (as C. palmae (Ghesquiere)), Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner, Cervaphis rappardi indica Basu, Cervaphis schouteniae van der Goot, Chaitophorus himalayensis (Das), Coloradoa rufomaculata (Wilson), Cryptosiphum artemisiae Buckton, Dreyfusia (as Adelges) knucheli (Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider), Greenidea heeri Raychaudhuri et al., Greenideoida ceyloniae van der Goot, Hyadaphis coriandri (Das), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Hyperomyzus lactucae (Linnaeus), Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Kaltenbach), Liosomaphis atra Hille Ris Lambers, Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus), Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (as M. indosacchari (David)), Myzus nicotianae Blackman, Myzus obtusirostris David et al., Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Pemphigus ?napaeus Buckton, Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, Pineus sp., Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus), Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Rhopalosiphum sp., Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Shivaphis celti Das, Sinomegoura citricola (van der Goot), Sitobion akebiae (Shinji), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Sitobion graminis Takahashi, Sitobion ibarae (Matsumura), Sitobion rosaeiformis (Das), Sipha maydis Passerini, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy), Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy), Aphis (Aphis) odinae (van der Goot), Tuberculatus nervatus Chakrabarti &amp; Raychaudhuri, Uroleucon compositae (Theobald) (as Dactynotus solidaginis (Fabricius)), Uroleucon carthami (Hille Ris Lambers), Uroleucon (as Dactynotus) formosanus (Takahashi), Uroleucon (as Dactynotus) nigrotuberculatum (Olive); Cicadellidae: Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), Amritodus atkinsoni (Lethierry), Empoasca kerri Singh-Pruthi, Hishimonus phycitis (Distant), Empoasca sp., Exitianus indicus (Distant), Deltocephalus sp., Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry), Nephotettix nigropictus (Stål); Coccoidea: Drepanococcus chiton (Green), Drosicha mangiferae Green, Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), Orthezia insignis Browne, Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti), Phoenicococcus marlatti Cockerell, Pulvinaria psidii Maskell; Delphacidae: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead), Sogatella furcifera (Horvath); Lophopidae: Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker); Psyllidae: Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, Paurocephala psylloptera Crawford, Phylloplecta sp.; Lepidoptera: Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae); Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Gelechiidae); eggs and/or early instar larvae of Chilades lajus (Stoll) (Lycaenidae); Earias spp., Helicoverpa armigera (Ḩbner), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Noctuidae); Papilio demoleus Linnaeus (Papilionidae); Cydia leucostoma Meyrick (Tortricidae); Opisina arenosella Walker (Xylorictidae). Found in association with Diptera: Atherigona soccata Rondani (Anthomyiidae); Dasyneura lini Barnes (Cecidomyiidae) and Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) (Tephritidae). Acari: Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) on tea, Oligonychus mangiferus (Rahman &amp; Sapra), Tetranychus urticae Koch, Tetranychus sp. (ludeni -group) (Tetranychidae).</p> <p>Smartweed (Polygonum hydropiper) and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) are common reservoir plants that harbour the beetles in large numbers (label data). Collected on a variety of agricultural crops including maize, sorghum, rice, finger millet, cowpea, cotton, bhendi, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, groundnut, and several other plants such as gliricidia (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Active almost throughout the year in India, with many overlapping generations.</p> <p>Natural enemies. Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank), Nothoserphus mirabilis Brues, Homalotylus eytelweinii Ratzeburg, Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman), Homalotylus terminalis (Say), Oomyzus scaposus (Thomson) (= Tetrastichus coccinellae Kurdjumov), Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford), Tetrastichus sexmaculatus Kurian, Tetrastichus sp., Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Coccipolipus sp., Parasitylenchus coccinellae Iperti &amp; Waerebeke (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), and Wolbachia sp.</p> <p>Notes. This is probably the best-known species of Coccinellini of this region with numerous papers on its hosts, biology, population dynamics, susceptibility to insecticides, etc. Stebbing (1903), Lefroy (1909), Subramaniam (1924a), Rahman (1940), and Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1953, 1956) provided accounts of its bionomics, associated host plants / insects, etc. Sasaji (1971), Pope (1989), Booth et al. (1990) and Ślipiński et al. (2020) described the genus / species with illustrations. Sasaji &amp; Akamatsu (1979) carried out breeding experiments and illustrated the elytral pattern variations. Agarwala &amp; Yasuda (2000) reviewed and provided a worldwide checklist of host insects.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162141F467BBDDF37F7FEF2FA7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621414467ABDDF304AFD8DFD56.text	03C741621414467ABDDF304AFD8DFD56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella Linnaeus	<div><p>Genus Coccinella Linnaeus</p> <p>Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758: 364.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Latreille 1810: 432.— Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979: 66; 1982: 341.</p> <p>Coccinella (Dobzhanskia) Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1970: 70. Type species: Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form broad oval to distinctly more elongate oval, dorsum moderately to strongly convex, glabrous. Head black, usually with a pair of paler spots, one on either side of eyes. Antenna 11-segmented, shorter than head capsule width, with a distinct three-segmented club. Pronotum black with anterolateral angles pale yellow or red, sometimes joined together by a narrow median band along the anterior margin. Elytra orange yellow to red, with black spots or other patterns. Interspaces between punctures on head and pronotum with reticulate microsculpture. Prothoracic hypomeron without foveae, prosternal process narrow, flat, with a pair of convergent or parallel carinae. Mesoventrite with anterior margin scarcely or not emarginate. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. Tarsal claws appendiculate. Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, always with an oblique dividing line. Female genitalia with spermatheca typically having small, wart-like projections on proximal half, nodulus and ramus well-differentiated, infundibulum present.</p> <p>The frontal spots, pronotal pattern and the incomplete postcoxal line divided by an oblique line readily distinguish this genus from its relatives. The external markings usually suffice for identifying the species, though some are highly polymorphic.</p> <p>Distribution. This genus contains about 50 species occurring primarily in the Holarctic region (Ślipiński et al. 2020) and extending to the Orient, Africa and the Pacific. The species are primarily aphidophagous and frequent grasses, herbs and other low growing vegetation (Gordon &amp; Vandenberg 1995).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) recognized the Coccinella- group of genera in a clade comprising a mixture of Old World and Nearctic genera forming six subclades. They recovered Coccinella as a weakly supported, paraphyletic sister group of Lioadalia, an African genus.</p> <p>Included species. About a dozen species are found in the Indian subcontinent and only Coccinella transversalis and C. septempunctata have a wide distribution throughout the region, with the latter being more predominant in the northern and cooler parts of India.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621414467ABDDF304AFD8DFD56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621415467ABDDF3562FB58FA93.text	03C741621415467ABDDF3562FB58FA93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella lama Kapur	<div><p>Coccinella lama Kapur</p> <p>(Fig. 53c)</p> <p>Coccinella lama Kapur, 1963: 35 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Tibet); Poorani 2002a: 325.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.50 mm; width: 3.30 mm. Form subovate, moderately convex, similar to Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow but slightly narrower anteriorly and smaller. Head black with a pair of frontal white spots. Pronotum black, anterolaterally with a subquadrate white area with a wavy margin; scutellar shield black; elytra reddish testaceous with a large, inverted heart-shaped black macula with a whitish, semi-circular to subtriangular basal mark on either side of the scutellar shield; each elytron with four black spots arranged in a ½-1-1-1 pattern as illustrated in Fig. 53c (From Kapur 1963). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. Tibet, Mount Everest.</p> <p>Note. Kapur (1963) described it in detail with illustrations of the habitus and the genitalia and provided comparative diagnostic notes to separate it from C. magnopunctata and C. septempunctata.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621415467ABDDF3562FB58FA93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214154667BDDF3325FA8AFEDB.text	03C7416214154667BDDF3325FA8AFEDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella longifasciata Liu	<div><p>Coccinella longifasciata Liu</p> <p>(Fig. 53a)</p> <p>Coccinella longifasciata Liu, 1962: 262 (Type locality: China); Ren et al. 2009: 186, 187; Yu 2010: 114.</p> <p>Coccinella nigrovittata Kapur, 1963: 37 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Tibet).— Poorani 2002a: 326; Synonymized by Kovář 2007: 611; Yu 2010: 114.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.20–5.00 mm; width: 2.10–3.80 mm. Form (Fig. 53a) elongate oval, widest just behind middle of body length, moderately convex and glabrous. Head black with a pair of pale testaceous or whitish frontal spots, one each near inner margin of eye; pronotum black except anterior and lateral margins paler, yellowish; scutellar shield black; elytra yellowish-testaceous, with a short, elongate oval spot immediately behind scutellar shield; each elytron with a black discal vitta, slightly oblique, starting from humeral callus and extending to about 5/6th the elytral length (from Kapur 1963). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>It is readily separated from its Indian congeners by its distinctly elongate form and the presence of the elytral vittae. It is superficially similar to Oenopia adelgivora Poorani, which is elongate with three pale brown elytral stripes but smaller in size with a much narrower form. Kapur (1963) found its size and general shape were comparable with Oenopia billieti (Mulsant), a Himalayan species but the genitalia were different in the latter.</p> <p>Distribution. Tibet, Mount Everest.</p> <p>Note. See Kapur (1963) for detailed description (as C. nigrovittata) with illustrations. Kapur (1963) commented that it appeared to be an aberrant species of Coccinella in view of the elongate shape of the body and the coloration of the pronotum and elytra. Coccinella longifasciata Liu, 1962 and C. nigrovittata, which was described around the same time by Kapur (1963) were synonymized by Kovář (2007). Ren et al. (2009) illustrated the habitus and the male genitalia of C. longifasciata and Yu (2010) also included it in his conspectus on Chinese Coccinellini.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214154667BDDF3325FA8AFEDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214084667BDDF37EEFC5CFAA4.text	03C7416214084667BDDF37EEFC5CFAA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella luteopicta (Mulsant 1866)	<div><p>Coccinella luteopicta (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 50, 51)</p> <p>Adalia luteopicta Mulsant, 1866: 45 (Type locality: “Les régions boréales des Indes-Orientales”).</p> <p>Adalia luteopicta: Korschefsky 1932: 433.</p> <p>Lioadalia luteopicta: Crotch 1874: 104; Mader 1930: 134; Kapur 1958: 326; 1963: 32; Miyatake 1967: 74.</p> <p>Coccinella luteopicta: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 395; Poorani 2002a: 325; Ren et al. 2009: 186; Yu 2010: 115–116.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.75–5.35 mm; width: 3.48–4.00 mm. Form (Fig. 50a, 51h) elongate, almost oblong oval, moderately convex. Head black, with two pale yellow frontal spots adjoining inner margin of eyes. Pronotum black except anterolateral corners yellow. Elytra bright red, with a characteristic reticulate black pattern. Ventral side black, except elytral epipleura reddish or yellowish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 50d, e) and spermatheca (Fig. 50c) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Life stages as illustrated in Fig. 51.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarkhand, West Bengal, northern region); Bhutan; Nepal; Tibet; China.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Predatory on Aphidoidea s.l. including adelgids. Known hosts include Adelges spp., Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis) (laboratory host). Feeds on indeterminate aphids attacking Artemisia sp. which is common in the mountains of Sikkim (2500–3000 m) (Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972). Commonly associated with adelgids on spruce, silver fir, hemlock, Abies / Quercus / Rhododendron forests. As a rule, it is found very high in the mountains (Bielawski 1979). Collected on apple and radish (Sharma et al. 2017).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Active during May–June. Collected during April–May, August–November (northern and northeastern regions of India, Nepal Himalayas).</p> <p>Natural enemy. Bathymermis sp.</p> <p>Notes. Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani (1972) studied its biology in detail and described the life stages with illustrations. Kapur (1958) recorded the elytral pattern variations from Nepal. Miyatake (1967) and Bielawski (1971) described and illustrated the male genitalia. Yu (2010) recorded it from China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214084667BDDF37EEFC5CFAA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214084666BDDF33FFFF24FB66.text	03C7416214084666BDDF33FFFF24FB66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow	<div><p>Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow</p> <p>(Fig. 52)</p> <p>Coccinella undecimpunctata var. magnopunctata Rybakow, 1889: 290 (Type locality: Central Asia: “ Dy-Tschu ”); Weise 1889: 573.</p> <p>Coccinella semenowi Weise, 1889: 651; Jacobson 1915: 982.</p> <p>Coccinella magnopunctata: Dobzhansky 1926: 22; Korschefsky 1932: 469; Kapur 1963: 33; Poorani 2002a: 326; Kovář 2005: 143; Ren et al. 2009: 188.</p> <p>Coccinella magnoguttata Mader, 1930 in Mader 1926 – 1937: 152 (misspelling).</p> <p>Coccinella (s. str.) magnopunctata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 67; 1982: 363.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.50–7.00 mm. Body oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous (Fig. 52). Head black, eye canthus and two large trapezoidal frontal spots yellow-white, isolated, rarely touching orbits or narrowly interconnected by canthus. Pronotum black, anterolateral corners with small narrowly triangular, more or less broken ochraceous-white spots, both narrowly interconnected at anterior margin. Scutellar shield black. Elytra orange-red with 11 black spots, one scutellar, the rest arranged in a 1-1-1-2 pattern as illustrated, scutellar spot large, somewhat inverted heart-shaped. Underside black, propleura with small crescent-shaped, pale ochraceous spot at anterior corners, elytral epipleura red-orange, mesepimeron white-yellow, metepimeron partly brown. Legs black, anterior face of fore coxae with large pale ochraceous spot in male (Modified from Kovář 2005).</p> <p>Distribution. Northwestern India (Kashmir); Nepal; China; Tibet; Mongolia; Russia; Iran (Kovář 2005).</p> <p>Notes: For detailed redescription and genitalia illustrations, see Kovář (2005). Also illustrated by Ren et al. (2009).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214084666BDDF33FFFF24FB66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214094666BDDF3333FC22F905.text	03C7416214094666BDDF3333FC22F905.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella marussii Kapur	<div><p>Coccinella marussii Kapur</p> <p>Coccinella marussii Kapur, 1973: 374 (Holotype female, Trieste; Type locality: Karakoram range / Stak Valley); Poorani 2002a: 326; Kovář 2005: 132.</p> <p>Kapur (1973) described it based on a single female specimen from the Karakoram range. He found it to be “moderately convex and smaller in size but otherwise similar to Coccinella septempunctata ”. Kovář (2005) included it in the transversoguttata species group.</p> <p>Distribution: A rare species with a limited distribution restricted to parts of northwestern India (Kashmir), northernmost Pakistan and the Karakoram range (Kapur 1973; Kovář 2005).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214094666BDDF3333FC22F905	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214094661BDDF3093FD29F992.text	03C7416214094661BDDF3093FD29F992.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus	<div><p>Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus</p> <p>(Figs 54–56)</p> <p>Coccinella 7- punctata Linnaeus, 1758: 365.</p> <p>Coccinella septempunctata: Korschefsky 1932: 486; Poorani 2002a: 326.</p> <p>Coccinella confusa Wiedemann, 1823: 72; Mulsant 1850: 112 (as a var. of divaricata); Sudha Rao 1962: 1341.</p> <p>Coccinella bruckii Mulsant, 1866: 90; Crotch 1874: 46.</p> <p>Coccinella septempunctata brucki: Korschefsky 1932: 491.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.20–8.60 mm; width: 4.00– 6.60 mm. Form oval, strongly convex. Head black, with a pair of semicircular frontal spots, one on either side of inner margin of eyes. Pronotum black, with a pale yellow or white anterolateral spot. Ground colour of elytra red, orange or yellow, elytral pattern in typical form (Fig. 54a) with seven black spots-one common spot around scutellar shield, and three on each elytron, with small whitish patches on either side of scutellar shield, just above scuellar spot; elytral spots often joined together (Figs 55f, 56i). Ventral side almost completely black. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 54b) incomplete with an associated line. Last visible abdominal ventrite with a median bunch of hairs in males, posterior margin emarginate and prominently dented; subtriangular with arcuate posterior margin in females. Male genitalia (Fig. 54d–i) and spermatheca (Fig. 54c) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Life stages as illustrated in Figs 55, 56. Mature larva (Fig. 55a–c) dark greyish to black with a pair of reddish / orange / yellowish lateral markings on abdominal tergite 1 and 4. Pupa (Figs 55d, 56g) orange with black markings.</p> <p>Distribution. It is a Palaearctic species but with a wide distribution almost throughout India and many parts of the Oriental region and Asia. North Africa. Adventively introduced in several countries including North America.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Commonly associated with aphids infesting crops such as mustard, wheat, maize, cowpea, cotton, sorghum, sugarcane, etc. in very large numbers, especially during winter months in the northern region. Aleyrodidae: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius); Aphidoidea s.l.: Adelges spp., Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis pomi De Geer, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Cervaphis rappardi indica Basu, Dreyfusia (as Adelges) knucheli (Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider) (as Chermes himalayensis Stebbing), Dactynotus carthami Hille Ris Lambers, Hyadaphis coriandri (Das), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Kaltenbach), Mindarus japonicus Takahashi, Myzus ? ornatus Laing, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead), Pineus sp., Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus), Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe; Cicadellidae: Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry); Monophlebidae: Drosicha dalbergiae (Green); Diaspididae: Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock); Lophopidae: Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker); Psyllidae: Diaphorina citri Kuwayama; Lepidoptera: early instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and Helicoverpa armigera (Ḩbner). Pollen of wildflowers. Numerous other hosts recorded from India and other parts of the world.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected almost round the year, particularly active during July–November in southern India, and during winter in northern states.</p> <p>Natural enemies. Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) and Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman) are common parasitoids of this species. Schaefer &amp; Semyanov (1992) provided a world list and bibliography of arthropod natural enemies of this species.</p> <p>Notes. This is the ladybird for many naturalists and perhaps the best-known species of the family. It is a habitat generalist and has proved invasive in many parts of the world outside its native range (CABI, 2022). It is a highly aggressive coloniser and non-target effects due to its introduction are fairly well documented. In the USA and Canada, where it was purposely, and possibly also accidentally, introduced, it has become well established and is out-competing native North American coccinellids, including Hippodamia convergens (Gordon, 1985).</p> <p>Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1953) provided brief notes on its biology and hosts. Kapur (1962) and Sudha Rao (1962) illustrated common elytral pattern variations. Gordon &amp; Vandenberg (1995) described and illustrated the larva. Illustrated by Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214094661BDDF3093FD29F992	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162140E4660BDDF3026FC07FF62.text	03C74162140E4660BDDF3026FC07FF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella tibetina Kapur	<div><p>Coccinella tibetina Kapur</p> <p>(Fig. 53b)</p> <p>Coccinella tibetina Kapur, 1963: 34 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Tibet).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.40–5.80 mm; width: 4.20–4.40 mm; form subovate, moderately convex, more or less like C. magnopunctata Rybakow in outline. Head black with a pair of pale testaceous frontal spots, one on either side of inner margin of eye; pronotum black with a pale testaceous, subquadrate, posteriorly emarginate spot at each anterior angle; scutellar shield black; elytra testaceous, one large, subquadrate to diamond-shaped black macula behind scutellar shield, each elytron with three black maculae, one lateral macula in line with the sutural spot, one transverse oval about midline and one transverse, roughly crescent shaped macula in the apical one-third (from Kapur 1963). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. Tibet, Mount Everest.</p> <p>Note. See Kapur (1963) for detailed description with illustrations. It is included here in view of the likelihood of its occurrence in the Himalayan range in the Indian Subcontinent also.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162140E4660BDDF3026FC07FF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162140F4660BDDF3736FF2EF87A.text	03C74162140F4660BDDF3736FF2EF87A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella transversalis Fabricius	<div><p>Coccinella transversalis Fabricius</p> <p>(Figs 57, 58)</p> <p>Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1781: 97 (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality: Coromandel); Poorani 2002a: 326; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 33.</p> <p>Coccinella repanda Thunberg, 1781: 18 (Lectotype female, UUZM ZIU; Type locality: Cape of Good Hope).—Synonymized by Mulsant 1850: 1022; Crotch 1871: 3; 1874: 117; Korschefsky 1932: 483; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 33.</p> <p>Coccinella contempta Boisduval, 1835: 592 (Type locality: Australia; type not found).—Synonymized by Mulsant 1850: 1022; Pope 1989: 652, 653; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 33.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.80–6.70 mm; width: 3.30–5.50 mm. Form elongate oval, convex. Head black with a pair of creamy yellow, subtriangular frontal spots, one on either side of inner margins of eyes. Pronotum black, anterolateral corners light cream. Scutellar shield black. Elytra bright carmine red or orange or yellow (Figs 57d, e; 58j–o), with an oval subscutellar spot, a large trilobed spot on humeral callus, a transverse band at apical third not reaching lateral margin, and three smaller apical spots-one sutural and two lateral, usually fused to form a transverse marking; sutural line with an irregular black stripe. Elytral pattern variable with the markings in various states of confluence or reduction (Fig. 58l). Spermatheca (Fig. 57g) and male genitalia (Fig. 57h–k) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Life stages as illustrated (Figs 57a–c, 58). Larva (Figs 57a, b; 58b–g) dark greyish to black with pinkish / orange / yellowish spots. Pupa (Figs 57c, 58h, i) orange with black markings.</p> <p>Distribution. One of the most common coccinellids of the region and found almost throughout India; Nepal; Bhutan; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Southeast Asia; China; Asia Pacific; Australia; New Zealand.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Commonly associated with aphids infesting grasses. Also found on several crops like groundnut, rice, cotton, sunflower, safflower, mustard, cowpea, cabbage, maize, sorghum, watermelon, wheat, brinjal, bhendi, lucerne, etc. Smart weed (Polygonum hydropiper) harbours it in large numbers. Known hosts include: Aphididae: Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Aphis affinis Del Guercio, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Cervaphis quercus Takahashi, Cervaphis rappardi indica Basu, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae (Shinji), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus), Melanaphis donacis (Passerini), Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), Myzus nicotianae Blackman, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Sitobion rosaeiformis (Das), Taoia indica (Ghosh &amp; Raychaudhuri), Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Therioaphis ononidis (Kaltenbach), Therioaphis trifolii (Monell), Uroleucon compositae (Theobald), Uroleucon sonchi (Linnaeus); Cicadellidae: Empoascanara indica (Datta), Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry); Ortheziidae: Orthezia insignis Browne; Psyllidae: Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Delphacidae: Nilaparvata lugens Stal. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Helicoverpa armigera (Ḩbner), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Present throughout the year with several overlapping generations. Active during July– November in south India.</p> <p>Natural enemies. Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank), Tetrastichus sp., Coccipolipus macfarlanei Husband, Coccipolipus sp.</p> <p>Note. Kovář (2007) considered C. transversalis as a subspecies of C. leonina Fabricius, 1775, a species endemic to New Zealand. This was followed by Abdolahi et al. (2018). However, Ślipiński et al. (2020) treated C. leonina and C. transversalis as distinct species in their revision of Australo-Pacific Coccinellini and the male genitalia of C. leonina are also different from those of C. transversalis.</p> <p>Numerous papers have been published on its bioecology, some of the notable ones include: Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1953) —brief notes on biology, hosts; Kapur (1962)—geographical variations in elytral pattern, illustrations; Sasaji (1971), Pope (1989) —detailed description, illustrations; Debaraj &amp; Singh (2000)—field recognition of life stages; Roy (1976), Joshi et al. (1999) —biology; Yu (2010) —description, illustrations of life stages.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162140F4660BDDF3736FF2EF87A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621402466DBDDF36EBFD3AFC01.text	03C741621402466DBDDF36EBFD3AFC01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann	<div><p>Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann</p> <p>(Fig. 53d)</p> <p>Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann, 1835: 454 (Type locality: Irkutsk, Russia).— Mulsant 1850 a: 117; Crotch 1874: 116; Poorani 2002a: 327; Kovář 2005: 149; Ren et al. 2009: 188.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.70–7.30 mm; width: 4.30–5.60 mm. Form (Fig. 53d) broadly oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Head black, eye canthus and rather large roundly triangular spot on each side of frons white-yellow, each spot touching inner orbit of eye and frequently connected with eye canthus. Antenna pale brown, scape black with brown apex, two or three apical antennomeres infuscate. Scutellar shield black. Elytra orange-red with 11 black spots, scutellar spot rather large, triangular to pentagonal, rarely rhomboid, usually deeply emarginate posteriorly along suture, remaining spots arranged in a pattern of 1-1-1-2, elytral pattern often variable. Underside black, tips of antero-lateral corners of propleura and mesepimera whitish, metepimera dark or brownish with whitish stripe, elytral epipleuron orange-red. Legs black, anterior face of fore coxae with white-yellow to apricot spot as well as ventral furrow of each front femur in male with a long pale stripe (Slightly modified from Kovář 2005). See Kovář (2005) for detailed description and illustrations.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Manipur, Meghalaya (Ghosh et al. 1977)); Nepal; Palaearctic region; North America.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. March–May, November, January (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Ghosh et al. (1977) recorded it from Meghalaya, northeastern India. Kovář (2005) treated the Palaearctic species of the Coccinella transversoguttata species group with detailed descriptions and illustrations. Gordon &amp; Vandenberg (1995) described and illustrated the larva.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621402466DBDDF36EBFD3AFC01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621402466ABDDF3590FBFAFE36.text	03C741621402466ABDDF3590FBFAFE36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus	<div><p>Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus</p> <p>(Figs 59, 60)</p> <p>Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758: 366 (Lectotype, LSL; Type locality: Europe).— Mulsant 1846: 71; 1866: 85; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 66; 1982; 351; Pope 1989: 651; Poorani 2002a: 327; Ren et al. 2009: 190.</p> <p>Coccinella (Dobzhanskia) undecimpunctata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 71.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.30–5.80 mm; width: 3.00–4.00 mm. Form (Figs 59a, b, 60a, b) elongate, broad oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Head black, with a pair of angular or oblique oval creamy yellow or white frontal spots, one on either side of inner margin of eyes. Pronotum black except anterolateral margins and corners white to creamy yellow. Scutellar shield black. Elytra orange yellow to red, with pale creamy yellow or whitish patches on either side of scutellar shield, one common scutellar spot and five black spots on each elytron in a 1-2-2 pattern as follows (Fig. 59a, b): one humeral, two in a transverse row at middle and two in a transverse row in apical third; spots often fused to form transverse, larger fasciae (Fig. 60a, b). Ventral side black except anterior part of prothoracic hypomeron, mesepimera, metepimera and elytral epipleura paler, yellow to yellowish brown, sometimes entire ventral side light yellowish brown. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete with an associated line (Fig. 60c). Male genitalia (Figs 59d–f, 60d–f) and spermatheca (Fig. 59c) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Most common in northwestern region (recorded from Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Pakistan; Nepal; Australia; New Zealand; Europe; Mediterranean region; North America.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Aphididae: Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Aphis pomi DeGeer, Aphis punicae Passerini, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (as H. arundinis auctt.), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Sitobion graminis Takahashi, Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi), indeterminate aphids on sugarcane. Lophopidae: Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker). Margarodidae: Drosicha stebbingi Green. Lepidoptera: Crambidae: early instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Collected on apple, wheat, sugarcane, maize, plum, cotton, mustard, melon, cabbage, tobacco, berseem, cowpea, bottle gourd, Euonymus sp., etc. (label data). Associated with powdery mildew infesting mulberry (Khan &amp; Nighat 1991).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during April–September, and November–February from different parts of northern and northwestern India. In Kashmir, adults were observed to emerge in April and started overwintering in November (Maqbool et al. 2020).</p> <p>Natural enemies. Dinocampus coccinellae, Phalacrotophora fasciata, Tetrastichus coccinellae, Laboulbenia sp. (Richerson 1970; Maqbool et al. 2018).</p> <p>Notes. Belicek (1976) and Pope (1989) provided detailed descriptions of the adult with illustrations. Emden (1949) and Savoiskaya &amp; Klausnitzer (1973) described and illustrated the larva. Rahman (1940) studied its biology. Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) included it in their works on Chinese Coccinellini.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621402466ABDDF3590FBFAFE36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621405466ABDDF3782FB00FC9E.text	03C741621405466ABDDF3782FB00FC9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinula Dobzhansky. Zoologischer Anziger 1925	<div><p>Genus Coccinula Dobzhansky</p> <p>Coccinula Dobzhansky, 1925: 245.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata Linnaeus, 1758: 368, by original designation?</p> <p>Notes. In view of the non-availability of specimens for detailed studies, a generic diagnosis is not given for Coccinula. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Coccinella- group of genera and found Coccinula had a close morphological relationship with the Old World genera Anisosticta, Bulaea, and Tytthaspis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621405466ABDDF3782FB00FC9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621405466ABDDF3535FC56FB35.text	03C741621405466ABDDF3535FC56FB35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinula redimita (Weise 1885)	<div><p>Coccinula redimita (Weise)</p> <p>(Fig. 61)</p> <p>Coccinella redimita Weise, 1885: 234 (Type locality: Turkestan / Central Asia).</p> <p>Coccinula redimita: Kovář 2007: 601.</p> <p>Coccinella redemita: Ashfaque et al. 2013: 242.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.50 mm. Form broadly rounded, dorsum convex and glabrous. Elytral pattern variable as illustrated (Fig. 61a–d). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. Pakistan; Iran; Afghanistan; Palaearctic.Ashfaque et al. ((2013) recorded it from Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltistan) as ‘ Coccinella redemita ’ and illustrated the male genitalia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621405466ABDDF3535FC56FB35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214054669BDDF328EFAA6FE86.text	03C7416214054669BDDF328EFAA6FE86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Coelophora Mulsant</p> <p>Coelophora Mulsant, 1850: 390.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella inaequalis Fabricius, 1775, by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874: 148.</p> <p>Cyphocaria Crotch, 1871: 6. Type species: Caria duvaucelii Mulsant, 1850, by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874: 148.</p> <p>Spilocaria Timberlake, 1943: 58. Type species: Coelophora bissellata Mulsant, 1850, by original designation.—Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 218.</p> <p>Lemnia (Microlemnia) Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982: 218, 261; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 35 (Invalid taxon, not accompanied by description).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form round to broad oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Anterior clypeal margin truncate between lateral projections (Fig. 62a). Antenna 11-segmented with a three-segmented club, terminal antennomere elongate oval (Fig. 62b). Terminal maxillary palpomere securiform. Prothoracic hypomeron with a fovea near anterolateral corners. Prosternal intercoxal process with a pair of carinae, anterior margin of mesoventrite medially deeply emarginate (Fig. 62d). Elytra with narrow raised margins, lateral borders moderately explanate. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 62c) incomplete, parallel to posterior margin of ventrite 1, without an associated line. Male genitalia with penis (Fig. 62i) consisting of a basal sclerite and a hinged, much smaller, apical piece. Spermatheca with nodulus and ramus often not well differentiated (Fig. 62f).</p> <p>Distribution. This genus is widely distributed in the Oriental and Austalasian regions extending from China to Australia and introduced in New Zealand, Hawaii and Florida (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Affinities. This genus is closely related to Alloneda, Microcaria and Phrynocaria and shares morphological features like presence of foveae on prothoracic hypomeron, mesoventrite with deeply emarginate anterior margin, etc. It differs from Microcaria in having a penis comprising more than one sclerite. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Synonycha- group of genera and commented about its non-monophyletic nature that defied a proper morphological definition. They proposed the reassignment of some species of Coelophora to Phrynocaria and Microcaria. Further studies are needed to define its limits.</p> <p>Included species. Poorani (2002) included 13 species of Coelophora in the checklist of the Indian region.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214054669BDDF328EFAA6FE86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214064657BDDF317AFA44F9EB.text	03C7416214064657BDDF317AFA44F9EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora biplagiata (Swartz 1808)	<div><p>Coelophora biplagiata (Swartz)</p> <p>(Fig. 63)</p> <p>Coccinella biplagiata Swartz, in Scĥnherr, 1808: 196 (Type locality: China).</p> <p>Lemnia biplagiata: Mulsant 1850: 383: 1866: 252; Yu 2010: 72.</p> <p>Coelophora biplagiata: Crotch 1874: 149; Poorani 2002a: 327; Kovář 2007: 613.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.50–6.50 mm; width: 4.40–5.50 mm. Form (Fig. 63a) broadly circular, convex. Body broadly oval, strongly convex, dorsum glabrous. Head light yellow. Pronotum black, lateral sides yellowish confluent along cephalic border. Elytra black with a broad reddish patch, irregular in outline, situated in the anterior half of elytra. Male genitalia (Fig. 63b–e) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Manipur, Assam); Nepal; Myanmar; Thailand; China; The Philippines; Korea; Japan; Introduced in Far Eastern Russia.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Known hosts include: Aphididae: Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner, Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe; Diaspididae: Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus), Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman). Collected on sugarcane and in association with indeterminate aphids infesting pigeonpea, Vigna sp. and Argemone sp.</p> <p>Can develop well on Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Aphis glycines Matsumura, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus), and A. craccivora in the laboratory and greenhouse conditions (Kuznetsov &amp; Pang 2002). Feeds on aphids on Bidens pilosa, Thuja compacta and Prunus persicae in Nepal (Sajan et al. 2019). Introduced in Far Eastern Russia from China and found to be very effective in controlling aphids infesting melon, cucumber and peppers in greenhouses (Kuznetsov &amp; Pang 2002).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during March, July–August, September–October (Assam, northeastern region).</p> <p>Note: Most of the Indian records of C. biplagiata are suspect and most probably refer to C. saucia, a similar looking, more widely distributed species. Sasaji (1971) and Yu (2010) provided a detailed description with illustrations. See Semyanov (2001) and Kuznetsov &amp; Pang (2002) for biology, prey and use in pest management.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214064657BDDF317AFA44F9EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214384653BDDF30BDFC4AFA7E.text	03C7416214384653BDDF30BDFC4AFA7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora bissellata Mulsant	<div><p>Coelophora bissellata Mulsant</p> <p>(Figs 64–66)</p> <p>Coelophora bissellata Mulsant, 1850: 400 (Lectotype, OMNH; Type locality: le Bengale).— Poorani 2002a: 327.</p> <p>Coelophora bisellata: Ślipiński et al. 2020: 36.</p> <p>Spilocaria bissellata: Timberlake 1943: 58.</p> <p>Lemnia (Spilocaria) bissellata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 62.</p> <p>Lemnia bissellata: Hoang 1983: 74; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 218; Yu 2010: 74.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.90–5.70 mm; width: 5.30–5.50 mm. Form (Fig. 64a, b) round, dorsum strongly convex, glabrous. Head and pronotum creamy yellow or pale pink. Ground colour of elytra carmine red to orange yellow on disk and margins yellowish brown. Pronotum with two pairs of black spots on posterior margin, outer pair smaller, located on posterolateral corners and inner pair much larger, subtriangular to oval, situated in middle. Each elytron with four spots arranged in a 1-1-1-1 pattern and two common sutural spots, one in each half (Figs 64a, 65o, q, 66a–d). Colour pattern variable, pronotal and / or elytral spots sometimes fused to form larger maculae (Fig. 64b) or reduced in size (Fig. 66e, f) and / or number (Figs 65p, 66g, h), rarely lateral borders of elytra narrowly black. Ventral side with mouthparts and legs yellowish brown, meso-and metasternal epimera white, middle of prosternum, meso-and metasterna and middle of abdominal ventrites black and elytral epipleura yellowish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 64i–l) and spermatheca (Figs 62f, 64h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages: As in Fig. 65a–n.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Widely distributed (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Nepal; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Thailand; Vietnam; China; Indonesia; The Philippines; New Guinea.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Aphidoidea: Adelges spp., Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis kurosawai Takahashi, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner, Ceratovacuna silvestrii (Takahashi), Cervaphis quercus Takahashi, Cervaphis rappardi indica Basu, Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae (Shinji), Sitobion rosaeiformis (Das), Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki), Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Aphis (Aphis) odinae (van der Goot) and Uroleucon sonchi. Acari: Raoiella indica Hirst (Tenuipalpidae) on areca palm.</p> <p>Collected on sugarcane, rice, cowpea, Beta vulgaris, areca palm, sandal, Argemone sp., Artemisia vulgaris, Eupatorium odoratum, Phragmites karka, Pterolobium indicum, Webera corymbosa, Quercus serrata, Bambusa sp., and spruce. Hayat et al. (2017) recorded custard apple, walnut and wheat as host plants in Pakistan. Sajan et al. (2019) recorded it as feeding on aphids on Bidens pilosa in Nepal.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during January,April–May, July–August (South India), and October–December (Eastern region). Active during April–October in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Natural enemy. Coccipolipus sp.</p> <p>Notes. This is the best-known species of Coelophora of the Indian region. Kapur (1962) studied and illustrated the geographical variations in elytral pattern. The nominate form has four black spots on pronotum, two common or sutural spots and four other spots on elytron and the lateral pronotal spots are occasionally absent or in some cases, much larger and / or united to form a transverse basal band. Sicard (1910: 536) recorded the variety nudipennis in which elytral spots are absent. The other variations observed include: (a) first elytral spot joining anterior sutural spot, external margins of elytra bordered black; (b) intermediate conditions exist between these, notably elytral spots well developed with pronotal spots reduced in size or pronotal spots well developed with elytral spots reduced in size.