taxonID	type	description	language	source
902B87E4FF9AFFC21F23FCF6FB0EFDD5.taxon	description	Fig. 2	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF9AFFC21F23FCF6FB0EFDD5.taxon	materials_examined	Type: GABON • [Estuaire, environs de Libreville]; [0 º 25 ′ N 9 º 27 ′ E]; 18 Jul. 1898; T. J. Klaine 1278; fr.; lectotype, here designated: P [P 04707398]; isolectotypes: BR [BR 0000006238124, BR 0000006238452, BR 0000006238780 (BR-S. P. 623 878)], K [K 000406326], P [P 04707401].	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF9AFFC21F23FCF6FB0EFDD5.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is the Neolatin adjective ‘ gabonensis ’, which refers to Gabon, the country in which the first gatherings of this species were made and therefore from which it was originally known.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF9AFFC21F23FCF6FB0EFDD5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined ANGOLA – Cabinda • Along the river Lufo, Hombe region, Maiombe, area de Belize; [4 º 46 ′ S, 12 º 36 ′ E]; Mar. 1919; J. Gossweiler 8227; fl. ♂; BM, BR [BR 0000015778390, BR 0000015778406, BR 0000015778413], COI [COI 00033993], K, LISC [LISC 053291, LISC 053294], LISU [LISU 60111, LISU 60112] • Near Caio, Hombe region, Rio Lufo; [4 º 46 ′ S, 12 º 36 ′ E]; 26 Feb. 1919; J. Gossweiler 7859; fl. ♂; BM, COI [COI 00033992], LISC [LISC 053287, LISC 053306, LISC 053307, LISC 053308], LISU [LISU 60106, LISU 60113] • Near the village Caio, Hombe region, Río Lufo, Maiombe; [4 º 46 ′ S 12 º 36 ′ E] 8 Apr. 1919; J. Gossweiler 7985; fr.; BM, COI [COI 00033990], LISU [LISU 60109, LISU 60108] • Río Lufo, Caio, Hombe region, Maiombe; [4 º 46 ′ S, 12 º 36 ′ E]; 27 Mar. 1919; J. Gossweiler 7956; fl. ♂; BM, COI [COI 00033991], LISC [LISC 053298, LISC 053299, LISC 0532301, LISC 0532302, LISC 0532305], LISU [LISU 60107, LISU 60110] • Portuguese Maiombe, Chiloango; [5 º 1 ′ S, 12 º 25 ′ E]; 1919; J. Gossweiler s. n.; fl. ♂; K. CAMEROON – East Region • Bertoua, near catholic mission; [4 º 35 ′ N, 13 º 40 ′ E]; 15 Dec. 1960; F. J. Breteler 829; fl. ♂; A n. v., BR [BR 0000015788429], BRLU [BRLU 0000145], FI n. v., K, M [M 257127], P [P 04707288], WAG [WAG. 1563830, WAG. 1563831], YA [YA 29609] • Bertoua, near catholic mission; [4 º 35 ′ N, 13 º 40 ′ E]; 7 Sep. 1961; F. J. Breteler 1897; fr.; BRLU [BRLU 0000144], WAG [WAG. 1563827, WAG. 1563829, WAG. 1563828]. – South Region • About 7 km NE of Ebom, plot 19, subplot 47, tree 2; 3 º 7 ′ N, 10 º 45 ′ E; Aug. 1996; M. P. E. Parren 268; veg.; KRIBI, WAG [WAG. 1564719] • ibid., plot 19, subplot 59, tree 5; 3 º 7 ′ N, 10 º 45 ′ E; Aug. 1996; M. P. E. Parren 277; veg.; KRIBI, WAG [WAG. 1564749, WAG. 1564750] • ibid., plot 9, subplot 69, tree 5; 3 º 7 ′ N, 10 º 45 ′ E; Aug. 1996; M. P. E. Parren 122; veg.; KRIBI, WAG [WAG. 1564714, WAG. 1564715, WAG. 1255335] • ibid., plot 9, subplot 89, tree 5; 3 º 7 ′ N, 10 º 45 ′ E; Aug. 1996; M. P. E. Parren 141; veg.; KRIBI, WAG [WAG. 1564712, WAG. 1564713] • Ebolowa-Jaunde [südl. des Njong, Amugebane-Nkolemajang]; [3 º 15 ′ N, 10 º 59 ′ E]; Jan. 1914; G. W. J. Mildbraed 7672; fl. ♂; BR [BR 0000015785268, BR 0000006576394 (BR-S. P. 657 639)], K [K 000406365]. EQUATORIAL GUINEA – Centro-Sur • Parc National de Monte Alén, transect de Monte Chocolate; 1 º 39 ′ N 10 º 19 ′ E; 14 Jul. 1995; J. Lejoly 95 T / L 3.647; veg.; BRLU. GABON – Estuaire • T. J. Klaine 1278 (type, see above) • Environs de Libreville; [0 º 25 ′ N 9 º 27 ′ E]; Jul. 1897; T. J. Klaine 690; fr.; BM, P [P 04707286, P 04707289], WAG n. v.) • Environs de Libreville; [0 º 25 ′ N, 9 º 27 ′ E]; 18 Jul. 1898; T. J. Klaine 1034; fl. ♂, ♀, fr.; K [K 000406329, K 000406330], P [P 04707273, P 04707274, P 04707275], WAG n. v. • Environs de Libreville; [0 º 25 ′ N, 9 º 27 ′ E]; 18 Jul. 1898; T. J. Klaine 182; fl. ♀; K, P [P 04707843, P 04707845, P 04707847] • Environs de Libreville; [0 º 25 ′ N, 9 º 27 ′ E]; 20 Jul. 1901; T. J. Klaine 437; fl. ♂, fr.; P [P 04777141, P 04777142], WAG n. v. • Environs de Libreville; [0 º 25 ′ N, 9 º 27 ′ E]; 18 Jul. 1898; T. J. Klaine 1034 bis; fl. ♂; BR [BR 0000006239091], K [K 000406327, K 000406328], P [P 04707402, P 04707403, P 04707404] • Environs de Libreville; [0 º 25 ′ N, 9 º 27 ′ E]; 17 Dec. 1902; T. J. Klaine 3188; fr.; P [P 04707399], WAG n. v. • Environs de Libreville; [0 º 25 ′ N, 9 º 27 ′ E]; 26 Aug. 1896; T. J. Klaine 551; fr.; P [P 04707278, P 04707279, P 04707280, P 04707282, P 04707283], WAG n. v. – Ogooué-Ivindo • Forêt des Abeilles, 7 km SE of confluence Ogooué-Ivindo; 0 º 13 ′ S, 12 º 14 ′ E; 7 Aug. 1993; J. Dibata 1174; fl. ♀; BR [BR 0000016221437], MA [MA 579857], MO [MO 05016606], WAG [WAG. 1255159] – Ogooué-Lolo • Région de Lastoursville, Mouila (Poubi); [1 º 19 ′ S 12 º 11 ′ E]; 2 Aug. 1930; G. M. P. C. Le Testu 8214; fl. ♂; G n. v., K, MO [MO 5709020], P [P 04707816, P 04707817], WAG [WAG. 1579080, WAG. 1579081]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO – Lékoumou • Chantier forestier de M. Fouet, Moussoumou, 35 km E of Sibiti; 3 º 45 ′ S 13 º 35 ′ E; 18 Aug. 1965; C. Farron 4469; fl. ♂; MO [MO 5558745], P [P 04707281, P 04707284, P 04707285] – Sangha • [Ouésso] Layon 2252 - piquet 223; unknown coordinates; 7 Jan. 1970; Ledreau 55; veg.; P [P 04707758].	