taxonID	type	description	language	source
B56A8789FFE7E5040D02FAF5FEECFC6E.taxon	discussion	The genus recently occurs all over Africa from the Nile Delta to northern Mozambique and also in Madagascar, the Indo-Pacific islands and S. Asia including southern China and Japan (Brown 1994). Recently some 30 species are known. Most Pila species live in swampy habitats such as floodplains and are able to aestivate in the mud during the dry season. The earliest African fossils date from the Lower Cretaceous of Niger, though it is impossible to ascertain if these belong to the genus Pila (Palaeotropical realm) or to the genus Pomacea PERRY, 1810 (Neotropical realm but presently introduced in N. America and S. Asia) or should be considered the ancestral stem of both taxa due to the near identical shell morphology. It is here assumed that the taxa had split in Eocene times.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE1E5050D02FCB5FE04FB3E.taxon	discussion	Species with a sinistral shell but the animals are dextral (hyperstrophic growth). Modern occurrence is limited to Africa (Nile Delta to Natal) and Madagascar (Brown 1994), fossil occurrence also includes Arabia (this article). The genus is hence exclusively Afrotropical (Africa + Arabia). The ampullariid genus Mesolanistes YEN, 1945 from Cretaceous-Palaeogene deposits in N. America and S. Asia bears no apparent relationship except that it is also sinistral. Time range of Lanistes: (Palaeocene) Eocene-Modern (Mayer-Eymar 1893; Abbas 1967; Gautier 1973).	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE1E5070D02FADFFEB7FA31.taxon	description	(Figs. 5 – 6)	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE1E5070D02FADFFEB7FA31.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018963; paratypes NMBE 5018964 – 5018965, 5019037. Type locality: Wadi Darbat, Dhofar, Oman.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE1E5070D02FADFFEB7FA31.taxon	materials_examined	Material: This species probably occurs in most exposures of the Zalumah Formation. The material here described was collected in 2012 by both authors in the Wadi Darbat area.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE1E5070D02FADFFEB7FA31.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Named after the three carinae on the third whorl.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE1E5070D02FADFFEB7FA31.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: A palaeogene species of Lanistes of the L. carinatus type, i. e. characterized by a depressed shell with a peripheral carina on the upper whorls and a very large open umbilicus. Such shells were formerly ranged in the subgenus Lanistes s. str. (Mandahl-Barth 1954).	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE1E5070D02FADFFEB7FA31.taxon	description	Description: With a diameter of 77.3 mm this is the largest Lanistes species known, but most specimens do not exceed 60 mm. Depressed shell consisting of 5 ¾ rapidly increasing whorls; spire little exserted, apex blunt; first whorl smooth, second whorl with two sharp keels at the base and the top of the periphery respectively, third whorl with one keel at the base and a double keel at the top, the upper part of these whorls sunk below the rim formed by the upper keel or keels; fourth whorl evenly rounded, except for a faint central keel; surface smooth, marked with growth-lines only, no spiral sculpture visible; aperture acuminate ovate, pointed at the base, outer margin evenly curved, umbilical margin straight; umbilicus wide, deep and funnel-shaped, bound by a strongly thickened and slightly raised angle; operculum unknown. Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 5): H = 45.8 mm; W = 77.3 mm, h = 42.2 mm; w = 34.0 mm; Paratype NMBE 5018965: H = 34.8 mm; W = 49.2 mm; h = 30 mm; w = 23.3 mm.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE1E5070D02FADFFEB7FA31.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The record by Roger & al. (1994) of Lanistes subcarinatus (nomen nudum) in their geological study of the Dhofar region seems to pertain to this species. It is the most common of the few fresh water snails present in the Zalumah Formation. In large specimens the apex is strongly eroded and the carination no longer visible. The Palaeogene fossils mentioned from Egypt and Sudan, namely L. antiquus MAYER-EYMAR, 1893; L. olivieri MONTFORT, 1810, and L. sodaensis ABBASS, 1967 (Abbass 1967) and L. grabhami COx, 1933, redescribed by Gautier (1973) have all the same L. carinatus morphology. They do differ from L. tricarinatus sp. nov. by their smaller size. But these fossils are badly preserved (mainly inner moulds) and the ornamentation on the first whorls is not visible. It hence cannot be excluded that some of that NE African material may pertain to L. tricarinatus.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFECE5090DE4FD55FD33FEE1.taxon	description	(Fig. 7)	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFECE5090DE4FD55FD33FEE1.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018966; paratypes NMBE 5018967 – 5018969, MNHN / 2, SMF 340185 / 2. Type locality: Thaytiniti, Dhofar, Oman.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFECE5090DE4FD55FD33FEE1.taxon	materials_examined	Material: This species was only recovered from the Zalumah exposures at Thaytiniti. Collected by M. Pickford during one of the palaeontological missions led by H. Thomas in 1988 – 1990.