</p> <p>Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1953, 1955) provided brief notes on its bioecology. Rhamhalinghan (1989) described the immature stages. Yu (2010) illustrated the life stages.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214384653BDDF30BDFC4AFA7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162143C4652BDDF304AFE04FF4E.text	03C74162143C4652BDDF304AFE04FF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora bowringii Crotch	<div><p>Coelophora bowringii Crotch</p> <p>(Fig. 67)</p> <p>Coelophora bowringii Crotch, 1874: 152 (BMNH; Type locality: Burma); Poorani 2002a: 328; Yu 2010: 69.</p> <p>Coelophora tanoi Sasaji, 1982; Ren et al. 2009: 194–195.—Synonymized by Yu 2010: 69.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.10–4.50 mm; width: 3.60–3.90 mm. Form broadly rounded, dorsum hemispherical, convex, glabrous. Ground colour yellowish orange to ochreous in dead specimens, in live and well-preserved specimens head and anterolateral portions of pronotum creamy yellow. Each elytron with four spots arranged in a 3-1 pattern (Fig. 67a, b), first three spots arranged in a transverse row in anterior half a little before midline, fourth spot oblique oval, positioned before apex; elytral spots usually with yellowish-white halos. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Assam, Nagaland); Myanmar; China.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Not known.</p> <p>Notes. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982) erroneously synonymized it with C. newporti. Yu (2010) illustrated the habitus and colour morphs.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162143C4652BDDF304AFE04FF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162143D4652BDDF3244FB91F861.text	03C74162143D4652BDDF3244FB91F861.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora circumvelata (Hope)	<div><p>Coelophora circumvelata (Hope)</p> <p>(Fig. 72)</p> <p>Coccinella cincta Hope, 1831: 31 (preoccupied) (Lectotype, HEC, OMNH; Type locality: Nepal).—Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 350 (lectotype designation).</p> <p>Lemnia cincta: Crotch 1874: 149.</p> <p>Lemnia circumvelata Mulsant, 1850; 387, 388 (replacement name); 1866: 255; Korschefsky 1932: 291; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 220; Ren et al. 2009: 206.</p> <p>Lemnia (Phrynocaria) circumvelata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1984: 210.</p> <p>Coelophora circumvelata: Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 350; Poorani 2002a: 328; Kovář 2007: 614.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.00– 6.50 mm. Form almost circular, dorsum convex and glabrous. Head yellow, eyes large, narrowly separated and apically strongly divergent; pronotum yellow with a large black macula occupying most of the disc; scutellar shield black; elytra yellow, lateral margins with a black border, about 1/4th of width of elytron (Fig. 72a–c). Ventral side more or less yellowish except metaventrite and abdominal ventrite 1 medially darker. Female genitalia (Fig. 72f) and spermatheca (Fig. 72h) as illustrated. Rarely dorsum fully melanic (Fig. 72d, e) except inner ocular margins of head and anterolateral areas of pronotum yellowish, with similar genitalia (Fig. 72g).</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Assam, Meghalaya); Nepal; The Philippines.</p> <p>Notes. Coelophora circumvelata is of uncertain generic status and Poorani et al. (2021) opined that it could be a synonym of P. unicolor because it is similar to var. cinctipennis Weise, 1892 of P. unicolor. Booth &amp; Pope (1989) designated a lectotype for C. circumvelata and Hope’s type specimen of C. circumvelata (Fig. 72a, BMNH, examined) looks like a Phrynocaria but could not be dissected. Similar variants of P. unicolor from eastern India have been examined. There is also a rare variant of P. circumusta with black lateral borders of elytra as in C. circumvelata. It is included here in Coelophora following Booth &amp; Pope (1989) and the male genitalia illustrated by Ren et al. (2009) also appear to be characteristic of Coelophora, with the penis composed of two distinct sclerites. A female closely matching C. circumvelata (Fig. 72a–c) and an almost fully melanic variant conspecific with this (Fig. 72d, e) were examined from Assam, north-eastern India and both are illustrated here. Their genitalia also were almost identical (Fig. 72f, g). See Booth &amp; Pope (1989) for notes on its nomenclature.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162143D4652BDDF3244FB91F861	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162143E4651BDDF36EBFA40FB0A.text	03C74162143E4651BDDF36EBFA40FB0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora decemguttata Weise	<div><p>Coelophora decemguttata Weise</p> <p>(Fig. 68)</p> <p>Coelophora decemguttata Weise, 1912: 114 (Type locality: Sikkim).— Mader 1926 (1934): 326, 327; Korschefsky 1932: 291; Poorani 2002a: 328.</p> <p>Phrynocaria decemguttata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 276; Kovář 2007: 623.</p> <p>Brief redescription. Length: 5.80–6.30 mm; Form broad, almost circular in outline (Fig. 68a); dorsum glabrous except head with silvery white hairs. Head yellow, pronotum yellow with a median black macula reaching beyond middle (Fig. 68c), scutellar shield with basal margin only yellow, rest black; each elytron with 5 spots arranged in a 2-2-1 pattern (Fig. 68a), outer spots open laterally and confluent with the yellowish lateral margins which are distinctly explanate (Fig. 68b); lateral margins of pronotum and elytra narrowly black. Ventral side with last antennomere and mandibular apices brown, prosternal arms medially infuscate, metaventrite black, legs yellowish brown except forefemora basally brownish, first three abdominal ventrites medially dark brown, ventrite 4 anteriorly infuscate, last ventrite emarginate medially.</p> <p>Head with interocular distance less than twice eye width. Pronotum with anterolateral corners distinctly sinuate near apex. Head and pronotum finely and densely punctate, interspaces with distinctly reticulate microsculpture; pronotal punctures denser towards posterior margin; elytra uniformly densely punctate, punctures slightly larger, slightly farther apart than those on pronotum, interspaces with distinct microsculpture that becomes more obsolete towards lateral margins, punctures more broadly separated on lateral sides. Hypomera with anterior inner corners having distinct foveae. Epipleura distinctly foveolate on level with mid and hind legs. Mesoventrite medially emarginate. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, without an associated line (Fig. 68d). Male genitalia (Fig. 68f–i) and spermatheca (Fig. 68e) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Sikkim; West Bengal (Darjeeling)). It is rarely collected and apparently endemic to the Eastern Himalayas.</p> <p>Notes. It is a poorly known species apparently endemic to the Eastern Himalayas. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982) described this species and illustrated the habitus and male genitalia. Kovář (2007) included it under Phrynocaria, but it is placed in Coelophora here due to the presence of tibial spurs and the male genitalia, particularly the penis having a basal sclerite and a hinged, smaller, apical piece. Mader (1934) also treated it and illustrated the habitus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162143E4651BDDF36EBFA40FB0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162143E465EBDDF329FFEC9FF62.text	03C74162143E465EBDDF329FFEC9FF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora duvaucelii (Mulsant)	<div><p>Coelophora duvaucelii (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 69)</p> <p>Caria duvaucelii Mulsant, 1850: 233 (MNHN; Type locality: ‘Asia’).</p> <p>Cyphocaria duvaucelii: Crotch 1874: 148.</p> <p>Coelophora duvaucelii: Korschefsky 1932: 292; Poorani 2002a: 328; Kovář 2007: 614.</p> <p>Lemnia (Artemis) duvaucelii: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 218.</p> <p>Lemnia duvauceli: Ren et al. 2009: 206; Yu 2010: 78–79.</p> <p>Alloneda novemmaculata Cao &amp; Pu, 1985.—Synonymized by Yu 1998: 282.</p> <p>Anisolemnia laichauana Hoang, 1983b.—Synonymized by Kovář 2007: 72.— Yu 2010: 78.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 7.50–8.40 mm; width: 7.50–7.90 mm. Form subcircular, slightly longer than broad. Ground colour reddish to yellowish brown; pronotum with a pair of small, oval black spots on basal margin, one on either side above scutellar shield; each elytron with four black spots on disk and one spot adjacent to suture about 1/4 th from anterior margin, almost fused with the corresponding spot on the other elytron (Fig. 69a, b). Ventral side yellowish or reddish brown. Anterolateral corners of pronotum distinctly sinuate before apex. Male genitalia (Fig. 69e, f) and spermatheca (Fig. 69d) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Assam, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal) and Andamans; Bhutan; Myanmar; China; Malaysia; Indonesia. Two specimens collected from Coorg and Belgaum were examined at BMNH and it appears to be a case of mislabelling as there is no verified record of this species from peninsular India.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Collected on citrus and vegetables (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during May (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Bielawski (1979) provided a short description. Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) illustrated the habitus and male genitalia. Its generic status is somewhat uncertain as the morphological characters are similar to those of Alloneda.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162143E465EBDDF329FFEC9FF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621431465DBDDF3741FB0CFEDA.text	03C741621431465DBDDF3741FB0CFEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora inaequalis (Fabricius 1775)	<div><p>Coelophora inaequalis (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Fig. 70)</p> <p>Coccinella inaequalis Fabricius, 1775: 80 (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality: ‘Nova Hollandia’).</p> <p>Coelophora inaequalis: Mulsant, 1850: 404; Crotch 1874: 153; Korschefsky 1932: 292; Pope, 1989: 665; Poorani 2002a: 328; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 36–37.</p> <p>Coelophora vidua Mulsant, 1850: 393.—Synonymized by Poorani et al. 2008: 592.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.30–6.00 mm; width: 3.50–5.50 mm. Form broad, almost circular, convex and glabrous. Dorsal colour pattern highly variable, the form illustrated here (Fig. 70a) superficially resembles C. bissellata with a pair of black spots on pronotum and nine black spots on elytra. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete (Fig. 70c). Male genitalia (Fig. 70f, g) and spermatheca (Fig. 70d, e) diagnostic.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Andamans); Sri Lanka; Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines); New Guinea; New Caledonia; Micronesia; Australia; Introduced in New Zealand, Hawaii and Florida (Gordon 1985; Pope 1989).</p> <p>Notes. Pope (1989) and Ślipiński et al. (2020) described and illustrated this species in detail. It is not known from the Indian mainland and the specimens studied were collected from the Andaman Islands.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621431465DBDDF3741FB0CFEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621432465DBDDF37EEFED6FBD4.text	03C741621432465DBDDF37EEFED6FBD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora lushuiensis (Jing)	<div><p>Coelophora lushuiensis (Jing)</p> <p>(Fig. 198)</p> <p>Lemnia lushuiensis Jing, 1992: 277 (Type locality: Yunnan, China).— Ren et al. 2009: 208, 209; Yu 2010: 79, 80.</p> <p>Coelophora lushuiensis: Kovář 2007: 614.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.10–5.70 mm; width: 4.40–4.50 mm. Form broad oval, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Ground colour olive yellow, pronotum with a pair of ochreous to reddish brown longitudinal maculae on posterior margin, each elytron with a subtrapezoidal macula on basal margin and a pair of thin stripes radiating from the posterior corners of the basal macula, outer one dorsolateral, long, curved and reaching close to the apex, inner one more oblique, reaching up to about middle of elytra (Fig. 198a–c). Male genitalia (Fig. 198d–g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Material examined. India: Manipur, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=94.35061&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.113472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 94.35061/lat 25.113472)">Ukhrul</a>, N 25°06’48.5” E 94°21’02.2” 1647 mt, 23.viii.2014, Prathapan &amp; Shameem Coll. (1 male, NBAIR).</p> <p>Distribution. India (North-eastern region: Manipur); Laos; China; Taiwan.</p> <p>Notes. Jing (1992) described it as Lemnia lushuiensis from China (Hengduan Mountains). It is recorded from India based on a single male collected from the north-eastern Indian state of Manipur.The Indian specimen illustrated here has a single, curved dorsolateral elytral stripe and lacks the inner, shorter oblique stripe found in the nominate form. Several hundred specimens of this species from Laos were examined in the collections at BMNH. It was also included in the illustrated guides to Chinese Coccinellidae by Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) as Lemnia lushuiensis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621432465DBDDF37EEFED6FBD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621433465CBDDF36EBFAF7FDE1.text	03C741621433465CBDDF36EBFAF7FDE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora minki (Mulsant 1866)	<div><p>Coelophora minki (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 71)</p> <p>Daulis minki Mulsant, 1866: 211 (Type locality: Ceylon).</p> <p>Coelophora minki: Crotch 1874: 152; Korschefsky 1932: 294; Poorani 2002a: 329.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 7.00 mm. Form (Fig. 71) broadly rounded, dorsum strongly convex, glabrous. Ground colour yellow-orange, scutellar shield with dark brown borders, paler inside, each elytron with six dark brown spots arranged in a 1-2-2-1 pattern (one on shoulder, two slightly above middle-one lateral and one discal, two below middle, one apical; suture narrowly dark brown. Ventral side yellow. Prothoracic hypomeron with deep foveae near anterolateral corners. Prosternal process with carinae gradually divergent towards posterior. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. Sri Lanka; Indonesia (Java).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in February–March (label data).</p> <p>Note. Crotch (1874) described it and Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982) illustrated the habitus and genitalia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621433465CBDDF36EBFAF7FDE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621433465CBDDF34C3FAD1FBE6.text	03C741621433465CBDDF34C3FAD1FBE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora nitidicollis Kapur	<div><p>Coelophora nitidicollis Kapur</p> <p>(Fig. 75a)</p> <p>Coelophora nitidicollis Kapur, 1963a: 29 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Sikkim).— Poorani 2002a: 329.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.25 mm; width: 3.70 mm. Form broadly circular, dorsum convex and glabrous. Dorsal side yellow, pronotum with a black macula on posterior margin occupying most of discal area except lateral sides and anterior margin; scutellar shield dark reddish brown; elytra laterally explanate, with two lateral stripes and one sutural stripe, not reaching apex (Fig. 75a). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution: India (Sikkim).</p> <p>Note. Kapur (1963) described and illustrated this species from Sikkim, and it appears to be rare and there is no matching specimen in any of the major Indian repositories. The holotype (BMNH) is illustrated here. It is similar to C. circumvelata, another poorly known species of the Indian region with black lateral borders of elytra.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621433465CBDDF34C3FAD1FBE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214334658BDDF32B3FD36FDFA.text	03C7416214334658BDDF32B3FD36FDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora saucia (Mulsant)	<div><p>Coelophora saucia (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 73, 74)</p> <p>Lemnia saucia Mulsant, 1850: 380 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: Nepal).— Gordon 1987: 18; Ren et al. 2009: 208; Yu 2010: 73.</p> <p>Coelophora saucia: Poorani 2002a: 329.</p> <p>Coelophora swinhoeii Crotch, 1874: 149 (Lectotype, UCCC).—Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 249; Gordon 1987: 18 (lectotype designation).</p> <p>Lemnia melanota Mulsant, 1850: 381 (Lectotype female, HEC, OMNH; Type locality: India).—Synonymized and lectotype designated by Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 359.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.80–6.80 mm; width: 4.50–6.00 mm. Form (Fig. 73a) circular, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Head black. Pronotum black except lateral one-third areas white in live specimens and yellowish in dead specimens, occasionally medially paler with only a posterior transverse black macula. Elytra shiny black, with two large, transverse blood red maculae in middle (Fig. 74c, d), sometimes elytra only partially black with anterior and anterolateral areas reddish, with discal reddish spots reduced in size (Fig. 74e, f) or almost completely black. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 73b) incomplete; ventrite 5 posteriorly broadly emarginate and ventrite 6 slightly more deeply but narrowly emarginate in male (Fig. 73b), medially produced and arcuate, respectively, in female (Fig. 73c). Male genitalia (Fig. 73d–g) and spermatheca (Fig. 73h) as illustrated.</p> <p>This species is similar in general appearance and coloration to C. biplagiata, from which it can be differentiated by the pronotal marking which extends along the lateral margin up to the middle and the genitalia.</p> <p>Immature stages. Larva (Fig. 74a, b) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Widely distributed (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal); Nepal; Myanmar; Thailand; China; The Philippines; Korea; Japan.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Aphidophagous on several commonly found aphids including Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora, and A. fabae (label data). Associated with whiteflies on coconut (label data).</p> <p>Devi (1989) recorded it as a predator of Aphis kurosawai, Cavariella salicicola, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cervaphis rappardi indica, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (as L. erysimi), and Toxoptera citricida (Aphididae) in association with various host plants in northeastern India (Solanum sp., Salix sp., Cucumis sativus, Vicia faba, Ageratum conyzoides, Brassica napus, Colocasia antiquorum, Gynura angulosa, Mangifera indica, Saccharum officinalis, Artemisia vulgaris, and Cajanus cajan).</p> <p>Notes. As mentioned earlier, references to C. biplagiata from India most probably apply to C. saucia, as it is more commonly distributed, particularly in northeastern states. Illustrations of the habitus, life stages and the genitalia are given by Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214334658BDDF32B3FD36FDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214374658BDDF34CEFB5AFAD4.text	03C7416214374658BDDF34CEFB5AFAD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eoadalia Iablokoff-Khnzorian	<div><p>Genus Eoadalia Iablokoff-Khnzorian</p> <p>Eoadalia Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1976: 253.</p> <p>Type species: Adalia koltzei Weise, 1887, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. In the key given by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1979), it is distinguished from other Coccinellini by its “elongate oval and narrow form, presence of tibial spurs and female genitalia with infundibulum long and tubular with a basal ring, spermatheca as in Adalia ”. A proper diagnostic account of this genus is not given because of the paucity of material for detailed study and a generic definition is not given by any other workers except Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1979; 1982).</p> <p>Distribution. Palaearctic.</p> <p>Included species. Only Eoadalia juliae (Mulsant, 1866) is present in India and this species is of uncertain generic status.</p> <p>Notes: The name Eoadalia was first mentioned as a new genus by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1976) and later he included it in his key to the genera of Palaearctic Coccinellini (Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979) and mentioned Adalia koltzei (Weise 1887) as its type. He formally erected Eoadalia as a new genus again and designated A. koltzei as its type in his revision of Coccinellini (Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982). Besides the type species, two Indian species, Eoadalia indica (Crotch, 1874) and E. juliae (Mulsant, 1866) were initially included in this genus. Of these, E. indica was listed as a synonym of O. billieti by Poorani (2002). Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included Eoadalia under the Synonycha- group of genera and this genus was not included in their molecular analysis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214374658BDDF34CEFB5AFAD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214374658BDDF33DDFCDBF838.text	03C7416214374658BDDF33DDFCDBF838.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eoadalia juliae (Mulsant)	<div><p>Eoadalia juliae (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 75b)</p> <p>Harmonia juliae Mulsant, 1866: 56 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: “Les Indes-Orientales”).</p> <p>Coccinella juliae: Crotch 1874: 110; Korschefsky 1932: 508; Gordon 1987: 13 (lectotype designation).</p> <p>Eoadalia juliae: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 452; Poorani 2002a: 329.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form (Fig. 75b) elongate oval, dorsum weakly convex and glabrous. Ground colour yellow, head with a median longitudinal black macula connected to a larger, transverse black macula on posterior half; pronotum with a trapezoidal median black macula; elytra immaculate yellow. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Uttarakhand).</p> <p>Note. This species is externally indistinguishable from Oenopia billieti (Mulsant) (var. testacea Kapur). The specimen illustrated here (examined, BMNH) was collected from Uttarakhand, northern India, and identified as E. juliae by R. G. Booth by comparison with the lectotype. It is almost identical to O. billieti in size and colour pattern and the genitalia could not be dissected for confirmation.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214374658BDDF33DDFCDBF838	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214284647BDDF3226FBCAF88D.text	03C7416214284647BDDF3226FBCAF88D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halyzia Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Halyzia Mulsant</p> <p>(Fig. 76)</p> <p>Halyzia Mulsant, 1846: 141, 148.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella sedecimguttata Linnaeus, 1758: 367, by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874: 131.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium to large sized beetles, coloration usually dull orange to straw yellow with other patterns or spots. Form broadly oval, moderately convex. Clypeal margin of head without distinct lateral projections. Mandibles apically multidentate, with a series of small serrations on apical ventral tooth, rarely bifid. Antenna (Fig. 76a) very long, loosely segmented, with 11 antennomeres, antennomeres 9–11 forming a loose club. Terminal maxillary palpomere (Fig. 76b) securiform, narrow basally, apical one-third widest. Terminal labial palpomere not as stout as preceding one. Anterior margin of pronotum barely emarginate, covering most of head at rest. Lateral margins of pronotum and elytra explanate. Prosternal carinae absent. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 76c) usually very short, incomplete.</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it under the Synonycha -group of genera and found all the genera of the former tribe Halyziini including Psyllobora, Oxytella, Illeis, Vibidia, Macroilleis, and Halyzia were grouped together and formed a major branch. The tribe Halyziini is now part of the composite Coccinellini as defined by Tomaszewska et al. (2021).</p> <p>Included species. Six species are known from the Indian region of which H. feae Gorham 1895 (Type locality: Burma) is poorly known and Gorham’s description is indicative of an Illeis sp.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214284647BDDF3226FBCAF88D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162142B4644BDDF3557FACEFA1A.text	03C74162142B4644BDDF3557FACEFA1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halyzia dejavu Poorani & Booth	<div><p>Halyzia dejavu Poorani &amp; Booth</p> <p>(Figs 77, 78a, 79a–d)</p> <p>Halyzia dejavu Poorani &amp; Booth, 2006: 66 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Sikkim, India).— Yu 2010: 151.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 8.05–8.50 mm; width: 6.96–7.20 mm. Form elongate, broadly oval, broadest around middle of elytra, dorsal side glabrous except for head. Ground colour of head, pronotum and elytra bright creamy to lemon yellow (Figs 77a, 78a, 79a–d), pronotum with a pair of subquadrate to crescent-shaped, reddish brown to ochreous brown spots, one on either side of scutellum on posterior margin; scutellum yellow with pale brown border; each elytron with four reddish brown to dull brown spots in a 1-2-1 pattern, all spots longer than wide and obliquely positioned; elytral suture with a dull brown to reddish brown stripe with scalloped / wavy margin; lateral sides of pronotum and elytra transparent. Ventral side mostly pale yellowish, metaventrite and abdomen darker yellow to yellowish brown. Spermatheca (Fig. 77e) and male genitalia (Fig. 77f–h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh; Sikkim); Nepal; Bhutan; China.</p> <p>Prey / Associated habitat. Feeding on indeterminate aphids (label data); Attracted to light.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in November (label data).</p> <p>Notes. See Poorani &amp; Booth (2006) for original description. Recorded from China by Yu (2010).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162142B4644BDDF3557FACEFA1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162142B4643BDDF33AEFBE2F945.text	03C74162142B4643BDDF33AEFBE2F945.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halyzia nepalensis Canepari	<div><p>Halyzia nepalensis Canepari</p> <p>(Figs 79e–g, 80)</p> <p>Halyzia nepalensis Canepari, 2003: 261 (Holotype female, NKME; Type locality: Nepal).— Poorani &amp; Thangjam 2019: 549.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 7.00 mm; width: 5.50 mm. Form elongate oval (Fig. 79e–g) to slightly broader oval (Fig. 80), dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Ground colour bright lemon yellow in live specimens (Fig. 79e– g); pronotum with a pair of subtriangular brown spots on posterior margin above scutellar shield; elytral pattern characteristic with a broad sutural stripe from scutellar shield to apex and four ochreous to dark reddish brown spots on each elytron as follows: two elongate oval spots next to sutural stripe, first positioned below anterior margin and the second a little below midline, a longitudinal discal spot adjacent to the first two spots and the fourth spot located on lateral side a little above middle of elytra; all elytral maculae bordered white in live specimen (Fig. 79e); lateral borders of pronotum and elytra transparent. Underside yellowish. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh); Nepal Himalayas; Bhutan; Myanmar.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. It appears to be attracted to light [photos in (Fig. 79f, g) received from Lepidoptera collectors].</p> <p>Notes. Poorani &amp; Thangjam (2019) recorded it from India (Arunachal Pradesh) and Myanmar. For detailed description and genitalia illustrations, see Canepari (2003) and Dorji et al. (2021).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162142B4643BDDF33AEFBE2F945	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162142C4642BDDF3153FB2CFDE0.text	03C74162142C4642BDDF3153FB2CFDE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant	<div><p>Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant</p> <p>(Figs 76, 78c, 81)</p> <p>Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant, 1853a: 152 (Type locality: N. India).—Crotch 1874: 132; Korschefsky 1932: 571; Poorani 2002a: 342; Ren et al. 2009: 238; Yu 2010: 148.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.90–5.60 mm; width: 3.50–4.20 mm. Form (Figs 78c, 81a–g) elongate oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Ground colour ochreous to yellowish brown with creamy white maculae on pronotum and elytra as follows: pronotum with five maculae, four on lateral sides and one elongate median one, elytral pattern consisting of narrow stripes and spots, sometimes confluent. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 76c) very short, incomplete, apically recurved. Male genitalia (Figs 76d, e; 81h–j) and spermatheca (Fig. 76f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northern and northwestern regions (Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Pakistan; Bhutan; Nepal; Tibet; China; Taiwan.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Feeds on mildews infecting Dalbergia sissoo, mulberry, pear, berseem, Abutilon indicum, etc.Also recorded as feeding on Cinara tujafilina (del Guercio), Cinara sp., Adelges sp. on silver fir. Beeson (1941), perhaps erroneously, reported it as feeding on the epidermis of leaves of D. sissoo, causing defoliation. Collected on mustard and peas (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during August–April from different parts of north and northwestern India. Active during May–June in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. See Mader (1934), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) for more illustrations / description.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162142C4642BDDF3153FB2CFDE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162142D464FBDDF33C2FEEEFF62.text	03C74162142D464FBDDF33C2FEEEFF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halyzia straminea (Hope)	<div><p>Halyzia straminea (Hope)</p> <p>(Figs 78b, 79h, i, 82)</p> <p>Coccinella straminea Hope, 1831: 31 (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality: Nepal).</p> <p>Halyzia straminea: Mulsant, 1850: 165; 1866: 125; Korschefsky, 1932: 573; Poorani &amp; Booth 2006: 63, 64; Poorani 2002a: 342; Ren et al. 2009: 240; Yu 2010: 150.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.84–8.05 mm; width: 5.88–7.20 mm. Form broad oval, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous except for head. Ground colour of head, pronotum and elytra bright creamy yellow to lemon yellow in live specimens (Fig. 79h, i). Pronotum with a pair of dull brown to reddish brown, elongate, subtriangular to crescent shaped spots on posterior margin, one on either side of scutellum. Each elytron with four ochreous or reddish-brown spots arranged in a 1-2-1 pattern (Figs 78b, 79h, i, 82a) (one below anterior margin of elytra, one lateral and one near elytral suture around middle, and one posterior spot), outermost spot in second row and posterior spot longer than broad, other spots broadly oval to subcircular; elytral suture with a dull brown to reddish brown longitudinal stripe with a scalloped edge. Lateral sides of pronotum and elytra narrowly explanate and transparent. Antenna (Fig. 82b) elongate and loosely jointed.Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 82c) very short and incomplete. Spermatheca (Fig. 82f) and male genitalia (Fig. 82g –j) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northern and northeastern regions (Andaman Islands, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; China; Taiwan; Tibet.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Associated with mildews infecting Juglans regia, Alnus nitida, and Pyrus malus; adelgids infesting silver fir and other coniferous trees (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during April–May, July, and November in northwestern region.</p> <p>Notes. See Mader (1937), Poorani &amp; Booth (2006), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) for more information / illustrations.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162142D464FBDDF33C2FEEEFF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621420464FBDDF3736FD99FB20.text	03C741621420464FBDDF3736FD99FB20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halyzia tschitscherini Semenow	<div><p>Halyzia tschitscherini Semenow</p> <p>(Figs 83, 84)</p> <p>Halyzia tschitscherini Semenow, 1895: 142 (Type locality: Turkestan).— Mader 1926 (1934), p. 289 T. 56, fig. 3; Korschefsky 1932: 573; Bielawski 1960: 455; Ghorpade 1979a: 113–114; Poorani 2002a: 342.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.10–5.70 mm; width: 3.60–4.20 mm. Form elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous. Ground colour ochreous to reddish brown in live specimens (Fig. 83a–f), straw yellow in preserved specimens, with creamy white to white maculae on pronotum and elytra as follows: pronotum with a pair of oblique oval lateral maculae and a bottle-shaped median macula; each elytron with seven maculae (Fig. 83a–g), arranged in a 2–5 pattern, forming two rows; lateral borders of pronotum and elytra transparent. Head (Fig. 84a) with narrow frons and large eyes having strongly divergent inner margins. Terminal maxillary palpomere elongate securiform and widest apically (Fig. 84a). Abdominal postcoxal line very short and incomplete (Fig. 84b). Male genitalia (Figs 83h–j, 84c–f), female genitalia (Fig. 84g) and spermatheca (Fig. 84h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northwestern region (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Uttarakhand); Pakistan; Afghanistan; Turkestan-Taschkent (? Turkmenistan), Kazachstan and Pamir (Bielawski 1960, 1963a).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Feeds on powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia corylea on mulberry (Ilahi et al. 2011). Collected on mulberry (label data); attracted to fluorescent light (Ghorpade 1979a). Khan et al. (2007) reported it as ‘’feeding on scale insects on walnut trees’’ in Pakistan, which appears to be a doubtful record.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in September, October (label data). Active during May–November and abundant during August–October in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. See Mader (1937), Bielawski (1960) and Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982) for more details and description / illustrations. Ghorpade (1979a) first recorded it from India and it appears to be very common in the cooler parts of northwestern India. Illahi et al. (2011) studied its feeding potential on mulberry powdery mildew and found it to be promising for use as a biocontrol agent.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621420464FBDDF3736FD99FB20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621420464CBDDF3370FD70FD6A.text	03C741621420464CBDDF3370FD70FD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Harmonia Mulsant</p> <p>Harmonia Mulsant, 1846: 108; 1850: 75; 1866: 55.—Crotch 1871: 3; Mader 1926: 19; Timberlake 1943: 17; Watson 1956: 48; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 71; 1982: 456.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella marginepunctata Schaller, 1783 (= Harmonia quadripunctata Pontoppidan, 1763), by subsequent designation of Timberlake 1943: 17.</p> <p>Leis Mulsant, 1850: 241. Type species: Coccinella dimidiata Fabricius, by subsequent designation (Crotch 1874: 119). Synonymized by Miyatake 1965: 60.</p> <p>Ballia Mulsant, 1853a: 159; Type species: Ballia christophori Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874: 126. Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 71.</p> <p>Callineda Crotch, 1871: 6.— Timberlake, 1943: 17 (not Crotch, 1874: 122). Type species: Coccinella sedecimnotata Fabricius, by subsequent designation of Rye 1873: 329. Synonymized by Timberlake 1943: 17.</p> <p>Stictoleis Crotch, 1874: 118.— Korschefsky, 1932: 275. Type species: Coccinella corypha Guérin-Méneville 1835, by original designation. Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 71.</p> <p>Ptychanatis Crotch, 1874: 122. Type species: Coccinella axyridis Pallas, 1773, by original designation. Synonymized by Korschefsky 1932: 440.</p> <p>Coccinella (Harmonia): Chapuis 1876: 179; Korschefsky 1932: 439.</p> <p>Rhopaloneda Timberlake, 1943: 17 (replacement name for Callineda sensu Crotch, 1874, not 1871). Type species: Callineda decussata Crotch, by original designation. Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 458.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Size medium to large, coloration yellow, orange or reddish with various patterns. Form elongate oval (erstwhile subgenus Ptychanatis Crotch 1874) or strongly rounded and convex (erstwhile subgenus Leis Mulsant, 1850). Head with anteroclypeal margin straight between lateral projections. Inner margins of eyes strongly divergent towards apex, separated by at least twice the eye width. Antenna 11-segmented, terminal antennomere apically obliquely truncate and asymmetrically transverse. Prothoracic hypomeron without foveae. Prosternal intercoxal process with carinae. Mesoventrite with anterior margin very shallowly emarginate. Abdomen with six visible ventrites, abdominal postcoxal line incomplete with an oblique, associate dividing line that is usually curved and apically merged with the main line. Mid and hind tibia without spurs. Ovipositor with coxites shaped like club handles; spermatheca with a narrow / reduced ramus and a well-developed / produced nodulus, infundibulum present and distinct.</p> <p>Distribution. This is a moderately large genus with about 30 species (Coutanceau 2008), distributed “throughout the Old World, particularly abundant in the Oriental and Australo-Pacific regions” (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included Hippodamia, Harmonia and Aphidecta Weise in the Hippodamiagroup of genera. They recovered Hippodamia + Harmonia in a subclade with moderate support and Aphidecta formed a sister-group.</p> <p>Included species. Eight species are present in the Indian region, one of them, Harmonia andamanensis sp. n. (described here), is endemic to South Andamans.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621420464CBDDF3370FD70FD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621423464ABDDF353FFB2DFE12.text	03C741621423464ABDDF353FFB2DFE12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia andamanensis Poorani 2023	<div><p>Harmonia andamanensis Poorani, sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs 85, 199)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Harmonia andamanensis sp. n. can be separated from its Indian congeners by its dull straw yellow body with very pale elytral maculae and the male genitalia. It has a superficial similarity to old specimens of H. octomaculata but can be separated by the very pale elytral maculae. The male genitalia of H. andamanensis sp. n., particularly the penis guide in ventral view (Fig. 199g) is similar to that of Harmonia nigromarginata Bielawski, 1968 and H. novaehebridensis Korschefsky, 1943 (both Australo-Pacific species, illustrated in Ślipiński et al. 2020) but the apical stem of penis guide is distinctly shorter, wider and angulate in H. nigromarginata and distinctly more elongate and angulate in H. novaehebridensis. Besides, the infundibulum in the female genitalia of H. novaehebridensis is distinctly longer, narrower and curved and the spermatheca is differently shaped in H. nigromarginata. The elytral pattern in these two Australo-Pacific species is also distinctly different from that of H. andamanensis sp. n.</p> <p>Description. Length: 4.20 mm; width: 3.50 mm. Form elongate oval, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Ground colour in museum specimens dull straw yellow to yellow, pronotum with a roughly M-shaped median macula, often indistinct to obsolete, elytral pattern as illustrated, each elytron consisting of two dorsal and two lateral maculae enclosing a larger, roughly comma-shaped macula (Figs 85a, b; 199a, b). Ventral side yellow. Head with inner margins of eyes strongly divergent; interspaces between punctures with reticulate microsculpture. Antenna compact, terminal antennomere greatly transverse. Pronotum densely punctate, punctures separated by 1–3 diameters, interspaces with reticulate microsculpture. Elytral punctures on disc finer, more widely separated and more shallowly impressed than those on pronotum, lateral sides with coarser and more deeply impressed punctures; interspaces somewhat alutaceous to smooth. Prosternal carinae subparallel, reaching beyond anterior margin of coxal cavity. Mesoventrite anteriorly very shallowly emarginate. Tarsal claws appendiculate. Abdominal postcoxal lines (Fig. 85e) incomplete, recurved and apically merged with a strongly curved, angulate associated line. Ventrite 5 and 6 posteriorly gently emarginate in male (Fig. 199c), distinctly arcuate in female (Fig. 199d). Male genitalia (Fig. 199f–i) as illustrated, penis guide in lateral view (Fig. 199f) shorter than parameres, parameres basally widest and strongly curved medially, densely setose; penis guide in ventral view (Fig. 199g) distinctly shorter than parameres, roughly goblet shaped, gradually narrowed from the base to a short stem, posteriorly rounded; penis (Fig. 199h) strongly curved with a distinct capsule, penis apex (Fig. 199i) modified as illustrated. Female genitalia (Fig. 85f) and spermatheca (Figs 85g, 199e) as illustrated.</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype, female: “ INDIA: Andaman &amp; Nicobar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.97708&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.248306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.97708/lat 13.248306)">North Andaman</a>: Diglipur, 13°14’53.9” N 92°58’37.5” E, 15 mts, 23.iv.2014, Light trap, Yeshwanth, H.M.” (NCBS); Paratypes: One female, “South Andaman Before 1999” (NBAIR); One male, “ S. Andaman, Chidyatapu, Canopy, 5.i.2001 ” (NBAIR).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is in reference to its type locality, the Andamans.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Endemic to Andaman Islands.</p> <p>Associated habitat. Attracted to light (label data).</p> <p>Notes. This appears to be the species mentioned as Harmonia sp. from South Andaman by Veenakumari &amp; Mohanraj (2007). It was identified by Booth (1993) as ‘’an undescribed species that is probably endemic to these islands”. The description given here is based on two females and one male collected from Andamans. It is unique and does not match any of the Australo-Pacific and Indian species of Harmonia known at present.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621423464ABDDF353FFB2DFE12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621425464ABDDF37A7FC34FAC2.text	03C741621425464ABDDF37A7FC34FAC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia axyridis (Pallas 1773)	<div><p>Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)</p> <p>(Fig. 86)</p> <p>Coccinella axyridis Pallas, 1773: 716 (Type locality: Russia, Siberia).</p> <p>Leis axyridis: Mulsant 1850: 266; Mader 1934: 309.</p> <p>Ptychanatis axyridis: Crotch 1874: 123; Kamiya 1965a: 57–58.</p> <p>Coccinella (Harmonia) axyridis: Weise 1885 b: 35; Korschefsky 1932: 441.</p> <p>Harmonia axyridis: Jacobson 1916: 984; Timberlake 1943: 17; Poorani 2002a: 330; Yu 2010: 118–120.</p> <p>Harmonia (Ptychanatis) axyridis: Sasaji 1971: 278.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.40–8.50 mm; width: 3.80–6.00 mm. Form elongate oval, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. A highly variably coloured and polymorphic species (Fig. 86), that can be reliably identified by the presence of a pair of conspicuous ridges / plicae, sometimes reduced in the apical third of elytra. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (West Bengal); Nepal; China; Taiwan; Japan; Palaearctic; deliberately or accidentally introduced in many parts of Europe, North America, Central America, South America, Africa and New Zealand (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Notes. This species, commonly known as Multicoloured Asian lady beetle or Harlequin ladybird, has become one of the major alien invasive species in several parts of the world and causes a great deal of nuisance. It has also been reported to reduce the abundance of native lady beetles in many countries, besides causing several other non-target effects (Koch 2003). A single specimen from Nepal (Fig. 86e, f) was examined for this study and it is presumed to be present in the unexplored parts of northwestern and eastern Himalayan region, a hotspot of diversity for Coccinellini and the states on the Indo-Chinese border.</p> <p>It has been described and illustrated by many authors including Sasaji (1971), Kuznetsov (1997), Ren et al. (2009), Yu (2010) and Ślipiński et al. (2020). Sasaji (1981) carried out crossing experiments with the polymorphic forms. Koch (2003) reviewed its biology, use in biocontrol and non-target impacts. Numerous papers have been published in recent years about its invasive potential and not mentioned here.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621425464ABDDF37A7FC34FAC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162142546B5BDDF33D7FD03FA96.text	03C74162142546B5BDDF33D7FD03FA96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Figs 87–89)</p> <p>Coccinella dimidiata Fabricius, 1781: 94 (Type locality: ‘Coromandel’).</p> <p>Coccinella dimidia Hope, 1831: 30 (Lectotype, BMNH; Type locality: Nepal).—Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 352.</p> <p>Leis dimidiata: Mulsant 1850: 242; Crotch 1874: 119; Korschefsky 1932: 273.</p> <p>Harmonia dimidiata: Miyatake 1965: 62; Sasaji 1971: 281; Poorani 2002a: 330; Ren et al. 2009: 194; Yu 2010: 124–125.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.65–9.45 mm; width: 6.50–9.00 mm. Form (Fig. 87a) circular, large, dorsum strongly convex, almost hemispherical and glabrous. Head yellow. Pronotum yellow with a pair of black spots, often fused into a single marking with a median emargination or absent altogether. Elytra orange-yellow or reddish, with thirteen black spots arranged in a 1-3-2-1/2 pattern (Figs 87a, 88a–c, 89h); elytral pattern variable, elytral spots much larger in size (Fig. 88d–i) or posterior two-thirds of elytra black and anterior portion yellowish, with or without humeral black spots (Fig. 88j, k). Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 87b) incomplete, with an oblique, lateral dividing line. Male genitalia (Fig. 87d–g) and spermatheca (Fig. 87c) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Larva (Fig. 89a–d) black with abdominal segments 1–4 yellow or orange, dorsal and lateral tubercles on thorax and abdomen marked with greyish-blue pruinosity. Pupa (Fig. 89e–g) reddish with black maculae.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Widely distributed from Kashmir to Assam and the Himalayas, one of the most common Coccinellini in the northeastern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal); Pakistan; Bhutan; Nepal; Vietnam; Japan; China; Taiwan; Introduced into and established in North America and Far Eastern Russia.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Aphidoidea s.l.: Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Adelges sp., Aiceona litseae Basu &amp; Hille Ris Lambers, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis glycines Matsumura, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis pomi De Geer, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Ceratovacuna silvestrii (Takahashi), Cervaphis quercus Takahashi, Cervaphis rappardi indica Basu, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), Myzus ornatus Laing, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Mollitrichosiphum alni Ghosh et al., Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Tuberculatus paiki Hille Ris Lambers, Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh; Margarodidae: Drosicha dalbergiae (Green) on almond; Psyllidae: Diaphorina citri Kuwayama; Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis (Helfer).</p> <p>Associated with aphids infesting Bambusa sp., Cajanus cajan, Zea mays, Pisum sativum, mustard, apple, Lathyrus sativus, and Litsea polyantha; adelgids on silver fir; most common on oak (Quercus serrata) forests (Singh &amp; Singh 1985; Devi 1989).</p> <p>Irshad (2001) recorded the following hosts from Pakistan: Adelges sp., Amritodus atkinsoni, Idioscopus nagpurensis, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis craccivora, Therioaphis trifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Eucosma pylonitis, Dioryctria abietella</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. January–September, November (label data); peak period of activity is April–September in northwestern India and August–September in northeastern region of India.</p> <p>Natural enemy. Dinocampus coccinellae (Richerson, 1970).</p> <p>Notes. As pointed out by Kapur (1963), its type locality is mentioned as ‘Coromandel’ though it is not found in peninsular India. Booth &amp; Pope (1989) listed the synonyms from Hope’s (1931) material collected in Nepal and designated lectotypes. Sasaji (1971), Gordon (1985), Bielawski (1972), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) provided detailed descriptions and / or illustrations of the habitus, genitalia and the immature stages. Sasaji (1977) described the larva and Singh &amp; Phaloura (1990) provided a field key to Harmonia spp. Chakrabarti et al. (1988), Phaloura &amp; Singh (1993) and Sharmila et al. (2009) studied its biology, predatory potential and reproduction on various aphid hosts. In Far Eastern Russia, it was used with some success for augmentative biological control of aphids (Semyanov 1996, 1999; Kuznetsov &amp; Pang 2002).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162142546B5BDDF33D7FD03FA96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214DA46BFBDDF3323FC38FD82.text	03C7416214DA46BFBDDF3323FC38FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant)	<div><p>Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 90–94)</p> <p>Ballia eucharis Mulsant, 1853a: 167; 1866: 191 (as Pelina).—Crotch 1874: 127; Weise 1895a: 132.</p> <p>Harmonia eucharis: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 71; Poorani 2002a: 331; Ren et al. 2009: 194; Yu 2010: 125.</p> <p>Ballia christophori Mulsant, 1853a: 163; 1866: 188 (as Pelina).—Crotch 1874: 126; Gordon 1987: 14.</p> <p>Ballia dianae Mulsant, 1853a: 164.—Crotch 1874: 127; Gordon 1987: 15.</p> <p>Ballia dianae var. saundersii Crotch, 1874: 127.— Gordon 1987: 15.</p> <p>Ballia brahmae Mulsant, 1853a: 164; 1866: 189 (as Pelina).— Korschefsky 1932: 278.</p> <p>Ballia gustavi Mulsant, 1853a: 165; 1866: 190 (as Pelina).— Gordon 1987: 15.</p> <p>Ballia montivaga Mulsant, 1853a: 167; 1866: 191 (as Pelina).—Crotch 1874: 127; Gordon 1987: 15.</p> <p>Ballia testacea Mulsant, 1853a: 169; 1866: 192 (as Pelina).— Gordon 1987: 15.</p> <p>Pelina mayeti Mulsant, 1866: 189.—Crotch 1874: 127; Gordon 1987: 15.</p> <p>Ballia mayeti var. perplexa Crotch, 1874: 128.</p> <p>Pelina zephyrinae Mulsant, 1866: 190.—Crotch 1874: 128; Gordon 1987: 15.</p> <p>Neda bayaderae Mulsant, 1866: 200.—Crotch 1874: 127 (as Ballia).— Korschefsky 1932: 278; Gordon 1987: 15.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.50–10.50 mm; width: 5.70–7.70 mm. Form broad oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Elytra pale yellowish brown, nominate form (Figs 91c, 93f, 94g, h) pale yellowish with 4–5 black spots on elytra; elytral pattern highly variable (Figs 90a, b, 91, 92), elytral variations include yellow without black spots, yellow with pale brown spots, pale brown with creamy yellow spots, yellow with basal two-thirds black, dark reddish brown with black lateral borders and other intermediate forms. Abdominal ventrite 5 and 6 emarginate in male, that of female medially projecting backwards and subtruncate, respectively. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete with a curved associated line (Fig. 90c). Male genitalia (Figs 90e–h), and spermatheca (Fig. 90d) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Life stages (Figs 93, 94) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Very common in northeastern and northwestern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Himalayas; Pakistan; Bhutan; Nepal. Introduced in the USA (North Carolina) for the management of balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg)), but did not establish.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Aphidoidea: Aphis cf. fabae Scopoli, Aphis cf. gossypii Glover, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Cervaphis quercus Takahashi, Cervaphis rappardi indica Basu, Cinara sp., Dreyfusia (as Adelges) knucheli (Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider), Dysaphis sp., Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Eulachnus thunbergii Wilson, Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Macrosiphoniella pseudoartemisiae Shinji, Macrosiphoniella yomogifoliae (Shinji), Mollitrichosiphum alni Ghosh et al., Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Myzus varians Davidson, Myzus sp., Phorodon cannabis Passerini, Pineus sp., Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus), Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh. Associated with Aphis craccivora Koch. Cicadellidae: Idioscopus shillongensis Viraktamath (Ghorpade 1979b). Coccidae: Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus) (as E. coryli (Linnaeus)).</p> <p>Associated with aphids and/or scales infesting apple, peach, plum, quince, apricot, almond, cherry and Spiraea sp.; adelgids infesting silver fir, blue pine, and spruce. Most prevalent in coniferous forests and oak farms in the northeastern region; associated with Juglans regia, Alnus nitida, Alnus nepalensis, Quercus incana, Q. dilatata, Litsea polyantha, Clerodendron viscosum, Pinus khasya, Artemisia vulgaris, Colocasia antiquorum and Prunus sp.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Active during late March–August in north and northwestern India. Has only one generation per year; adults hibernate during winter months in northwestern region (Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972). Abundant on various species of aphids during October–November in northwestern and northeastern regions (Singh &amp; Singh 1988).</p> <p>Natural enemies. Phalacrotophora indiana Colyes and an indeterminate nematode (Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972).</p> <p>Notes. It is highly polymorphic, as evident from the numerous varieties and synonyms. Numerous colour variants are found in nature and one variant is strikingly similar to a form of H. sedecimnotata (F.) (Fig. 102b). Ghani (1962) carried out breeding experiments and found that the various morphs interbred freely and concluded they were only varieties or colour forms of a single species.</p> <p>Its biology on adelgids was studied in detail by Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani (1972) who described and illustrated the immature stages. Ghani (1962), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) illustrated some of the common colour morphs. Phaloura &amp; Singh (1991) studied the larval chaetotaxy and Singh &amp; Phaloura (1990) provided a field key to the larval stages. Details of its biology, hosts and predatory potential are available in many publications (see Ghosh et al. 1976; Ghorpade 1979b; Chakrabarti et al. 1995; Phaloura &amp; Singh 1993).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214DA46BFBDDF3323FC38FD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214D046BFBDDF3417FEEEF86C.text	03C7416214D046BFBDDF3417FEEEF86C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia expallida (Weise)	<div><p>Harmonia expallida (Weise)</p> <p>(Figs 95–97)</p> <p>Coccinella (Harmonia) quadripunctata var. expallida Weise, 1907: 15 (Type locality: ‘Kaschmir’).— Korschefsky 1932: 472.</p> <p>Harmonia 4— punctata var. expalliata: Sicard 1913: 499.</p> <p>Harmonia expallida: Kapur 1963b: 199.</p> <p>Harmonia breiti Mader, 1931: 476 (Type locality: ‘Kaschmir (Uri) / Manali Kulu’).— Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972: 78; Poorani 2002a: 331.</p> <p>Harmonia expalliata: Kovář 2007: 615.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.00– 7.50 mm; width: 3.20–5.00 mm. Form (Figs 96a–c, 97g) elongate oval, posteriorly distinctly narrowed and apically pointed, dorsum weakly convex to somewhat flattened, glabrous. Head dull yellow to pale testaceous, with a pair of black spots, sometimes fused to form a basal black band. Scutellar shield yellow to black. Pronotum with a pair of elongate, oblique spots or a pair of broad, posteriorly connected black stripes on either side of median line or plain; elytra dull yellow or with black spots, usually arranged in a 1-3-3-1 pattern, highly variable in their number, size and arrangement (Fig. 95), about 20 different types of elytral patterns recorded. Male genitalia (Fig. 96e–h) and spermatheca (Fig. 96d) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Immature stages (Fig. 97) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northwestern region (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Uttarakhand); Bhutan; Nepal; Pakistan; Northwestern Himalayas. Widely distributed in fir forests in the Himalayas between 2100 and 2700 m. Introduced in the USA (North Carolina) for balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg)) but did not establish.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. The earliest mention of this species was by Stebbing (1903) who recorded it under the name “ Hippodamia constellata Crotch ” as a predator of Adelges (Dreyfusia) abietispiceae and blue pine aphis in the Jaunsar Hills of northwestern Himalayas. During March–April, it attacks fundatrix adults and eggs of adults of Adelges knucheli Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider on spruce and silver fir (Krishnaswamy &amp; Chacko, 1988). It is associated with adelgids on spruce, silver fir, blue pine and other conifers at high altitudes (6000–9000 ft) in north and northwestern India and Himalayas.</p> <p>Recorded hosts include the following: Adelgidae: Adelges spp., Dreyfusia (as Adelges) joshii (Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider), Dreyfusia (as Adelges) knucheli (Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider), Mindarus japonicus Takahashi, blue pine aphis. Aphididae: Indeterminate aphids on Spiraea sp. (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. March–August.Collected during November,December.Commonly found in northwestern Himalayas at elevations of 7000–9000’ during May–June (Stebbing 1903).</p> <p>Natural enemies. Phalacrotophora sp. nr. fasciata (Fallén) and Dinocampus (as Perilitus) sp. (Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani 1972).</p> <p>Notes. Kovář (2007) wrongly used the name Harmonia expalliata Sicard for this species and treated H. expallida as its synonym. Kapur (1963) clarified the nomenclature of this species. Stebbing (1903) described and illustrated this species under the name “ Hippodamia constellata Crotch ” and provided notes on its life history, hosts and distribution. Later, Nagarkatti &amp; Ghani (1972) studied its biology in detail and described and illustrated the immature stages and polymorphic forms of the adult. See Kapur (1963b) for detailed description and genitalia illustrations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214D046BFBDDF3417FEEEF86C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214D546BABDDF36EBFEC0FC6A.text	03C7416214D546BABDDF36EBFEC0FC6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia manillana (Mulsant 1866)	<div><p>Harmonia manillana (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 98)</p> <p>Caria manillana Mulsant, 1866: 176 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: Philippines).— Gordon 1987: 17.</p> <p>Leis manillana: Crotch 1874: 120; Korschefsky 1932: 275; Bielawski 1962: 197.</p> <p>Harmonia manillana: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 486; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 51.</p> <p>Leis dunlopi Crotch, 1874: 121 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: India).— Korschefsky 1932: 275; Gordon 1987: 14 (lectotype designation). Synonymized by Poorani &amp; Booth 2016: 3.</p> <p>Harmonia dunlopi: Miyatake 1965: 60; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 486; Poorani 2002a: 330.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 7.00– 9.80 mm. Similar to H. dimidiata in terms of size, general form, and coloration (Fig. 98a). Head reddish; pronotum red with a black macula on posterior margin in front of scutellar shield; scutellar shield black; elytra bright reddish with 11 black spots arranged in a 1-2-2-1 pattern, the last one on apex. Ventral side reddish except metaventrite black. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 98b) incomplete with a strongly curved associated line merged with it. Male genitalia (Fig. 98c–f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh). It is a widely variable species with a broad range of distribution extending from India to Southeast Asia (Indonesia; Malaysia; the Philippines) and Papua New Guinea (Ślipiński et al. 2020). It appears to be exceptionally rare in India.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in November (label data).</p> <p>Notes. It was described as Leis dunlopi Crotch (1874) from India and Poorani (2002) included it in the Indian checklist with a rider that Indian records might be misidentifications of colour forms of H. dimidiata and India label on Crotch specimen was probably erroneous. Later, Poorani &amp; Booth (2016) recorded it from Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India, based on a single male collected along with several examples of H. dimidiata and illustrated the male genitalia. For extralimital synonyms, detailed description and illustrations of colour morphs, see Ślipiński et al. (2020).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214D546BABDDF36EBFEC0FC6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214D546A6BDDF323FFD6DFC3E.text	03C7416214D546A6BDDF323FFD6DFC3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia octomaculata (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>Harmonia octomaculata (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Figs 99–101)</p> <p>Coccinella octomaculata Fabricius, 1781: 97 (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality not specified).</p> <p>Harmonia octomaculata: Mader 1932: 215; Bielawski 1957: 93; 1964a: 5; Sasaji 1971; 280; Pope 1989: 685; Poorani 2002a: 331; Yu 2010: 122.</p> <p>Ptychanatis octomaculata: Kamiya 1965b: 59.</p> <p>Coccinella arcuata Fabricius, 1787: 55.—Crotch 1874: 110; Korschefsky 1932: 440.</p> <p>Coccinella arcuata var. octomaculata: Korschefsky 1932: 441.</p> <p>Harmonia arcuata var. octomaculata: Mulsant 1850: 80.</p> <p>Harmonia arcuata: Mulsant 1850: 177; 1866: 59; Crotch 1871: 3; Timberlake 1943: 18; Miyatake 1965: 60.</p> <p>Harmonia octomaculata var. arcuata: Mader 1932: 217.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.60–7.50 mm; width: 3.50–5.50 mm. Form (Fig. 99a) elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Ground colour orange yellow or red with black markings on head, pronotum and elytra, colour pattern highly variable with various degrees of fusion or reduction of the pronotal and elytral maculae (Fig. 100). Head (Fig. 99b) with a pair of black maculae posteriorly. Antenna (Fig. 99c) longer than frons with a compact club, terminal antennomere strongly transverse. Elytra with external margins narrow forming a distinct gutter along the humeral angle. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 99d) incomplete, short and connected with a curved associated line. Males with posterior margin of ventrite 5 and 6 truncate and shallowly emarginate, respectively. Females with posterior margin of ventrite 5 medially produced and arcuate, ventrite 6 with a median raised area, posteriorly curved. Male genitalia (Fig. 99g –i) and spermatheca (Fig. 99e, f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Larva black with yellow or orange spots on abdominal segments 1 and 4 (Fig. 101a–d), pupa orange or yellow with black maculation (Fig. 101e, f).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Adelgidae: Indeterminate adelgids on silver fir. Aphididae: Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), Aiceona litseae Basu &amp; Hille Ris Lambers, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis rumicis Linnaeus, Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner, Geoica lucifuga (Zehntner), Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), Myzus nicotianae Blackman, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh. Cicadellidae: Empoascanara indica (Datta), Nephotettix nigropictus (Stål). Delphacidae: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath). Pseudococcidae: Planococcus citri (Risso). Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), Marasmia patnalis Bradley, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), and Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker). Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall).</p> <p>One of the most common coccinellids in rice ecosystem; also collected on cowpea, maize, sorghum, finger millet, sugarcane, melon, cabbage, cauliflower, pigeonpea, tobacco, Cassia auriculata, Crotolaria mucronata, and Quercus serrata. Attracted to light (Ghorpade, 1979).</p> <p>Distribution. India: Very common in peninsular and northeastern regions (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Bangladesh; Bhutan; Sri Lanka; Nepal; Pakistan; Myanmar; China; Taiwan; Japan; Southeast Asia; Papua New Guinea; Micronesia; Australia; New Zealand; Hawaii.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during March–August and October–December from southern and northeastern India.</p> <p>Natural enemies. Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank), Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman), Coccipolipus sp.</p> <p>Notes. It is one of the well-studied species of the Indian region. Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1953, 1956) gave biological notes. Kapur (1956 c) illustrated the elytral pattern variations. Bielawski (1957), Sasaji (1971), Pope (1989), Ren et al. (2009), Yu (2010) and most recently, Ślipiński et al. (2020), have given descriptive accounts and illustrations. Sasaji (1977) described the larva.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214D546A6BDDF323FFD6DFC3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214C946A6BDDF358BFCDCF870.text	03C7416214C946A6BDDF358BFCDCF870.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia sedecimnotata (Fabricius 1801)	<div><p>Harmonia sedecimnotata (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Figs 102, 103)</p> <p>Coccinella sedecimnotata Fabricius, 1801: 370 (Type locality: Indonesia).</p> <p>Daulis 16—notata: Mulsant 1850: 296.</p> <p>Callineda sedecimnotata: Crotch 1874: 161; Korschefsky 1932: 282; Bielawski 1959: 156.</p> <p>Harmonia sedecimnotata: Timberlake 1943: 18; Poorani 2002a: 332; Yu 2010: 123.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.00–7.00 mm; width: 5.00– 6.30 mm. Form (Fig. 102a, b) elongate, moderately convex. Ground colour ochraceous yellow to yellowish brown. Pronotum with a pair of black spots, one on either side of middle. Each elytron with eight black spots, arranged in a 2-3-2-1 pattern, rarely elytral spots much larger in size (Fig. 102b), resembling a variant of H. eucharis. Ventral side uniformly yellowish. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 102c) incomplete, with an associated oblique line. Spermatheca (Fig. 102d) and male genitalia (Fig. 102e–h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Larva (Fig. 103a–d) yellow with black maculae; pupa (Fig. 103e, f) creamy white or yellow with black maculae.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Common in northeastern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; China; Taiwan; Indonesia; Malaysia; The Philippines.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aphidoidea:Associated with Aphis craccivora Koch infestation on Alnus sp.; Mollitrichosiphum alni Ghosh et al., Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and eggs of Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) have been used as laboratory hosts (Semyanov, 2000). Found feeding on aphids infesting Bidens pilosa (Sajan et al. 2019). Associated with aphids on okra, eggplant, tomato, guava, chillies, and ornamental plants (Boopathi et al. 2020).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during June from northeastern region.</p> <p>Notes. Bielawski (1959), Miyatake (1965), Ren et al. (2009), and Yu (2010) provided descriptive accounts with illustrations. Singh &amp; Phaloura (1990) provided a field key to the larva. Phaloura &amp; Singh (1993) and Semyanov (2000) studied its biology. Boopathi et al. (2020) studied its biology and life table and found it to be a promising predator for controlling the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214C946A6BDDF358BFCDCF870	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214CC46A3BDDF3520FED2FA50.text	03C7416214CC46A3BDDF3520FED2FA50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteroneda billardieri Crotch	<div><p>Heteroneda billardieri Crotch</p> <p>(Fig. 104)</p> <p>Coccinella reticulata Fabricius, 1801: 362 (preoccupied) (Type locality: Luzon). — Mulsant 1850: 301; 1866: 213 (as Daulis). Heteroneda reticulata: Crotch 1874: 162; Korschefsky 1932: 281.</p> <p>Heteroneda billardieri Crotch, 1871: 6; 1874: 162.— Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 538; Poorani 2002a: 332.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 7.00 mm. Form broad oval to almost circular, dorsum convex and glabrous. Ground colour bright lemon yellow, pronotum with a narrow median black stripe connected to a transverse black marking on posterior margin, elytra with a characteristic yellow and black reticulate pattern comprising five areolae on each elytron (Fig. 104a–d). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (northeastern region); Myanmar; Indonesia; China. Ślipiński et al. (2020) mentioned its distribution range “extends from India, Singapore and Myanmar to Indonesia and the Philippines ”. Though I have never examined any specimens from Indian mainland, it is presumed to be present in the northeastern region of India bordering Myanmar and China.</p> <p>Biology. A generalist aphid feeder (Ślipiński et al. 2020); recorded as feeding on mango leafhopper (Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry)) and subabul psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana Crawford) in Malaysia and the Philippines (Barcos et al. 2014).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214CC46A3BDDF3520FED2FA50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214CC46A3BDDF36EBFA48FC90.text	03C7416214CC46A3BDDF36EBFA48FC90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteroneda Crotch	<div><p>Genus Heteroneda Crotch</p> <p>Heteroneda Crotch, 1871: 6. Type species: Coccinella reticulata Fabricius, 1801 (by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874: 162) (= H. billardieri Crotch, 1871; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 538).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Elytra moderately to strongly convex, glabrous. Anterior clypeal border straight between lateral projections. Antenna 11-segmented; slightly shorter than head capsule, with a weak three-segmented club; terminal antennomere longer than penultimate, rounded apically. Terminal maxillary palpomere securiform. Pronotal disc evenly convex transversely, with narrowly upturned or slightly thickened external borders. Prothoracic hypomeron without foveae near anterolateral corners; prosternal process with distinct carinae extending forward to the middle of the prosternum. Anterior margin of mesoventrite distinctly, deeply emarginate medially. Lateral margins of elytra with complete beads; epipleuron without foveae. Tibial spur formula 0-2-2. Abdominal postcoxal line not recurved, incomplete laterally, without an oblique associated line (From Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Distribution. Oriental and Australo-Pacific regions.</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Synonycha- group of genera and recovered it as a strongly supported genus in a clade comprising Calvia (part), Singhikalia, Phrynocaria (including part of Coelophora), and Docimocaria. Their analyses suggest Heteroneda is closely related to Phrynocaria, “albeit with weak support”.</p> <p>Included species. The type species, H. billardieri Crotch, is distributed in this region (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214CC46A3BDDF36EBFA48FC90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214CC46A2BDDF3060FA40F897.text	03C7416214CC46A2BDDF3060FA40F897.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia Chevrolat	<div><p>Genus Hippodamia Chevrolat</p> <p>Hippodamia Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836: 432.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella tredecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, designated by Crotch 1874: 94.</p> <p>Hemisphaerica Hope, 1840: 157. Type species: Coccinella quinquesignata Kirby, 1837 (by monotypy). Synonymized by Belicek, 1976: 338.</p> <p>Adonia Mulsant, 1846: 39. Type species: Coccinella mutabilis Scriba (1790) (= Adonia variegata (Goeze, 1777)) (by monotypy). Synonymized by Belicek, 1976: 338.</p> <p>Parippodamia Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1979: 51, 65. Type species: Coccinella arctica Schneider, 1792 (by original designation) [as subgenus]. Synonymised by Kovář 2007: 616.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form elongate oval, oblong, moderately or weakly convex; coloration reddish / orange / yellowish with black spots and other markings. Anterior clypeal margin truncate between lateral projections. Antenna 11- segmented with a compact club, slightly shorter than the head width. Terminal maxillary palpomere strongly securiform. Prosternal intercoxal process narrow, feebly convex, without carinae. Prothoracic hypomeron without foveae. Anterior margin of mesoventrite straight and faintly elevated. Mid-and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. Abdominal postcoxal line complete and shallowly semicircular when present or totally absent. Tarsal claws cleft near apical one-third.</p> <p>Distribution. Hippodamia has about 35 species, mainly Holarctic in distribution (Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982; Gordon 1985).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it under the Hippodamia- group of genera along with Harmonia and Aphidecta.</p> <p>Included species. Five species are known from the Indian region of which only H. variegata (Goeze) is widely distributed in northern and northwestern India and appears to be slowly expanding its range to the cooler parts of western and peninsular India. Recently Biranvand et al. (2021) summarised the taxonomic history of Hippodamia and reviewed the Palaearctic species and provided a key to species, three of which are found in the Indian region.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214CC46A2BDDF3060FA40F897	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214CD46A1BDDF3122FE00FD50.text	03C7416214CD46A1BDDF3122FE00FD50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia andrewesi (Sicard)	<div><p>Hippodamia andrewesi (Sicard)</p> <p>(Fig. 105)</p> <p>Semiadalia andrewesi Sicard, 1913: 498 (Type, BMNH; Type locality: ‘Chamba’, Himachal Pradesh).— Korschefsky 1932: 360; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 66 (as a synonym of H. heydeni); Poorani 2002a: 333.</p> <p>Semiadalia andrewsi: Bielawski 1963a: 8–9.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.00–5.00 mm. Form elongate oval, posteriorly narrowed; dorsum only moderately convex and glabrous. Head black with a creamy white or yellow transverse macula across anterior half of eyes; pronotum with a large black macula occupying most of disc except antero-and posterolateral corners and a median area on anterior margin creamy white or yellow; scutellar shield black; elytra orange-reddish with a black anchor-shaped macula (Fig. 105a, b); rarely most of the elytral pattern obsolete (Fig. 105c). Abdominal postcoxal line complete and extremely shallow. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northwestern region (Himachal Pradesh; Jammu &amp; Kashmir); Pakistan; Afghanistan.</p> <p>Notes. It is a distinct species with a distribution restricted to the northwestern parts of India and not commonly collected. Sicard’s type (BMNH, examined) is illustrated here. It was treated as a synonym of Hippodamia heydeni by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1979: 66) and Poorani (2002) followed the same with a note that ‘Kapur and Iablokoff-Khnzorian do not agree on the identity of H. heydeni ’. Sufficient material was not studied in this work for comparison and it is likely to be confused with H. variegata, its more commonly collected congener. Bielawski (1963) recorded it from Afghanistan (as ‘ Semiadalia andrewsi ’) and described it in detail with illustrations of the elytral pattern variations and the genitalia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214CD46A1BDDF3122FE00FD50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214CE46A0BDDF312AFC70FE76.text	03C7416214CE46A0BDDF312AFC70FE76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia arctica (Schneider 1792) BMNH	<div><p>Hippodamia arctica (Schneider)</p> <p>(Fig. 106a)</p> <p>Coccinella arctica Schneider, 1792: 148 (Type material: St Petersburg, Russia; Type locality: Lapponia).</p> <p>Adonia arctica: Mulsant 1850: 45; 1866: 33.</p> <p>Hippodamia (Parippodamia) arctica: Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982: 322; Canepari, 1997: 50.</p> <p>Hippodamia arctica: Biranvand et al. 2021: 297.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.80–5.20 mm; width: 2.80–3.20 mm. Form (Fig. 106a, BMNH) elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Elytra yellow, with black pattern or elytra black with yellow pattern; pronotum yellowish-white, with a large black median crown-shaped spot and a yellowish spot on the base of pronotum; femora black, proximal half of tibiae black; abdominal ventrites black with orange spots in lateral margins. Abdominal postcoxal lines complete. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. Mainly Palaearctic in distribution. Recorded from Nepal by Canepari (1997).</p> <p>Note. See Biranvand et al. (2021) for more details and illustrations.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214CE46A0BDDF312AFC70FE76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214C046AFBDDF36EBFD97FD17.text	03C7416214C046AFBDDF36EBFD97FD17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia heydeni Weise	<div><p>Hippodamia heydeni Weise</p> <p>(Fig. 106b)</p> <p>Semiadalia heydeni Weise, 1892: 109 (Type locality: Central Asia).</p> <p>Hippodamia heydeni: Dobzhansky 1927: 216; Mader 1928: 57; Kapur 1957: 269; 1963a: 30; Poorani 2002a: 332, 333. Hippodamia (Asemiadalia) heydeni: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 66.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length:5.00–7.00 mm.Form elongate oval, dorsum weakly convex and glabrous.Head as in H.andrewesi, anteriorly yellow and posteriorly black with a narrow, v-shaped emargination; pronotum with a transverse black discal macula, antero-and posterolateral areas yellowish, elytral pattern as illustrated (Fig. 106b). Colour pattern variable, one variant similar to that in H. andrewesi. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. Himalayas.</p> <p>Note. Kapur (1963) recorded it from Tibet and illustrated the colour variations and the male genitalia. Hippodamia andrewesi (Sicard, 1913), a valid species, was erroneously synonymized with H. heydeni by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1979: 66) (see notes under H. heydeni).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214C046AFBDDF36EBFD97FD17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214C046AFBDDF34ACFE6EFAAA.text	03C7416214C046AFBDDF34ACFE6EFAAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Linnaeus 1758) BMNH	<div><p>Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Linnaeus)</p> <p>(Fig. 106c, d)</p> <p>Coccinella tredecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758: 366 (Type locality: Europe).</p> <p>Hippodamia tredecimpunctata: Mulsant 1850: 10; 1866: 8; Korschefsky 1932: 331; Kotwal et al. 1984: 1011–1012; Poorani 2002a: 333; Biranvand et al. 2021: 300.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.10–6.20 mm; width: 3.20–3.40 mm. Form elongate, elytra distinctly narrowed in the apical third, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous (Fig. 106c, d). Head black with a triangular yellow marking. Pronotum yellow with a median subquadrate to trapezoidal black macula and two smaller spots on either side, sometimes all fused. Scutellar shield black. Elytra yellow with 13 black spots of variable size or without any spots. Legs with black femora and orange tibiae. Abdominal postcoxal lines absent. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Himachal Pradesh; presumed to be present in the colder parts of the northwestern region); Nepal; Tibet; Europe; Russia; Middle East; Central and East Asia; Northern Africa; Nearctic region (Biranvand et al. 2021).</p> <p>Notes. It is superficially similar to H. variegata, the most common species in India and can be separated from it by the absence of abdominal postcoxal lines (Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982). See Biranvand et al. (2021) for more details and illustrations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214C046AFBDDF34ACFE6EFAAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214C046ABBDDF3309FA88FC76.text	03C7416214C046ABBDDF3309FA88FC76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia variegata (Goeze 1777)	<div><p>Hippodamia variegata (Goeze)</p> <p>(Figs 107–109)</p> <p>Coccinella variegata Goeze, 1777: 246 (Type: MNHN; Type locality: Palaearctic).</p> <p>Adonia variegata: Mulsant 1846: 39; Korschefsky 1932: 346.</p> <p>Hippodamia variegata: Belicek 1976: 338; Poorani 2002a: 333; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 72.</p> <p>Hippodamia (Adonia) variegata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 326.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.00– 5.50 mm; width: 2.40–3.10 mm. Form (Fig. 107a–c) narrow, elongate oblong-oval, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous. Head yellow with a black transverse marking in posterior half, reaching nearly up to middle of eyes. Pronotum black with white anterolateral margins and a pair of median eye spots/ markings, sometimes fused together. Scutellar shield black. Ground colour of elytra orange yellow, brick red or bright red, with whitish/creamy yellow areas adjacent to scutellar shield and a maximum of thirteen black spots-one postscutellar spot and six on disk of each elytron; pronotal and elytral pattern highly variable, elytra sometimes with only subscutellar spot, other spots variously confluent or obsolete (Figs 107a–c, 109). Ventral side black, except prothoracic hypomera, elytral epipleura and parts of legs yellowish brown. Antenna 11-segmented with a compact club (Figs 107d, 108b). Tarsal claw cleft (Fig. 108d). Abdominal postcoxal line (Figs 107f, 108c) complete, very shallowly arched. Male genitalia (Figs 107h, i; 108g, h) and female genitalia (Fig. 108e) and spermatheca (Figs 107g; 108f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Commonly distributed in the plains of north India and up to 14000–15000’ in the Himalayas. It seems to have expanded its geographical range into western and peninsular India in recent years (Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan; Afghanistan; Myanmar; China; Europe; North Africa; North America. A Palaearctic species, naturally spread or introduced in several countries such as Australia (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Aphidoidea: Adelges spp., Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis malvae (Koch), Aphis spiraecola Patch, A. umbrella (Boerner), Brachycaudus cardui (Linnaeus), Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brachycaudus pruni (Koch), Brachyunguis harmali Das, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Dreyfusia (as Adelges) knucheli (Schneider-Orelli &amp; Schneider) (as Chermes himalayensis Stebbing), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Hyalopterus atriplicis (Linnaeus), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) (as H. arundinis auctt.), Hayhurstia atriplicis (Linnaeus), Hyperomyzus carduellinus (Theobald), Liosomaphis himalayensis Basu, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus), Myzus ornatus Laing, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (as Macrosiphum granarium (Kirby)), Sitobion graminis Takahashi, Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi), Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Uroleucon sonchi (Linnaeus). Margarodidae: Drosicha stebbingi Green. Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Helicoverpa armigera (Ḩbner).Acari: Tetranychidae: Tetranychus urticae Koch (as T. telarius Linnaeus). Collected in association with aphids on wheat, maize, pearl millet, cabbage, cauliflower, lucerne, safflower, carrot, bhendi, mustard, berseem, groundnut, apple, linseed, bittergourd, walnut, mulberry, etc. and adelgids on silver fir pine, and other conifers.</p> <p>Found feeding on aphids infesting Eleusine indica, Oryza sativa, Bidens pilosa, marigold and eggplant in Nepal (Sajan et al. 2019).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Common during February–July; collected during February and September–December in north and northwestern regions (label data); January (Karnataka). Common from March to June (Kapur 1939). In Pakistan, it is a multivoltine species and overwinters from November to March (Irshad et al. 2001). In Nepal, found throughout the year, more abundant during July–August (Sajan et al. 2019).</p> <p>Natural enemies. Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman) and Hyperteles sp. (Kapur 1939), Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank), Oomyzus scaposus (Thomson), Parachrysocharis sp.; Verticillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Viégas.</p> <p>Notes. Kapur (1957), Bielawski (1972), Booth et al. (1990) and Yu (2010) treated this species in detail. From India, Stebbing (1903) described the life history and immature stages and illustrated the adult. Kapur (1939, 1942) studied its bionomics with descriptions and illustrations of immature stages. Sharma &amp; Verma (1993) studied its seasonal occurrence and predatory potential. Poorani (2007) recorded it from South India for the first time.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214C046ABBDDF3309FA88FC76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214C446A9BDDF3242FCDFFEDA.text	03C7416214C446A9BDDF3242FCDFFEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Illeis Mulsant</p> <p>Psyllobora (Illeis) Mulsant, 1850: 166, 1026; 1866: 127.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella cincta Fabricius, 1798: 77, by subsequent designation of Korschefsky 1932: 558.</p> <p>Illeis: Crotch 1871: 4; Korschefsky 1932: 558; Timberlake 1943: 42; Bielawski 1961a: 353–368; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 63; 1982: 282.</p> <p>Leptothea Weise, 1898: 227.— Korschefsky 1932: 558; Bielawski 1961a: 354. Type species: Psyllobora galbula Mulsant, by original designation. Synonymized by Timberlake 1943: 42.</p> <p>Illeis (Leptothea): Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 63; 1982: 282.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small to medium sized beetles, usually pale yellow to bright yellow, with or without black spots on the pronotum (Fig. 110a, b). Form broad oval to elongate oval, dorsum weakly to moderately convex, glabrous. Head (Fig. 110c) narrowed in front of antennal insertions, concealed by anterior margin of pronotum at rest; anterior clypeal margin weakly arcuate with lateral projections reduced or absent. Mandibles (Fig. 110g) bifid apically with microdenticulation along the incisor edge, molar part with a basal tooth. Antenna (Fig. 110d) long, loosely segmented, at least twice as long as interocular distance. Terminal maxillary palpomere (Fig. 110e) extremely strongly transverse and securiform. Pronotum much narrower at base than elytra at shoulders. Anterior margin of pronotum shallowly and evenly emarginate in middle, posterior margin finely grooved in front of scutellar shield, lateral sides upturned. Prothoracic hypomeron without foveae. Prosternal process short, carinate. Tibial spur formula 0-0-0. Tarsal claws appendiculate. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 110h) incomplete, short and apically recurved. Male genitalia (Fig. 110i–k) with penis guide apically symmetrical, penis apex variously modified.</p> <p>Distribution. This genus is mainly Oriental and Australasian in distribution.</p> <p>Affinities. Illeis was originally included under the tribe Halyziini / Psylloborini, now subsumed in the tribe Coccinellini based on combined phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular characters (Seago et al. 2011; Tomaszewska et al. 2021). Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included Illeis in the Synonycha- group of genera and found it forming a separate subclade with the other genera of the erstwhile Halyziini such as Psyllobora, Oxytella, Illeis, Vibidia, Macroilleis, and Halyzia. The species of these genera are mycophagous and commonly associated with powdery mildews and other fungal infestations on various hosts.</p> <p>Included species. About half a dozen species are known from this region. One species, Illeis kapuri Anand et al. 1990 (described from Himachal Pradesh, northwestern India) is transferred to Ortalia Mulsant (new combination) and will be treated in detail in another publication (in preparation). The holotype of I. kapuri deposited at NPC (Fig. 120) has a distinctly pubescent dorsum and belongs to the genus Ortalia and conspecific specimens from Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh were also examined.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214C446A9BDDF3242FCDFFEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214C646A9BDDF37EEFD70FA16.text	03C7416214C646A9BDDF37EEFD70FA16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis bielawskii Ghorpade	<div><p>Illeis bielawskii Ghorpade</p> <p>(Figs 111, 112)</p> <p>Illeis bielawskii Ghorpade, 1976: 579 (Holotype male, UASB; Type locality: Karnataka).— Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 64 (synonymy with I. bistigmosa); Poorani 2002a: 333 (as a synonym of I. bistigmosa); Poorani &amp; Lalitha 2018: 113 (status restored).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 2.70–4.35 mm; width: 2.15–3.60 mm. Form (Figs 111a, b; 112e, f) broad oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Eyes broadly separated. Pronotum plain yellow, without any basal black spots. Elytra lemon yellow, with (rarely without) two prominent greyish discal patches, lateral margins of pronotum and elytra transparent. Ventral side uniformly pale yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 111d–f) and spermatheca (Fig. 111c) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs whitish, spindle shaped, laid in groups. Larva (Fig. 112a, b) lemon yellow, with a short median black macula on head, narrow transverse black maculae on sides of thoracic segments and four rows of black spots on abdominal segments. Pupa (Fig. 112c, d) pale greyish with yellow and black markings.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Very common in peninsular / south India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu); Nepal; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Indonesia; Malaysia; China.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Feeds on powdery mildews (Oidium sp., Phyllactinia sp., and others) infesting Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, mulberry, castor, sunflower, chillies, Rosa sp., Xanthium strumarium, Dalbergia sissoo, etc. (Ghorpade 1976; label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Present throughout the year, active during October–March and after rainy season (June– August) in South India.</p> <p>Natural enemy. Nothoserphus mirabilis Brues.</p> <p>Notes. Ghorpade (1976) described it from Karnataka, South India. Illeis bielawskii belongs to the bistigmosa group of species and Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1979) synonymized it with I. bistigmosa. Poorani &amp; Lalitha (2018) treated it as a valid species in view of the following differences from I. bistigmosa: “larger size, broader and more rounded body outline, absence of pronotal spots, yellowish elytra with greyish discal patches and the male genitalia, particularly the tegmen which is subparallel for nearly two-thirds of its length and thereafter gradually narrowed towards apex in lateral view and the penis apex”.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214C646A9BDDF37EEFD70FA16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214C64697BDDF33A2FC3FF816.text	03C7416214C64697BDDF33A2FC3FF816.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis bistigmosa (Mulsant)	<div><p>Illeis bistigmosa (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 113)</p> <p>Psyllobora bistigmosa Mulsant, 1850: 168 (Type locality: Penang, Malaysia).</p> <p>Thea bistigmosa: Crotch 1874: 135.</p> <p>Illeis bistigmosa: Bielawski 1961a: 366; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 288; Poorani &amp; Lalitha 2018: 112.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 2.50–3.50 mm; width: 2.10–3.20 mm. Form (Fig. 113a, b) elongate oval, broadest around middle; dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Head and pronotum yellow, pronotum with a pair of large black spots on posterior margin on either side of scutellum, lateral margins transparent. Elytra yellow to yellowish brown, lateral margins transparent. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete (Fig. 113c). Male genitalia (Fig. 113d–f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Assam, Meghalaya); China.</p> <p>Notes. It is closely related to I. bielawskii and appears to be slightly smaller in size. Kapur (1972) mentioned about examples of I. bistigmosa from southern India being smaller in size and lacking pronotal spots. Another pale creamy yellow species belonging to the bistigmosa complex, that is much smaller in size, also occurs in some parts of peninsular India and has very similar male genitalia. See Bielawski (1959, 1961), Yu (2010), Ren et al. (2009), and Poorani &amp; Lalitha (2018) for more details / illustrations of I. bistigmosa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214C64697BDDF33A2FC3FF816	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214FD4692BDDF36EBFDBBFB31.text	03C7416214FD4692BDDF36EBFDBBFB31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis cincta (Fabricius 1798)	<div><p>Illeis cincta (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Figs 114–116)</p> <p>Coccinella cincta Fabricius, 1798: 77 (Type locality: India).</p> <p>Psyllobora cincta: Mulsant 1850: 167; 1866: 127.</p> <p>Thea cincta: Crotch 1874: 135.</p> <p>Illeis cincta: Korschefsky 1932: 558; Poorani 2002a: 333; Poorani &amp; Lalitha 2018: 113–114.</p> <p>Illeis darbarii Sathe &amp; Bhosale, 2002: 97; Poorani 2004: 186.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.00– 4.68 mm; width: 3.05–3.60 mm. Form (Fig. 114a–d) elongate oval, moderately convex. Head pale creamy yellow. Eyes more broadly separated than those of I. bielawskii. Pronotum with a pair of black median spots on posterior margin; anterior and lateral margins transparent, lateral margins slightly upturned. Elytra bright lemon yellow with transparent lateral margins, sometimes elytra appear to have greyish discal areas (Fig. 116g, h). Ventral side yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 114e–h) and spermatheca (Fig. 114i) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs (Figs 115a, 116a) white, spindle shaped, laid in groups. Larva (Fig. 115b–f) lemon yellow, with lateral black maculae on thoracic segments and four longitudinal rows of black spots on dorsal side, resembles and coexists with I. bielawskii. Pupa (Fig. 115g, h) pale greyish with yellow and black markings.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Very common in peninsular and south India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Occurs together with I. bielawskii in southern India. Commonly found feeding on various powdery mildews caused by Phyllactinia corylea, Podosphaera, Sphaerotheca, and Oidium spp., infesting sunflower, mulberry, Xanthium strumarium, cowpea, chillies, Pedulanthus sp., etc. Collected on sorghum, brinjal, pumpkin, cotton, and melon. Attracted to light (Ghorpade 1979a). Many aphids, coccids and mites have been erroneously reported in the literature as prey of I. cincta.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Present throughout the year, particularly active in post-rainy season.</p> <p>Natural enemies. Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank); Nothoserphus mirabilis Brues.</p> <p>Notes. This is the most common species of Illeis in peninsular India and appears to be replaced by I. confusa and I. indica in the northern and eastern parts of India. Beeson (1941) described the life stages (as Thea cincta). Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1953) provided brief notes on its biology and hosts. Bielawski (1957, 1961) also treated it and illustrated the male genitalia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214FD4692BDDF36EBFDBBFB31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214FD469FBDDF3280FF25FF62.text	03C7416214FD469FBDDF3280FF25FF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis confusa Timberlake	<div><p>Illeis confusa Timberlake</p> <p>(Figs 117, 118)</p> <p>Illeis confusa Timberlake, 1943: 61 (Type locality: Hong Kong).—Bielawski 1961a: 361; Poorani 2002a: 334; Poorani &amp; Lalitha 2018: 119.</p> <p>Illeis chinensis Yablokov-Khnzoryan, 1978: 182.— Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 295; Synonymized by Yu 2010: 154.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.00–6.00 mm; width: 3.50–4.00 mm. Form elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Externally similar to I. cincta but of variable coloration. Head and pronotum creamy white and elytra lemon yellow (Figs 117a, 118g, h) or uniform pinkish-fawn (Fig. 117b) or creamy yellow (118e, f, i), pronotum always with a pair of black spots. Male genitalia (Fig. 117c–f) and spermatheca (Fig. 117g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Larva (Fig. 118a) yellow with four rows of black spots and thoracic black maculae as in other Illeis spp. but pupa characteristic (Fig. 118b–d), greyish yellow with two median pairs of black spots and lateral stripes followed by four rows of black spots on dorsal side.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Thailand; China; Hong Kong.</p> <p>Prey / Associated habitat. Commonly found feeding on various powdery mildews infesting sunflower, castor, and several other plants. Found on shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2007). Found on mulberry in Nepal (Sajan et al. 2019).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during August–October in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. It is similar to I. cincta and replaces the latter in the northern and eastern parts of India as the most common species of the genus. See Timberlake (1943), Bielawski (1961a), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) for more details.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214FD469FBDDF3280FF25FF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214F0469FBDDF3736FD70FC79.text	03C7416214F0469FBDDF3736FD70FC79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis indica Timberlake	<div><p>Illeis indica Timberlake</p> <p>(Fig. 119)</p> <p>Illeis indica Timberlake, 1943: 61 (Holotype male, NHNM; Type locality: Lahore).—Bielawski 1961a: 364; Poorani 2002a: 334; Poorani &amp; Lalitha 2018: 119.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.70–5.00 mm; width: 3.70–4.30 mm. It is similar to its other congeners, particularly I. confusa in coloration, but it can be readily separated by its distinctive, more elongate body (Fig. 119a–c) with the elytra conspicuously narrowed in posterior half. The male genitalia (Fig. 119e–h), especially penis with a bifid apex (Fig. 119g, h), are also diagnostic. Spermatheca (Fig. 119d) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northern and eastern regions (Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andaman Islands); Bangladesh; Pakistan; Thailand.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Feeds on powdery mildews infesting mulberry, Dalbergia sissoo, chillies, rose, and other plants (label data); powdery mildew on Lagerstroemia speciosa.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during December (Bihar). April–May (Pakistan) (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. See Timberlake (1943), Bielawski (1961a) and Ghorpade (1976) for more detailed description / illustrations of the genitalia. Rahman et al. (1993) and Bhattacharjee et al. (1994) recorded it as feeding on mulberry powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia corylea.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214F0469FBDDF3736FD70FC79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214F0469FBDDF324FFA4CFA4E.text	03C7416214F0469FBDDF324FFA4CFA4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis koebelei Timberlake	<div><p>Illeis koebelei Timberlake</p> <p>(Fig. 121)</p> <p>Illeis koebelei Timberlake, 1943: 44 (Type locality: Japan).— Poorani 2002: 334.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.50–5.10 mm; width: 3.10–4.00 mm. Form elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Dorsal side uniform yellow with a pair of oblique oval black spots on posterior margin of pronotum above scutellar shield (Fig. 121a, b). Externally similar to other Illeis spp. of the region and appears to be closest to I. indica in having a distinctly elongate form. It can be reliably identified only by the male genitalia (Fig. 121c–e).</p> <p>Distribution. India (Assam); Japan; China; Taiwan.</p> <p>Notes. The illustrations given here are based on the material examined at BMNH. See Timberlake (1943), Bielawski (1961a) and Ren et al. (2009) for more detailed description and / or illustrations of the male genitalia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214F0469FBDDF324FFA4CFA4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214F0469FBDDF305AFD25F8E1.text	03C7416214F0469FBDDF305AFD25F8E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis shensiensis Timberlake	<div><p>Illeis shensiensis Timberlake</p> <p>Illeis shensiensis Timberlake, 1943: 61 (Holotype male, NM; Type locality: China).—Bielawski 1961: 358; Ren et al. 2009: 243; Das et al. 2020b: 33.</p> <p>Notes. It is similar to the other Indian species of Illeis with two-spotted pronotum and yellow elytra. It was originally described from China and Das et al. (2020b) recorded it from the north-eastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and illustrated the male genitalia. See Timberlake (1943), Bielawski (1961a) and Ren et al. (2009) for detailed description and / or illustrations of the male genitalia.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh); China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214F0469FBDDF305AFD25F8E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214F2469DBDDF3286FD4BF862.text	03C7416214F2469DBDDF3286FD4BF862.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macroilleis Miyatake	<div><p>Genus Macroilleis Miyatake</p> <p>Macroilleis Miyatake, 1965: 71.</p> <p>Type species: Halyzia hauseri Mader, 1930, by original designation.</p> <p>Anchilleis Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 63. Type species: Thea chapuisi Crotch, 1874, by original designation. Synonymized by Kovář 2007: 72; Li et al. 2010: 16.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form elongate oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Head with large eyes and comparatively narrow frons. Antenna with 11 antennomeres, long and slender, antennomeres 3–8 much longer than wide, 9–11 forming a loosely jointed, elongate club. Terminal maxillary palpomere transverse, but to a lesser degree than in Illeis. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, very short and apically barely recurved. Male genitalia with penis capsule prominent with an indistinct inner process, parameres characteristic with two lobes, the inner, subapical lobe shorter than the outer lobe, both covered with dense pubescence. Spermatheca strongly curved and C-shaped, with a well-differentiated ramus and nodulus, infundibulum distinct, tubular, enclosing the sperm duct.</p> <p>Distribution. India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan, Central and southern part of China, Vietnam, northeastern Borneo and Java (Miyatake 1965; Poorani 2002; Li et al. 2010).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Synonycha -group of genera and recovered the genera of the former tribe Halyziini including Psyllobora, Oxytella, Illeis, Vibidia, Macroilleis, and Halyzia as a major subclade in this group.</p> <p>Included species. Li et al. (2010) revised this genus and included three species, of which only Macroilleis hauseri (Miyatake) is distributed in this region. Rafi et al. (2005) reported “ Illeis (Anchilleis) chappuisi Crotch ” (= Macroilleis chapuisi (Crotch 1874)), from Pakistan and it appears to be an erroneous / unverified record as it is known only from Indonesia (Li et al. 2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214F2469DBDDF3286FD4BF862	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214F4469ABDDF36EBFC41FC1A.text	03C7416214F4469ABDDF36EBFC41FC1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macroilleis hauseri (Mader 1930)	<div><p>Macroilleis hauseri (Mader)</p> <p>(Fig. 122)</p> <p>Halyzia hauseri Mader, 1930: 162 (Type locality: China).</p> <p>Macroilleis hauseri: Miyatake 1965: 71; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 216–217; Hoang 1983: 39; Poorani 2002a: 342; Yu 2010: 152; Li et al. 2010: 17.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.50–7.80 mm; width: 4.10–5.80 mm. Form elongate oval, widest around middle of elytra; dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Dorsal side yellow, pronotum with a yellowish brown, indistinct to Mshaped marking, elytra bright yellow with four white to paler creamy yellow stripes, the first and second pair of stripes apically fused (Fig. 122a, b). Prosternal carinae anteriorly incomplete. Abdominal postcoxal line very short and incomplete. Posterior margins of abdominal ventrite 5 posteriorly medially produced, ventrite 6 broadly rounded to subtruncate in female (Fig. 122d); ventrite 5 and 6 broadly and very deeply emarginate in male (Fig. 122e). Male genitalia (Fig. 122f–i) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal; Pakistan; China; Taiwan; Vietnam; Laos.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Macroilleis is a mycophagous genus of Coccinellini and probably feeds on powdery mildew fungi. Liu (1950) studied its life history in China on the mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis &amp; Everhart) Salmon. The report by Khan et al. (2006) recording M. hauseri as a predator of San José scale (Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock)) is probably erroneous and it is quite possible that the ladybeetle was actually feeding on sooty mould fungi growing on the honeydew produced by the scale (Li et al. 2010).</p> <p>Collected on Alnus sp. (label data). Attracted to light (label data). It is known to feed on powdery mildews, including Phyllactinia corylea, Podosphaera leucotricha and Erysiphe cichoracearum (Liu 1950; Li et al. 2010).</p> <p>Notes. Macroilleis hauseri has a superficial resemblance to Calvia flaveola Booth and can be readily identified by the distinct elytral stripes that are often obsolete and not very clearly demarcated in the latter. The species described and illustrated as Macroilleis hauseri from Jammu &amp; Kashmir by Kundoo (2019) and Pakistan by Rafi et al. (2005) and Hayat et al. (2017) is certainly C. flaveola. Khan et al. (2006) recorded it as a predator of San Jose scale which is likely to be based on a misidentification.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during May–June (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Miyatake (1965) and Li et al. (2010) described and illustrated this species in detail. Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) included it in their conspectus on Chinese Coccinellidae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214F4469ABDDF36EBFC41FC1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214F5469ABDDF35AEFB37F96E.text	03C7416214F5469ABDDF35AEFB37F96E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalocaria Crotch	<div><p>Genus Megalocaria Crotch</p> <p>Megalocaria Crotch, 1871: 6.</p> <p>Type species: Neda reichei Mulsant, 1850, by monotypy.— Ślipiński et al. 2020: 78.</p> <p>Archaeoneda Crotch, 1874: 169. Type species: Coccinella tricolor Fabricius, 1787, by original designation.—Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 520.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Size large (9–18 mm long), form round, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Head with eyes strongly divergent apically, closer near vertex than near clypeus; anterior clypeal margin straight between lateral projections (Fig. 123c); antennal grooves straight and long, reaching distinctly beyond eyes. Antenna 11-segmented (Fig. 123b), with a large scape and three-segmented club. Prothoracic hypomeron without foveae. Prosternal process with parallel carinae. Anterior margin of mesoventrite deeply emarginate. Elytra broadly explanate, without a marginal bead; epipleuron broad and concave, not foveolate. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. Tarsal claw appendiculate.Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 123d) incomplete, approaching posterior margin, without an associated line. Female genitalia with a distinct, prominent infundibulum.</p> <p>Distribution. About 20 species are known exclusively from the Old World (Africa, Asia and the Australo-Pacific region) (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it under the Synonycha- group of genera and recovered it as a sister-group of Synonycha. The composition of Megalocaria and its distinctiveness from related genera such as Docimocaria, Anisolemnia, Synonycha and other large-bodied Coccinellini are not clear and need further study (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Included species. Megalocaria includes some of the largest known ladybird beetles, some reaching up to 18 mm in length and is represented by two species in the Indian subcontinent, M. dilatata (F.) and M. reichei pearsoni Crotch, the first being more widespread and the second rare and restricted to the Eastern Himalayas.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214F5469ABDDF35AEFB37F96E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214F74687BDDF36EBFEE5FB72.text	03C7416214F74687BDDF36EBFEE5FB72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalocaria dilatata (Fabricius 1775)	<div><p>Megalocaria dilatata (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Figs 123, 124)</p> <p>Coccinella dilatata Fabricius, 1775: 82 (Type locality: Java).</p> <p>Caria dilatata: Mulsant 1850: 232; 1866: 167; Crotch 1874: 171.</p> <p>Anisolemnia dilatata: Korschefsky 1932: 269.</p> <p>Megalocaria dilatata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 521; Poorani 2002: 334; Ren et al. 2009: 212; Yu 2010: 132.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 10.00–13.00 mm, width: 9.00–12.00 mm. Form (Fig. 123a) round, dorsum hemispherical and strongly convex, glabrous. Ground colour bright reddish/orange yellow; head with a pair of small oblique black maculae below the posterior margin of eyes and a larger transverse posterior macula (Fig. 123c); pronotum having two oval spots (one on either side above scutellar shield) on posterior margin; scutellar shield black; each elytron with five black spots arranged in a 1-2-2 pattern (Fig. 124e–l). Ventral side uniformly reddish or yellowish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 123f–h) and spermatheca (Fig. 123e) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs (Fig. 124a) yellow and spindle shaped, usually laid in large groups. Larva (Fig. 124b– d) black with a bluish grey pruinosity / thin powdery dusting on dorsal surface, prothorax and abdominal segments 1 and 4 yellow initially (Fig. 124b), turn bright orange in later stages (Fig. 124c, d).</p> <p>Distribution. India (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, northeastern region); Nepal; Bhutan; China. In Fabricius’s original description, there is an erroneous mention of “Habitat in America” as pointed out by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Adelges spp. on silver fir, Aiceona sp., Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Astegopteryx (as Oregma) bambusae (Buckton), Astegopteryx minuta (van der Goot), Ceratovacuna (as Oregma) lanigera Zehntner, Ceratovacuna silvestrii (Takahashi), Cervaphis schouteniae van der Goot, Greenideoida ceyloniae van der Goot, Mollitrichosiphum montanum (van der Goot), Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, Pseudoregma alexanderi (Takahashi), Pseudoregma (as Oregma) bambusicola (Takahashi), Pseudoregma bucktoni Ghosh et al., Pyrolachnus (as Lachnus) pyri (Buckton) on pear, Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe. Collected on sandal, Alnus nepalensis, Brassica napus, Cajanus cajan, radish and cucumber (label data). Predatory on Aiceona sp. infesting Persea bombycina, an economically important field host plant of Muga silkworm in West Bengal (Ponnusamy et al. 2021).</p> <p>It coexists with the giant bamboo ladybird, Synonycha grandis (Thunberg) on aphids infesting bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea), but is relatively less abundant than S. grandis in South India. It is more commonly found feeding on the bamboo leaf aphid (A. bambusae) in south India and C. silvestrii in northeastern India. Its seasonal occurrence, feeding habits and life history in general, closely resemble those of S. grandis (Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna, 1953). It survives and reproduces on aphids infesting cowpea, groundnut, cotton, pea, rose, jack, brinjal, cabbage, radish, citrus, sorghum, etc. in the laboratory, but apparently bamboo aphids are essential/preferred food.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Particularly abundant on bamboo during July–December in and around Bangalore (Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna 1953), and January–February in northeastern region (Agarwala et al. 1984). Collected during March, June–July, and September–November in South India (label data).</p> <p>Natural enemy. Tetrastichus epilachnae (Giard) (Eulophidae).</p> <p>Note. This species was transferred to Megalocaria by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982), but the name Anisolemnia dilatata is more widely known and used in the Indian literature. Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1952, 1953) provided brief notes on its biology and hosts. Agarwala et al. (1984) described the immature stages and studied the biology and predatory potential. Ponnusamy et al. (2021) studied its biology and predatory potential on Aiceona sp., an aphid pest of Persea bombycina. Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) included it in their works on Chinese Coccinellini.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214F74687BDDF36EBFEE5FB72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214E84686BDDF3346FC70FBF4.text	03C7416214E84686BDDF3346FC70FBF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalocaria reichei subsp. pearsoni : Crotch 1874	<div><p>Megalocaria reichei pearsoni Crotch</p> <p>(Fig. 125)</p> <p>Megalocaria pearsoni Crotch, 1874: 170 (Holotype, BMNH; Type locality: Darjeeling).— Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 524; Poorani 2002a: 334.</p> <p>Anisolemnia pearsoni: Korschefsky 1932: 270.</p> <p>Megalocaria reichei pearsoni: Crotch 1874: 170; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 524; Kovář 2007: 619.</p> <p>Megalocaria reichii pearsoni: Ren et al. 2009: 212.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length:15.00–17.00 mm; width: 13.70–14.00 mm.Form (Fig. 125a, b) broadly rounded, dorsum strongly convex, glabrous. Head black, pronotum yellow with a trapezoidal median black macula on posterior margin, lateral margins black except around anterolateral corners; scutellar shield black; elytra orange-yellow, margins of elytra very narrowly black, suture with a black stripe, elytra with two basal maculae, three black spots around middle in an obliquely transverse row, two spots in apical third, and a sutural macula slightly above midline. Pronotum only 0.6x as wide as elytra. Elytral borders broadly explanate. Ventral side black except prothoracic hypomeron, epipleura and lateral sides of abdominal ventrites yellowish, epipleura with a transverse black macula on level with hind leg. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar; Indo-China; Indonesia (Borneo); China.</p> <p>Notes. It is probably the largest species of Indian Coccinellini and only Synonycha grandis (Thunberg) is almost as large or slightly smaller in size. It has a very limited distribution in India restricted to the Eastern Himalayan region. In Poorani’s checklist, this species was included with a note by R.G. Booth that it could be a subspecies of M. reichei (Mulsant, 1850). Kovář (2007) listed it as a subspecies of M. reichei. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982) treated and illustrated it in his revision of Palaearctic and Oriental Coccinellini.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214E84686BDDF3346FC70FBF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214E94685BDDF32BDFF39FD1E.text	03C7416214E94685BDDF32BDFF39FD1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis Chevrolat	<div><p>Genus Micraspis Chevrolat</p> <p>Micraspis Chevrolat, in Dejean 1836: 435.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella striata Fabricius, 1792, by subsequent designation of Hope 1840: 157.</p> <p>Alesia Mulsant, 1850: 343. Type species: Coccinella striata Fabricius, 1792. Synonymized by Korschefsky 1932: 304.</p> <p>Verania Mulsant, 1850: 358. Type species: Coccinella comma Thunberg, 1781. Synonymized by F̧rsch 1964: 71.</p> <p>Cisseis Mulsant, 1850: 129. Type species: Coccinella furcifera Guérin-Méneville, 1835. Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 72 (junior homonym).</p> <p>Cissella Weise, 1895b: 153. Replacement name for Cisseis Mulsant, 1850.</p> <p>Mononeda (Paramicraspis) Hoang: Kovář 2007: 72 (synonymy).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Small to medium sized beetles. Form circular, broad oval, or distinctly elongate oval; dorsum convex, glabrous. Ground colour typically orange, yellow or reddish, with or without spots and other patterns on head, pronotum and elytra. Antenna shorter than head width, slightly longer than frons, with a distinct three-segmented club. Eye canthus narrow, long and prominent, rarely broad and short. Anterior margin of clypeus nearly straight between lateral projections. Scutellar shield very small, less than one-tenth of pronotum, triangular. Prothoracic hypomeron very shallowly depressed, anterolateral corners not foveate. Prosternal intercoxal process with parallel or divergent carinae. Anterior margin of mesoventrite medially distinctly, though shallowly, emarginate. Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, running parallel to posterior margin of ventrite 1, apically not recurved, associated line absent. Tibial spur formula 0-0-0. Tarsal claws appendiculate. Female genitalia with coxites of blade and handle type, spermatheca with ramus and nodulus often not well differentiated, infundibulum present and distinct.</p> <p>Distribution. Micraspis is widely distributed in the Old World with about 30 known species, distributed in Asia, Africa and the Australian region (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Affinities. In the latest phylogenetic analysis of Coccinellini, Tomaszewska et al. (2021) recognized Micraspis (Australian-Asian species) as distinct from a paraphyletic series comprising Micraspis of Africa and Madagascar, Xanthadalia Crotch 1874 and Declivittata F̧rsch 1964. All these genera along with Protothea Weise 1898 and Anegleis Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982 were included in the Coccinella group of genera by Tomaszewska et al. (2021).</p> <p>Notes. There are some anomalies in the description of Micraspis by various workers. Sasaji (1971) in his diagnostic account of Micraspis mentioned that middle and hind tibiae have a pair of apical spurs, however, Ślipiński (2007) stated that tibial spurs are absent. But Ślipiński et al. (2020) in their revision of Australo-Pacific Coccinellini mentioned that tibial spur formula in Micraspis was 0-2-2. However, Tomaszewska et al. (2021) also mentioned about the lack of tibial spurs in Micraspis spp. Ślipiński et al. (2020) also stated that the anterior margin of mesoventrite in Micraspis was straight and a ‘usually distinct’ oblique postcoxal line was present. However, in all the Indian species studied, anterior margin of the mesoventrite is distinctly albeit shallowly emarginate, tibial spur formula is 0-0-0 and the abdominal postcoxal line does not have an associate oblique line.</p> <p>Included species. Seven species are known from the Indian subcontinent, most of them associated with rice paddies.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214E94685BDDF32BDFF39FD1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214EA4685BDDF34ABFCCCF892.text	03C7416214EA4685BDDF34ABFCCCF892.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis allardi (Mulsant 1866) Mulsant 1866	<div><p>Micraspis allardi (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 126)</p> <p>Lemnia allardi Mulsant, 1866: 249 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: Northern India).</p> <p>Verania allardi: Crotch 1874: 177; Korschefsky 1932: 307.</p> <p>Micraspis allardi: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 510; Hoang 1983: 59; Poorani 2002: 335; Yu 2010: 127; Poorani et al. 2023: 467.</p> <p>Verania malaccensis Crotch, 1874: 177 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: Gilolo).</p> <p>Verania allardi var. malaccensis: Weise 1912: 115; Korschefsky 1932: 307.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.70–5.20 mm; width: 3.36–4.00 mm. Form (Fig. 126a–d) subcircular, moderately convex. Head creamy yellow to orange-yellow. Pronotum creamy yellow or pinkish with a pair of black spots on either side of scutellar shield on posterior margin. Ground colour of elytra bright pink in live specimens (Fig. 126a–d), yellow in preserved specimens, with four black spots, anterior pair transverse, sometimes quite narrowly so, posterior pair round to suboval, elytral suture with a black stripe; lateral margins of elytra transparent; sometimes elytral spots enlarged or smaller, rarely reduced or almost absent. Ventral side yellowish, mesepimeron white, metaventrite and abdominal ventrites dark pitchy black, legs yellowish brown except middle and hind femora brown to black in apical half. Prosternal process with carinae extending to the middle of prosternum. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 126e) incomplete laterally. Male genitalia (Fig. 126f–i) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Commonly collected in northern India, less common in peninsular India (Kerala, Bihar, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim); Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Bhutan; Nepal; Afghanistan; Myanmar; China; Indonesia; The Philippines; New Guinea.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis gossypii Glover, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Lophopidae: Eggs of Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker). Collected commonly on wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, sorghum, and grasses; also associated with aphids on brinjal, cowpea, cabbage, potato, and mustard (Omkar &amp; Pervez 1999). Collected on custard apple, walnut, berseem and cucumber in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during September–December (in large numbers), and February–March in north India; November (northeastern India). Found during April–October in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. This species has been treated in detail by Kapur (1973), Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982), Ren et al. (2009), Yu (2010) and most recently, by Ślipiński et al. (2020).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214EA4685BDDF34ABFCCCF892	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214EE468FBDDF32D7FAAFFE6E.text	03C7416214EE468FBDDF32D7FAAFFE6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis discolor (Fabricius 1798)	<div><p>Micraspis discolor (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Figs 127–130)</p> <p>Coccinella discolor Fabricius, 1798: 77 (Lectotype, ZMUC; Type locality: Tranquebar).</p> <p>Verania discolor: Mulsant, 1850: 369; Korschefsky 1932: 308; Bielawski 1957: 92.</p> <p>Micraspis discolor: Kamiya 1965b: 60; Sasaji 1968 c: 128; Poorani 2002: 335; Poorani et al. 2023: 450.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.50–5.00 mm; width: 3.00– 3.70 mm. Form (Figs 127a–d, 130m –o) subcircular to oval, dorsum subhemispherical and convex. Ground colour orange yellow with the following markings: Head with a black marking on posterior half reaching up to lower margin of eyes; pronotum with a pair of subtriangular markings along basal margin and two smaller, round spots in middle which are in various states of fusion or absent (Fig. 127e). Antenna yellow, apical antennomeres darker brownish. Scutellar shield very small, triangular. Elytral suture with a thin black stripe. Female genitalia (Fig. 128f–h) and male genitalia (Fig. 128a–d) as illustrated. Variants from northeastern region of India (Fig. 129) are ventrally darker brown but with similar genitalia.</p> <p>Immature stages. Life stages as illustrated in Fig. 130.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae: Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell), aleyrodids on sugarcane; Aphididae: Aphis craccivora Koch, Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Linnaeus); Cicadellidae: Nephotettix spp.; Delphacidae: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Sogatella furcifera (Horvath); Pseudococcidae: Brevennia rehi (Lindinger) (= Ripersia oryzae Green); Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Egg masses of Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker), early instar larvae of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée). Very common on rice; also found on aquatic and semiaquatic vegetation, and sugarcane.</p> <p>Its role as a predator is rather limited as it feeds on rice pollen and is reported to prefer it to other insect prey. After paddy flowering, it is reported to feed on pollen of weeds and grasses such as Cardanthera balsamica and Echinocloa colona. It is a minor pest during flowering in rice and causes damage by feeding on pollen grains and interferes with grain setting, resulting in chaffy, white grains (Nagaraja Rao &amp; Abraham 1959). However, Afsana &amp; Islam (2001) observed that feeding on rice pollen by even very high populations did not result in grain sterility.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected almost throughout the year. Most abundant, especially during flowering, in rice ecosystem (August, September–October, December.</p> <p>Notes. Species identified as M. discolor from different parts of Southeast Asia including China and Japan are not conspecific with the nominate form originally described from south India (Tamil Nadu). Poorani et al. (2023) established the identity of M. discolor based on Fabricius’s type material from South India and phylogenetic analysis of the COI sequences of Indian M. discolor and other Asian ‘ M. discolor’ sequences from South and southeast Asian countries also proved it to be a distinct species. Due to the co-existence of more than one species of Micraspis in the rice paddies of the Indian subcontinent, available literature on M. discolor needs to be treated with discretion.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214EE468FBDDF32D7FAAFFE6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214E0468FBDDF343BFB80FB78.text	03C7416214E0468FBDDF343BFB80FB78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis pusillus Poorani	<div><p>Micraspis pusillus Poorani</p> <p>(Fig. 131)</p> <p>Micraspis pusillus Poorani, 2014: 2 (Holotype male, NBAIR; Type locality: Sikkim).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.00– 3.30 mm; width: 2.68–2.90 mm. Form (Fig. 131a, b), short oval to almost circular, only slightly longer than wide, dorsum convex and glabrous except head with yellowish white pubescence, more pronounced near clypeal margin. In live specimens, whole of head including ocular canthus distinctly creamy white (Fig. 131c); antenna pale yellow; anterolateral corners of pronotum slightly whitish, pronotum and elytra yellow with transparent lateral borders. Ventral side yellow except hypomeron, mespimeron, mespisternum and metanepisternum with traces of white. Eyes moderately large with a conspicuous, large ocular canthus (Fig. 131c); inner ocular margins divergent towards posterior (Fig. 131d). Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 131e) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 131g –j) and spermatheca (Fig. 131f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. The host plants on which the specimens were collected include Musa paradisiaca, bamboo, and ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.] (Poorani, 2014).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during March, June, September–October (label data).</p> <p>Notes. This is probably the smallest Indian species of Micraspis and somewhat anomalous in having the head with a broad, short, whitish eye canthus. See Poorani (2014) for detailed description.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214E0468FBDDF343BFB80FB78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214E0468BBDDF3349FC6DFD56.text	03C7416214E0468BBDDF3349FC6DFD56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis tenuilinea (Walker)	<div><p>Micraspis tenuilinea (Walker)</p> <p>(Figs 132, 133)</p> <p>Coccinella tenuilinea Walker, 1859: 219 (Lectotype female: BMNH; Type locality: ‘Ceylon’).</p> <p>Micraspis tenuilinea: Poorani et al. 2023: 458.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Length: 2.70–3.40 mm; width: 2.30–3.00 mm. Form (Fig. 132a–d) broad oval to circular, dorsum convex and glabrous except head with silvery white pubescence around clypeal area. Ground colour orange-yellow to reddish; head with a black transverse macula in posterior half, genae usually dark brown to black, occasionally paler; pronotum with a pair of triangular black maculae on posterior margin on either side of scutellar shield and a pair of circular discal black spots around middle; scutellar shield yellowish and bordered black, rarely fully darker; elytra orange-yellow with a black stripe on suture slightly broader in the middle, basal margin narrowly black, lateral margins of elytra very narrowly black for up to 3/4 th of its length, apical fourth yellowish.</p> <p>Micraspis tenuilinea co-exists with M. discolor in peninsular India. It has a more circular, broader body outline with distinctly rounded elytra compared to M. discolor which has an oval, more elongate form with somewhat narrower elytra. Besides, the pronotum in M. tenuilinea has the basal pair of black maculae distinctly triangular in form, less oblique and irregular than in M. discolor, with two circular discal black spots located above (Fig. 132a, b). These pronotal spots may be often enlarged and coalesced or obsolete and sometimes only paler, reddish-brown markings are seen (Fig. 132c), even so, the range of colour patterns in M. tenuilinea is still noticeably different from that of M. discolor. The sutural black stripe is usually wider and more prominent in M. tenuilinea than in M. discolor. The male genitalia (Fig. 132j–m) and female genitalia are different from those of M. discolor as follows: apex of penis guide narrower in ventral view (Fig. 132k) and laterally more strongly curved in lateral view (Fig. 132j) than in M. discolor; spermatheca (Fig. 132i) with poorly differentiated nodulus and ramus and a distinct but similarly shaped infundibulum.</p> <p>Immature stages. Life stages (Fig. 133a–m) as illustrated, immature stages very similar to those of M. discolor.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. It is found in huge numbers during the panicle initiation or flowering stage of the rice crop in South India and it continues to be present even after harvest in the stubbles (unpublished data). Also collected on sugarcane at flowering stage and in association with aphid, Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner.</p> <p>Natural enemy. Homalotylus sp. (Fig. 133n) is a common larval parasitoid of M. tenuilinea.</p> <p>Notes. In South India, Micraspis tenuilinea is more common and numerically abundant than M. discolor, its better known ‘cousin’. It significantly outnumbers M. discolor in Tamil Nadu conditions by a ratio of at least 7:1 or much greater. The voluminous literature available on the biology, hosts and behaviour of ‘ M. discolor’ from India is certainly based on more than one species and most of the papers from southern India are likely to be based on M. tenuilinea as it is more abundant by severalfold (Poorani et al. 2023).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214E0468BBDDF3349FC6DFD56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214E4468BBDDF3563FD35FAD4.text	03C7416214E4468BBDDF3563FD35FAD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis unicus Poorani	<div><p>Micraspis unicus Poorani</p> <p>(Fig. 134)</p> <p>Micraspis unicus Poorani, 2019: 190 (Holotype male, NBAIR; Type locality: Arunachal Pradesh).