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF9AFFC21F23FCF6FB0EFDD5.taxon	description	Description Tree to 30 (‒ 35) m, with plagiotropic branches and a dense crown, dioecious; trunk to 50 cm in diameter, upright or leaning, more or less cylindrical at the base, bark smooth, pale greenish-brown to pale greyish-brown, branchlets terete to slightly flattened, sulcate, glabrescent, with few scattered trichomes to 0.1 mm; apical buds scaly, scales 2 ‒ 2.4 × ca 0.5 mm, narrowly triangular, densely and minutely pubescent outside, trichomes to 0.1 mm. Leaves simple, alternate, glossy and dark-medium green above, dull and paler beneath; stipules ca 1.8 (‒ 3) × 0.4 mm, ovate, deciduous, falling very early, densely and minutely pubescent outside, glabrous inside, trichomes to 0.1 mm; petiole (4.2 ‒) 7.7 ‒ 9.6 (‒ 13.1) mm long, (1.1 ‒) 1.4 ‒ 1.8 (‒ 2.3) mm in diameter, smooth, becoming coarsely wrinkled and bullate when old, channeled above, drying blackish, glabrous, exceptionally sparingly and minutely pubescent, trichomes to 0.1 mm; blade (10.3 ‒) 12.8 ‒ 17.8 (‒ 21.7) × (3.4 ‒) 4.4 ‒ 5.8 (‒ 8.9) cm, narrowly to widely elliptic or oblong, sometimes wider at distal half, coriaceous, shortly and abruptly acuminate, frequently cuspidate, apex (5 ‒) 8.3 ‒ 11.1 (‒ 12) mm, base acute to slightly obtuse, markedly asymmetrical, rounded on one side, less often oblique, basal sides often meeting the petiole at different points up to 1.6 mm apart, margin subentire to shallowly and obscurely crenulate-serrulate, mostly towards the leaf apex, crenulae to 0.3 mm, flat to slightly recurved, frequently undulate, underside of the lamina glabrous; midrib longitudinally slightly wrinkled when dry, glabrous, first order lateral veins 6 ‒ 8 (‒ 9) pairs, ascending, more or less regularly spaced, slightly depressed above, prominent beneath, obscurely diminishing and anastomosing near the margin, forming angles of 58 ‒ 74 º to the midrib, glabrous, second order venation slightly raised above and beneath. Male inflorescence clusters borne axillary on leaf and leafless branches (categories III and IV), to ca 25 (‒ 50) flowers, often in much smaller numbers; bracts 0.2 ‒ 0.4 (‒ 1.3) × 0.3 ‒ 0.5 (‒ 0.7) mm, ovate, densely and minutely pubescent outside, glabrous inside, trichomes to 0.1 mm. Male flowers not plate-like at anthesis, yellowish to bright yellow or reddish orange, remarkably scented; pedicel (2.1 ‒) 4 ‒ 5.3 (‒ 6.6) mm long, 0.1 ‒ 0.2 mm in diameter, slender, minutely and sparingly pubescent, trichomes to 0, 1 mm; sepals (3 ‒) 4 (‒ 5), (1.2 ‒) 1.9 ‒ 2.3 (‒ 2.9) × (0.3 ‒) 1 ‒ 1.8 mm, ovate to slightly oblong, obtuse, imbricate, slightly cucullate towards the apex, minutely pubescent outside, trichomes to 0.1 mm, glabrous inside, minutely ciliate, cilia to 0.2 mm; stamens 3, one-whorled, surrounding the disk and hardly enveloped by the marginal lobes of the disk, filaments (0.8 ‒) 1.5 ‒ 3.4 (‒ 4.2) mm long, white, anthers (0.4 ‒) 1 ‒ 1.1 (‒ 1.4) mm long, 0.5 ‒ 1 mm in diameter, ovate-elliptic, subbasifixed to dorsifixed, introrse, yellow, glabrous; disk (0.3 ‒) 0.5 ‒ 0.8 (‒ 1.2) mm in diameter, 0.1 ‒ 0.4 mm high, concave, cupular, thin, smooth, margin slightly lobed, glabrous, sometimes with a central conical projection to 0.1 mm. Female inflorescence clusters borne axillary on leafless branches (category III), sometimes on main branches (category II), to ca 7 flowers; bracts 0.6 ‒ 0.9 × 0.7 ‒ 1.2 mm, ovate, densely and minutely pubescent outside, glabrous inside, trichomes to 0.1 mm. Female flowers plate-like at anthesis, with pedicel 1.9 ‒ 3.2 mm long, 0.9 ‒ 1 mm in diameter, more robust than in male flowers, minutely pubescent, trichomes to 0, 1 mm; sepals 4 ‒ 5, 2.9 ‒ 3.9 × 2.5 ‒ 3.1 mm, ovate, imbricate, cucullate, minutely and sparingly pubescent outside, trichomes to 0.1 mm, glabrous inside, minutely ciliate at margin, cilia to 0.1 mm; disk 2.8 ‒ 3.3 mm in diameter, 0.3 ‒ 0.4 mm high, cupulate, fleshy, glabrous; style 1, 0.6 ‒ 1.1 mm long, not noticeably hollow, 3 (‒ 4) - branched, basally united to 0.3 ‒ 0.5 mm; stigmas 3 (‒ 4), each arm 0.8 ‒ 1 mm long, stigmatic surface 1 ‒ 1.7 mm wide, spatulate to obdeltoid; ovary 1.7 ‒ 2.1 mm long, 2.4 ‒ 2.7 mm in diameter, globose, apex depressed, 3 (‒ 4) - celled, glabrous. Fruits 19 ‒ 20.7 (‒ 30) mm long, 20 ‒ 23.4 (‒ 30) mm in diameter, subglobose, apically slightly depressed, surface smooth, uneven, reddish brown when young, then red, glabrous, sepals deciduous, style and stigmas deciduous, 3 (‒ 4) - celled, (1 ‒) 2 ‒ 3 (‒ 4) - seeded, seeds ca 16.9 mm long, ca 9.7 mm in diameter; fruiting pedicel 2 ‒ 4.6 (‒ 8) mm long, 2.3 ‒ 2.5 mm in diameter, glabrous.