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFECE5090DE4FD55FD33FEE1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: named after the type locality.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFECE5090DE4FD55FD33FEE1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: A palaeogene species of Lanistes characterized by the discoid shape and flattened upper side.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFECE5090DE4FD55FD33FEE1.taxon	description	Description: Medium sized Lanistes; discoid shell consisting of 4 ½ whorls with virtually no exserted spire, apex pointed; upper part of the gradually increasing whorls completely flattened, lower part convex, forming a peripheral angle accentuated by a ridge; at the base the periphery of the whorls form a second angle with the flattened walls of the umbilicus, in which the whorls wind downwards (or upwards being hyperstrophic) in a regular spiral; aperture horizontal at the top, the outer margin convex, the upper part of the inner margin, connected to the shell, concave and the free lower part straight, basal margin pointed; growth lines regular and fine, no spiral sculpture; operculum unknown. Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 7): H = 12.5 mm; W = 38.2 mm; h = 12.0 mm; w = 11.5 mm. Paratype (NMBE 5018967): H = 11.2 mm; W = 32.2 mm; h = 11.2 mm; w = 10.3 mm.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFECE5090DE4FD55FD33FEE1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: We did not find any fossils of this species in the Salalah region, while in the Zalumah exposures at Thaytiniti is seems to be the most common of the two Lanistes. This indicates either a difference in age or in environmental conditions between these two sites. Lanistes thaytinitiensis sp. nov. is the only flattened discoid Lanistes species known.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEDE5090D02FE75FC88FD6B.taxon	discussion	Having been used as a dumping ground for several Indopacific pomatiid species, the range of this genus has recently been restricted to a few species living in India today (Neubert 2009). This is the first fossil species recorded for this genus, which thus has a time range from Oligocene to Modern.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEDE50B0D02FD6AFC6CFD21.taxon	description	(Figs. 8 – 9)	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEDE50B0D02FD6AFC6CFD21.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018970; paratypes NMBE 5018971 – 5018973, MNHN / 25, SMF 340184 / 25; paratypes Wadi Darbat, NMBE 5018974, 5019038 – 5019043. Type locality: Thaytiniti, Dhofar, Oman.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEDE50B0D02FD6AFC6CFD21.taxon	materials_examined	Material: This species is very abundant at Thaytiniti and Wadi Darbat.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEDE50B0D02FD6AFC6CFD21.taxon	etymology	Etymology: praecursor from Latin for predecessor, a noun in apposition.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEDE50B0D02FD6AFC6CFD21.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: A fossil species of Cyclotopsis with a slightly elevated spire and an operculum with a lamella-like coiled spiral.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEDE50B0D02FD6AFC6CFD21.taxon	description	Description: Shell much broader than high, spire slightly elevated; protoconch relatively large, consists of 2 whorls, surface sculpture not preserved; teleoconch of 3.5 – 4 rapidly increasing whorls; surface sculpture of 3 – 5 strong spirals (only preserved on the upper whorls); last whorl only slightly descending before the aperture; aperture almost circular, with a slightly thickened lip; umbilicus very large, broad dish-like, umbilical walls very probably smooth; operculum multispiral, spiral consisting of a broad raised lamella of at least 3 whorls. Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 8): H = 6.73 mm; W = 9.18 mm; h = 4.42 mm; w = 4.25 mm; Wh = 5.5.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEDE50B0D02FD6AFC6CFD21.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Roger & al. (1994) probably refer to eroded specimens of this species as ' cf. valvata '. The preservation state of the specimens from the type locality in Thaytiniti is quite poor and mainly consists of internal casts. However, in a few cases, remains of the shells themselves are preserved, allowing reconstructing of some details of the surface sculpture. These specimens display the same teleoconch sculpture as the specimens from Wadi Darbat (Fig. 9), where the preservation state is much better (but no specimen with an operculum could be traced there). This fossil species is placed in the extant genus Cyclotopsis, because it is almost indistinguishable from the few species from India (for comparison see the syntype of Cyclostoma semistriatum SOWERBY, 1843 (Fig. 10), the type species of Cyclotopsis). It shares autapomorphic details of umbilicus and operculum together with the spiral sculpture of the teleoconch. It differs from most of the Soqotran species of Dioscopoma NEUBERT, 2009, which usually have a reticulate surface sculpture, a more narrow umbilicus, and an operculum with a flat sutural line and not a raised spiral; also, most of the species of Dioscopoma display a spiral sculpure on the inner umbilical wall, which is very probably smooth in C. praecursor sp. nov. Today, the Dhofar area is inhabited by two species of the genus Rochebrunia BOURGUIGNAT, 1881, but these have larger shells with a closed umbilicus and an almost smooth operculum. For a more detailed discussion of the pomatiid genera and species of the area see Neubert (2009), and for pomatiid operculum structure Wilmsmeier & Neubert (2012).	