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.33 mm; width: 3.05 mm. Form (Fig. 134a–c) broad oval to almost round, nearly as long as wide, broadest around middle of elytra and apically narrowed; dorsum convex and glabrous except head with white hairs around clypeal margin. Head creamy white or yellow, rest of dorsum and ventral side yellowish, pronotum with an indistinct pale yellowish-brown median marking, pronotum and elytra with lateral margins transparent. Epipleuron at its widest almost half as wide as metaventrite (Fig. 134d). Abdominal postcoxal lines (Fig. 134e) incomplete, short. Male genitalia (Fig. 134h–k) and spermatheca (Fig. 134g) as illustrated. It can be separated from its Indian congeners by its medium-large size, uniform yellow-orange body with distinctly explanate elytra, small scutellar shield, epipleuron at its widest almost half as wide as metaventrite, and the distinctive male genitalia and spermatheca.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh).</p> <p>Note. See Poorani (2019) for detailed description.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214E4468BBDDF3563FD35FAD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214E44688BDDF33DDFAB0FD82.text	03C7416214E44688BDDF33DDFAB0FD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis univittata (Hope)	<div><p>Micraspis univittata (Hope)</p> <p>(Fig. 135)</p> <p>Coccinella univittata Hope, 1831: 31 (Lectotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Nepal).</p> <p>Alesia univittata: Mulsant 1850: 357; 1866: 239.</p> <p>Tytthaspis univittata: Korschefsky 1932: 384.</p> <p>Micraspis univittata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 511; Poorani 2002: 335; Yu 2010: 130; Poorani et al. 2023: 463.</p> <p>Verania vincta Gorham, 1895: 686.</p> <p>Micraspis vincta: Sasaji 1968 c: 132; Chunram &amp; Sasaji 1980: 488.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.00– 4.50 mm; width: 2.80–4.40 mm. Form (Fig. 135a–e) almost circular, dorsum convex and glabrous. Ground colour bright carmine red, orange or yellow, head and pronotum reddish or yellowish. Head with a transverse black macula on basal half, reaching up to posterior margin of eyes; pronotum with a transverse basal black macula and two discal spots above; elytra with a pair of thin curved black stripes, sometimes broken or faint, and a black sutural stripe. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete (Fig. 135f). Ventrite 6 in female with a sclerotized oval median process (Fig. 135g). Male genitalia (Fig. 135i–l) and spermatheca (Fig. 135h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. Widely distributed almost throughout India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Tripura); Bhutan; Nepal; China; Myanmar.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Aleyrodidae: Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Aphididae: Rice root aphid (Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominalis (Sasaki)), Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner). Crambidae:Eggs and young larvae of Chilo infuscatellus Snellen and Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur); Noctuidae: Spodoptera litura (Fabricius); Acari: Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) on tea.</p> <p>Commonly collected on rice and sugarcane; occasionally collected on cotton, groundnut, tea, potato and mustard. Attracted to light (Ghorpade 1979a). Found in large numbers on rice crop in flowering stage in different parts of India (label data). Adults of M. univittata were found to feed on sugarcane pests, mainly aphid (Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner)) and also shoot and internode borers in the laboratory (Easwaramoorthy et al. 2001).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during April–May in northeastern region.</p> <p>Notes. The species with three-striped elytra has been frequently identified as Micraspis vincta, a synonym of M. univittata, in the literature from India. Micraspis lineata (Thunberg), endemic to New Guinea, has three-striped elytra and looks very similar to M. univittata, but the male genitalia are different. Kovář (2007: 620) listed ‘ Micraspis inops Mulsant 1866 ’ as a valid species and ‘M. vincta’ as its synonym. Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982) incorrectly used the name Micraspis inops (Mulsant) for the widespread Indian species (Poorani 2002a). Mulsant’s original type material is a Cheilomenes and inops is only a colour form of C. sexmaculata (R.G. Booth’s comments, in Poorani 2002a). Easwaramoorthy et al. (2001) studied its biology and predatory potential on sugarcane pests.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214E44688BDDF33DDFAB0FD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214E74688BDDF3417FBCCFAF5.text	03C7416214E74688BDDF3417FBCCFAF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis yasumatsui Sasaji	<div><p>Micraspis yasumatsui Sasaji</p> <p>(Figs 136, 137)</p> <p>Micraspis yasumatsui Sasaji, 1968: 131 (Holotype male, Kyushu University; Type locality: Bangladesh).— Poorani 2002a: 335; Poorani et al. 2023: 463.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.20 mm; width: 4.50 mm. Form (Fig. 136a) circular, slightly longer than broad, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous. Head and pronotum yellowish-orange, elytra brighter reddish or orange, pronotum with indistinct pale brown markings, elytra usually lacking the black sutural stripe of other Micraspis species, sometimes with a pale brown sutural stripe (Fig. 137a). Male genitalia slightly variable, that of examples from Uttar Pradesh (Fig. 136h–k), Nagaland (Fig. 137b–e) and Tripura (Fig. 137g –i) illustrated here. Female genitalia (Fig. 136e) and spermatheca (Fig. 136f, g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Eastern and northeastern regions (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Bangladesh.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Common on rice and sugarcane in eastern and northeastern India. Collected on banana (label data). Feeds on Aphis gossypii, Myzus persicae and Bemisia tabaci infesting chillies (Gurung et al. 2019).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during May (West Bengal).</p> <p>Notes. Sasaji (1968 c) described it from Bangladesh and illustrated the male genitalia. Micraspis shafeei Afroze &amp; Haider, 1998 is most likely to be a synonym of M. yasumatsui as it is described as devoid of pronotal and elytral markings though the illustrations are poor and inconclusive. However, its type material is not traceable and is presumed to be lost. Micraspis yasumatsui has been widely misidentified and reported in Indian literature also as Micraspis crocea (Mulsant), a pale species distributed only in the Philippines.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214E74688BDDF3417FBCCFAF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214E746F6BDDF33BCFDF6F82F.text	03C7416214E746F6BDDF33BCFDF6F82F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcaria Crotch	<div><p>Genus Microcaria Crotch</p> <p>Microcaria Crotch, 1871: 7.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella (Daulis) mulsanti Montrouzier, 1861, designated by Rye 1873: 329.</p> <p>Bothrocalvia Crotch, 1874: 143. Type species: Coccinella albolineata Gyllenhal in Scĥnherr, 1808, by original designation.— Synonymized by Ślipiński et al. 2020: 89.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form broad oval to rounded, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Anterior clypeal margin straight between lateral projections.Antenna 11-segmented with a long, three-segmented club. Terminal maxillary palpomere securiform. Prothoracic hypomeron with foveae near anterolateral corners. Prosternal process with distinct carinae. Anterior margin of mesoventrite medially deeply emarginate. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of apical spurs. Elytra with lateral margins narrowly raised, epipleuron distinctly foveate on level with hind coxae. Male genitalia with penis guide robust and broad, parameres densely setose, penis consisting of more than one sclerite distinctly separated by membranes and enlarged near the middle. Spermatheca with nodulus and ramus differentiated though short and almost subequal in length, infundibulum present.</p> <p>Distribution. It is widely distributed in the Oriental and Australasian regions, extending from China and India to Australia, to the Pacific Islands (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Affinities. Ślipiński et al. (2020) synonymized Bothrocalvia with Microcaria and observed Microcaria is externally identical to Coelophora and separated from the latter only by the male and female genitalia but placed at least one Australo-Pacific species, Microcaria salomonensis (Korschefsky), having aberrant male and female genitalia, in Microcaria. In the phylogenetic analysis by Tomaszewska et al. (2021), Microcaria was grouped with Calvia (in part) and Coelophora (in part). Microcaria is differentiated from Coelophora by the penis consisting of a medially expanded single sclerite and the spermatheca with a cornu only weakly C-shaped and a distinctly projecting ramus (Ślipiński et al. 2020). Ślipiński et al. (2020) mentioned that infundibulum is absent in Microcaria, but it is clearly present in M. albolineata (Gyllenhal), the most common species of the genus in India.</p> <p>Included species. Three species, M. albolineata (Gyllenhal), M. pupillata (Swartz) and M. lewisii Crotch, are known from the Indian Subcontinent.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214E746F6BDDF33BCFDF6F82F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149B46F4BDDF36EBFDE0FBD2.text	03C74162149B46F4BDDF36EBFDE0FBD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcaria albolineata (Gyllenhal)	<div><p>Microcaria albolineata (Gyllenhal)</p> <p>(Figs 138, 139a, b)</p> <p>Coccinella albolineata Gyllenhal, in Scĥnherr, 1808: 158 (Type locality: East India).</p> <p>Calvia albolineata: Mulsant 1850: 146.</p> <p>Bothrocalvia albolineata: Crotch 1874: 143; Korschefsky 1932: 521; Poorani 2002a: 322; Ren et al. 2009: 176; Yu 2010: 61.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.70–6.50 mm; width: 3.80–5.00 mm. Form (Figs 138a, 139a, b) broad oval, dorsum strongly convex (Fig. 138b), glabrous except head with sparse pubescence. Head (Fig. 138d) light brownish yellow to testaceous, eyes large with divergent inner margins. Pronotum yellowish-testaceous, with two oblique, oblong, irregularly shaped yellowish-brown spots in the middle, sometimes fused into a roughly M-shaped marking. Elytra dull brown, with pale yellow markings as follows: an elongate, cylindrical marking from basal margin to nearly 2/3 of the elytral length, adjacent to sutural line; a broader band at outer margin extending from humeral callus to nearly half the length of elytron and a narrow line starting from humeral callus and ending at elytral apex, with two brown islands, one at humeral callus and the other just before apex. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 138c) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 138f–i) and spermatheca (Fig. 138e) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Commonly collected in the northeastern region (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal); Nepal; Hong Kong; China; Taiwan; Japan;</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Associated with adelgids and aphids feeding on pine, spruce, and other coniferous trees; feeds on Cinara sp., Pineus sp. (label data). Predatory on Oracella acuta (Lobdell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (CABI 2021) and Eulachnus thunbergii Wilson infesting Pinus khasya (Devi 1989).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during January–February, April, June–July, August, and September (northeastern region). Shantibala &amp; Singh (1991) reported this species from an altitude of 2000–2500 m from the northeastern region of India.</p> <p>Notes. It is common in the northeastern states of India. Rao &amp; So (1967) briefly described it and illustrated the habitus. Devi (1989) and Wadhi &amp; Parshad (1980) provided notes on its hosts and distribution. For more illustrations, see Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149B46F4BDDF36EBFDE0FBD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149B46F4BDDF32E7FC72F802.text	03C74162149B46F4BDDF32E7FC72F802.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcaria lewisii (Crotch)	<div><p>Microcaria lewisii (Crotch)</p> <p>(Fig. 139)</p> <p>Bothrocalvia lewisii Crotch, 1874: 143 (Holotype, UCCC; Type locality: China).— Poorani 2002a: 322; Shantibala &amp; Singh 1991: 39–43; Ren et al. 2009: 176.</p> <p>Calvia lewisi: Korschefsky 1932: 524.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.80–6.50 mm; width: 5.00– 5.50 mm. Form broad oval, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Ground colour creamy whitish to yellowish in live specimens, darker yellowish in preserved specimens. Head and pronotum creamy whitish yellow to yellow, pronotum with a roughly M-shaped reddish-brown marking, elytra with three reddish brown or ochreous stripes forming a characteristic pattern as illustrated (Fig. 139a–d), first one parallel to suture, second Y-shaped with a shorter branch arising from its apex, third nearer lateral margin and anteriorly joined with the second stripe. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Manipur, Nagaland (Shantibala &amp; Singh 1991); Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Predatory on pine aphids such as Cinara (Schizolachnus) orientalis (Takahashi) and Eulachnus thunbergii Wilson on Pinus khasya (Devi 1989).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during August and November (Devi 1989). Shantibala &amp; Singh (1991) reported this species from an altitude of 500–2000 m from the northeastern region of India. It looks somewhat similar to a common variant of Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant), one of the most common species in northeastern India but it has a distinctly broader oval form.</p> <p>Notes. Devi (1989) included it in her Ph.D. dissertation on Coccinellidae of northeastern India with details on its distribution and hosts. Illustrated by Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149B46F4BDDF32E7FC72F802	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149D46F2BDDF36EBFE7EFCD6.text	03C74162149D46F2BDDF36EBFE7EFCD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcaria pupillata (Swartz)	<div><p>Microcaria pupillata (Swartz)</p> <p>(Fig. 140)</p> <p>Coccinella pupillata Swartz, in Scĥnherr, 1808: 184 (Type locality: China).</p> <p>Coelophora pupillata: Mulsant 1850: 397; 1866: 263; Crotch 1874: 153; Korschefsky 1932: 296; Kapur 1963b: 264. Bothrocalvia pupillata: Timberlake 1943: 34; Poorani 2002a: 322; Ren et al. 2009: 178.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length:5.20–6.00mm;width:4.80–5.00mm.Form broad oval,dorsum strongly convex,subhemispherical, and glabrous. Ground colour reddish brown, pronotum with ill-defined dark and paler areas, each elytron with five black spots surrounded by yellowish halos, arranged in a 2-2-1 pattern, two at the level of humeral calli, two around middle and one near apex (Fig. 140a, b); occasionally elytral spots reddish brown with yellowish halos (Fig. 140c). Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 140d) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 140e–h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (South Andaman (Veenakumari &amp; Mohanraj 2007), West Bengal); Nepal; China; Indonesia; Thailand.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Collected at light (label data, Kapur 1963b); on Ficus leaves (Veenakumari &amp; Mohanraj 2007). Feeds on Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy) in Hawaii (Kapur 1963b).</p> <p>Note. The illustration of Bothrocalvia decemsignata Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982 (described from Java) appears to be the same as B. pupillata and it was also recorded from Nepal by Canepari (1997). Kapur (1963b) first recorded it from West Bengal and Veenakumari &amp; Mohanraj (2007) gave notes on its distribution. Also illustrated by Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149D46F2BDDF36EBFE7EFCD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149D46F0BDDF35E3FDCEFF62.text	03C74162149D46F0BDDF35E3FDCEFF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Oenopia Mulsant</p> <p>Oenopia Mulsant, 1850: 374, 420; 1866: 279.—Crotch 1874: 158; Korschefsky 1932: 287; Timberlake 1943: 56; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 69; 1982: 398; Vandenberg 1996: 385. Type species: Oenopia cinctella Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Sicard 1907 c: 134. (Korschefsky [1932] wrongly designated Oenopia (Aza) kirbyi Mulsant, 1850 as type).</p> <p>Synharmonia Ganglbauer, 1899: 994 [as Coccinella (Synharmonia)]. Type species: Coccinella conglobata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Chapin 1965. Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 69.</p> <p>Protocaria Timberlake, 1943: 28. Type species: Protocaria scalaris Timberlake, 1943, by original designation. Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 69.</p> <p>Gyrocaria Timberlake, 1943: 39.—Bielawski 1964b: 83. Type species: Coelophora guttata Blackburn, 1892, by original designation. Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 69.</p> <p>Pseudoharmonia Savojskaja, 1963: 37.— Kuznetsov 1997: 186. Type species: Pseudoharmonia montana Savojskaja, 1963, by monotypy. Synonymized by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 69.</p> <p>Paramulsantina Hoang, 1982: 10. Type species: Paramulsantina gratiosa Hoang, 1982, by original designation. Synonymized by Jadwiszczak &amp; Pokojowczyk 1990: 54–55.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Body outline variable from rounded to broad oval to distinctly elongate, dorsum convex to flattened, glabrous. Head with anterior clypeal margin straight between lateral projections, inner margins of compound eyes almost straight. Antenna 11-segmented, slightly shorter than head capsule with the apical three antennomeres forming a compact club. Scutellar shield broader than long, triangular. Prothoracic hypomeron with anterior inner corners shallowly foveate or not. Prosternal carinae present. Anterior margin of mesoventrite distinctly to very shallowly emarginate. Middle and hind tibiae with a pair of spurs. Elytral epipleura foveolate to receive the tips of mid-and / or hind femora. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, with an oblique dividing lateral line. Spermatheca characteristic with a highly elongate, apically swollen ramus and a distinct nodulus, a short, flexible sperm duct and a distinct, sclerotized, diagnostically shaped infundibulum (with the sole exception of O. signatella). Male genitalia with penis guide apically upturned and medially notched or more or less subtruncate, parameres arched. Penis with a well-developed capsule and variously modified apex.</p> <p>Distribution. A moderately large genus, with ~30 species distributed in Europe, Asiatic Russia, Africa, India, Sri Lanka China, Japan, Philippines, New Guinea and Australia (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Coccinella- group of genera and found it to be a distinct genus strongly supported in molecular analyses.</p> <p>Included species. It is one of the largest genera of Coccinellini of the Indian region and at present, 15 species are known, most of them from the northeastern region. Only O. guerini (Mulsant) (= Oenopia walteri (Sicard)) has been recorded from South India.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149D46F0BDDF35E3FDCEFF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149F46F0BDDF3737FBFCFC02.text	03C74162149F46F0BDDF3737FBFCFC02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia adelgivora Poorani	<div><p>Oenopia adelgivora Poorani</p> <p>(Fig. 141)</p> <p>Oenopia adelgivora Poorani, 2002b: 107 (Holotype male, NBAIR; Type locality: Sikkim).— Kovář 2007: 621.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.40–4.10 mm; width: 2.10–2.50 mm. Form elongate oval (Fig. 141a), ca. 1.6x as long as wide, apical one-third of elytra distinctly narrowed, dorsoventrally somewhat flattened (Fig. 141b), glabrous. Dorsal side dull straw yellow, head with a black, medially excavate posterior macula reaching up to posterior margins of eyes (Fig. 141c); pronotum with one or two pairs of ill-defined, pale brown markings, mostly obliterated; scutellar shield black; elytra with a pair of oblique, dark brown to dull black stripes, running from humeral callus to 3/4 th of the length in a mid-dorsal position, mostly ill-defined or obliterated and a narrow sutural stripe. Ventral side dark brown to black, except antennae, mouthparts, legs, prothoracic hypomera, elytral epipleura and sides of abdomen yellowish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 141e–g) and spermatheca (Fig. 141d) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Sikkim, West Bengal); Bhutan.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Collected on adelgids feeding on conifers (Pinus wallichiana, Picea spinulosa, Abies densa); Feeding on Adelges sp. on spruce (label data of holotype).</p> <p>Note. It appears to be a rare species endemic to the eastern Himalayan region.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149F46F0BDDF3737FBFCFC02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149F46FEBDDF35A1FAF1F850.text	03C74162149F46FEBDDF35A1FAF1F850.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia billieti (Mulsant)	<div><p>Oenopia billieti (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 142, 143)</p> <p>Harmonia billieti Mulsant, 1853: 16 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: “les provinces boréales des Indes Orientales”).</p> <p>Synharmonia billieti: Mader 1931: 191; Kapur 1963a: 33.</p> <p>Coccinella billieti: Korschefsky 1932: 447.</p> <p>Coccinella (Synharmonia) billieti: Kapur 1958: 327.</p> <p>Coccinella (Synharmonia) billieti var. pruthii Kapur, 1958: 327.</p> <p>Coccinella (Synharmonia) billieti var. testacea Kapur, 1958: 327.</p> <p>Oenopia billieti: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 410; Poorani 2002a: 336; Poorani 2002b: 106; Yu 2010: 88–89.</p> <p>Protocaria billieti: Miyatake 1985: 15.</p> <p>Synharmonia flava Fürsch, 1960: 302 (Holotype male, NHMB).— Kovář 2007: 621.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.00– 4.15 mm; width: 2.10–2.90 mm. Form elongate oval, weakly convex. Ground colour yellowish testaceous, with black markings on head, pronotum and elytra. Head anteriorly yellow or with a triangular black macula. Pronotum with a large, trapezoidal median black macula. Elytra immaculate yellow (Fig. 142a) or with a double anchor-shaped pattern (Fig. 142b), sometimes coalesced to form a larger pattern with rows of spots (Fig. 142c). Male genitalia (Fig. 142d–f) and spermatheca (Fig. 142g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Meghalaya, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Bhutan; Nepal; Bangladesh; Tibet; China.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Aphidoidea: Adelges sp., Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), indeterminate aphids infesting Artemisia sp. Delphacidae: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Commonly associated with adelgids infesting silver fir, spruce, and other conifers in northwestern and northeastern regions.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during May, July–September, and November from northern region.</p> <p>Notes. As per a handwritten note appended to the specimens at BMNH by R.G. Booth, “ var. testacea Kapur 1958 appears to be a distinct species, c.f. genitalia / infundibulum, det. R.G. Booth, 1988”. Synharmonia flava F̧rsch, 1960 (holotype male, NHB; see Fig. 143) is a synonym of O. billieti (Kovář 2007) and the image of the holotype male (obtained through the courtesy of Dr Matthias Borer, NHB) and the genitalia correspond to those of O. billieti forms with immaculate elytra (var. testacea Kapur). The material examined by F̧rsch (1960) came from ‘Karaun Kulu’ and ‘Manali Kulu’ (Himachal Pradesh, northwestern India). Several specimens of O. billieti examined from the same region (NBAIR) also match the description of S. flava. Oenopia billeti var. testacea closely resembles Eoadalia juliae (BMNH, examined), but the genitalia of E. juliae could not be examined for confirmation. Oenopia flavidbrunna Jing is removed from synonymy with O. billieti (Kovář, 2007: 621) (status revised) and treated as a valid species because its male genitalia are totally different.</p> <p>See Kapur (1958), Poorani (2002b) and Yu (2010) for descriptive accounts and / or more illustrations.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149F46FEBDDF35A1FAF1F850	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149446FBBDDF36EBFD23FD02.text	03C74162149446FBBDDF36EBFD23FD02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia chinensis (Weise 1913)	<div><p>Oenopia chinensis (Weise)</p> <p>(Fig. 144)</p> <p>Coelophora chinensis Weise, 1912: 113 (Type locality: China).</p> <p>Gyrocaria chinensis: Miyatake 1965: 65.</p> <p>Oenopia chinensis: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 426; Hoang 1983: 91; Poorani &amp; Thangjam 2019: 550.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.50–4.00 mm; width: 3.00– 3.30 mm. Form circular, dorsum convex and glabrous. Head yellow in male and black in female, pronotum black with lateral flanks yellow, elytra black with three yellow spots on each elytron (Fig. 144a). Female genitalia (Fig. 144b) with a long, tubular and twisted infundibulum, spermatheca (Fig. 144c) and male genitalia (Fig. 144d–g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya); China; Laos; Vietnam.</p> <p>Notes. It is superficially similar to O. sexareata and Oenopia formosana Miyatake 1967 (treated as a synonym of O. chinensis by Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982). Poorani &amp; Thangjam (2019) recorded it from northeastern India (Meghalaya). It appears to be a rare species for India.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149446FBBDDF36EBFD23FD02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149446FBBDDF3497FBFFF927.text	03C74162149446FBBDDF3497FBFFF927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus)</p> <p>(Figs 145, 146)</p> <p>Coccinella conglobata Linnaeus, 1758: 366 (Type locality: Europe?).</p> <p>Synharmonia conglobata: Mader 1931: 200.</p> <p>Harmonia conglobata: Dauguet 1949: 34.</p> <p>Oenopia conglobata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 416; Poorani 2002a: 336; Poorani 2002b: 105.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.50–5.40 mm; width: 2.80–4.60 mm. Form (Fig. 145a, b) oval, moderately convex. Head pale creamy yellow with a transverse black marking in basal half. Pronotum creamy yellow with seven black spots, sometimes variously fused or reduced. Ground colour of elytra pinkish or pale yellow, with eight irregular spots; elytral spots variable, fused or reduced or completely absent. Male genitalia (Fig. 145d–f) and spermatheca (Fig. 145c) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Life stages (Fig. 146) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Assam, Meghalaya, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir); Pakistan; Afghanisthan; Palaearctic; North Africa; Introduced into North America.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Aphalaridae: Euphyllura straminea Loginova. Aphidoidea: Adelges sp., Aphis pomi De Geer, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Hyadaphis tataricae (Aizenberg), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus), Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe; Chrysomelidae: Galerucella lineola (Fabricius), Altica sp. Collected on apple, walnut, pear, Euonymus sp., almond, Brassica spp., etc. Numerous hosts recorded from other parts of the world. Associated with tree-dwelling aphids (above 2 m) (Iperti, 1999). Associated with powdery mildew infesting mulberry (Khan &amp; Nighat 1991).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during February and June–July (northwestern region). In Kashmir, adults were observed to emerge in April and started overwintering in October (Maqbool et al. 2020). Active during April– October in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Natural enemy. Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) (Maqbool et al. 2018).</p> <p>Note. It is commonly collected in the colder parts of northwestern Indian states like Himachal Pradesh and Jammu &amp; Kashmir. Poorani (2002b) briefly described and illustrated the genitalia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149446FBBDDF3497FBFFF927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149646F9BDDF307EFE9BF87E.text	03C74162149646F9BDDF307EFE9BF87E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia diabolica Canepari	<div><p>Oenopia diabolica Canepari</p> <p>(Fig. 147)</p> <p>Oenopia diabolica Canepari, 1997: 54 (Holotype female, MHNG; Type locality: Nepal).— Poorani 2002a: 337; Poorani 2002b: 104.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.15 mm. Form elongate oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Ground colour reddish yellow to yellowish, pronotum with a large, subtrapezoidal, anteriorly emarginate black macula, elytra having two transverse fasciae not reaching lateral margins, first one along basal margin and the second much broader, reaching up to nearly 3/4 th of the elytral length (Fig. 147). Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. Nepal.</p> <p>Note. Canepari (1997) described it based on a female specimen with poor illustrations of the genitalia and the abdominal postcoxal lines are described as ‘’’.... Metacoxal lines of Diomus type...”. It is unclear if it is a true Oenopia species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149646F9BDDF307EFE9BF87E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162149746F8BDDF32D8FECAF874.text	03C74162149746F8BDDF32D8FECAF874.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia excellens (Crotch)	<div><p>Oenopia excellens (Crotch)</p> <p>(Fig. 148)</p> <p>Dysis excellens Crotch, 1874: 160 (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality: “ Cochin China ”).</p> <p>Dysis excellens: Korschefsky 1932: 298; Gordon 1985: 20.</p> <p>Oenopia excellens: Poorani &amp; Booth 2005: 2.</p> <p>Oenopia excelens (sic): Kovář 2007: 72.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 2.88–3.06 mm, breadth: 2.52 mm. Form almost circular in male (Fig. 148a), distinctly more elongate and oval in female (Fig. 148b). Head black in female and yellow in male. Head yellow, pronotum and elytra dark pitchy brown to black, Pronotum black, sides and anterolateral corners white when alive, turning creamy yellow to yellow in preserved material. Scutellar shield black. Elytra black with four reddish-orange or yellow spots arranged in two rows, one in either half of elytra, anterior pair large and transverse, posterior pair more or less oval and much smaller. Ventral side dark brown except prothoracic hypomeron and mesepimeron whitish to creamy yellow, legs dark brown except femoral apices, tibiae, and tarsi much lighter brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 148d, e) and spermatheca (Fig. 148c) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Assam, Nagaland); Vietnam / Cambodia (“ Cochin China ”); Myanmar; Laos.</p> <p>Prey / Associated habitat. The specimens examined were collected on citrus, guava, and rice from northeastern India (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during March–April, July and November (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Originally described as Dysis excellens, it was transferred to Oenopia and redescribed by Poorani &amp; Booth (2005). It is externally similar to Oenopia guttata (Blackburn, 1892), a species found in Australia and New Guinea. Kovář (2007) listed ‘ O. excelens’ as a new combination and wrongly synonymized O. guttata with ‘ O. excelens’.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162149746F8BDDF32D8FECAF874	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162148A46E5BDDF36EBFC84FC1E.text	03C74162148A46E5BDDF36EBFC84FC1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia guerini (Mulsant)	<div><p>Oenopia guerini (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 149)</p> <p>Alesia guerini Mulsant, 1850: 345; 1866: 233 (Holotype, UCCC; Type locality: India).—Crotch 1874: 174; Korschefsky 1932: 305.—Synonymized by Poorani et al. 2023: 469.</p> <p>Micraspis guerini: Gordon 1987: 21 (lectotype designation).</p> <p>Coelophora walteri Sicard, 1913: 503 (Holotype, MNHN; Type locality: India).— Korschefsky 1932: 298.—Synonymized by Poorani et al. 2023: 469.</p> <p>Oenopia walteri: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 70.— Poorani 2002a: 338; Poorani 2002b: 101.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.25–3.75 mm; width: 3.00– 3.25 mm. Form (Fig. 149a–c) broadly rounded to slightly oval, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Head yellow in male, with a median longitudinal black band in female. Pronotum yellow, with a black band along posterior margin and a pair of median spots, sometimes fused with basal band. Elytra yellow, with an anchor-shaped, black marking in posterior half forming four cells, anterior pair large and transverse, posterior pair smaller, obliquely oval; external margins of elytra black. Ventral side black, except anterior half of prothoracic hypomeron and inner half of elytral epipleura yellowish, tibial apices and tarsi yellowish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 149g, h) and spermatheca (Fig. 149f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Himachal Pradesh; Kerala; Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills; Pulney hills).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Collected on apple (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during March and October (label data).</p> <p>Note. The distribution of O. guerini in India is discontinuous and it has been recorded from Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh (label data). It appears to be a rare species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162148A46E5BDDF36EBFC84FC1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162148A46E5BDDF35ABFA56F8FD.text	03C74162148A46E5BDDF35ABFA56F8FD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant	<div><p>Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant</p> <p>(Fig. 150)</p> <p>Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant, 1850: 425 (Lectotype, OUM; Type locality: ‘Kasia hills”).— Poorani 2002a: 337; Poorani 2002b: 102; Yu 2010: 99–100.</p> <p>Gyrocaria kirbyi: Miyatake 1965: 66.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.70–3.90 mm; width: 3.00– 3.20 mm. Form (Fig. 150a–d) oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Head black. Pronotum black with anterolateral corners yellow. Ground colour of elytra bright lemon yellow, with four black spots, margins black, sutural black stripe broad and medially wider (Fig. 150a–d).Ventral side black except elytral epipleura yellowish. Male genitalia (Fig. 150f, g) and spermatheca (Fig. 150e) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Eastern Himalayas; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; Thailand; Laos.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphis fabae Scopoli, A. fabae solanella Theobald, Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis paraverbasci Chakrabarti, Aphis spiraecola Patch (as A. citricola van der Goot), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Capitophorus formosartemisiae (Takahashi), Cervaphis rappardi indica Basu, Coloradoa rufomaculata (Wilson), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Eulachnus thunbergii (Wilson), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Pineus sp., Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Sitobion rosaeiformis (Das), and Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh. Collected in association with aphids feeding on peach, almond, maize, Cucumis sativus, Quercus serrata, Solanum nigrum, and Duranta repens. Feeds on aphids infesting Bidens pilosa in Nepal (Sajan et al. 2019).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during February, March–June, August, and October–December in north and northeastern regions.</p> <p>Notes. Poorani (2002b) treated it in her review of Indian Oenopia. Ghosh et al. (1986) studied its biology. See Poorani (2002), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) for description and illustrations of the genitalia / immature stages.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162148A46E5BDDF35ABFA56F8FD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162148D46E2BDDF36EBFD4BFAC5.text	03C74162148D46E2BDDF36EBFD4BFAC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia mimica Weise	<div><p>Oenopia mimica Weise</p> <p>(Fig. 151)</p> <p>Oenopia mimica Weise, 1902: 505 (Holotype, ZMB; Type locality: ‘ India Orient.’).</p> <p>Oenopia mimica: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 70 (as synonym of O. sauzeti); Mader 1935: 343; Poorani 2002a: 337; Poorani 2002b: 104; Poorani et al. 2015: 238.</p> <p>Gyrocaria mimica: Miyatake 1985: 16.</p> <p>Oenopia sauzeti sensu Kapur 1958: 331.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length:3.00– 4.30 mm; width: 2.95–3.10 mm.Form(Fig. 151a, b) short oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Head black in female, yellow in male. Ground colour of pronotum and elytra bright lemon yellow to creamy yellow; pronotum with a black, hat-shaped macula (Fig. 151c) on posterior margin, its outer edges posteriorly extended, touching posterolateral corners of pronotum; elytral pattern as illustrated, with a median sutural marking that is distinctly elongate, gradually dilated and oval in the middle, narrowed towards both ends. Antenna 11-segmented (Fig. 151e), antennomeres 9 and 10 only slightly broader than long or nearly as broad as long with an elongate club. Elytral punctation (Fig. 151d) distinctive with conspicuous microsculpture in interspaces between elytral punctures. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete with a short oblique associated line (Fig. 151f). Male genitalia (Fig.151h, i) and spermatheca (Fig. 151g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Oenopia mimica and O. sauzeti Mulsant share the same overall external color scheme and the pronotal and elytral markings are superficially similar. The elytral pattern in O. mimica is also similar to that of the nominate form of O. smetanai Canepari (1997), another species distributed in the Nepal and Indian Himalayas. Oenopia smetanai is a rare species apparently endemic to the Eastern Himalayas and it has a variable elytral pattern. The nominate form of O. smetanai can be distinguished from O. mimica by its much smaller size (only 2.8–3.0 mm long), pronotum with a pair of oblique oval median spots and the male genitalia.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; Laos.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Adelgidae: Adelges sp. on silver fir, spruce, and other coniferous trees; unidentified aphids on Artemisia sp.; Taoia indica (Ghosh &amp; Raychaudhuri) (label data). Feeds on aphids infesting Bidens pilosa and Artemisia vulgaris in Nepal (Sajan et al. 2019). In Agarwala &amp; Ghosh (1988), O. mimica is listed as a synonym of O. sauzeti and some of the host records of O. sauzeti are likely to be erroneous.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during May–June, October–November (northwestern region); June–October (Nepal Himalayas). Active during April–October in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. Kapur (1958) illustrated the habitus and the male genitalia as O. sauzeti. Miyatake (1985) and Poorani et al. (2015) described and illustrated it. Poorani et al. (2015) provided brief diagnostic descriptions for both species and generated barcodes for separating them.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162148D46E2BDDF36EBFD4BFAC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162148D46E2BDDF33CCFF02F826.text	03C74162148D46E2BDDF33CCFF02F826.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia octovittata Canepari	<div><p>Oenopia octovittata Canepari</p> <p>(Fig. 152)</p> <p>Oenopia octovittata Canepari, 2012: 364 (Holotype, Erfurt; Type locality: Nepal).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.00– 4.50 mm; width: 2.80–3.20 mm. Form (Fig. 152a, b) broad oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Head yellow, basally black. Pronotum pale yellow with a black median macula, basally broad and narrowed towards apex. Scutellar shield black. Elytra red with four black spots on each elytron arranged in a 1-2-1 pattern and a sutural black stripe. Ventral side black except legs yellowish. Female genitalia and spermatheca as illustrated (Fig. 152c), with a very elongate, tubular infundibulum.</p> <p>Distribution. Nepal.</p> <p>Notes. This species needs more detailed study as it is close to O. billieti and the shape of the spermatheca and the infundibulum are strikingly similar to those of O. billieti var. testacea Kapur. The images of the holotype and paratype (Erfurt), obtained through the courtesy of Dr. Mathias Hartmann, Naturkundemuseum Erfurt, are given here.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162148D46E2BDDF33CCFF02F826	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162148E46EFBDDF315AFACBF8B6.text	03C74162148E46EFBDDF315AFACBF8B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia quadripunctata Kapur	<div><p>Oenopia quadripunctata Kapur</p> <p>(Figs 153, 154)</p> <p>Oenopia quadripunctata Kapur, 1963a: 27 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Shillong).— Poorani 2002a: 337; Poorani 2002b: 102; Yu 2010: 98–99.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.00– 3.50 mm; width: 2.50–2.90 mm. Form broadly rounded (Fig. 153a) to slightly more elongate oval (Fig. 153b), dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Head black in female, yellow in male. Pronotum black, area extending from anterolateral corners to posterior margin yellowish. Scutellar shield black. Ground colour of elytra black, with four bright lemon yellow, oval spots and four semicircular or half spots near lateral margins (Figs 153a, b; 154). Ventral side dark brown to black except elytral epipleura lighter. Male genitalia (Fig. 153d–f) and spermatheca (Fig. 153c) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bhutan; Myanmar; China.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphis gossypii Glover, Aiceona litseae Basu &amp; Hille Ris Lambers, Cervaphis rappardi indica Basu, Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh, Tuberculatus (Acanthocallis) nervatus Chakrabarti and Raychaudhuri, Aphis fabae complex (as O. nr. quadripunctata), Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe, Aphis fabae solanella Theobald, Tinocalloides sp. In association with aphids feeding on Duranta repens, Quercus serrata, and Litsea polyantha. On aphids infesting okra, almond and peach. Found on mulberry along with Illeis confusa (Sajan et al. 2019).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during October–November, March–July (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Kapur (1963a) described it from Sikkim. Devi (1989) and Singh et al. (1993) provided accounts of its prey, biology and predatory potential. Also treated and illustrated by Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162148E46EFBDDF315AFACBF8B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162148246EBBDDF36EBFBD2FB72.text	03C74162148246EBBDDF36EBFBD2FB72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant	<div><p>Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant</p> <p>(Figs 155–157)</p> <p>Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant, 1866: 281 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: “les Indes orientales”).</p> <p>Oenopia sauzeti: Crotch 1874: 158; Kapur 1963: 27; Gordon 1987: 19; Yu 2010: 100–101; Poorani 2002a: 337; Poorani 2002b: 103; Poorani et al. 2015: 237.</p> <p>Gyrocaria sauzeti: Miyatake 1967: 76; 1985: 15.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.40–4.60 mm; width: 2.76–3.60 mm. Form (Figs 155a, b, 156f) short oval, dorsum convex and glabrous. Head black in female, yellow in male. Ground colour of pronotum and elytra creamy yellow to bright lemon yellow with black markings. Pronotum with a hat–shaped black marking (Fig. 155c) on posterior margin, its posterolateral ends never reaching posterolateral corners of pronotum. Elytral pattern (Fig. 155a, b) as illustrated, median sutural spot broad, distinctly transverse-quadrate and rectangular, rarely with rounded edges. Antenna with antennomeres 9 and 10 distinctly transverse, antennal club short and compact (Fig. 155e). Elytral punctures distinct, interspaces between elytral punctures more or less smooth (Fig. 155d) to alutaceous, without any microsculpture. Male genitalia (Fig. 155f, g) and spermatheca (Fig. 155h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs yellow and spindle shaped (Fig. 157a). Larva slaty grey to black with yellow maculation (Fig. 157b–d). Pupa black with yellow spots (Fig. 157e).</p> <p>Distribution. Widely distributed in north and northeastern regions of India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Eastern Himalayas; Bhutan; Pakistan; Nepal; Myanmar; Thailand; China; Laos; Vietnam; Taiwan.