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF9AFFC21F23FCF6FB0EFDD5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat Central Africa: Angola (Cabinda), Cameroon (East Region and South Region), Equatorial Guinea (Centro Sur), Gabon (Estuaire, Ogooué-Ivindo and Ogooué-Lolo) and Republic of the Congo (Lékoumou and Sangha, not mapped) (Fig. 4). Primary and secondary wet evergreen forests, gallery forests; 50 ‒ 650 m a. s. l.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF9AFFC21F23FCF6FB0EFDD5.taxon	description	Phenology Flowering specimens were collected from December to August, fruiting specimens from April to December.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF9AFFC21F23FCF6FB0EFDD5.taxon	discussion	Notes Most gatherings of D. gabonensis available to us were made from male individuals, and we have only been able to study a few fruiting specimens and only two with female flowers. Herbarium labels inform us about many relevant features of the species, apart from those used to elaborate the description, such as the wood, brownish at first, turning white by exposure and soon destroyed by insects, the scarletred extremities of its twigs, and that male flowers are frequented by bees. Female inflorescences of D. gabonensis are mostly axillary on leafless branches (category III), although they are also observed on older wood along branches (which could eventually fall within category II), unlike male ones, which are constantly axillary on leaf or leafless branches (categories III and IV). In addition, the protologue of D. gabonensis stated that male inflorescences were yet “ rarely on the older wood ” (the position of female ones is not described), without enabling us to know whether this refers merely to the leafless portions of the branchlets immediately under the leaves or also to the older wood of main branches, as seems to be possible for females. Only future field observations can help to describe the exact distribution of the inflorescences located on the branches of both sexes of D. gabonensis. Despite the superficial resemblances that one might find between specimens of D. gabonensis and the two species treated below, as they all have leaves of similar dimensions with subentire margins (D. gabonensis) to shallowly and obscurely crenulate-serrulate (all three species) and glabrous fruits, there are numerous useful diagnostic characters, both vegetative and reproductive, that can be used to separate them (see Table 1 for a summary of diagnostic characters). From D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov., we can distinguish D. gabonensis, first of all, because the first two are mostly trunciflorous (category I). Bud scales are larger in D. gabonensis than in D. aphanes and D. cauta and have different shapes, narrowly triangular in D. gabonensis and more or less ovate in the others. Twigs and branchlets are completely glabrous in D. aphanes and D. cauta, while they are glabrescent in D. gabonensis, often with few scattered trichomes to 0.1 mm. The petiole of D. gabonensis is usually longer than those of the other two species (( 4.2 ‒) 7.7 ‒ 9.6 (‒ 13.1) vs (3.4 ‒) 5.8 ‒ 8.1 (‒ 8.6) mm) and its surface is different, smooth and coarsely wrinkled and appearing blistered on dried mature material of D. gabonensis, while the petioles of D. aphanes and D. cauta are finely and densely wrinkled. The leaves of D. gabonensis are distinctively glossy above and frequently cuspidate, as well as they frequently have markedly asymmetrical bases, while D. aphanes and D. cauta are much more lusterless above and, although they are also acuminate, the apex diminishes much more smoothly and the base is oblique. Apart from the different placement of inflorescences, the comparatively small and reduced male flower of D. gabonensis is quite different from those of D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov.: fewer sepals (usually 4, vs 5) and stamens (3, vs 11 ‒ 17), and a much smaller disk (( 0.3 ‒) 0.5 ‒ 0.8 (‒ 1.2) vs 3.1 ‒ 4.6 mm in diameter). The male disk of D. gabonensis is concave and more or less thin, often with a central conical projection, while in the other two species it is convex and more developed. Other diagnostic characters are the slender pedicels of the male flowers of D. gabonensis (in the other two species they are much more robust and usually shorter) and the indumentum of the sepals because that of D. gabonensis is sparingly and minutely pubescent, while those of D. aphanes and D. cauta are glabrous (with the exception of short marginal cilia). Finally, a somewhat longer and branched style and spathulate to obdeltoid stigmas are also useful to distinguish D. gabonensis from the other two species, which have much shorter, not branched, styles and consistently obdeltoid stigmas. The characters linked to flowers and inflorescences of D. gabonensis, as well as its large 3 (‒ 4) - celled fruits, may make its classification within D. sect. Oligandrae problematic in our opinion (most of the representatives of this section bear different-sex flowers of similar appearance (that is, not dimorphic) and small, 2 - celled fruits). However, for the moment we leave D. gabonensis classified within its traditional section until the typification and amendment of the sections of the genus will be carried out in the near future in conjunction with molecular phylogenies. Nomenclature We choose as lectotype of D. gabonensis the specimen P 04707398 of the gathering Klaine 1278, since we consider it to be the most suitable specimen located among the syntypes cited in the protologue: “ Lower Guinea. Gaboon: Libreville, Klaine, 551! 