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEFE50D0D02FCB5FC50FC41.taxon	description	(Figs. 11 – 12)	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEFE50D0D02FCB5FC50FC41.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018975; paratypes NMBE 5018976, 5019044; paratypes Thaytiniti NMBE 5019045 – 5019047. Type locality: Wadi Darbat, Dhofar, Oman.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEFE50D0D02FCB5FC50FC41.taxon	materials_examined	Material: Only known from the type locality.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEFE50D0D02FCB5FC50FC41.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: A small shelled member of Succinea, with a rapidly growing teleoconch and the last whorl exceeding half of the complete height of the shell.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEFE50D0D02FCB5FC50FC41.taxon	etymology	Etymology: omanensis refers to the provenance of this new species.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEFE50D0D02FCB5FC50FC41.taxon	description	Description: Small shells with a rapidly growing teleoconch, shells probably reach a total shell length of about 10 mm; preserved paratype shell with almost 4 whorls, protoconch eroded; suture shallow, well-marked and somewhat reinforced, subsuturally slightly crenulate; teleoconch covered by a regular pattern of fine, axial growth riblets; last whorl amply open, constituting more than half of the complete height of the shell. Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 11): H = 4.94 mm; Wh <3; paratype (Fig. 12): H = 7.67 mm; Wh> 3.5.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEFE50D0D02FCB5FC50FC41.taxon	discussion	Remarks: It has to be stressed that the affiliation of this species to the extant genus Succinea is debatable. However, the shells are in fact quite similar to a number of Modern species within Succinea and related genera, which today are defined by using anatomical and molecular data, inapplicable to fossils. Creating a fossil genus to harbour these shells seems not to be advisable as long as material is so meagre and good arguments in favour of such a genus are available. Today, there are only two records of an extant succineid species from the Arabian Peninsula, i. e. Quickia concisa (MORELET, 1848). The shell of this species is smaller, and it has a deep and simple suture, and thus cannot be identified with the fossil specimens from Wadi Darbat (Neubert 1998: 370, fig. 63).	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE9E50E0D02FB95FC2CFD1B.taxon	description	(Figs. 13 – 14)	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE9E50E0D02FB95FC2CFD1B.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018977; paratypes NMBE 5018978 – 5018979, MNHN / 5; paratypes Wadi Darbat NMBE 5018980 – 5018981, 5019048 – 5019049. Type locality: Thaytiniti, Dhofar, Oman.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE9E50E0D02FB95FC2CFD1B.taxon	materials_examined	Material: This species is also known from the fossil beds of Wadi Darbat.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE9E50E0D02FB95FC2CFD1B.taxon	etymology	Etymology: omanensis to describe the provenance of this new species.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE9E50E0D02FB95FC2CFD1B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: A medium sized fossil species of Limicolaria SCHUMACHER, 1817, with a peculiar teleoconch pattern of axial riblets and a sutural cord.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE9E50E0D02FB95FC2CFD1B.taxon	description	Description: Shell turreted, fusiform; small protoconch (only preserved as stone core); teleoconch of ca. 7 whorls; whorls slightly rounded, with a sculpture of fine axial riblets running over the complete whorl; suture moderately deep, with a subsutural cord; below the cord, a small zone of spirals crossing the riblets and thus producing a characteristic reticulate pattern; aperture oval, upper right part acute. Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 13): H = 46.6 mm; W = 21.75 mm; h = 19.7 mm; w = 12.5 mm; Wh = 8; parataype (Fig. 14): H = 40.56 mm.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFE9E50E0D02FB95FC2CFD1B.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The species is mentioned by Roger & al. (1994) as Bulimus. The supraspecific affiliation of this species may be debatable. The endemic subulinid genus Riebeckia MARTENS, 1883 from Soqotra comprises several very large species, which are conchologically quite close to the afrotropical achatinoid Limicolaria species. They differ from those by their truncate columella, which is rounded and usually continuous in Limicolaria. Moreover, the species of Riebeckia are either smooth, or have a faint pattern of a reticulate sculpture on the teleoconch. None of those species has a subsutural cord nor clear axial riblets. Unfortunately, there is no fully grown specimen of Limicolaria omanensis sp. nov. with a preserved lower aperture, so it is not possible at the moment to judge about this character state. At the time being, this species is confined to the Achatinidae because of the resemblance in their teleoconch sculpture with some extant Limicolaria species from Eastern Africa.