</p> <p>More widely distributed than its closest relative, O. mimica. It is very common in all the northeastern states of India and in the northern region, it appears to be more prevalent in higher elevations and cooler climes and rarely found in the plains (Poorani et al. 2015). It was introduced in North America for controlling balsam woolly aphid [Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg)], but did not establish (Amman &amp; Speers 1964; Mitchell &amp; Wright 1967).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. It is mainly aphidophagous and also feeds on whiteflies. Aleyrodidae: Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell) and Neomaskellia andropogonis Corbett. Aphidoidea: Adelges sp., Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis kurosawai Takahashi, Aphis longisetosa Basu, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Capitophorus hippophaeus javanicus Hille Ris Lambers, Capitophorus formosartemisiae (Takahashi), Cavariella aegopodii (Scopoli), Clethrobius dryobius Chakrabarti &amp; Raychaudhuri, Coloradoa artemisicola Takahashi, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Hyadaphis coriandri (Das), Liosomaphis atra Hille Ris Lambers, Macrosiphoniella pseudoartemisiae Shinji, Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette), Macrosiphoniella sp., Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus), Melanaphis donacis (Passerini), Myzus obtusirostris David et al., Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Phorodon cannabis Passerini, Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), Sipha maydis Passerini, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), Sitobion rosaeiformis (Das), Aphis (Toxoptera) aurantii Boyer de Fonscolombe; Psyllidae: Arytaina sp. and Psylla sp.; Cicadellidae: Evacanthus repexus Distant (Cicadellidae). Acari: Tetranychus sp.</p> <p>Collected on spruce, pine, maize, potato, Artemisia sp., chrysanthemum, milk weed, silver fir, etc. (label data). Agarwala and Ghosh (1988) include O. mimica as a synonym of O. sauzeti in their list of host records for the latter, some of which might be erroneous.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during January–February, March–July, and November–December from northwestern and eastern regions of India. Active during April–October in Pakistan, abundant during May–August (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. Stebbing (1903) studied its life history and described and illustrated the larva and adult. Miyatake (1985), Poorani (2002) and Poorani et al. (2015) described it in detail with illustrations to separate it from O. mimica. Ghosh et al. (1986) studied its biology. Also treated by Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162148246EBBDDF36EBFBD2FB72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162148446E8BDDF3347FC5CFD82.text	03C74162148446E8BDDF3347FC5CFD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia sexareata (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>Oenopia sexareata (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 158, 159)</p> <p>Coelophora sexareata Mulsant, 1853: 53 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: India).</p> <p>Coelophora sexareata: Korschefsky 1932: 296; Kapur 1963a: 29.</p> <p>Coelophora sexareata var. lacerata Sicard, 1913: 510.— Korschefsky 1932: 296.</p> <p>Gyrocaria sexareata: Miyatake 1967: 76.</p> <p>Oenopia sexareata: Hoang 1983: 62; Poorani 2002a: 337; Poorani 2002b: 101; Yu 2010: 95.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.85–4.32 mm; width: 3.25–3.80 mm. Form (Figs 158f, 159a–c) broad oval to almost circular, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Head anteriorly creamy white to yellow in males, completely black in females. Pronotum black, except anterior corners light yellow. Elytra bright carmine red, orange or yellowish in live specimens (Fig. 159a–c), yellowish brown in older specimens, with a characteristic areolate pattern having six cells, sometimes cell boundaries somewhat broken and not continuous. Male genitalia (Fig. 158g –i) and spermatheca (Fig. 158j) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. As illustrated in Fig. 158a–e.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; China; Vietnam.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Adelges sp., Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Eutrichosiphum raychaudhurii (Ghosh), Indoidiopterus geranii Chowdhuri et al., Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus), Mollitrichosiphum alni Ghosh et al., Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Pemphigus ? napaeus Buckton, Pineus sp., Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Shinjia orientalis (Mordvilko) (as S. pterydifoliae (Shinji)), Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi), Sitobion rosaeiformis (Das), Taoia indica (Ghosh &amp; Raychaudhuri). Collected on cabbage and other cole crops, potato, silver fir, pine, potato, Artemisia vulgaris, Alnus nepalensis, etc.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Very common during summer (March–July) in northern and northeastern India. Collected during February, October–December (label data).</p> <p>Notes. It is one of the most pretty and commonly collected species of Oenopia in the northeastern region of India. Devi (1989) listed its prey and associated host plants. For more detailed accounts and illustrations, see Miyatake (1967), Poorani (2002b), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162148446E8BDDF3347FC5CFD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162148746E8BDDF3417FE3AF9B0.text	03C74162148746E8BDDF3417FE3AF9B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia signatella (Mulsant)	<div><p>Oenopia signatella (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 160)</p> <p>Harmonia signatella Mulsant, 1866: 58 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: “les régions boréales des Indes-Orientales”). Coccinella signatella: Crotch 1874: 110.</p> <p>Coccinella (Synharmonia) signatella: Korschefsky 1932: 494.</p> <p>Synharmonia signatella: Mader 1931: 199; Kapur 1963a: 33.</p> <p>Oenopia signatella: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 411; Poorani 2002a: 337; Poorani 2002b: 105; Yu 2010: 104.</p> <p>Paramulsantina gratiosa Hoang, 1982: 10.— Kovář 2007: 622.</p> <p>Paramulsantina ornata Hoang, 1982: 11.— Kovář 2007: 622.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.30–4.80 mm; width: 3.20–3.60 mm. Form (Fig. 160a) elongate oval, dorsum weakly convex and glabrous. Ground colour of head and pronotum whitish creamy yellow, elytra creamy yellow. Head with a basal, medially emarginate black macula. Pronotum with seven black spots roughly forming a W-shaped pattern. Elytra immaculate, creamy yellow to yellow. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete with an oblique associated line (Fig. 160b, c). Male genitalia (Fig. 160d–g) as illustrated. Female genitalia (Fig. 160h) as illustrated, spermatheca (Fig. 160i) having a distinct ramus but nodulus not well differentiated, infundibulum absent.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Eastern Himalayas; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Adelges sp., Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann). Collected on apple.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during July–September from Sikkim.</p> <p>Notes. Forms of O. conglobata with obsolete elytral pattern look remarkably like O. signatella as the pronotum has the same number of spots, but the latter has a much more restricted distribution. This is the only species of Indian Oenopia in which the spermatheca has a comparatively shorter but distinct ramus that is not distally swollen and indistinct nodulus and the infundibulum is absent. However, the male genitalia are of typical Oenopia form. Bielawski (1979) and Poorani (2002b) treated it in more detail. Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) included it in their works on Chinese Coccinellini.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162148746E8BDDF3417FE3AF9B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162148746D5BDDF3001FE4FFE37.text	03C74162148746D5BDDF3001FE4FFE37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia smetanai Canepari	<div><p>Oenopia smetanai Canepari</p> <p>(Fig. 161)</p> <p>Oenopia smetanai Canepari, 1997: 53 (Holotype male, MHNG; Type locality: Nepal).— Poorani 2002a: 337; Poorani 2002b: 104.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 2.50–3.00 mm. Form small, broad oval, dorsum moderately convex, glabrous. Ground colour pale creamy yellow; pronotum with a pair of oblique oval median black spots above posterior margin; scutellar shield black; elytra with a vase-shaped elongate sutural macula and three black spots on each elytron in the nominate form (Fig. 161c, e), elytral pattern variable with the spots fused or reduced as illustrated (Fig. 161a, b, d). Male genitalia (Fig. 161f–h) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Uttarakhand); Eastern Himalayas; Nepal; Bhutan.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in April (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Canepari (2012) synonymized O. smetanai with O. flavidbrunna, apparently unaware that Kovář (2007) treated O. flavidbrunna as a junior synonym of O. billieti which is also incorrect. Here Oenopia smetanai is removed from synonymy with Oenopia flavidbrunna Jing, 1986 and treated as a valid species (status revised) because the male genitalia of O. flavidbrunna illustrated by Jing (1986) are totally different from those of O. smetanai and the body outline of O. flavidbrunna illustrated by Yu (2010) is also more elongate oval and different from the short oval form of O. smetanai.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162148746D5BDDF3001FE4FFE37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214BA46D5BDDF322BFCE7F836.text	03C7416214BA46D5BDDF322BFCE7F836.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeoneda auriculata (Mulsant)	<div><p>Palaeoneda auriculata (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Fig. 162)</p> <p>Coccinella miniata Hope, 1831: 30 (preoccupied) (Lectotype female, BMNH; Type locality: Nepal).—Crotch 1871: 5; 1874: 32; Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 359.</p> <p>Neda miniata: Mulsant 1850: 276; 1866: 196.</p> <p>Palaeoneda miniata: Crotch 1874: 178; Korschefsky 1932: 279; Ren et al. 2009: 224; Yu 2010: 135–136.</p> <p>Neda auriculata Mulsant, 1866: 195 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: “les Indes-Orientales”).</p> <p>Palaeoneda auriculata: Crotch 1871: 5; 1874: 32; Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 359; Poorani 2002a: 338.</p> <p>Palaeoneda miniata ab. auriculata: Crotch 1874: 178; Korschefsky 1932: 279.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 11.90–13.50 mm; width: 10.50–12.50 mm. Form large, subrounded, dorsum strongly convex and glarous. Head black. Pronotum with a large, median subtrapezoidal, medially slightly narrowed black marking narrowly extending to the posterolateral corners, sides and anterior margin yellowish. Elytra yellowish brown or ochreous or orange or reddish testaceous with a narrow black sutural stripe, basal margin narrowly black.Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 162c) incomplete, with an oblique lateral line. Male genitalia (Fig. 162e–g) and spermatheca (Fig. 162d) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Adelgidae: Adelges sp. on silver fir; associated with adelgids on spruce, Quercus incana, Q. dilatata, and Salix sp. (label data). Collected on walnut and berseem in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during April–June, November (label data). May–June (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. Palaeoneda auriculata is a distinctive genus and species of large size, but not commonly collected. Treated by Mader (1934), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214BA46D5BDDF322BFCE7F836	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214BA46D5BDDF3782FB2DFB9D.text	03C7416214BA46D5BDDF3782FB2DFB9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeoneda Crotch. In 1871	<div><p>Genus Palaeoneda Crotch</p> <p>Palaeoneda Crotch, 1871: 5. Type species: Neda auriculata Mulsant, 1866: 195 (by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874: 178) (= Coccinella miniata Hope, 1831: 30).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form large, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Anterior clypeal margin of head semicircularly emarginate between lateral projections. Pronotum with sides nearly straight, anterolateral angles acutely pointed. Elytra with anterior margin much broader than pronotum, broadest at base, narrowed towards apex in posterior half, lateral margins broadly explanate. Mesoventrite medially deeply emarginate. Epipleura wide but not foveolate. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete with an associated line.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern Himalayas (India; Nepal; Bhutan; China).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Synonycha -group of genera. In morphological analyses, they found support for a sister relationship of Aiolocaria with Palaeoneda Crotch. In terms of size, Palaeoneda ranks among the largest Coccinellini of this region along with Synonycha, Callicaria, Megalocaria and Aiolocaria.</p> <p>Included species. It is a monotypic genus known by its type species, P. auriculata (Mulsant).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214BA46D5BDDF3782FB2DFB9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214BC46D3BDDF36EBFD3CFABB.text	03C7416214BC46D3BDDF36EBFD3CFABB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria Timberlake	<div><p>Genus Phrynocaria Timberlake</p> <p>Phrynocaria Timberlake, 1943: 34. Type species by original designation, Coccinella congener Billberg, in Scĥnherr 1808: 179 (= Coccinella unicolor Fabricius, 1792).</p> <p>Phrynolemnia Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1984: 204. Type species by original designation, Coccinella congener Billberg, in Scĥnherr, 1808. Synonymized by Ślipiński 2007: 176.</p> <p>Lemnia (Phrynocaria): Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1984: 205, 210–214.</p> <p>Artemis Mulsant, 1850: 374, 388; 1866: 256.— Preoccupied in Lepidoptera [not Artemis Kirby &amp; Spence, 1828 (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) (Ukrainsky 2006: 400)].</p> <p>Lemnia (Neoartemis): Ukrainsky 2006: 400 (replacement name for Artemis Mulsant).</p> <p>Anegleis (Pseudanegleis) Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982: 296. Type species by original designation, Coelophora perrotteti Mulsant, 1850: 409.—Synonymized by Poorani 2002: 339.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized beetles, form broadly oval to almost circular, dorsum moderately to strongly convex, glabrous. Anterior clypeal margin of head straight between lateral projections. Antenna with 11 antennomeres, last four forming a terminal club; eyes large, prominent, eye canthus deep and narrow; frons narrow between eyes, markedly divergent and broadened anteriorly toward antennal insertions. Prothoracic hypomeron with distinct foveae near an-terolateral corners. Mesoventrite anteriorly deeply, triangularly emarginate, often with a short, longitudinal carina. Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, without an oblique dividing line. Meso-and metatibial spurs absent.</p> <p>Morphologically Phrynocaria may be confused with related genera such as Coelophora Mulsant, 1850 (including Lemnia Mulsant, 1850), Microcaria Crotch, 1871 (formerly a synonym of Coelophora), and Synona Pope, 1989 sharing a roughly hemispherical body shape with a narrowly explanate elytral margin; however, it is easily distinguished from these genera by the large eyes, much narrower frons (interocular distance at narrowest point from 0.8 to 1.3 times the width of an eye), and lack of meso-and metatibial spurs.</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Synonycha -group of genera and mentioned about the hitherto unresolved relationship between Phrynocaria and its close relative, Coelophora (including Lemnia). In their analysis, Heteroneda was also recovered as closely related to Phrynocaria albeit with weak support. Poorani et al. (2021) reviewed the Indian species of Phrynocaria.</p> <p>Distribution. Oriental, Palaearctic and Australo-Pacific regions.</p> <p>Biology. Members of this genus seem to prefer whiteflies to aphids. At least two species, Phrynocaria unicolor (F.) and P. perrotteti (Mulsant), are known to feed on whiteflies in India (Kapur 1940). Aphids, coccids and psyllids have been recorded as prey of Phrynocaria spp. from Australia (Pope 1989).</p> <p>Included species. Poorani et al. (2021) included six species from the Indian region. One new species, Phrynocaria prathapani sp. n., is also described here.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214BC46D3BDDF36EBFD3CFABB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214BC46D1BDDF330DFEC9FAB4.text	03C7416214BC46D1BDDF330DFEC9FAB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria circumusta (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>Phrynocaria circumusta (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 163, 164)</p> <p>Artemis circumusta Mulsant, 1850: 389 (Type material, MHNG; Type locality: Hong Kong).</p> <p>Coelophora circumusta: Crotch 1874: 150; Korschefsky 1932: 291; Poorani 2002a: 328.</p> <p>Lemnia (Artemis) circumusta: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 233.</p> <p>Lemnia circumusta: Ren et al. 2009: 206.</p> <p>Lemnia (Neoartemis) circumusta: Ukrainsky 2006 (replacement name for Artemis, preoccupied elsewhere).</p> <p>Phrynocaria circumusta: Poorani et al. 2021: 119.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length:5.28–6.00mm;width: 4.50–5.30mm.Form(Figs163a, 164a)almost round,dorsum hemispherical, strongly convex and glabrous. Head and pronotum blood red or yellow. Elytra black with a pair of red anterior maculae of variable size on anterior margin (Fig. 163a), sometimes elytra largely reddish in anterior half, median area narrowly black and joined with a larger black macula occupying the apical one-fourth (Fig. 163b); rarely elytra reddish with four black spots arranged in a 1-2-1 pattern as illustrated (Fig. 164a, b). Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 163h) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 163j, k) and spermatheca (Figs 163i, 164c) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Kerala, Manipur, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Nepal; Hong Kong; China; Taiwan; Thailand; Vietnam.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Adults collected on mango, sorghum (‘cholam’) (Subramaniam 1924b), and pine (data label).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during April, June, and September (label data).</p> <p>Notes. Subramaniam (1924b) gave brief notes on its distribution in India. It was also treated by Mader (1937), Rao &amp; So (1967) and Poorani et al. (2021). Some of the records of P. circumusta from South India appear to be suspect in view of its resemblance to P. perfida Poorani, a species recently described from South India (Poorani et al. 2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214BC46D1BDDF330DFEC9FAB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214BE46D1BDDF33FCFD60F837.text	03C7416214BE46D1BDDF33FCFD60F837.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria eberti (Bielawski)	<div><p>Phrynocaria eberti (Bielawski)</p> <p>(Fig. 165)</p> <p>Coelophora eberti Bielawski, 1972: 304 (Holotype, ZSBSM; Type locality: Nepal).</p> <p>Phrynocaria eberti: Miyatake 1985: 21; Poorani 2002a: 338.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.00–5.00 mm; width: 3.80–4.60 mm. Form almost circular, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. This species can be identified by its orange to reddish to orange-yellow coloured body with five black spots on each elytron arranged in a 2-2-1 pattern as illustrated (Fig. 165a, b). Female abdomen (Fig. 165c) and spermatheca (Fig. 165d) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Nagaland); Nepal.</p> <p>Notes. It was described from Nepal by Bielawski (1972). Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982) included it under Lemnia (s. str.) but Miyatake (1985) correctly assigned it to Phrynocaria. Only a single female from Nagaland (northeastern India) was examined and the male genitalia could not be studied.</p> <p>Notes. It appears to be a rare species endemic to the Eastern Himalayan region. See Bielawski (1972) and Miyatake (1985) for more details / illustrations.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214BE46D1BDDF33FCFD60F837	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214BF46DEBDDF305AFAF5FF4E.text	03C7416214BF46DEBDDF305AFAF5FF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria funebris Crotch	<div><p>Phrynocaria funebris Crotch</p> <p>(Fig. 166)</p> <p>Coelophora funebris Crotch, 1874: 154 (Type material, BMNH; Type locality: Bangalore).— Korschefsky 1932: 292.</p> <p>Phrynocaria funebris: Poorani 2002a: 338; Poorani et al. 2021: 124.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 5.00 mm. Form broadly rounded, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Head and pronotum ochreous, pronotum with a black macula dilated on either side on posterior margin; elytra dark brown to black, lateral margins narrowly yellowish-ochreous (Fig. 166a, b). Head with eyes posteriorly strongly divergent. Elytral disc finely punctate, interspaces weakly reticulate. Ventral side yellowish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 166c–e) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Karnataka). This species was originally described from Bangalore and appears to be rare as it is not represented in any of the major Indian collections.</p> <p>Note. It is externally similar to Synona spp. and the melanic form of P. perrotetti (Mulsant) from which it can be separated by the male genitalia. Poorani et al. (2021) confirmed it as a valid species and redescribed it.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214BF46DEBDDF305AFAF5FF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214B146DDBDDF375AFA84F861.text	03C7416214B146DDBDDF375AFA84F861.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria perfida Poorani	<div><p>Phrynocaria perfida Poorani</p> <p>(Figs 167, 168)</p> <p>Phrynocaria perfida Poorani, in Poorani et al. 2021: 121 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Kerala).</p> <p>Coelophora circumusta sensu Gorham 1903: 344 (not Artemis circumusta Mulsant, 1850; misidentification).</p> <p>Coelophora circumusta var. rufula: Gorham 1903: 344 (not Artemis rufula Mulsant, 1850; misidentification).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.63–4.00 mm; width: 3.26–3.40 mm. Form broadly rounded to almost circular, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Ground colour yellowish orange to reddish; scutellar shield black; pronotum with or without a small oval black spot on posterior margin above scutellar shield; elytral pattern variable as follows: (i) immaculate reddish to orange or yellow (Fig. 167a); (ii) with a narrow black lateral margin, anteriorly joining an elongate spot on humeral callus and posteriorly joining a larger apical black patch across elytra (Fig. 167e, f); (iii) each elytron with five black spots arranged in a 2-2-1/2 pattern (Fig. 167c, g), occasionally all spots coalescing to form larger fasciae (Fig. 167d) or reduced in size; and (iv) elytra dark brown to black with a pair of transverse yellow fascia across middle (Fig. 167h). Ventral side yellowish brown except outer one-third of epipleura black. Male genitalia (Fig. 168g –k) and spermatheca (Fig. 168e, f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Karnataka; Kerala; Tamil Nadu).</p> <p>Notes. It is externally similar to P. circumusta, which is also distributed in South India, and these two species are best separated by their genitalia (Poorani et al. 2021). See Poorani et al. (2021) for detailed description.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214B146DDBDDF375AFA84F861	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214B546DABDDF36EBFB38FC67.text	03C7416214B546DABDDF36EBFB38FC67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria perrotteti (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>Phrynocaria perrotteti (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 169, 170)</p> <p>Coelophora perrotteti Mulsant, 1850: 409 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: Pondicherry, India).</p> <p>Coelophora perrotteti: Crotch 1874: 154; Korschefsky 1932: 296.</p> <p>Anegleis (Pseudanegleis) perrotteti: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 296.</p> <p>Phrynocaria perrotteti: Poorani, 2002a: 339; Poorani et al. 2021: 124.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.00– 4.70 mm; width: 3.60–4.20 mm. Form round, strongly convex. Nominate form (Fig. 169a–c) very similar to Anegleis cardoni in general appearance, pale creamy yellow to brighter yellow, with black maculae on pronotum and elytra; elytral pattern highly variable as shown (Fig. 169d–i). Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 170d) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 170f–i) and spermatheca (Fig. 170e) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Larva (Fig. 169j, k) black with white or yellow spots, closely resembling the larva of Anegleis cardoni.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Odisha, Pondicherry, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand); Pakistan.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae: Though aphidophagy is the common rule among members of the tribe Coccinellini, this species is very frequently associated with whiteflies. It has been reported to breed actively on whitefly species such as Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell) (Kapur 1940) and Aleurodicus dispersus (Ramani et al., 2002). Frequently occurs together with Anegleis cardoni on spiralling whitefly infestations on Cassia sp. Also feeds on aphids. Collected on Cassia siamea, cotton, jamun, and sandal.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Common during June–August in and around Bangalore. Collected in March, and December (label data).</p> <p>Natural enemies. Nothoserphus mirabilis Brues; Phalacrotophora sp.</p> <p>Note. Korschefsky (1933) provided brief notes on its hosts and illustrated the colour variations.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214B546DABDDF36EBFB38FC67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214B546D8BDDF3231FE86FD32.text	03C7416214B546D8BDDF3231FE86FD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria prathapani POORANI 2023	<div><p>Phrynocaria prathapani sp. n.</p> <p>(Fig. 171)</p> <p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from its congeners by its comparatively much smaller size, uniform yellow-orange coloration on both sides, punctation on head, pronotum and elytra with distinct reticulate microsculpture between interspaces, and the unique male genitalia.</p> <p>Description. Holotype male: Length: 2.28 mm; width: 2.19 mm; TL/TW: 1.04; EL/EW: 0.90; PL/PW: 0.22. Form broadly rounded, elytra slightly wider than long; dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Dorsal side uniform yellowish-orange (Fig. 171a–c). Ventral side yellow, paler than dorsal side, except apical antennomeres, tips of mandibles and tarsal claws darker, brownish. Head with yellowish white hairs, clypeal margin truncate between lateral projections, ocular canthus deep and broad, eyes prominent with anteriorly and posteriorly divergent margins, head 3.24x as wide as an eye, interocular distance 1.29x as wide as an eye, punctures widely spaced, separated by 3–5 diameters, slightly closer near ocular margins, interspaces between punctures with distinct, strongly reticulate microsculpture. Pronotum anteriorly deeply and trapezoidally excavated, anterolateral corners obtusely and broadly rounded, punctation dense on disc, punctures separated by 2–4 diameters, slightly closer near posterior margin, interspaces with distinct reticulate microsculpture except around middle of anterior margin with fewer punctures having apparently smooth and shiny interspaces; lateral margins with a narrow gutter. Scutellar shield broad, transverse triangular with a few punctures. Elytra explanate with a marginal gutter, punctation on disc similar to that on pronotum, slightly more deeply impressed, separated by 2–5 diameters, interspaces having distinct, reticulate microsculpture, punctures coarser and more widely spaced on lateral margins, closer towards apices. Prothoracic hypomeron deeply foveolate on anterior inner corner; prosternal process medially narrower, apically broadened and rounded, with a pair of carinae. Mesoventrite anteriorly deeply triangularly emarginate, with a longitudinal median ridge reaching up to two-thirds of its length. Metaventrite with a complete discrimen. Middle and hind tibiae without apical spurs. Tarsal claws appendiculate. Elytral epipleuron without distinct foveae but somewhat depressed on level with legs. Abdominal postcoxal lines (Fig. 171d) incomplete, running close and parallel to posterior margin of ventrite 1; posterior margin of ventrite 5 truncate, ventrite 6 broadly emarginate.</p> <p>Male genitalia (Fig. 171e–h) with penis guide of tegmen in ventral view (Fig. 171f) elongate, widest basally and progressively narrowed towards middle, thereafter more or less uniformly wide and tubular with a rounded, somewhat spatulate apex; parameres as long as penis guide, outer margins and apices of parameres densely setose (Fig. 171e); penis (Fig. 171g) stout, strongly curved with a prominent capsule, broader in apical half, apex modified as illustrated (Fig. 171h).</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype male: India: Kerala: Agasthyamala, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.245804&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.623445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.245804/lat 8.623445)">Pongalappara</a>, N 08°37’ 24.4” E 77°14’44.9”, 1473 m, 26.iii.2014, Prathapan D &amp; Shameem K (NBAIR).</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named for Dr. K. D. Prathapan, Kerala Agricultural University, Trivandrum, a chrysomelid specialist and collector of this unique specimen.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Kerala (Agasthyamala). Its type locality, Agasthyamala, is a designated Biosphere Reserve known for its rich fauna and this species appears to be rare and endemic to this area.</p> <p>Notes. This appears to be the smallest Indian Phrynocaria and one of the smallest Coccinellini of this region. The eyes are somewhat narrowly separated with divergent margins, but the frons is slightly broader than its congeners. The absence of tibial spurs and the mesoventrite with a short median carina are, however, characteristic of Phrynocaria.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214B546D8BDDF3231FE86FD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214B746D8BDDF3486FDD9F9D4.text	03C7416214B746D8BDDF3486FDD9F9D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria unicolor (Fabricius 1792)	<div><p>Phrynocaria unicolor (Fabricius)</p> <p>(Fig. 172)</p> <p>Coccinella unicolor Fabricius, 1792: 267 (Type locality: India).</p> <p>Coelophora unicolor: Mulsant 1850: 413; 1866: 275; Crotch 1874: 54; Korschefsky 1932: 297.</p> <p>Lemnia (Microlemnia) unicolor: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 262.</p> <p>Phrynocaria unicolor: Yu 2010: 80–82; Poorani 2002a: 339; Poorani et al. 2021: 128.</p> <p>Coccinella congener Billberg, in Scĥnherr, 1808: 179.</p> <p>Phrynocaria congener: Timberlake 1943: 34; Poorani 2002a: 338; Synonymized by Yu 2010: 80.</p> <p>Phrynocaria nigrilimbata Jing, 1986.—Synonymized by Yu 2010: 80.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.42–4.62 mm; width: 3.12–4.20 mm. Form round, dorsum convex and glabrous. Head (Fig. 172h) with frons narrow, inner margins of eyes strongly divergent. A highly variable and polymorphic species with numerous variants and several intermediate forms. Nominate form uniformly orange yellow to reddish brown (Fig. 172d) on both sides; at least eight variants or varieties named, commonly found ones (Fig. 172a–c, e, f) as illustrated. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 172g) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 172i–l) diagnostic.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Andamans, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Jharkhand, Pondicherry, Orissa, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); China; Thailand.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae: Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell) on sugarcane; Dialeuropora decempuncta (Quaintance &amp; Baker) infesting mulberry. Abundant in the oak forests of northeastern region, feeds on Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh on Quercus acutissima (Shantibala &amp; Singh, 1991).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during May, July–August (Orissa, Eastern India).</p> <p>Notes. It is a highly variable species with many colour morphs and is commonly collected in northern states of India. Treated by Mader (1935), Kapur (1967), Ren et al. (2009), Yu (2010) and Poorani et al. (2021) with illustrations of the colour morphs.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214B746D8BDDF3486FDD9F9D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214B746C6BDDF30DDFC58FD56.text	03C7416214B746C6BDDF30DDFC58FD56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Propylea Mulsant	<div><p>Genus Propylea Mulsant</p> <p>Propylea Mulsant, 1846: 147, 152.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella quatuordecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy.</p> <p>Oenopia (Pania) Mulsant, 1850: 420. Type species: Oenopia (pania) luteopustulata Mulsant, by subsequent designation of Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979.—Synonymized by Vandenberg &amp; Gordon 1991: 32.</p> <p>Pania: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 58; 1982: 121.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form oblong oval, convex. Inner margin of eyes more or less straight, interocular distance more than twice the eye width. Antenna with terminal antennomere rather elongate and oval-shaped. Anterior inner corners of prothoracic hypomera with a deep, oval impression / fovea to accommodate the antennal club. Anterior margin of mesoventrite with a deep, V-shaped median emargination. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete without an associated line. Female genitalia with much reduced and short styli, infundibulum in the form of a lightly sclerotized piece of bursa at origin of sperm duct; spermatheca with poorly differentiated ramus and nodulus.</p> <p>Distribution. Mainly distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental region.</p> <p>Affinities. Propylea is a distinctive genus and Tomaszewska et al. (2021) placed it in the Synonycha- group of genera and recovered it in a strongly supported clade comprising Alloneda and Coelophora (in part).</p> <p>Included species. Three species, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Mulsant), P. dissecta (Mulsant), and P. luteopustulata (Mulsant), are found in this region, the first being rare and apparently confined to the colder parts of northwestern region. Propylea japonica (Thunberg) has been reported from India but remains an unverified record for mainland India. The species of Propylea are somewhat similar in external appearance and the elytral pattern is often highly variable. The nominate forms of P. japonica, P. dissecta, and P. quatuordecimpunctata, have a characteristic yellow and black ‘checkerboard pattern’ on the elytra. The male genitalia are also very similar, with only small differences and need to be studied for accurate diagnosis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214B746C6BDDF30DDFC58FD56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214A946C3BDDF3562FF24FE36.text	03C7416214A946C3BDDF3562FF24FE36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Propylea dissecta (Mulsant)	<div><p>Propylea dissecta (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 173, 174)</p> <p>Lemnia (Vola) dissecta Mulsant, 1850: 377 (Type locality: “les Indes Orientales”).</p> <p>Lemnia dissecta: Mulsant 1866: 249.</p> <p>Propylea japonica ab. dissecta: Korschefsky 1932: 531.</p> <p>Propylea dissecta: Crotch 1874: 158; Miyatake 1985: 15; Canepari 1997: 48; Poorani 2002a: 339.</p> <p>Propylaea fallax Yablokov —Khnzoryan 1977: 61; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 171.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.54–4.50 mm; width: 2.95–3.60 mm. Form broad oval to elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex with explanate elytral margins, glabrous. Head anteriorly yellow, with a wavy black marking in posterior half, females often with an additional black macula on frons connected to the basal macula. Pronotum with a large, transverse black macula of variable size and shape on posterior margin. Elytra yellow / orange with an anchor-shaped black marking (Fig. 173a, b, e) that is variously reduced (Fig. 174m, n), sutural line with a black stripe; commonly collected forms (Fig. 173c, d) with plain yellow elytra, with only the sutural black stripe anteriorly widened; several intermediate forms found. Ventral side yellow to yellowish brown, except meso-and metaventrites, and middle of abdominal ventrites black, femora of legs dark brown. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 173g) incomplete. Male genitalia (Figs 173i–n) and spermatheca (Fig. 173h) as illustrated.</p> <p>It can be distinguished from P. japonica by its much broader body outline and the pair of roundish to elongate oval periscutellar spots on either side of scutellar shield though the male genitalia are quite similar to those of P. japonica.</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs yellow, spindle shaped, laid in small groups (Fig. 174a). Larva black with yellow or white or orange maculae (Fig. 174b–j). Pupa (Fig. k, l) yellow.</p> <p>Distribution. India:Widely distributed (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala, Meghalaya, Pondicherry, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Pakistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Laos.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Aphididae: Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch); Lophopidae: Pyrilla perpusilla (Walker); Ortheziidae: Insignorthezia insignis (Browne); Pseudococcidae: Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green); Noctuidae: Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith); Xylorictidae: Opisina arenosella Walker. Commonly found on rice, maize, sorghum and grasses. Collected on lablab, cabbage, hibiscus, cotton, and coconut. Found feeding on aphids infesting Bidens pilosa and weeds in Nepal (Sajan et al. 2019).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected almost throughout the year; April and October (Assam).</p> <p>Notes. It is the most common and widely distributed species of Propylea in mainland India and records of P. japonica from peninsular India are most likely to be based on P. dissecta. The common colour morph of P. dissecta with almost immaculate elytra with only a sutural black stripe is frequently misidentified and referred in literature from this region as Micraspis discolor, but can be readily distinguished by the much broader scutellar shield (very small in Micraspis), elongate oval terminal antennomere, prothoracic hypomeron with deeply impressed anterior inner corners, and other generic characters.</p> <p>It was originally described by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1977). Also illustrated by Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214A946C3BDDF3562FF24FE36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214AC46C3BDDF3782FDD3FAC5.text	03C7416214AC46C3BDDF3782FDD3FAC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Propylea japonica (Thunberg 1781)	<div><p>Propylea japonica (Thunberg)</p> <p>(Fig. 175)</p> <p>Coccinella japonica Thunberg, 1781: 12 (Type locality: Japan).</p> <p>Propylea japonica: Lewis 1896: 30; Poorani 2002a: 339; Ren et al. 2009: 228.</p> <p>Propylaea japonica: Mader 1933: 262–263; Kamiya 1965a: 44–46.</p> <p>Propylea quatuordecimpunctata japonica: Timberlake 1943: 28.</p> <p>Coccinella tetraspilota Hope, 1843: 64 (nec Coccinella tetraspilota Hope, 1831).—Booth &amp; Pope 1989: 366.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.00– 4.70 mm; width: 2.40–3.20 mm. Form elongate oval, moderately convex. Ground colour creamy yellow to yellow with black maculae on pronotum and elytra. Pronotum yellow, with a large transverse median black marking reaching hind margin. Elytral pattern variable as in P. dissecta, with an anchor-shaped macula (Fig. 175a, b) that is variously reduced with only a black spot on humeral callus on each elytron and an anteriorly broader stripe along sutural line (or) completely yellow with only a sutural black stripe. Abdominal ventrites medially black, abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 175c) incomplete. Female genitalia (Fig. 175d) and spermatheca (Fig. 175e) as illustrated.</p> <p>It can be differentiated from Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) by its more oblong and distinctly narrower body outline with less explanate elytral margins, usually smaller size and the male genitalia. The periscutellar yellow spots are usually elongate and subrectangular in P. japonica compared to the elongate oval shaped spots in P. dissecta.</p> <p>Distribution.? India; Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos, China, Japan, Korea). As mentioned earlier, records of P. japonica from mainland India appear to be suspect or mainly based on wrong identification of P. dissecta.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Primarily aphidophagous, recorded as a predator of numerous hosts.</p> <p>Notes. I have never examined P. japonica from mainland India and it is most likely to be distributed in the remote parts of northeastern India that remain poorly explored. Sasaji (1971) has given a detailed description and Ren et al. (2009) also illustrated it.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214AC46C3BDDF3782FDD3FAC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214AC46CDBDDF33D3FC2CFD6A.text	03C7416214AC46CDBDDF33D3FC2CFD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Propylea luteopustulata (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>Propylea luteopustulata (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 176–179)</p> <p>Oenopia (Pania) luteopustulata Mulsant, 1850: 421 (Holotype, OUM; Type locality: Assam, India).</p> <p>Pania luteopustulata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1979: 58; 1982: 132.</p> <p>Coelophora luteopustulata: Crotch 1874: 156; Sicard 1913: 500.</p> <p>Oenopia luteopustulata: Korschefsky 1932: 288; Miyatake 1967: 77.</p> <p>Propylea luteopustulata: Vandenberg &amp; Gordon 1991: 30; Poorani 2002a: 340.</p> <p>Oenopia luteopustulata a. thibetina: Mader 1926 (1935): 340.</p> <p>Oenopia luteopustulata var. thibetina: Kapur 1958: 329.</p> <p>Oenopia pracuae Weise, 1891: 286.</p> <p>Oenopia luteopustulata a. pracui: Mader 1926 (1935): 340.</p> <p>Oenopia luteopustulata a. pracuae: Kapur 1958: 329.</p> <p>Coelophora pedicata Mulsant, 1853a: 180.</p> <p>Oenopia luteopustulata var. subpedicata Kapur, 1958: 333.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.20–5.16 mm; width: 3.54–4.35 mm. Form (Fig. 176a) broad oval to slightly elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Ground colour red to orange yellow, with black markings on head, pronotum and elytra. Head yellow, with a transverse black marking in posterior half. Pronotum with a transverse black band along posterior margin, rarely with four black spots. Elytral pattern highly variable (Fig. 178c–n); with an anchor-shaped black marking (Fig. 177a) very similar to that in P. dissecta in various states of reduction (Fig. 178c–f, m, n) / with broken lines (Fig. 176a) / with 10–11 elytral spots (Fig. 178g –l) / with immaculate elytra (Fig. 177b). Male genitalia (Fig. 176b–e) and spermatheca (Fig. 177c, d) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Life stages (Figs 178a, b; 179) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Widely distributed in the northern and northeastern regions and the Himalayas (Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan; Myanmar; China; Thailand; Tibet; Taiwan; Vietnam.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Adelges spp., Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kaltenbach), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Capitophorus formosartemisiae (Takahashi), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphoniella sanborni (Gillette), Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Pineus sp., Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Sitobion rosaeiformis (Das), and Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh. Associated with adelgids feeding on silver fir and pine; indeterminate aphids on Artemisia sp., Spiraea sp. (label data). Found feeding on aphids infesting Galinsoga parviflora and Bidens pilosa along with P. luteopustulata (Sajan et al. 2019).