690! 1034! 1278! 3188! ” (Hutchinson 1912). Hutchinson described D. gabonensis on the basis of several gatherings made by T. J. Klaine in the surroundings of Libreville (Gabon) between the years 1896 and 1902, as well as on an unnumbered illustration with analysis drawn by E. Delpy in 1908 (Fig. 2, modified) and based on a part of these gatherings. This illustration belongs to the Tabulae herbarii L. Pierre (Delpy 18 ?? ‒ 19 ??) opera utique rej., a suppressed work (Rijckevorsel 2011; Turland et al. 2018, Appendix I) and, consequently, the designation “ Cyclostemon gabonense Pierre ” that appears on it (and also cited in the protologue of D. gabonensis) was not validly published. The gathering Mildbraed 7672 was cited by Pax & Hoffmann (1922) as a part of the original material associated to D. calvescens Pax & K. Hoffm., a different species that also inhabits Central Africa, but it is actually conspecific with D. gabonensis (Quintanar et al. 2022) and we have therefore classified it here as such (see below the list of studied specimens).	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF9AFFC21F23FCF6FB0EFDD5.taxon	conservation	IUCN Red List preliminary status The species is known from 30 gatherings made between 1896 (Klaine 551) and 2021 (transects made by MBG team). The geographical information for Ledreau 55 is imprecise and is therefore not considered for this evaluation. We consider two occurrences as extirpated because of the loss of forest cover due to urbanization at the surroundings of Libreville (Klaine 182, 437, 551, 690, 1034, 1034 bis, 1278) in Gabon and Bertoua (Breteler 829) in Cameroon. The 29 remaining gatherings represent 13 occurrences representing 8 ‒ 9 subpopulations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of D. gabonensis is estimated to be 162 814 km 2, exceeding the upper threshold for ‘ Vulnerable’ status under subcriterion B 1, whereas its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 52 km 2, which falls within the limits for ‘ Endangered’ status under the subcriterion B 2. In Cameroon, the two occurrences are threatened by wood harvesting (two locations). The occurrence from Equatorial Guinea is located within a protected area (Monte Alén National Park). In Gabon, one occurrence is located within a protected area (Forêt des Abeilles); four occurrences are located within two different logging concessions, and are threatened by logging (two locations); the other two are threatened by shifting agriculture and wood harvesting (two locations). In the Republic of the Congo, the occurrence is located within a logging concession and threatened by logging (one location). In Cabinda (Angola), the three occurrences are threatened by shifting agriculture and wood harvesting (three locations). All activities induce a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat of this species. As a consequence, these 13 occurrences represent 10 locations (cf. IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022), with regard to the most serious plausible threat (urbanization), within the limits for ‘ Vulnerable’ status. We infer a past, current, and future continuous decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of locations, and number of mature individuals. Drypetes gabonensis is therefore assigned a preliminary status of ‘ Vulnerable’ [VU B 2 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v)].	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC21CC1FAB7FA17FCF1.taxon	discussion	Basionym Sphragidia Thwaites, Hooker’s journal of botany and Kew garden miscellany 7: 269 (Thwaites 1855). – Type: Sphragidia zeylanica Thwaites (D. longifolia (Blume) Pax & K. Hoffm.).	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	description	urn: lsid: ipni. org: names: 77319368 - 1 Fig. 3 a – g	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	materials_examined	Type GABON • Estuaire – ± 26 km before Mbé River on Kango road; 0 º 21 ′ N 9 º 58 ′ E; 22 Oct. 2000; F. J. Breteler 15662; fr.; holotype: MO [MO 6683078]; isotypes: WAG [WAG. 1564809], LBV [LBV 0002377].	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Haec species a Drypete gabonensi ramulis junioribus omnino glabris, cortice ramulorum tessellato, petiolis (5.3 ‒) 7 ‒ 8.1 (‒ 8.6) mm longis, confertim rugosis, in sicco saepe pallidis, foliis ad basim plerumque obliquis, inflorescentiis in corticem veterem truncumque positis, sepalis masculinis 5, (3.9 ‒) 4.4 ‒ 5.2 (‒ 5.6) × (4.3 ‒) 4.6 ‒ 5.2 (‒ 6.5) mm, late ovatis, ac abaxialiter glabratis, disco convexo, in diam. 3.4 ‒ 4.6 mm, staminibus (11 ad) 14 vel 15, stylis eramosis, ca 0.1 mm longis, atque stigmatibus obdeltoideis differt.