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEAE50F0DE4FCFAFEAFFB11.taxon	description	(Fig. 15)	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEAE50F0DE4FCFAFEAFFB11.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018982; paratypes NMBE 5018983 – 5018984. Type locality: Wadi Darbat, Dhofar, Oman.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEAE50F0DE4FCFAFEAFFB11.taxon	materials_examined	Material: This species is only known from its type locality.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEAE50F0DE4FCFAFEAFFB11.taxon	etymology	Etymology: sculpturata refers to the quite unusual (for Achatina) teleoconch sculpture of this new species.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEAE50F0DE4FCFAFEAFFB11.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: A medium sized fossil species of Achatina LAMARCK, 1799, with a peculiar teleoconch pattern of axial riblets and a sutural cord.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEAE50F0DE4FCFAFEAFFB11.taxon	description	Description: Shell medium sized, fusiform; protoconch comparatively small (only preserved as a stone core); teleoconch of ca. 7 whorls; whorls only slightly rounded, with a sculpture of fine axial ribs running over the complete whorl, ribs usually granular; suture moderately deep, strongly reinforced by a subsutural cord; ribs do not fuse with the cord; aperture obliquely lunulate, narrow, lower part of columella not preserved. Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 15 a): H = 66.9 mm; Wh> 7.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEAE50F0DE4FCFAFEAFFB11.taxon	discussion	Remarks: So far, this species is only recorded from Wadi Darbat, where it occurs sympatrically with Limicolaria omanensis sp. nov. Even juvenile or subadult specimens of both species can be separated by the size of the protoconch (larger in A. sculpturata sp. nov.), the more slender upper teleoconch of L. omanensis sp. nov., and the smaller size of adult specimens. It is quite interesting to see the similarity in the surface sculpture, but the formation of the subsutural cord also helps to differentiate the two species. This new species is here attributed to Achatina and not Archachatina ALBERS, 1850 because of the relatively small size of the protoconch of A. sculpturata sp. nov.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEBE5110D02FA45FCF6FD21.taxon	description	(Fig. 16)	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEBE5110D02FA45FCF6FD21.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018985. Type locality: Wadi Darbat, Dhofar, Oman.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEBE5110D02FA45FCF6FD21.taxon	materials_examined	Material: This species is only represented by the holotype specimen.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEBE5110D02FA45FCF6FD21.taxon	etymology	Etymology: pseudoena refers to the superficial similarity of this species with the Modern European enid species Ena montana (DRAPARNAUD, 1801).	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEBE5110D02FA45FCF6FD21.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: A small species of Cerastidae with a unique formation of aperture, slight ribbing pattern on teleoconch whorls, and partly obscured umbilicus.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEBE5110D02FA45FCF6FD21.taxon	description	Description: Shell slender, turreted; protoconch small, obtuse (not preserved as shell); upper teleoconch whorls elongate conical, last three whorls more rapidly increasing; a fine pattern of axial riblets covering the whorls (only partly preserved, Fig. 16 b); aperture elongate oval, columellar part triangular, broad, peristomial rim slightly reinforced by lip formation, somewhat flared; umbilicus open, partly obscured by triangular columellar shield. Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 16): H = 13.78 mm; Wh> 8.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFEBE5110D02FA45FCF6FD21.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This new species is placed in the family Cerastidae, because it matches very well the enoid shell form of most of the Modern species in this family. The correct separation between Cerastidae and Enidae is based on several anatomical details (Mordan 1992). However, all cerastid species recorded from the Arabian peninsula share the shell morphological detail of shells that are ribbed on the upper teleoconch, at least. This holds also true for C. pseudoena sp. nov., which thus supports its affiliation to that family. It is described under the genus Cerastus ALBERS, 1860, because this genus has a long-lasting history as suggested by its distribution that ranges from Ethiopia via the southwestern Arabian Peninsula to northwestern India. Cerastus girwanensis CONNOLLY, 1941, a Modern endemic species from the Southwest of Saudi Arabia is shown here (Fig. 17) to facilitate comparison.