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Active during February–June; collected during September–December.</p> <p>Notes. This is the most common species of Propylea along with P. dissecta in the northeastern region of India and is highly variable. See Vandenberg &amp; Gordon (1991) and Kovář (2007) for extralimital synonyms not listed here. See Kapur (1958), Bielawski (1972), Vandenberg &amp; Gordon (1991), Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) for more illustrations of elytral pattern variations and genitalia and list of synonyms.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214AC46CDBDDF33D3FC2CFD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214A246CDBDDF353EFEEEF9FE.text	03C7416214A246CDBDDF353EFEEEF9FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus)</p> <p>(Fig. 180)</p> <p>Coccinella 14— punctata Linnaeus, 1758: 366 (Type locality: Europe).</p> <p>Propylea quatuordecimpunctata: Mulsant 1846: 152; Mader 1933: 253–262; Sasaji 1971: 264; Sasaji et al. 1975: 13–34; Poorani 2002a: 341.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.00 mm; width: 2.50 mm. Form elongate oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Ground colour pale creamy yellow, pronotum with 5–7 black maculae, often interconnected and forming a larger macula; elytra with the characteristic checkerboard or anchor-shaped pattern (Fig. 180a, b). Ventral side largely blackish, abdominal ventrites medially black and laterally yellowish. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 180c) incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 180d–g) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Appears to be confined to the colder parts of northwestern Indian Himalayas (Jammu &amp; Kashmir; Uttarakhand); Pakistan; Bangladesh; Japan; China; Europe; North America.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Collected on peach and willow in Jammu &amp; Kashmir (Kundoo 2019) and on custard apple in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017). Associated with powdery mildew infesting mulberry in Kashmir (Khan &amp; Nighat 1991).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Found during June–July in Jammu &amp; Kashmir (Kundoo 2019); August–September in Pakistan (Hayat et al. 2017).</p> <p>Notes. Propylea quatuordecimpunctata is very similar in general appearance to P. japonica and its distribution in the Indian mainland appears to be restricted to the coldest parts of northwestern India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir and Uttarakhand) and it is seldom collected in large numbers. See Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) for more illustrations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214A246CDBDDF353EFEEEF9FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214A246CBBDDF30CAFDF0FD6A.text	03C7416214A246CBBDDF30CAFDF0FD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protothea Weise	<div><p>Genus Protothea Weise</p> <p>Protothea Weise, 1898: 226.</p> <p>Type species: Protothea firma Weise, by monotypy.</p> <p>Nedina Hoang, 1983a: 150. Type species: Nedina flavescens Hoang, by original designation. Synonymized by Poorani &amp; Ślipiński 2005: 329.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form short oval to almost circular, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous. Head without ventral antennal grooves. Antenna with terminal antennomere elongate oval. Prosternum with a large and prominent pyriform median process distinctly elevated from rest of prosternum and forming a chin piece, prosternal process with complete carinae, densely pubescent. Female genitalia with styli strongly reduced and barely visible.</p> <p>Distribution. India, Myanmar, Vietnam.</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it in the Coccinella- group of genera and recovered it as a sister group to a group of genera comprising Anegleis, Micraspis (Asian and Australian species), Xanthadalia, Declivittata and African and Malagasy species of Micraspis. Protothea comprises some of the smallest members of Coccinellini (Tomaszewska et al. 2021) and is readily separated from the other Coccinellinae of the Oriental Region by the unusual, characteristic structure of the prosternum, and the elongate terminal antennomere, the former character being unique and diagnostic. The large and pyriform process, on a visibly higher plane than the rest of the prosternum, is somewhat similar to that in the species of Pseudaspidimerus Kapur, 1948 (tribe Aspidimerini) and Propiptus Weise, 1901 (tribe Scymnini), but these genera have a densely pubescent dorsum and very short antennae. Poorani &amp; Ślipiński (2005) synonymized Nedina Hoang with Protothea and the same nomenclatural act was later repeated by Kovář (2007).</p> <p>Indian species. Two species, Protothea decemguttata (Hoang) and P. quadripunctata (Mulsant), are known from the northeastern region of India.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214A246CBBDDF30CAFDF0FD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214A446CBBDDF353EFF20FAF4.text	03C7416214A446CBBDDF353EFF20FAF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protothea decemguttata (Hoang 1983) ZSIK	<div><p>Protothea decemguttata (Hoang)</p> <p>(Fig. 182e–g)</p> <p>Nedina decemguttata Hoang, 1983a: 151 (Type locality: Vietnam).</p> <p>Protothea decemguttata: Poorani &amp; Ślipiński 2005: 329.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.20 mm; width: 3.00 mm. Form almost circular, dorsum weakly convex, glabrous. Dorsal side yellowish with ten black spots on elytra arranged in a 2-2-1 pattern as illustrated (Fig. 182e–g). Underside yellowish except prosternal process dark brown, characteristically at a plane higher than rest of prosternum. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (West Bengal (Darjeeling), Sikkim); Originally described from Vietnam.</p> <p>Prey / Associated habitat. Not known.</p> <p>Notes. Hoang (1983) described it from Vietnam under Nedina. Poorani &amp; Ślipiński (2005) transferred it to Protothea. Protothea firma Weise, the type species of Protothea, was redescribed as having five spots on each elytron by Iablokoff-Khnzorian (1982) and it could be a synonym of P. decemguttata as it has a similar elytral pattern.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214A446CBBDDF353EFF20FAF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214A446C9BDDF33C3FB8EF8D4.text	03C7416214A446C9BDDF33C3FB8EF8D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protothea quadripunctata (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>Protothea quadripunctata (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 181, 182a–d)</p> <p>Thea quadripunctata Mulsant, 1853: 155 (Type locality: l’Asie? collect. Motschulsky”).</p> <p>Thea quadripunctata: Mulsant 1866: 148; Crotch 1874: 134; Korschefsky 1932: 560.</p> <p>Protothea quadripunctata: Mader 1933: 287; Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 542; Poorani &amp; Ślipiński 2005: 329.</p> <p>Protothea indica Weise, 1910: 44 (Type locality: Sikkim, India).— Korschefsky 1932: 570. Synonymized by Mader 1933: 287.</p> <p>Nedina mirabilis Hoang, 1984: 68.—Synonymized by Poorani &amp; Ślipiński 2005: 329.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 2.85–3.25 mm; width: 2.45–2.70 mm. Form short oval, dorsum moderately convex and glabrous except head pubescent with silvery white hairs. Ground colour of dorsal side bright yellow, head and pronotum creamy yellow, pronotum with a roughly M-shaped, indistinct pale brown marking in the middle, anterior and lateral margins transparent; each elytron with four black spots in the nominate form (Fig. 182b), spots fused to form larger maculae (Fig. 182c, d) or totally absent (Fig. 182a); elytral margins transparent. Ventral side yellow except mesepimeron creamy yellow, prosternal intercoxal process, mesoventral process, metaventrite, and median portion of abdominal ventrites 1 and 2 dark pitchy brown to black; prosternal intercoxal process occasionally paler in anterior half, luteous to reddish brown, with only apical and lateral borders dark pitchy brown to black. Prosternal intercoxal process (Fig. 181e) prominent, pyriform with long white hairs and a pair of marginal carinae. Male genitalia (Fig. 181k–m) and spermatheca (Fig. 181j) as illustrated.</p> <p>Distribution. India: North-eastern region (Assam, Nagaland, Sikkim); Vietnam; Thailand; Myanmar.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Collected in association with Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Hormaphidinae) on sugarcane (label data).</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected during November–December and February (label data).</p> <p>Note. See Poorani &amp; Ślipiński (2005) for detailed description with illustrations.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214A446C9BDDF33C3FB8EF8D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214A746C8BDDF36EBFBD5FCD3.text	03C7416214A746C8BDDF36EBFBD5FCD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psyllobora Chevrolat	<div><p>Genus Psyllobora Chevrolat</p> <p>Psyllobora Chevrolat, in Dejean, 1836: 434.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella lineola Fabricius, 1792, by subsequent designation of Timberlake 1943.</p> <p>Thea Mulsant, 1846: 159. Type species: Coccinella vigintiduopunctata Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form small, dorsum broad oval to elongate oval, glabrous; coloration ivory to pale yellow with dark brown / black markings. Head pubescent, clypeal margin without lateral projections; almost fully retracted into pronotum at rest. Antenna (Fig. 183b) with 11 elongate and loosely jointed antennomeres, first antennomere enlarged and somewhat flattened. Terminal maxillary palpomere (Fig. 183e) securiform. Mandible (Fig. 183c) with ventral tooth having a series of small serrations. Anterior margin of pronotum shallowly emarginate, covering only posterior half of eyes. Lateral margins of pronotum and elytra explanate, transparent. Prosternal intercoxal process flat, feebly ridged laterally and truncate apically. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 183f) incomplete, short. Female genitalia with infundibulum.</p> <p>Distribution. Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Neotropical and Nearctic regions.</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included it under the Synonycha -group of genera and recovered it in a major branch comprising all the genera of the former tribe Halyziini.</p> <p>Included species. Psyllobora bisoctonotata (Mulsant) is the only Indian representative of this genus and is widely distributed in the northern and northwestern states of India and Pakistan.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214A746C8BDDF36EBFBD5FCD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416214A74736BDDF35E5FF2EFA61.text	03C7416214A74736BDDF35E5FF2EFA61.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psyllobora bisoctonotata (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>Psyllobora bisoctonotata (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 183–185)</p> <p>Vibidia bisoctonotata Mulsant, 1850: 204 (Type locality: Arabia).</p> <p>Thea bisoctonotata: Crotch 1874: 134; Korschefsky 1932: 559.</p> <p>Psyllobora bisoctonotata: Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 301; Poorani 2002a: 342.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 3.20–3.50 mm; width: 2.20–2.50 mm. Form small, elongate oval and narrow, dorsum convex and glabrous. Ground colour pale creamy yellow; pronotum with a pale brown, indistinct, roughly M-shaped marking; elytra with 18 black spots, arranged in a 2-3-3-1 pattern (Fig. 184a), spots variable in size; lateral margins of pronotum and elytra transparent. Ventral side pale yellowish brown. Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 184b) very short and incomplete. Male genitalia (Fig. 184c–e) and spermatheca (Fig. 184f) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs (Fig. 185a) whitish. Larva (Fig. 185b) and pupa (Fig. 185c, d) dull slaty grey, with yellow, black and white markings on dorsal side.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Very common in northern India (Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Pakistan; Middle East; Egypt; Ethiopia; Uganda; Cape Verde. In India, it seems to have expanded its range to the colder parts of western and peninsular India in recent years and is rare in South India (except parts of Karnataka).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Feeds on mildews affecting Dalbergia sissoo, Bauhinia purpurea, sunflower, mulberry, Clerodendron sp., etc. (label data). Mass assemblages on Bauhinia purpurea sighted in winter in northwestern India (Kapur 1943). Beeson (1941) reported it as feeding on the epidermis of leaves of D. sissoo. In Bangalore, it is commonly collected on Dalbergia sissoo during the winter season (December–February, label data). Omkar &amp; Pervez (1999) erroneously reported it as a predator of aphids and mealybugs in Uttar Pradesh.</p> <p>Patankar et al. (2009) studied the gut contents and faecal pellets of Psyllobora bisoctonotata and I. cincta and found the spores of powdery mildew fungi (Phyllactinia dalbergiae and P. corylea) besides those of other plant pathogenic fungi such as Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp., and Curvularia spp.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected in large numbers on D. sissoo almost throughout the year in and around Bangalore; particularly active in post-rainy season, feeding on mildew covered leaves. More common in summer than in autumn in northern India (Kapur, 1943).</p> <p>Natural enemy. Nothoserphus mirabilis Brues (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupidae) (unpublished data).</p> <p>Notes. Kapur (1943) and Kumar et al. (2010) studied its biology and described and illustrated the immature stages.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416214A74736BDDF35E5FF2EFA61	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215594734BDDF3037FC29FEFE.text	03C7416215594734BDDF3037FC29FEFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singhikalia Kapur	<div><p>Genus Singhikalia Kapur</p> <p>Singhikalia Kapur, 1963a: 16.</p> <p>Type species: Singhikalia ornata Kapur, 1963a: 17, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Form broad oval, dorsum convex and densely pubescent. General appearance with red and black coloration and dorsal pubescence suggestive of Epilachnini. Lateral antennal insertions much closer to the eyes. Mandibles apically bifid. Labial terminal palpomere about as broad as penultimate one. Mesoventrite anteriorly strongly emarginate medially. Elytral lateral margins without marginal bead. Middle and hind tibia without apical spurs. Hind margin of ventrite 5 in female sinuate and produced medially backwards. Tarsal claws appendiculate. Male genitalia with penis having more than one sclerite that are distinctly separated by a membrane. Infundibulum in the form of at least lightly sclerotized piece of bursa at origin of sperm duct.</p> <p>Distribution. India, China, Pakistan.</p> <p>Affinities. Singhikalia is most unusual in Coccinellini because it is the only genus of the Indian region with distinct dorsal pubescence and outwardly resembles members of the tribe Epilachnini. It probably mimics members of Epilachnini because “both are often found in the same series in museum collections, suggesting that they may co-occur in the same area and host plants” (Escalona et al. 2017). Only Subepilachna Bielawski, 1963b, a genus endemic to Papua New Guinea, is comparable to Singhikalia in the tribe Coccinellini in having dorsal pubescence and it was synonymized with Singhikalia by Jadwiszczak (1990). However, Ślipiński et al. (2020) recognized both as valid genera on the basis of “pronounced differences in the male and female terminalia and external morphology”.</p> <p>Included species. Two species are known from the Indian subcontinent- Singhikalia ornata Kapur, the type species, and S. duodecimguttata Xiao (newly recorded from Pakistan here).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215594734BDDF3037FC29FEFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162155B4733BDDF3091FED3FE4A.text	03C74162155B4733BDDF3091FED3FE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singhikalia duodecimguttata Xiao (BMNH 1992	<div><p>Singhikalia duodecimguttata Xiao</p> <p>(Fig. 187)</p> <p>Singhikalia duodecimguttata Xiao, 1992: 378 (Type locality: China, Wuling Mountains).— Kovář 2007: 599; Ren et al. 2009: 234.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.90–8.40 mm; width: 5.60–7.40 mm. Form broad oval, dorsum moderately convex and distinctly pubescent. Ground colour reddish; pronotum laterally very narrowly black, with a pair of transverse, roughly triangular black maculae on the posterior margin (Fig. 187b); each elytron with five large, black discal spots, one smaller, elongate oval spot adjacent to scutellar shield and one smaller apical spot as illustrated (Fig. 187a). Abdomen (Fig. 187c) with ventrites 1–4 medially black and laterally yellowish; abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 187d) incomplete. Spermatheca (Fig. 187e) as illustrated, lacking a well differentiated nodulus and ramus. Male genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Prey / associated habitat. Aphids (label data).</p> <p>Distribution. Pakistan (new record); China.</p> <p>Note. This is recorded for the first time from Pakistan based on a single female specimen at BMNH (examined).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162155B4733BDDF3091FED3FE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162155D4732BDDF36EBFEF3FD02.text	03C74162155D4732BDDF36EBFEF3FD02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singhikalia ornata Kapur	<div><p>Singhikalia ornata Kapur</p> <p>(Fig. 186)</p> <p>Singhikalia ornata Kapur, 1963: 17 (Holotype male, BMNH; Type locality: Singhik, Sikkim).— Poorani 2002a: 343; Kovář 2007: 599.</p> <p>Singhikalia subfasciata Miyatake, 1972: 92 (Type locality: Formosa).— Synonymized by Jadwiszczak 1990: 56.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 7.50–7.80 mm; width: 6.30–6.50 mm. Form broad oval to subcircular, dorsum convex and densely pubescent. Ground colour red, pronotum with a pair of black spots on posterior margin; elytra having 14 black spots of variable size, arranged in a 2-2-2-1 pattern, lateral margins of elytra basally black (Fig. 186a–c). Elytral punctation dual, coarse punctures intermixed with finer punctures. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, apparently with a lateral oblique line. Genitalia not studied.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Endemic to Sikkim); Vietnam; Taiwan.</p> <p>Note. It is a rare species endemic to Sikkim / Eastern Himalayas. It is also likely to be mistaken for / misidentified as Epilachnini.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162155D4732BDDF36EBFEF3FD02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162155D4732BDDF3497FC35F927.text	03C74162155D4732BDDF3497FC35F927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synona Pope. Morphologically 1989	<div><p>Genus Synona Pope</p> <p>Synia Mulsant, 1850: 375. Type species: Synia melanaria Mulsant, 1850, by subsequent designation of Crotch 1874: 177 (junior homonym).</p> <p>Lemnia (Synia): Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982: 232.</p> <p>Synona Pope, 1989: 660 (replacement name).— Poorani et al. 2008: 579; Ślipiński et al. 2020: 109.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium to moderately large adults, all known species with orange-yellow head and pronotum and fully black elytra, rarely pronotum with a central black macula (Figs 189, 191c–f, 193f–j). Dorsum hemispherical, strongly convex and dome like. Anterior margin of clypeus semicircularly emarginate between lateral projections. Anterior margin of pronotum trapezoidally emarginate and anterior angles narrowly rounded; sides arched and narrowly marginated. Scutellar shield triangular, about 1/6th as wide as elytral base, sides slightly incurvate. Elytra with sides moderately expanded laterally. Prosternal hypomera with clear, but small foveae on the anterior inner corners. Prosternal process with subparallel carinae, reaching up to nearly 3/4th of the anterior prosternal margin. Anterior margin of mesoventrite deeply and triangularly emarginate at middle; posterior margin with a rounded protrusion that fits into the emarginated anterior margin of the metaventrite. Elytral epipleura broad, outer half deeply descending externally and deeply foveate on level with meso-and metafemora. Legs with meso-and metatibiae having a pair of apical spurs. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete, divided by an oblique associated line.</p> <p>Distribution. Oriental and Australasian regions (India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, China, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Australia) (Poorani et al. 2008; Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p> <p>Affinities. Tomaszewska et al. (2021) included Synona under the Coccinella- group of genera with Synona and Aiolocaria forming a well-supported subclade.</p> <p>Biology. The species of Synona have unusual and rather restricted feeding habits. Species of this genus have been recorded as predators of Plataspididae (Hemiptera) (Fig. 191a, b) in India (Poorani et al. 2008) and Australia (Monteith 2006).</p> <p>Included species. Three species are known from Indian mainland, Synona consanguinea Poorani, Ślipiński &amp; Booth, S. melanopepla (Mulsant) and S. obscura Poorani, Ślipiński &amp; Booth.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162155D4732BDDF3497FC35F927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162155D4730BDDF3172FEA7FE6E.text	03C74162155D4730BDDF3172FEA7FE6E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synona consanguinea Poorani, Slipinski & Booth	<div><p>Synona consanguinea Poorani, Ślipiński &amp; Booth</p> <p>(Fig. 188)</p> <p>Synona consanguinea Poorani, Ślipiński &amp; Booth, 2008: 592 (Holotype male, NHMW; Type locality: China).— Das et al. 2022: 12.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 4.90–5.10 mm; width: 4.90–5.00 mm. Form (Fig. 188a) circular, nearly as broad as long, dorsum strongly hemispherical, convex and glabrous. Head and pronotum bright orange yellow, scutellar shield and elytra black. Ventral side uniform yellowish-testaceous, except elytral epipleura black. Male genitalia (Fig. 188c–f) as illustrated. It is very similar to S. obscura from which it can be separated by the slightly narrower marginal bead, stronger microsculpture between interspaces of elytral punctures, and the male genitalia. See Poorani et al. (2008) for detailed description.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Northeastern region (Tripura) (Das et al. 2022); China, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar (Poorani et al. 2008).</p> <p>Note. It was originally described from China (Poorani et al. 2008) and Das et al. (2022) recorded it from northeastern India.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162155D4730BDDF3172FEA7FE6E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621550473BBDDF3399FB79FC1A.text	03C741621550473BBDDF3399FB79FC1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synona melanopepla (Mulsant)	<div><p>Synona melanopepla (Mulsant)</p> <p>(Figs 189–191, 193g–j)</p> <p>Synia melanopepla Mulsant, 1850: 376; 1866: 248 (Type locality: “les Indes orientales”).—Crotch 1874: 178 (as synonym of S. melanaria).</p> <p>Synona melanopepla: Poorani et al. 2008: 583.</p> <p>Synia melanaria ab. melanopepla: Korschefsky 1932: 276.</p> <p>Leis rougeti Mulsant, 1866: 175 (Lectotype, UCCC; Type locality: “les Indes”). —Crotch 1874: 178 (as synonym of S. melanaria); Gordon 1987: 22 (lectotype designation). Synonymized by Poorani et al. 2008: 583.</p> <p>Synia melanaria ab. rougeti: Korschefsky 1932: 276; Miwa &amp; Yoshida 1935; Bielawski 1957: 88.</p> <p>Synia rougeti: Weise 1923: 184; Miwa 1931: 87.</p> <p>Lemnia melanoptera Yablokov-Khnzoryan, 1978: 180 (Type locality: “ Tonkin ” (= Vietnam)). Synonymized by Poorani et al. 2008: 584.</p> <p>Lemnia (Synia) martini Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1984: 205 (Type locality: “Madras, Vellore”). Synonymized by Poorani et al. 2008: 584.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.90–7.60 mm; width: 5.90–6.40 mm. Form circular to broad oval, dorsum strongly convex and hemispherical, glabrous. Head yellow, or with a pair of black markings on either side of posterior margin of eyes (in examples from northern and eastern India); pronotum yellow orange to red, immaculate (Figs 189a–c, 191c–f, 193g –j), or with a median, subtrapezoidal black macula (Fig. 189d), scutellar shield yellow, occasionally yellowish testaceous with a darker border or dark brown, elytra black. Ventral side yellow orange except elytral epipleura black, last antennomere darker, brownish. Elytral punctures fine, interspaces between punctures with distinct microsculpture. Male genitalia (Fig. 190a–f) and spermatheca (Fig. 190g, h) as illustrated.</p> <p>The nominate form of this species can be readily distinguished by its coloration, particularly the median black macula on pronotum. The form with yellow pronotum is very similar to S. obscura and can be reliably separated only by the male genitalia.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Arunachal Pradesh (Das et al. 2020b), Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Sri Lanka; Vietnam; China; The Philippines; Distributed from India east to Taiwan and south to the Philippines (Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Plataspididae: Very effective predator of Coptosoma ostensum Distant (Subramanyam 1925; Malhotra &amp; Krishnaswami 1962). Also feeds on aphids. Commonly collected on Butea monosperma; on Sesbania grandiflora, sandal, lablab, snakegourd, cabbage, pigeonpea, and Trewia sp. Feeds on unnamed psyllids on Ficus sp., C. ostensum, Megacopta cribraria, and pentatomids (label data).</p> <p>Immature stages. Afroze &amp; Shujauddin (1998) gave a general description of the immature stages of ‘ S. melanaria’ from northern India, which most probably apply to that of S. melanopepla.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected on Butea monosperma during March–June, September–December (South India). Common on B. monosperma during October–March in Aligarh (north India) (Afroze &amp; Shujauddin 1998).</p> <p>Natural enemies. Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman), Nothoserphus mirabilis Brues.</p> <p>Notes. Papers on the biology of Synona spp. (most of them on ‘ S. melanaria’) may involve more than one species as S. melanopepla and S. obscura Poorani et al. often co-exist in some parts of South India. In the absence of voucher specimens, it is hard to ascertain the identity of the species involved. Works on the bioecology / predatory potential of ‘ Synia melanaria ’ by Subramanyam (1925), Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1953), Afroze &amp; Shujauddin (1998) and Rachappa et al. (2002) from India apply to either of these two species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621550473BBDDF3399FB79FC1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621554473ABDDF35AFFC44FF62.text	03C741621554473ABDDF35AFFC44FF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synona obscura Poorani, Slipinski & Booth	<div><p>Synona obscura Poorani, Ślipiński &amp; Booth</p> <p>(Figs 192, 193a–f)</p> <p>Synona obscura Poorani, Ślipiński &amp; Booth, 2008: 588 (Holotype female, NBAIR; Type locality: Bangalore).</p> <p>Synia rougeti auctt.</p> <p>Synia melanaria ab. rougeti auctt.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 6.10–7.20 mm; width: 5.50–6.00 mm. Body outline broad, subcircular, not much longer than broad, widest around middle of elytra (Figs 192a, 193f). Head and pronotum uniformly bright yellow-orange, elytra black (Figs 192a, 193f). Ventral side yellow orange, except elytral epipleura black. Synona obscura can be easily distinguished from S. melanopepla by the following characters: (i) body outline, particularly elytra, broader, nearly as broad as long (larger and slightly more elongate in outline in S. melanopepla); (ii) eyes smaller, with interocular distance a little more than twice the eye width; (iii) elytra with distinctly broader marginal bead, disc less deeply impressed, interspaces between punctures with shallow, faint microsculpture not clearly visible at low magnifications; (iv) last antennomere transverse with apical margin much less strongly and steeply oblique than that in S. melanopepla; (v) elytral epipleura distinctly broader, more strongly and steeply descending externally, and (vi) the male (Fig. 192f–h) and female genitalia (Fig. 192d, e), which are diagnostic.</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs orange-yellow (Fig. 193a). Larva pink and black (Fig. 193b, c), pupa (Fig. 193d, e) reddish with black maculae.</p> <p>Distribution. India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu).</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Hemiptera: Plataspididae: Very effective predator of Coptosoma ostensum Distant (Subramanyam, 1925; Malhotra &amp; Krishnaswami, 1962). Also feeds on aphids. Commonly collected on Butea monosperma; on Sesbania grandiflora, sandal, lablab, snakegourd, cabbage, pigeonpea, and Trewia sp.</p> <p>This species is commonly associated with Coptosoma ostensum Distant and Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) infesting B. monosperma (‘Palas’), lablab, pigeon pea, Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers., etc. Specimens have also been collected on sandal, snakegourd, cabbage, cashew, and Trewia sp., some in association with aphids and scales (label data). Malhotra and Krishnaswami (1962) and Rachappa et al. (2002) studied its biology in detail (both as S. melanaria). Some of the earlier records of S. melanaria from South India probably involve this species.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected on Butea monosperma during March–June, September–December (South India). Common on B. monosperma during October–March in Aligarh (north India) (Afroze &amp; Shujauddin, 1998).</p> <p>Natural enemies. Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman), Nothoserphus mirabilis Brues (Poorani et al. 2008).</p> <p>Notes. As mentioned under S. melanopepla, published works on the bioecology of ‘ Synia melanaria’ from south India may apply to either Synona obscura or S. melanopepla.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621554473ABDDF35AFFC44FF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215564739BDDF36EBFB0CFCE7.text	03C7416215564739BDDF36EBFB0CFCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synonycha Chevrolat	<div><p>Genus Synonycha Chevrolat</p> <p>Synonycha Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836: 460.</p> <p>Type species: Coccinella grandis Thunberg, 1781, by monotypy.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Size large (12–15 mm), form broadly rounded with explanate lateral margins of elytra. Antennal scape strongly broadened and obtusely produced anteriorly on the inner edge (at least two times broader than pedicel), terminal antennomere broad oval. Prothoracic hypomeron with anterior foveae. Anterior margin of mesoventrite medially deeply emarginate. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete without an associated line. Tarsal claws double, swollen at base. Sperm duct below apex, inserted ventrally on bursa; and spermatheca strongly curved and c-shaped, with only ramus developed.</p> <p>Distribution. Widely distributed in the Oriental region (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos), also found in parts of the Palaearctic (China, Japan).</p> <p>Affinities. The Old World Megalocaria and Oriental Synonycha are the among the largest coccinellids in the world with body lengths of 10–18 mm, and species of both genera are typical aphid feeders with some exceptions like the African Megalocaria tetrasticta (Fairmaire) that feeds on eggs and nymphs of Plataspidae (Hemiptera) (Dejean et al. 2002). Tomaszewska et al. (2021) recovered Synonycha and Megalocaria as sister groups with strong support in terms of: terminal labial palpomere about as broad as penultimate one, mesoventrite anterior margin strongly emarginate, medially forming ‘V’ or ‘U’ shape, elytral lateral margins without visible bead and elytral epipleura with foveae for the apices of hind femora.</p> <p>Included species. Synonycha is monotypic and the type species, S. grandis (Thunberg), is widely distributed in peninsular and northeastern India, usually in association with various aphids infesting bamboo.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215564739BDDF36EBFB0CFCE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215564723BDDF35B1FA86FEDA.text	03C7416215564723BDDF35B1FA86FEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synonycha grandis (Thunberg 1781)	<div><p>Synonycha grandis (Thunberg)</p> <p>(Figs 195, 196)</p> <p>Coccinella grandis Thunberg, 1781: 12 (Lectotype male, UUZM; Type locality: China).</p> <p>Synonycha grandis: Mulsant, 1850: 230; 1866: 165; Crotch 1874: 171; Korschefsky 1932: 268; Poorani 2002a: 341.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Length: 10.50–15.00 mm; width: 9.00– 11.50 mm. Form very large and round, dorsum strongly convex and glabrous. Ground colour bright red, orange or yellow, pronotum with a large trapezoidal median black marking on basal margin, elytra with 13 black spots-three common spots on suture, rest arranged in a 1-2-2 pattern on each elytron (Fig. 196k–l). Ventral side uniformly reddish or yellowish brown. Tarsal claw stout, double (Fig. 195c). Abdominal postcoxal line (Fig. 195a, b) incomplete without an associated line. Male genitalia (Fig. 195d–g) and spermatheca (Fig. 195h, i) as illustrated.</p> <p>Immature stages. Eggs yellow and spindle shaped, laid in large groups (Fig. 196a). Larva greyish black with yellow pattern (Fig. 196b–e). Pupa (Fig. 196f) yellowish orange to reddish with black maculation.</p> <p>Distribution. India: Widely distributed, more common in the southern and northeastern regions (Andamans, Karnataka, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Sikkim); Sri Lanka; Nepal; Malaysia; Philippines; New Guinea; Japan; China; Taiwan. Widely distributed in the Oriental region.</p> <p>Prey/associated habitat. Found in large numbers on bamboo, and rarely in crop ecosystems. Collected in association with aphids infesting bhendi, lablab and Quercus serrata. The adults survive on aphids infesting cowpea, groundnut, cotton, pea, rose, jack, brinjal, cabbage, radish, mustard, citrus, sorghum, etc. in the laboratory, but apparently bamboo aphids are essential/preferred food (Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna 1952, 1953).</p> <p>Recorded hosts include the following: Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, Astegopteryx (as Oregma) bambusae (Buckton), Astegopteryx spp., Pseudoregma alexanderi (Takahashi), Pseudoregma bambusicola (Takahashi), Pseudoregma bucktoni Ghosh et al., sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner), Ceratovacuna silvestrii (Takahashi), Tuberculatus indicus Ghosh.</p> <p>Seasonal occurrence. Collected round the year; particularly abundant during July–December in and around Bangalore (Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna 1953); June–August in eastern region (West Bengal).</p> <p>Natural enemies. Tetrastichus sp. (Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna 1953); Coccipolipus synonychae (Ramaraju &amp; Poorani 2012).</p> <p>Notes. This is one of the largest ladybirds of the world and India. It is commonly found on ornamental and wild bamboo in association with various bamboo aphids. Stebbing (1903) illustrated the adult with brief notes. Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna (1952, 1953) and Puttarudriah &amp; Maheswari (1966) studied its biology, hosts and feeding potential. Deng et al. (1987) studied its potential as an augmentative bioagent for controlling sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera) in China. See Ren et al. (2009) and Yu (2010) for more illustrations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215564723BDDF35B1FA86FEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154C4723BDDF34AAFADCFC8E.text	03C74162154C4723BDDF34AAFADCFC8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>1. bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>Distribution: Pakistan; Middle East; China; Africa; Europe; North America; South America; Australia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154C4723BDDF34AAFADCFC8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154C4723BDDF353EFC96FC1A.text	03C74162154C4723BDDF353EFC96FC1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adalia simmondsi Kapur & Sudha Rao 1962	<div><p>2. simmondsi Kapur &amp; Sudha Rao, 1962</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Pakistan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154C4723BDDF353EFC96FC1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154C4723BDDF32D6FE91FA96.text	03C74162154C4723BDDF32D6FE91FA96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope 1831)	<div><p>4. hexaspilota (Hope, 1831)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Pakistan; Nepal; Myanmar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154C4723BDDF32D6FE91FA96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154C4723BDDF33DBFCFDF992.text	03C74162154C4723BDDF33DBFCFDF992.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alloneda dodecaspilota (Hope 1831)	<div><p>5. dodecaspilota (Hope, 1831)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal; Tibet; Myanmar; Thailand; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154C4723BDDF33DBFCFDF992	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154C4723BDDF30DEFCD7F97A.text	03C74162154C4723BDDF30DEFCD7F97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anatis ocellata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>6. ocellata (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>Distribution: Pakistan; China; Korean Peninsula; Europe.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154C4723BDDF30DEFCD7F97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154C4723BDDF3107FAA3F847.text	03C74162154C4723BDDF3107FAA3F847.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anegleis cardoni (Weise 1892)	<div><p>7. cardoni (Weise, 1892)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Goa, Haryana, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Pakistan; Sri Lanka.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154C4723BDDF3107FAA3F847	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154C4723BDDF35D2FCCAFB8A.text	03C74162154C4723BDDF35D2FCCAFB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella tetraspilota (Hope 1831)	<div><p>3. tetraspilota (Hope, 1831)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Nepal; Iran; Afghanistan; Central Asia; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154C4723BDDF35D2FCCAFB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF36A2FE7BFEDA.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF36A2FE7BFEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulaea lichatschovii (Hummel 1827)	<div><p>8. lichatschovii (Hummel, 1827)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh); Central and West Asia; Afghanistan; Mediterranean region; North and Central Africa.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF36A2FE7BFEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF3712FCDFFE36.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF3712FCDFFE36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulaea lividula Mulsant 1850 1850	<div><p>9. lividula bocandei Mulsant, 1850</p> <p>Distribution: India (Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF3712FCDFFE36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF343AFDF4FD32.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF343AFDF4FD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callicaria superba (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>10. superba (Mulsant, 1853a)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Himalayas; Nepal; Bhutan; Tibet; Japan; Taiwan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF343AFDF4FD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF353EFA92FC1A.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF353EFA92FC1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia albida Bielawski 1972	<div><p>11. albida Bielawski, 1972</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF353EFA92FC1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF35D2FC4DFC76.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF35D2FC4DFC76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia andrewesi (Weise 1908)	<div><p>12. andrewesi (Weise, 1908)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu: endemic to Anamalais / Nilgiris).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF35D2FC4DFC76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF32D6FD08FB72.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF32D6FD08FB72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia championorum Booth 1997	<div><p>14. championorum Booth, 1997</p> <p>Distribution: India (Uttarakhand); China; Taiwan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF32D6FD08FB72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF336AFC59FACE.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF336AFC59FACE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia explanata Poorani 2014	<div><p>15. explanata Poorani, 2014</p> <p>Distribution: India (Manipur, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal); Nepal.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF336AFC59FACE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF33FEFF1AFA7E.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF33FEFF1AFA7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia flaveola Booth 1997	<div><p>16. flaveola Booth, 1997</p> <p>Distribution: India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Uttarakhand); Pakistan; Myanmar; Afghanistan (new record from label data).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF33FEFF1AFA7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF306EFE4BF9CA.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF306EFE4BF9CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia monosha Bielawski 1979	<div><p>17. monosha Bielawski, 1979</p> <p>Distribution: Bhutan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF306EFE4BF9CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF3002FEE5F97A.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF3002FEE5F97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia punctata (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>18. punctata (Mulsant, 1853a)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Nepal; Pakistan; Afghanistan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF3002FEE5F97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF3172FBF4F8D6.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF3172FBF4F8D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia quatuordecimguttata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>19. quatuordecimguttata (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF3172FBF4F8D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF3106FC76F822.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF3106FC76F822.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia quindecimguttata (Fabricius 1777)	<div><p>20. quindecimguttata (Fabricius, 1777)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Kuznetsov 1997); Japan; China; Mongolia; Europe.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF3106FC76F822	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154D4722BDDF3266FE8CFBE6.text	03C74162154D4722BDDF3266FE8CFBE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia breiti Mader 1932	<div><p>13. breiti Mader, 1932</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Nepal; Pakistan; Bhutan; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154D4722BDDF3266FE8CFBE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF36EAFBBAFF4E.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF36EAFBBAFF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia shiva Kapur 1963	<div><p>21. shiva Kapur, 1963a</p> <p>Distribution: India (Manipur, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, northeastern region); Nepal; Bhutan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF36EAFBBAFF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF377EFCE3FEDA.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF377EFCE3FEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia sichuanica Kovar 2007	<div><p>22. sichuanica Kovář, 2007</p> <p>Distribution: India (Manipur, Nagaland); Myanmar; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF377EFCE3FEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF3712FF3EFE4A.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF3712FF3EFE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia sykesii (Crotch 1874)	<div><p>23. sykesii (Crotch, 1874)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Mount Everest.