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet of this new species is the Neolatin adjective ‘ aphanes ’ (from Gr. ἀφᾰνής), which means unseen, invisible, unnoticed, not manifest, unknown, etc. Because of the low number of gatherings of D. aphanes sp. nov. made to date and the recent collection dates of all of them.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined GABON – Estuaire • F. J. Breteler 15662 (type, see above) • ca 3 km on Kougouleu-Médouneu road; 0 º 25 ′ N, 9 º 55 ′ E; 14 Oct. 1997; F. J. Breteler 14274, M. E. Leal, J. M. Moussavou & G. Nang; fl. ♂; BR [BR 0000015777454], BRLU, LBV [LBV 0030849], MO [MO 6561417], WAG [WAG. 1564805] – Ogooué-Lolo • ca 30 km E of Lastoursville; 0 º 40 ′ S, 13 º 0 ′ E; 18 Nov. 1991; F. J. Breteler 10545 & C. C. H. Jongkind; fr.; LBV, WAG [WAG. 1564829] • East of Lastoursville, near Bambidie, C. E. B. chantier; 0 º 45 ′ S 13 º 3 ′ E; 25 Sep. 1996; G. D. McPherson 16690; fl. ♂; LBV [LBV 0008192], MO [MO 6343501], WAG n. v. • ibid.; 0 º 46 ′ S 13 º 3 ′ E; 23 Sep. 1996; G. D. McPherson 16666; fl. ♀; LBV [LBV 0008194], MO [MO 6343499, MO 6343500], WAG n. v. • Makande surroundings, c. 65 km SSW of Booué; 0 º 41 ′ S 11 º 55 ′ E; 26 Jan. 1999; F. J. Breteler 14796, G. Caballé, Y. A. Issembé, J. J. Moussavou & O. Pascal; fr.; BR [BR 0000015777386], FHO n. v., HUJ n. v., K, LBV [LBV 0030870], MO [MO 6561411], NY n. v., P n. v., PE n. v., WAG [WAG. 1564806, WAG. 1564807, WAG. 1564808], YA n. v.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	description	Description Tree to 15 m high, dioecious; trunk to 20 cm in diameter, slightly fluted at the base, bark very finely tessellated, light-coloured; branchlets terete to slightly sulcate, glabrous; apical buds scaly, scales 1.2 ‒ 1.4 × 1 ‒ 1.6 mm, widely ovate, glabrous. Leaves simple, alternate, lustreless and dark-medium green above, much paler beneath; stipules not seen, deciduous, very soon falling; petiole (5.3 ‒) 7 ‒ 8.1 (‒ 8.6) mm long, (1.1 ‒) 1.7 ‒ 2.1 (‒ 2.3) mm in diameter, finely and densely wrinkled, channelled above, drying light-coloured, glabrous; leaf blade (12.5 ‒) 14.3 ‒ 16.4 (‒ 18.8) × (4.2 ‒) 5.1 ‒ 6.1 (‒ 7.4) cm, widely to narrowly elliptic, subcoriaceous or stiffly chartaceous, acuminate, apex (6 ‒) 8 ‒ 15 (‒ 18) mm, base acute to slightly obtuse, oblique, margin obscurely and shallowly crenulate-serrulate, crenulae to 0.2 mm, flat to slightly recurved near the blade base, underside of the lamina glabrous; midrib longitudinally wrinkled, glabrous, first order lateral veins 7 ‒ 9, ascending, regularly spaced, slightly depressed above, slightly prominent beneath, noticeably curved and anastomosing well within the margin, forming angles of (54 ‒) 58 ‒ 81 º to the midrib, glabrous, second order venation hardly raised above and very slightly beneath. Male inflorescence trunciflorous (category I), many-flowered clusters; bracts 0.7 ‒ 0.9 × 0.8 ‒ 1 mm, ovate to obovate, quite irregular in shape, glabrous, minutely ciliate at margin, cilia to 0.1 mm. Male flowers plate-like at anthesis, white, pedicel 3.8 ‒ 4.3 (‒ 5.2) mm long, (0.6 ‒) 0.9 ‒ 1.2 (‒ 1.4) mm in diameter, robust, glabrous; sepals 5, (3.9 ‒) 4.4 ‒ 5.2 (‒ 5.6) × (4.3 ‒) 4.6 ‒ 5.2 (‒ 6.5) mm, widely ovate to slightly obovate, imbricate, slightly cucullate, obtuse, glabrous outside and inside, sometimes minutely ciliate, cilia to 0.1 mm; stamens (11 ‒) 14 ‒ 15, apparently one-whorled, surrounding the disk, more or less enveloped by its marginal folds, filaments (3.4 ‒) 4 ‒ 6 (‒ 6.3) mm long, anthers 1.6 ‒ 1.9 mm long, 0.7 ‒ 1.1 mm in diameter, ovate-elliptic, dorsifixed, introrse, yellow, glabrous; disk 3.4 ‒ 4.6 mm in diameter, 0.3 ‒ 0.5 mm high, convex, very rugose, glabrous. Female inflorescence trunciflorous (category I) from the base up or nearly so to ca 10 m height, occasionally on old wood of branches (category II), many-flowered clusters; bracts 0.9 ‒ 1.5 × 0.7 ‒ 1.2 mm, as the male ones. Female flowers plate-like at anthesis, white; pedicel 2.9 ‒ 3.2 mm long, 1 ‒ 1.1 mm in diameter, robust, glabrous; sepals 5, 3.4 ‒ 4.1 × 3.9 ‒ 4 mm, widely ovate to slightly obovate, imbricate, slightly cucullate, glabrous outside and inside, without cilia; disk 3 ‒ 3.2 mm in diameter, 1.1 ‒ 1.3 mm high, cupulate, fleshy, glabrous; style 1, to 0.1 mm, hollow, unbranched; stigmas 3, each arm 0.6 ‒ 0.8 mm long, stigmatic surface 1 ‒ 1.3 mm wide, obdeltoid; ovary 1.4 ‒ 1.5 mm long, 2.2 ‒ 2.4 mm in diameter, subglobose, apex slightly depressed, 3 - celled, glabrous. Fruits (18.2 ‒) 18.8 ‒ 22.6 mm long, (15.7 ‒) 18 ‒ 23.1 (‒ 23.4) mm in diameter, subglobose, apex slightly depressed, surface smooth, uneven, green, glabrous, without persistent sepals or stigmas, 3 - celled, (2 ‒) 3 - seeded, seeds (11.5 ‒) 12.1 ‒ 16.1 (‒ 16.4) mm long, (4.8 ‒) 5.9 ‒ 6.4 (‒ 6.7) mm in diameter; fruiting pedicel (6.7 ‒) 9 ‒ 12.6 (‒ 13) mm long, 1.3 ‒ 2.3 (‒ 2.9) mm in diameter, glabrous.