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF5E5130D02FD25FCC5FF0E.taxon	description	(Figs. 18 – 19)	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF5E5130D02FD25FCC5FF0E.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018986, paratype NMBE 5019050. Type locality: Wadi Darbat, Dhofar, Oman.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF5E5130D02FD25FCC5FF0E.taxon	materials_examined	Material: This species is only represented by the holotype specimen.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF5E5130D02FD25FCC5FF0E.taxon	etymology	Etymology: praeinsularis to pinpoint the early presence of this species in the area, which later gave rise to the Soqotra Archipelago, Yemen.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF5E5130D02FD25FCC5FF0E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Species characterised by the large periomphalum.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF5E5130D02FD25FCC5FF0E.taxon	description	Description: Shell elongate turreted, with regularly increasing whorls (protoconch and first teleoconch whorl not preserved); upper teleoconch whorls covered by a fine axial sculpture of ribs; aperture broadly oval, columellar part triangular, partly covering the umbilicus; umbilicus broadly open, with a large periomphalum, delimited by a blunt crest (see arrows in Fig. 18 b). Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 18 a): H = 11.81 mm; Wh> 5.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF5E5130D02FD25FCC5FF0E.taxon	discussion	Remarks: For the familial and generic affiliation, the same rationale is used as in C. pseudoena sp. nov. However, the peculiar form of the umbilicus of C. praeinsularis sp. nov. clearly differs from that of its fossil congener, but is quite similar to species from the Soqotran cerastid radiation. In this respect, it particularly resembles shells of the Modern endemic Soqotran genera Achatinelloides NEVILL, 1878, and Passamaella PFEIFFER, 1877 (Neubert 2005 a, 2005 b). This is here shown by a comparison with Achatinelloides hadibuensis (GODWIN-AUSTEN, 1881) (Fig. 20), which shows a very similar umbilicus formation with a large periomphalum delimited by a blunt crest (see arrow in Fig. 20). In our material, we also found a small shell consisting of a small protoconch and almost four teleoconch whorls, which are also covered by a dense pattern of axial ribs (Fig. 19). The imperfect formation of the aperture makes it very probable that this is a juvenile shell. Superimposing this fossil with the holotype of C. praeinsularis sp. nov. reveals that the diameter and growing increment of both shells match almost perfectly. For this reason we interpret this shell as a juvenile of C. praeinsularis sp. nov. (NMBE 5019050).	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF7E5150D02FA8AFD05FA31.taxon	description	(Fig. 25)	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF7E5150D02FA8AFD05FA31.taxon	materials_examined	Type specimens: Holotype NMBE 5018988. Type locality: Wadi Darbat, Dhofar, Oman.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF7E5150D02FA8AFD05FA31.taxon	materials_examined	Material: This species is only represented by the holotype specimen.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF7E5150D02FA8AFD05FA31.taxon	etymology	Etymology: arabica for its presence on the Arabian Peninsula.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF7E5150D02FA8AFD05FA31.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Broad conical shell with strong opisthocline ribs.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF7E5150D02FA8AFD05FA31.taxon	description	Description: Shell broad conical; protoconch blunt, consisting of ca. 2 whorls without any obvious sculpture; last teleoconch whorl rapidly increasing, with a sharp peripheral keel; whorls only slightly rounded, suture simple and shallow; teleoconch whorls covered by strong opisthocline ribs; lower part of the shell (below the periphery) smooth; aperture depressed oval, peristome (probably) simple, sharp; form of umbilicus not clearly discernible, however, it seems to be quite narrow. Measurements: Holotype (Fig. 25): H = 5.04 mm; W = 5.27 mm; Wh> 5.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
B56A8789FFF7E5150D02FA8AFD05FA31.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The specific opisthocline ribs discriminate this shell from all cerastid shells, which have orthocline ribs. The shell form immediately recalls the shells of the afrotropical helicarionid genus Trochozonites PFEFFER, 1883. To facilitate comparison, the figure of Trochozonites plumaticostata PILSBRY, 1919 from the Congo Basin is here provided (Fig. 26). In his diagnosis of the species, Pilsbry (1919: 251) explicitly describes the " oblique, rather widely spaced, retractive, undulating riblets ", which is close to what can be seen in T. arabica sp. nov. Nonetheless, the affiliation to such a badly understood genus remains with some doubts, because important character sets like the protoconch sculpture and microrelief are not preserved.	en	Neubert, Eike, Damme, Dirk van (2012): Palaeogene continental molluscs of Oman. Contributions to Natural History 20: 1-28, DOI: 10.5169/seals-787080