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF3712FF3EFE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF3416FB91FD32.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF3416FB91FD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia vulnerata (Hope 1831)	<div><p>25. vulnerata (Hope, 1831)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Delhi, Sikkim, West Bengal, Uttarakhand); Bhutan; Nepal; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF3416FB91FD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF353EFC11FC52.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF353EFC11FC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>26. sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781)</p> <p>Distribution: Widely distributed in the Oriental and Australasian regions; Throughout India; Bangladesh; Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Bhutan; Myanmar; Malaysia; Indonesia; The Philippines; Vietnam; China; Japan; Australasia; Introduced in the Caribbeans and spread to parts of South America (Chile, Colombia).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF353EFC11FC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF32B2FC95FA96.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF32B2FC95FA96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella lama Kapur 1963	<div><p>28. lama Kapur, 1963a</p> <p>Distribution: India (Eastern Himalayas); Tibet; Mount Everest.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF32B2FC95FA96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF3266FCE2FB3A.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF3266FCE2FB3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758</p> <p>27. iranica Dobzhansky, 1926</p> <p>Distribution: Pakistan (Ashfaque et al. 2013); Iran; Turkey.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF3266FCE2FB3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF3346FC07FAE2.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF3346FC07FAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella longifasciata Liu 1962	<div><p>29. longifasciata Liu, 1962</p> <p>Distribution: India (Eastern Himalayas); Tibet; China; Russia; Mongolia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF3346FC07FAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF33DAFD4CF992.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF33DAFD4CF992.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella luteopicta (Mulsant 1866)	<div><p>30. luteopicta (Mulsant, 1866)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarkhand, West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal; Tibet; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF33DAFD4CF992	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF304AFB35F9EE.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF304AFB35F9EE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella magnopunctata Rybakow 1889	<div><p>31. magnopunctata Rybakow, 1889</p> <p>Distribution: India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir); Nepal; China; Tibet; Mongolia; Russia; Iran (Kovář 2005).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF304AFB35F9EE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF30DEFCE2F8D6.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF30DEFCE2F8D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella marussii Kapur 1973	<div><p>32. marussii Kapur, 1973</p> <p>Distribution: India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir); Karakoram range; Pakistan.</p> <p>33. saucerottei Mulsant, 1850</p> <p>Distribution: India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir); Tibet; Palaearctic.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF30DEFCE2F8D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF3106FD30F846.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF3106FD30F846.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>34. septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758</p> <p>Distribution: India: Widely distributed, more abundant in northern and northwestern regions; Pakistan; Nepal; Bhutan; Sri Lanka; Nepal; Palaearctic; North America.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF3106FD30F846	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154E4721BDDF3782FCA1FDA6.text	03C74162154E4721BDDF3782FCA1FDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella tricolor Korschefsky 1940	<div><p>24. tricolor Korschefsky, 1940</p> <p>Distribution: India (Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154E4721BDDF3782FCA1FDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF36EAFDBEFF62.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF36EAFDBEFF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella transversalis Fabricius 1781	<div><p>35. transversalis Fabricius, 1781</p> <p>Distribution: Widely distributed almost throughout India; Nepal; Bhutan; Sri Lanka; Bangladesh; Indochina; Indonesia; Japan; Australia; New Zealand.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF36EAFDBEFF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF375AFB28FEFE.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF375AFB28FEFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann 1835	<div><p>36. transversoguttata Faldermann, 1835</p> <p>Distribution: India (Manipur, Meghalaya); Nepal; Pakistan; China; Japan; Siberia; North America.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF375AFB28FEFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF37EEFE2EFD82.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF37EEFE2EFD82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>37. undecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Pakistan; Nepal; Australia; New Zealand; Europe; Mediterranean region; North America; North Africa.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF37EEFE2EFD82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF343AFD90FD1E.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF343AFD90FD1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinella undecimpunctata subsp. aegyptiaca Reiche 1861	<div><p>38. undecimpunctata aegyptiaca Reiche, 1861</p> <p>Distribution: India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF343AFD90FD1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF3562FD3DFCC6.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF3562FD3DFCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccinula redimita (Weise 1885)	<div><p>39. redimita (Weise, 1885)</p> <p>Distribution: Pakistan; Afghanistan; Iran; Palaearctic.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF3562FD3DFCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF358AFCB6FBC2.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF358AFCB6FBC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora biplagiata (Swartz 1808)	<div><p>40. biplagiata (Swartz, 1808)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Northeastern region: Assam, Manipur); Nepal; Myanmar; Indochina; Thailand; China; Philippines; Korea; Japan; Taiwan; Indonesia; Far Eastern Russia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF358AFCB6FBC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF32FAFA8AFA96.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF32FAFA8AFA96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora bissellata Mulsant 1850	<div><p>41. bissellata Mulsant, 1850</p> <p>India: Widely distributed (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Nepal; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Thailand; Vietnam; China; Indonesia; The Philippines; New Guinea.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF32FAFA8AFA96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF3346FBCAFAE2.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF3346FBCAFAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora bowringii Crotch 1874	<div><p>42. bowringii Crotch, 1874</p> <p>Distribution: India (Northeastern region: Assam, Nagaland); Myanmar; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF3346FBCAFAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF33DAFB60FA7E.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF33DAFB60FA7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora circumvelata (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>43. circumvelata (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Northeastern region: Assam, Meghalaya); Nepal; China; The Philippines.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF33DAFB60FA7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF3002FC9FF97A.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF3002FC9FF97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora duvaucelii (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>45. duvaucelii (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Northeastern region, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal, Andamans); Bhutan; Myanmar; China; Vietnam; China; Indonesia; Malaysia; Laos.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF3002FC9FF97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF3172FB18F8EA.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF3172FB18F8EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora inaequalis (Fabricius 1775)	<div><p>46. inaequalis (Fabricius, 1775)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andamans); Sri Lanka; Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines); New Guinea; New Caledonia; Micronesia; Australia; Introduced in New Zealand, Hawaii and Florida.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF3172FB18F8EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF31E2FDB2F846.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF31E2FDB2F846.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora lushuiensis (Jing 1992)	<div><p>47. lushuiensis (Jing, 1992)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Manipur); China; Laos.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF31E2FDB2F846	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C74162154F4720BDDF306EFDB9F9CA.text	03C74162154F4720BDDF306EFDB9F9CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protothea decemguttata Weise 1912	<div><p>44. decemguttata Weise, 1912</p> <p>Distribution: India (Sikkim, West Bengal).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C74162154F4720BDDF306EFDB9F9CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF3266FACFFBC2.text	03C741621540472FBDDF3266FACFFBC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alnus nepalensis Canepari 2003	<div><p>54. nepalensis Canepari, 2003</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Bhutan; Nepal; Eastern Himalayas; Myanmar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF3266FACFFBC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF36EAFDA4FF4E.text	03C741621540472FBDDF36EAFDA4FF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora minki (Mulsant 1866)	<div><p>48. minki (Mulsant, 1866)</p> <p>Distribution: Sri Lanka; Indonesia (Java).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF36EAFDA4FF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF377EFDACFEDA.text	03C741621540472FBDDF377EFDACFEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora newporti Mulsant 1850	<div><p>49. newporti Mulsant, 1850</p> <p>Distribution: Myanmar; The Philippines.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF377EFDACFEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF3712FE14FE36.text	03C741621540472FBDDF3712FE14FE36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora nitidicollis Kapur 1963	<div><p>50. nitidicollis Kapur, 1963a</p> <p>Distribution: India (Sikkim).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF3712FE14FE36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF37A6FB1FFDA6.text	03C741621540472FBDDF37A6FB1FFDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora saucia (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>51. saucia (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal); Nepal; Myanmar; Thailand; China; The Philippines; Korea; Japan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF37A6FB1FFDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF34AAFDDEFC8E.text	03C741621540472FBDDF34AAFDDEFC8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eoadalia juliae (Mulsant 1866)	<div><p>52. juliae (Mulsant, 1866)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Uttarakhand).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF34AAFDDEFC8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF336AFC8DFAE2.text	03C741621540472FBDDF336AFC8DFAE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euphyllura straminea (Hope 1831)	<div><p>56. straminea (Hope, 1831)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andaman Islands, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; China; Taiwan; Tibet.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF336AFC8DFAE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF35D2FDDFFC76.text	03C741621540472FBDDF35D2FDDFFC76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halyzia feae Gorham 1895	<div><p>53. feae Gorham, 1895</p> <p>Distribution: Myanmar; ‘Bengal’.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF35D2FDDFFC76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF32FBFA5DFB72.text	03C741621540472FBDDF32FBFA5DFB72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halyzia sanscrita Mulsant 1853	<div><p>55. sanscrita Mulsant, 1853a</p> <p>Distribution: India: Northern and northwestern regions (Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Pakistan; Bhutan; Nepal; Tibet; China; Taiwan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF32FBFA5DFB72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF33DBFEC3F992.text	03C741621540472FBDDF33DBFEC3F992.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halyzia tschitscherini Semenow 1895	<div><p>57. tschitscherini Semenow, 1895</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Uttarakhand); Pakistan; Afghanistan; Tibet (Pamir); Turkestan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF33DBFEC3F992	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF30DEFD4BF97A.text	03C741621540472FBDDF30DEFD4BF97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia andamanensis Poorani 2023	<div><p>58. andamanensis sp. n.</p> <p>Distribution: India (Endemic to Andamans).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF30DEFD4BF97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621540472FBDDF3172FF72F80E.text	03C741621540472FBDDF3172FF72F80E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia axyridis (Pallas 1773)	<div><p>59. axyridis (Pallas, 1773)</p> <p>Distribution: India (West Bengal); Nepal; China; Taiwan; Japan; Deliberatedly introduced in or accidentally spread to several countries in Europe, North America, South America, Central America, South Africa, New Zealand, Israel, etc.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621540472FBDDF3172FF72F80E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF33FEFBF1FA5A.text	03C741621541472EBDDF33FEFBF1FA5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calvia andrewesi (Sicard 1913)	<div><p>67. andrewesi (Sicard, 1913)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh; Jammu &amp; Kashmir); Pakistan; Afghanistan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF33FEFBF1FA5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF36EAFAF2FE86.text	03C741621541472EBDDF36EAFAF2FE86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>60. dimidiata (Fabricius, 1781)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal); Pakistan; Bhutan; Nepal; Vietnam; Japan; China; Taiwan; Introduced into and established in North America and Far Eastern Russia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF36EAFAF2FE86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF3736FBC2FE4A.text	03C741621541472EBDDF3736FBC2FE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia eucharis (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>61. eucharis (Mulsant, 1853a)</p> <p>Distribution: India: Very common in northeastern and northwestern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Himalayas; Pakistan; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF3736FBC2FE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF3782FEDAFDFA.text	03C741621541472EBDDF3782FEDAFDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia expallida (Weise 1907)	<div><p>62. expallida (Weise, 1907)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Uttarakhand); Bhutan; Nepal; Pakistan; Northwestern Himalayas.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF3782FEDAFDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF34F2FB3EFD56.text	03C741621541472EBDDF34F2FB3EFD56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia manillana (Mulsant 1866)	<div><p>63. manillana (Mulsant, 1866)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh); Malaysia; The Philippines; Indonesia; Papua New Guinea.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF34F2FB3EFD56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF3486FDDCFCC6.text	03C741621541472EBDDF3486FDDCFCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia octomaculata (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>64. octomaculata (Fabricius, 1781)</p> <p>Distribution: Throughout India; Pakistan; Bhutan; Nepal; Bangladesh; Sri Lanka; Widespread in the Oriental and Australasian regions; Micronesia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF3486FDDCFCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF35F6FE82FB8A.text	03C741621541472EBDDF35F6FE82FB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Harmonia sedecimnotata (Fabricius 1801)	<div><p>65. sedecimnotata (Fabricius, 1801)</p> <p>Distribution: India: Common in northeastern region (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; China; Taiwan; Indonesia; Malaysia; The Philippines.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF35F6FE82FB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF32D6FB70FB72.text	03C741621541472EBDDF32D6FB70FB72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteroneda billardieri Crotch 1874	<div><p>66. billardieri Crotch, 1874</p> <p>Distribution: India (Northeastern region); Myanmar; Indonesia; Singapore; Philippines; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF32D6FB70FB72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF3392FD9EF9B6.text	03C741621541472EBDDF3392FD9EF9B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia arctica (Schneider 1792) BMNH	<div><p>68. arctica (Schneider, 1792)</p> <p>Distribution: Nepal; China; Palaearctic.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF3392FD9EF9B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF3026FCE7F902.text	03C741621541472EBDDF3026FCE7F902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia heydeni (Weise 1892)	<div><p>69. heydeni (Weise, 1892)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Himalayas); Tibet.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF3026FCE7F902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF30BAFB18F89E.text	03C741621541472EBDDF30BAFB18F89E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Linnaeus 1758) BMNH	<div><p>70. tredecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, northwestern region); Nepal; Tibet; Palaearctic; Nearctic.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF30BAFB18F89E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621541472EBDDF314EFCD1F846.text	03C741621541472EBDDF314EFCD1F846.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia variegata (Goeze 1777)	<div><p>71. variegata (Goeze, 1777)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan; Afghanistan; Myanmar; China; Europe; North Africa; North America. A Palaearctic species, naturally spread or introduced in several countries such as Australia (Ślipiński et al. 2020).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621541472EBDDF314EFCD1F846	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF3096FD2EF8D6.text	03C741621542472DBDDF3096FD2EF8D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anisolemnia dilatata (Fabricius 1775)	<div><p>81. dilatata (Fabricius, 1775)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF3096FD2EF8D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF36EAFCF8FF63.text	03C741621542472DBDDF36EAFCF8FF63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hippodamia variegata (Goeze 1777)	<div><p>71 a. variegata doubledayi (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (North and northwestern region).</p> <p>Note: Probably only a variant and synonym of A. variegata.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF36EAFCF8FF63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF37EEFBD3FE4A.text	03C741621542472DBDDF37EEFBD3FE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis bielawskii Ghorpade 1976	<div><p>72. bielawskii Ghorpade, 1976</p> <p>Distribution: India (Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF37EEFBD3FE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF3782FE49FDFA.text	03C741621542472DBDDF3782FE49FDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis bistigmosa (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>73. bistigmosa (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andamans, Assam, Meghalaya); Sri Lanka; Nepal; China; Thailand; Indonesia; Malaysia; The Philippines; Celebes.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF3782FE49FDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF3563FBFBFC1A.text	03C741621542472DBDDF3563FBFBFC1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis confusa Timberlake 1943	<div><p>75. confusa Timberlake, 1943</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Thailand; China; Hong Kong.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF3563FBFBFC1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF3243FD18FBE6.text	03C741621542472DBDDF3243FD18FBE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis koebelei Timberlake 1943	<div><p>77. koebelei Timberlake, 1943</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam); Japan; Taiwan; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF3243FD18FBE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF32D6FD64FACE.text	03C741621542472DBDDF32D6FD64FACE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Illeis shensiensis Timberlake 1943	<div><p>78. shensiensis Timberlake, 1943</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh); Pakistan; China.</p> <p>79. timberlakei Bielawski, 1961</p> <p>Distribution: Pakistan; Nepal; China; Thailand.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF32D6FD64FACE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF3392FE8EF9CA.text	03C741621542472DBDDF3392FE8EF9CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macroilleis hauseri (Mader 1930)	<div><p>80. hauseri (Mader, 1930)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan; China; Taiwan; Vietnam; Laos.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF3392FE8EF9CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF3106FC70F822.text	03C741621542472DBDDF3106FC70F822.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalocaria reichei (Mulsant 1850) Crotch 1874	<div><p>82. reichei pearsoni Crotch, 1874</p> <p>Distribution: India (Sikkim, West Bengal); Myanmar; Indonesia; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF3106FC70F822	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF35D2FDB6FB8A.text	03C741621542472DBDDF35D2FDB6FB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protothea indica Timberlake 1943	<div><p>76. indica Timberlake, 1943</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andamans, Bihar, Haryana, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Jharkhand, Odisha, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Pakistan; Thailand.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF35D2FDB6FB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621542472DBDDF34F2FEACFD6A.text	03C741621542472DBDDF34F2FEACFD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thea cincta (Fabricius 1798)	<div><p>74. cincta (Fabricius, 1798)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621542472DBDDF34F2FEACFD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF36A2FE75FEFE.text	03C741621543472CBDDF36A2FE75FEFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis allardi (Mulsant 1866) Mulsant 1866	<div><p>83. allardi (Mulsant, 1866)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim); Pakistan; Sri Lanka; Bhutan; Nepal; Afghanistan; Myanmar; China; Indonesia; The Philippines; New Guinea.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF36A2FE75FEFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF37EEFABDFE4A.text	03C741621543472CBDDF37EEFABDFE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis discolor (Fabricius 1798)	<div><p>84. discolor (Fabricius, 1798)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, northeastern region); Bangladesh; Sri Lanka.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF37EEFABDFE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF3782FC67FDA6.text	03C741621543472CBDDF3782FC67FDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis pusillus Poorani 2014	<div><p>85. pusillus Poorani, 2014</p> <p>Distribution: India (Northeastern region: Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF3782FC67FDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF3416FF0AFD6A.text	03C741621543472CBDDF3416FF0AFD6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis shafeei Afroze & Haider 1998	<div><p>86. shafeei Afroze &amp; Haider, 1998</p> <p>Distribution: India (Uttar Pradesh).</p> <p>Note: It is most likely to be a synonym of M. yasumatsui Sasaji but the holotype is not traceable and apparently lost.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF3416FF0AFD6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF3562FC3AFCC6.text	03C741621543472CBDDF3562FC3AFCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis tenuilinea (Walker 1859)	<div><p>87. tenuilinea (Walker, 1859)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu); Sri Lanka.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF3562FC3AFCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF35F6FD91FC52.text	03C741621543472CBDDF35F6FD91FC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis unicus Poorani 2019	<div><p>88. unicus Poorani, 2019</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF35F6FD91FC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF358AFB50FBC2.text	03C741621543472CBDDF358AFB50FBC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis univittata (Hope 1831)	<div><p>89. univittata (Hope, 1831)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal; China; Myanmar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF358AFB50FBC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF32FAFB0FFB5E.text	03C741621543472CBDDF32FAFB0FFB5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis yasumatsui Sasaji 1968	<div><p>90. yasumatsui Sasaji, 1968</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Tripura, West Bengal); Bangladesh.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF32FAFB0FFB5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF3322FE4EFA5A.text	03C741621543472CBDDF3322FE4EFA5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcaria albolineata (Gyllenhal 1808)	<div><p>91. albolineata (Gyllenhal, 1808)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Northeastern region, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal); Nepal; China; Hong Kong; Taiwan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF3322FE4EFA5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF3392FC13F9B6.text	03C741621543472CBDDF3392FC13F9B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcaria lewisii Crotch 1874	<div><p>92. lewisii Crotch, 1874</p> <p>Distribution: India (Manipur, Nagaland); Nepal; Bhutan; China; Myanmar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF3392FC13F9B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF3026FBBAF902.text	03C741621543472CBDDF3026FBBAF902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microcaria pupillata (Swartz 1808)	<div><p>93. pupillata (Swartz, 1808)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andamans, West Bengal); Nepal; China; Thailand; Indonesia (Java).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF3026FBBAF902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF314EFD19F8EA.text	03C741621543472CBDDF314EFD19F8EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia adelgivora Poorani 2002	<div><p>94. adelgivora Poorani, 2002b</p> <p>Distribution: India (Sikkim, West Bengal); Bhutan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF314EFD19F8EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621543472CBDDF31E4FCC2F861.text	03C741621543472CBDDF31E4FCC2F861.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia billieti (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>95. billieti (Mulsant, 1853a)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Meghalaya, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Bhutan; Nepal; Bangladesh; Tibet; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621543472CBDDF31E4FCC2F861	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF3416FC81FD32.text	03C741621544472BBDDF3416FC81FD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Micraspis guerini (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>100. guerini (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu: Nilgiris; Himachal Pradesh).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF3416FC81FD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF36EAFB67FF4E.text	03C741621544472BBDDF36EAFB67FF4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia chinensis (Weise 1913)	<div><p>96. chinensis (Weise, 1913)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya); Nepal; Laos; Vietnam; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF36EAFB67FF4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF377EFC36FEFE.text	03C741621544472BBDDF377EFC36FEFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>97. conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam, Meghalaya, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Sikkim); Pakistan; Afghanistan; China; Mongolia; North Africa; Introduced into North America.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF377EFC36FEFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF37EEFEB5FE4A.text	03C741621544472BBDDF37EEFEB5FE4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia diabolica Canepari 1997	<div><p>98. diabolica Canepari, 1997</p> <p>Distribution: Nepal.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF37EEFEB5FE4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF3782FC00FDA6.text	03C741621544472BBDDF3782FC00FDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia excellens (Crotch 1874)	<div><p>99. excellens (Crotch, 1874)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam, Nagaland); Nepal; Myanmar; Laos; Vietnam.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF3782FC00FDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF34AAFE8AFCC6.text	03C741621544472BBDDF34AAFE8AFCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia kirbyi Mulsant 1850	<div><p>101. kirbyi Mulsant, 1850</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Eastern Himalayas; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; China; Thailand; Laos.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF34AAFE8AFCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF35F6FD76FC76.text	03C741621544472BBDDF35F6FD76FC76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia mimica Weise 1902	<div><p>102. mimica Weise, 1902</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; China; Myanmar; Laos.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF35F6FD76FC76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF3266FEB5FBC2.text	03C741621544472BBDDF3266FEB5FBC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia octovittata Canepari 2012	<div><p>103. octovittata Canepari, 2012</p> <p>Distribution: Nepal.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF3266FEB5FBC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF336AFBCCFA06.text	03C741621544472BBDDF336AFBCCFA06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia sauzeti Mulsant 1866	<div><p>105. sauzeti Mulsant, 1866</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand); Eastern Himalayas; Bhutan; Pakistan; Nepal; Myanmar; Thailand; China; Laos; Vietnam; Taiwan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF336AFBCCFA06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF33B6FB72F9B6.text	03C741621544472BBDDF33B6FB72F9B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia sexareata (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>106. sexareata (Mulsant, 1853a)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Punjab, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Myanmar; China; Vietnam.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF33B6FB72F9B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF3026FD8FF926.text	03C741621544472BBDDF3026FD8FF926.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia signatella (Mulsant 1866)	<div><p>107. signatella (Mulsant, 1866)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Northeastern region, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Himalayas; Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF3026FD8FF926	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF3096FD43F80E.text	03C741621544472BBDDF3096FD43F80E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia smetanai Canepari 1997	<div><p>108. smetanai Canepari, 1997</p> <p>Distribution: India (Uttarakhand); Nepal; Bhutan.</p> <p>109. zonata Yu, 2000</p> <p>Distribution: Nepal (Canepari, 2012); China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF3096FD43F80E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621544472BBDDF32FAFC81FB72.text	03C741621544472BBDDF32FAFC81FB72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protothea quadripunctata Kapur 1963	<div><p>104. quadripunctata Kapur, 1963a</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal; Myanmar; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621544472BBDDF32FAFC81FB72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF37A6FABBFDA6.text	03C741621545472ABDDF37A6FABBFDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coelophora circumusta (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>111. circumusta (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Kerala, Manipur, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Nepal; Hong Kong; China; Taiwan; Thailand; Vietnam.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF37A6FABBFDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF36A2FDCCFEDA.text	03C741621545472ABDDF36A2FDCCFEDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Palaeoneda auriculata (Mulsant 1866)	<div><p>110. auriculata (Mulsant, 1866)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF36A2FDCCFEDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF3416FE0DFD32.text	03C741621545472ABDDF3416FE0DFD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria eberti (Bielawski 1972)	<div><p>112. eberti (Bielawski, 1972)</p> <p>Distribution: India; Nepal.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF3416FE0DFD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF34AAFE36FC8E.text	03C741621545472ABDDF34AAFE36FC8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria funebris (Crotch 1874)	<div><p>113. funebris (Crotch, 1874)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Karnataka).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF34AAFE36FC8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF353EFDA8FC1A.text	03C741621545472ABDDF353EFDA8FC1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria perfida Poorani 2021	<div><p>114. perfida Poorani, 2021</p> <p>Distribution: India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF353EFDA8FC1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF35D2FDFEFB8A.text	03C741621545472ABDDF35D2FDFEFB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria perrotteti (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>115. perrotteti (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Odisha, Pondicherry, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand); Pakistan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF35D2FDFEFB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF3242FE1EFBE6.text	03C741621545472ABDDF3242FE1EFBE6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria prathapani POORANI 2023	<div><p>116. prathapani sp. n.</p> <p>Distribution: India (Kerala).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF3242FE1EFBE6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF32D6FDE5FA96.text	03C741621545472ABDDF32D6FDE5FA96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phrynocaria unicolor (Fabricius 1792)	<div><p>117. unicolor (Fabricius, 1792)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andamans, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Orissa, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; China; Japan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF32D6FDE5FA96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF33DAFCDDF9B6.text	03C741621545472ABDDF33DAFCDDF9B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Propylea dissecta (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>118. dissecta (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Pondicherry, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Pakistan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Laos.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF33DAFCDDF9B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF3026FC4EF902.text	03C741621545472ABDDF3026FC4EF902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Propylea japonica (Thunberg 1781)	<div><p>119. japonica (Thunberg, 1781)</p> <p>Distribution:? India; Southeast Asia; Japan; Korea; China; Taiwan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF3026FC4EF902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF30BAFD28F8D6.text	03C741621545472ABDDF30BAFD28F8D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Propylea luteopustulata (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>120. luteopustulata (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Himalayas; Nepal; Bhutan; Pakistan; Myanmar; China; Thailand; Tibet; Taiwan; Vietnam.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF30BAFD28F8D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C741621545472ABDDF3106FF32F846.text	03C741621545472ABDDF3106FF32F846.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>121. quatuordecimpunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Jammu &amp; Kashmir; Uttarakhand); Pakistan; Bangladesh; Japan; China; Europe; North America.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C741621545472ABDDF3106FF32F846	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464729BDDF36A2FD2CFE86.text	03C7416215464729BDDF36A2FD2CFE86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protothea decemguttata (Hoang 1983) ZSIK	<div><p>122. decemguttata (Hoang, 1983a)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Sikkim, West Bengal); Vietnam.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464729BDDF36A2FD2CFE86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464729BDDF3736FBCBFE12.text	03C7416215464729BDDF3736FBCBFE12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protothea quadripunctata (Mulsant 1853)	<div><p>123. quadripunctata (Mulsant, 1853a)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Assam, Nagaland, Sikkim); Vietnam; Thailand; Myanmar.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464729BDDF3736FBCBFE12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464729BDDF345EFD97FD1E.text	03C7416215464729BDDF345EFD97FD1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psyllobora bisoctonotata (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>124. bisoctonotata (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh); Pakistan; Middle East; Africa.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464729BDDF345EFD97FD1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464729BDDF3562FDB1FCC6.text	03C7416215464729BDDF3562FDB1FCC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singhikalia duodecimguttata Xiao (BMNH 1992	<div><p>125. duodecimguttata Xiao, 1992</p> <p>Distribution: China; Pakistan (new record).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464729BDDF3562FDB1FCC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464729BDDF35F6FD6BFC52.text	03C7416215464729BDDF35F6FD6BFC52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Singhikalia ornata Kapur 1963	<div><p>126. ornata Kapur, 1963a</p> <p>Distribution: India (Sikkim); Vietnam; Taiwan.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464729BDDF35F6FD6BFC52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464729BDDF321EFDE0FB3A.text	03C7416215464729BDDF321EFDE0FB3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synona consanguinea Poorani, Slipinski & Booth 2008	<div><p>127. consanguinea Poorani, Ślipiński &amp; Booth, 2008</p> <p>Distribution: India (Tripura); China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464729BDDF321EFDE0FB3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464729BDDF3346FE6EFA5A.text	03C7416215464729BDDF3346FE6EFA5A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synona melanopepla (Mulsant 1850)	<div><p>129. melanopepla (Mulsant, 1850)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh (Das et al. 2020b), Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal); Nepal; Bhutan; Sri Lanka; Vietnam; China.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464729BDDF3346FE6EFA5A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464729BDDF32B2FD2BFA96.text	03C7416215464729BDDF32B2FD2BFA96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synona obscura Poorani, Slipinski & Booth 2008	<div><p>128. obscura Poorani, Ślipiński &amp; Booth, 2008</p> <p>Distribution: India (Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464729BDDF32B2FD2BFA96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464729BDDF3026FB8AF926.text	03C7416215464729BDDF3026FB8AF926.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synonycha grandis (Thunberg 1781)	<div><p>130. grandis (Thunberg, 1781)</p> <p>Distribution: India (Widely distributed: Andamans, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal); Sri Lanka; Nepal; Japan; Indonesia; China; Widespread in the Orient.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464729BDDF3026FB8AF926	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215464728BDDF3172FE87FF2A.text	03C7416215464728BDDF3172FE87FF2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vibidia Mulsant 1846	<div><p>Vibidia Mulsant, 1846</p> <p>131. korschefskii (Mader, 1930)</p> <p>Distribution: India; China.</p> <p>Nomen nudum</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215464728BDDF3172FE87FF2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
03C7416215474713BDDF36A3FBC1FDA6.text	03C7416215474713BDDF36A3FBC1FDA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oenopia manipurensis Devi 1989	<div><p>Oenopia manipurensis Devi, 1989 *</p> <p>Oenopia manipurensis: Shantibala &amp; Singh 1991.</p> <p>Distribution: India: Manipur.</p> <p>*Described in a PhD dissertation and not formally published.</p> <p>Further notes</p> <p>● Oenopia cashmirense (Korschefsky, 1935), originally described as Synharmonia cashmirense Korschefsky (1935:299) is included by Kovář(2007:621) as a distinct species in his catalogue of Palaearctic Coccinellidae. It is listed as a subspecies, Oenopia conglobata kashmirensis Korschefsky, 1935 in Wikispecies (URL: https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Oenopia _conglobata_kashmirensis) and the original paper / description could not be verified.</p> <p>● Coelophora octosignata Mulsant, 1850 (listed by Poorani 2002a) is removed as it is treated as a synonym of Phrynocaria unicolor by Kovář (2007: 623).</p> <p>● Bulaea nevilli (Dohrn, 1882), included in Poorani’s checklist (2002) is removed from this list because of its uncertain status. The original description of this species suggests Illeis, not Bulaea, and Kovář (2007: 72) also proposed ‘ Illeis nevili’ (sic) as a changed combination for this name. Mader’s (1937) illustration of B. nevilli also indicates an Illeis sp. with black scutellar shield. The type specimen in Warsaw Museum was lost during the second world war and hence its status could not be confirmed (H. F̧rsch, in litt.).</p> <p>● Coccinella nepalensis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1982 is removed following Kovář’s (2007: 72) observation that ‘it was extralimital and its description was based on material of Lioadalia flavomaculata (De Geer, 1778), stated to be from Nepal but probably from Natal’.</p> <p>● Coccinella krikkeni Iablokoff-Khnzorian 1982 was removed from the Indian checklist by Poorani (2004) following Vandenberg’s (2002b) observation that it was a synonym of Cycloneda munda (Say), a species restricted to North America, and the labeling of the type material from ‘South India’ was a case of “accidental transport through commerce, or more likely, accident of mislabeling”.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215474713BDDF36A3FBC1FDA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	POORANI, J.	POORANI, J. (2023): An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini. Zootaxa 5332 (1): 1-307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5332.1.1