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat Central Africa. Endemic to Gabon (Estuaire and Ogooué-Lolo) (Fig. 4). Primary and secondary evergreen forests; 30 ‒ 660 m a. s. l.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	description	Phenology Flowering specimens were collected from September to October, fruiting specimens from October to January.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	discussion	Notes The inflorescences of this new species of medium-sized tree, according to the information supplied by herbarium labels, belong to category I, although in Breteler 14796 we have found a fruit on the old wood of a branch, which may imply the existence of inflorescences of category II. As for D. gabonensis, only future field observations can help to assess the frequency with which inflorescences can be found on the main branches of D. aphanes sp. nov. The overall morphology of D. aphanes let us classify it in D. sect. Sphragidia, i. e., deciduous stipules, high number of stamens, 3 - celled smooth ovaries and subsessile stigmas. The fruits, subglobose with slightly depressed apex and uneven surface, recall those of D. gabonensis, a species from which, as we have commented above, it differs by a series of vegetative and reproductive characters (see above the notes under D. gabonensis, as well as Table 1 for a summary of diagnostic characters). No colour except green has been recorded for these fruits and fruit colour may have diagnostic value (D. gabonensis bears red ripe fruits), it will be necessary to wait for new gatherings of this species to find out if they remain green in a mature state. Drypetes aphanes sp. nov. also differs from D. gabonensis by the leaf nervation, because the courses of the first order lateral veins are strongly arched and loop clearly well within the margin, while those of this later species and D. cauta sp. nov. are not so strongly arched and loop obscurely near the margin; as well, the petiole of D. aphanes often dries light-coloured in herbarium specimens, while those of the others dry dark-coloured or even blackish. Both D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. present inflorescences mostly from category I. However, the petiole of D. aphanes is often longer than that of D. cauta (( 5.3 ‒) 7 ‒ 8.1 (‒ 8.6) vs (3.4 ‒) 5.8 ‒ 7 (‒ 7.5) mm) and the courses of the first order lateral veins run at greater angles to the midrib (( 54 ‒) 58 ‒ 81 º vs 45 ‒ 60 º). Neither of these species shows the high degree of morphologic dimorphism of D. gabonensis regarding their flowers and the flowers of different sexes in these two species have corresponding dimensions and characteristics. In both species the flowers are shortly stalked, glabrous, sometimes with minute marginal cilia, and plate-like when fully open during anthesis. The number of stamens is lower in D. aphanes (( 11) 14 ‒ 15 vs 16 ‒ 17) and their arrangement also differs: while those of this species surround the disk and are more or less enveloped by the disk marginal lobes, in D. cauta they show a similar disposition, but are quite obscurely whorled and some of them penetrate within a different, very plicate and convolute disk, while the male disk of D. aphanes is just rugose. Female flowers and fruits of these species also offer diagnostic characters, such as shorter pedicels (2.9 ‒ 3.2 × 1 ‒ 1.1 vs 7.5 ‒ 10.9 × 0.7 ‒ 0.9 mm, flower) which are much thicker in the fruit of D. aphanes (1.3 ‒ 2.3 (‒ 2.9) vs 0.8 ‒ 1.1 mm wide), and shorter styles (to 0.1 vs 0.4 ‒ 0.6 mm), which are quite persistent in D. cauta sp. nov. and not observed in any fruit of D. aphanes. Finally, the fruit body of D. aphanes sp. nov., as well as that of D. gabonensis, is bigger than the fruit of D. cauta (( 18.2 ‒) 18.8 ‒ 22.6 × (15.7 ‒) 18 ‒ 23.1 (‒ 23.4) vs 15 ‒ 16.8 × 12.1 ‒ 15.4 mm) and also differs by its shape (subglobse vs widely elliptic) and surface (uneven vs even).	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF93FFC11CA2FB9AFC79FEFF.taxon	conservation	IUCN Red List preliminary status The extent of occurrence (EOO) of D. aphanes sp. nov. is estimated to be 8 756 km 2, which falls within the limits for ‘ Vulnerable’ status under the subcriterion B 1, whereas its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 24 km 2, which falls within the limits for ‘ Endangered’ status under the subcriterion B 2. The species is known from six gatherings representing six occurrences, all made between 1991 and 2000, and three subpopulations. All of the occurrences are located outside of protected areas. The two occurrences in Estuaire province are threatened by shifting agriculture and wood harvesting (two locations). The three occurrences in Ogooué-Lolo province are located within two different forest concessions, and are, therefore, threatened by logging (two locations). All activities induce a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. As a consequence, these six occurrences represent four locations (cf. IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022) with regard to the most serious plausible threat (logging). Drypetes aphanes is therefore assigned a preliminary status of ‘ Endangered’ [EN B 2 ab (iii)].	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	description	urn: lsid: ipni. org: names: 77319369 - 1 Fig. 3 h – n	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	materials_examined	Type GABON • Ngounié – Boudyanguila, Pays itsogles; [1 º 56 ′ S 11 º 30 ′ E]; 21 Sep. 1925; G. M. P. C. Le Testu 5512; fl. ♀; holotype: P [P 04707049]; isotypes: BM, BR [BR 0000015777379], P [P 04707045, P 04707048].	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Haec species a Drypete gabonensi ramulis junioribus omnino glabris, cortice ramulorum tessellato, petiolis (3.4 ‒) 5.8 ‒ 7 (‒ 7.5) mm longis, confertim rugosis, in sicco saepe fuscatis, foliis ad basim plerumque obliquis, inflorescentiis in truncum positis, sepalis masculinis 5, 4.2 ‒ 5.3 × 4.1 ‒ 4.7 mm, late ovatis, ac abaxialiter glabratis, disco convexo, in diam. 3.1 ‒ 3.3 mm, staminibus 16 vel 17, stylis eramosis 0.4 ‒ 0.6 mm longis, atque stigmatibus obdeltoideis differt.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet of this new species is the nominative feminine singular of the Latin adjective ‘ cautus ’, which means ‘ cautious, careful, prudent, etc. ’ The cautious character of D. cauta sp. nov. seems to be apparent after having spent a long time hidden in herbaria, after the first gatherings made by Le Testu during the first half of the past century, until its description today.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined GABON – Estuaire • Concession Sud Estuaire, rivière Remboué; 0 º 7 ′ S 9 º 51 ′ E; 26 Jun. 2021; MBG transect 7194 (J. Klein, E. Akouangou, J. D. Kaparidi, L. C. Moungoudy & C. D. Kombil; veg.; BRLU – Ngounié • G. M. P. C. Le Testu 5512 (type, see above) – Ogooué-Ivindo • SE of Booúe, in Lutexfo timber concession; 0 º 21 ′ S 12 º 14 ′ E; 23 Nov. 1993; G. D. McPherson 16249; fr.; K, LBV [LBV 0008206], MO [MO 4647294], PRE, WAG [WAG. 1563832] – Ogooué-Lolo • Région de Lastoursville, Iméno; [1 º 30 ′ S 12 º 19 ′ E]; 10 Sep. 1930; G. M. P. C. Le Testu 8327; fl. ♂; BM, BR [BR 0000015777188], P [P 04707811, P 04707812], WAG n. v. – Woleu-Ntem • Concession Rougier du Haut-Abanga, Sud-Est de Mikongo, partie Nord des montagnes Mekié; [0 º 25 ′ N 11 º 13 ′ E]; 17 Jul. 2008; G. Dauby 1022, D. Nguema, E. Mounoumoulossi & P. Bissiemou; fr.; BRLU, MO [MO 6358905]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO – Kouilou • Mayombe hills, near Niari River; 4 º 2 ′ S 12 º 9 ′ E; 18 Oct. 2010; R. M’Boungou 462, X. M. van der Burgt & F. Gislain; fl. ♀; IEC [IEC 025751], K [K 000683528].	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	description	Description Treelet to 8 m high, dioecious; trunk to ca 15 cm in diameter, bark finely tessellated, somewhat flaky, dark-coloured; branchlets terete or slightly flattened, sulcate, glabrous; apical buds scaly, scales 1.3 ‒ 1.7 × 2.1 ‒ 2.7 mm, ovate-suborbicular, strongly cucullate, glabrous, minutely ciliate, cilia to 0.1 mm. Leaves simple, alternate, lustreless above and beneath; stipules 1.4 ‒ 1.6 × 0.2 ‒ 0.4 mm, narrowly triangular, deciduous, very soon falling, glabrous, ciliate at the margin, trichomes to 0.2 mm; petiole (3.4 ‒) 5.8 ‒ 7 (‒ 7.5) mm long, 1.4 ‒ 2 mm in diameter, finely and densely wrinkled, channeled above, drying dark-coloured or blackish, glabrous; leaf blade (10.5 ‒) 12.6 ‒ 15.6 (‒ 19.2) × (2.4 ‒) 3.8 ‒ 5.2 (‒ 6.2) cm, narrowly elliptic, subcoriaceous, acuminate, apex (4 ‒) 8.1 ‒ 11.2 (‒ 17) mm, base acute to slightly obtuse, oblique, margin obscurely and shallowly crenulate-serrulate, crenulae to 0.2 mm, flat to slightly recurved near the blade base, underside of the lamina glabrous; midrib longitudinally wrinkled, glabrous, first order lateral veins (6 ‒) 8 (‒ 10) pairs, ascending, somewhat irregularly spaced, depressed above, prominent beneath, obscurely diminishing and anastomosing near the margin, forming angles of 45 ‒ 60 º to the midrib, glabrous, second order venation hardly raised above and very slightly beneath. Male inflorescence trunciflorous (category I), many-flowered clusters; bracts 1.2 ‒ 1.5 × 1.3 ‒ 1.6 mm, ovate to obovate, quite irregular, glabrous, minutely ciliate at margin, cilia to 0.2 mm. Male flowers plate-like at anthesis, yellow, pedicel 3.6 ‒ 7.7 mm long, 0.3 ‒ 0.8 mm in diameter, more or less robust, glabrous; sepals 5, 4.2 ‒ 5.3 × 4.1 ‒ 4.7 mm, widely ovate, obtuse, imbricate, cucullate, glabrous outside and inside, minutely ciliate at margin, cilia to 0.1 mm; stamens 16 ‒ 17, obscurely whorled, mainly surrounding the disk and enveloped by its marginal folds, some of them (2 or 3) penetrating, filaments 2.2 ‒ 2.3 mm long, anthers 1.4 ‒ 1.5 mm long, 0.6 ‒ 0.7 mm in diameter, ovate-elliptic, dorsifixed, introrse, glabrous; disk 3.1 ‒ 3.3 mm in diameter, ca 0.4 mm high, convex, strongly plicate, convolute, glabrous. Female inflorescence trunciflorous (category I) from the base up or nearly so to ca 4 m height, many-flowered clusters; bracts 1 ‒ 1.9 × 1.3 ‒ 1.6 mm, as the male ones. Female flowers plate-like at anthesis, with pedicel 7.5 ‒ 10.9 mm long, 0.7 ‒ 0.9 mm in diameter, more or less robust, glabrous; sepals (4 ‒) 5, 4.1 ‒ 4.7 × 4.2 ‒ 4.8 mm, widely ovate, imbricate, cucullate, glabrous outside and inside, minutely ciliate at margin, cilia to 0.1 mm; disk 4.1 ‒ 4.3 mm in diameter, 0.3 ‒ 0.8 mm high, cupulate, fleshy, glabrous; style 1, 0.4 ‒ 0.6 mm long, hollow, unbranched; stigmas 3, each arm 0.8 ‒ 1.1 mm long, stigmatic surface 1.5 ‒ 2.3 mm wide, obdeltoid; ovary 2.5 ‒ 2.8 mm long, 4.1 ‒ 3.9 mm in diameter, globose, longitudinally flattened, apex depressed, 3 - celled, glabrous. Fruit 15 ‒ 16.8 mm long, 12.1 ‒ 15.4 mm in diameter, widely elliptic, apex depressed, surface smooth, even, green, glabrous, without sepals, stigmas subpersistent, 3 - celled, 2 (‒ 3) - seeded, seeds ca 9 mm long, ca 2.2 mm in diameter; fruiting pedicel 11.3 ‒ 12.2 mm long, 0.8 ‒ 1.1 mm in diameter, glabrous.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat Central Africa. Gabon (Estuaire, Ngounié, Ogooué-Ivindo, Ogooué-Lolo and Woleu-Ntem) and Republic of the Congo (Kouilou) (Fig. 4). Primary evergreen forests; 400 ‒ 650 m a. s. l.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	description	Phenology Flowering specimens were collected from September to October, fruiting specimens from July to November.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	discussion	Notes This new treelet to 8 m high from the rainforests of Gabon and Republic of the Congo also shows the inflorescences placed on the trunk, like D. aphanes sp. nov. As for D. aphanes, the overall morphological characteristics of D. cauta sp. nov. let us classify it in D. sect. Sphragidia, due to its deciduous stipules, high number of stamens, 3 - locular smooth ovaries and subsessile stigmas. Drypetes cauta sp. nov. differs from the species treated above by a series of vegetative and reproductive characters (see above the notes under D. gabonensis and D. aphanes sp. nov., as well as Table 1 for a summary of diagnostic characters). The petiole of D. cauta is often shorter than that of D. aphanes (( 3.4 ‒) 5.8 ‒ 7 (‒ 7.5) vs (5.3 ‒) 7 ‒ 8.1 (‒ 8.6) mm) and the courses of the first order lateral veins form lower angles to the midrib (45 ‒ 60 º vs (54 ‒) 58 ‒ 81 º). The number of stamens is lower in D. cauta (16 ‒ 17 vs (11) 14 ‒ 15) and they are obscurely whorled, some of them (2 ‒ 3) penetrating within a very plicate and convolute disk of complex structure, while in D. aphanes the stamens do not penetrate a rugose disk. Drypetes cauta additionally has longer female pedicels (7.5 ‒ 10.9 vs 2.9 ‒ 3.2 mm), which are much thinner in the fruit than those of D. aphanes (0.8 ‒ 1.1 vs 1.3 ‒ 2.3 (‒ 2.9) mm); it also bears longer styles (0.4 ‒ 0.6 vs to 0.1 mm) that remain, along with the stigmas, for a long period of time on the fruit than those of D. aphanes. As we have mentioned, the fruit of D. cauta is different and not to be confused with that of the previous species, smaller (15 ‒ 16.8 × 12.1 ‒ 15.4 vs (18.2 ‒) 18.8 ‒ 22.6 × (15.7 ‒) 18 ‒ 23.1 (‒ 23.4) mm) and widely elliptic with a quite even surface, while the fruit of D. aphanes is subglobse and its surface is uneven.	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
902B87E4FF90FFDC1CD5F981FD63FC3E.taxon	conservation	IUCN Red List preliminary status The extent of occurrence (EOO) of D. cauta sp. nov. is estimated to be 66 594 km 2, exceeding the upper threshold for ‘ Vulnerable’ status under subcriterion B 1, whereas its area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 24 km 2, which falls within the limits for ‘ Endangered’ status under the subcriterion B 2. The species is known from six gatherings, representing six occurrences, all made between 1925 and 2021, and six subpopulations. Considering the forest cover, which is still significant in these countries, we do not regard any of these occurrences as extirpated. All of the occurrences are located outside of protected areas. The five occurrences in the different provinces of Gabon and the one in the Republic of the Congo are located within six different forest concessions, and are, therefore, threatened by logging. This activity presumably induces a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat of this species. As a consequence, these six occurrences represent six locations (cf. IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee 2022) with regard to the most serious plausible threat (logging). Drypetes cauta is therefore assigned a preliminary status of ‘ Vulnerable’ [VU B 2 ab (iii)].	en	Quintanar, Alejandro, Harris, David J., Nguema, Diosdado, Barberá, Patricia (2023): Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov. European Journal of Taxonomy 888: 175-202, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.888.2241, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/2241
