identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CA879AFFA7FFF2FC3DFEC5FF65FBA4.text	03CA879AFFA7FFF2FC3DFEC5FF65FBA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrolebias Costa 1998	<div><p>Genus group Austrolebias</p> <p>This genus group is composed of the following genera: Argolebias stat. nov., Amatolebias gen. nov., Matilebias gen. nov., Austrolebias s.s., Gymnolebias stat. nov., Acantholebias stat. nov., Megalebias, Titanolebias gen. nov., Acrolebias stat. nov., Cypholebias stat. nov. and Garcialebias gen. nov.</p> <p>Diagnosis: This group of genera can be distinguished from other genera of the family by presenting the following unique combination of characters (each of them not necessarily exclusive): (1) absence of scales in the suborbital region; (2) extension of the broad dorsal portion of the cleithrum, twice as high as the vertical distance between the dorsal margin of the scapula and the ventral margin of the coracoid; (3) a dark grey suborbital bar (faint and diffuse in Gymnolebias); (4) a short extension of the ventral process of the angulo-articular, with retro-articular projecting slightly below the ventral process of the angulo-articular; (5) urogenital papillae close to the anal fin in males; and (6) anterior nostrils pointing dorsolaterally [reversed in Argolebias guarani, pointing ventrolaterally, and in Titanolebias cheradophilus Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano &amp; Scaglia de Paulete 1965, pointing forwards].</p> <p>Additional characters useful to identify members of this group: (7) urohyal high (reversed to stylized in Titanolebias, except T. cheradophilus); (8) dark grey dashed bars or spots on flanks of females (reversed to spots in Acantholebias); (9) 10–13 pectoral fin rays (reversed to 12–15 in Megalebias); (10) cartilage proportion of basihyal 45–70% [reversed&gt; 70% in Austrolebias vandenbergi and &lt;45% in Acantholebias, Gymnolebias, T. cheradophilus and Titanolebias elongatus (Steindachner, 1881)]; (11) absence of filaments on dorsal fin; (12) distal margin of anal fin rounded in males; (13) deep blue iridescent coloration of the opercular region (reversed to pale greenish gold in Megalebias, Cypholebias, Austrolebias vandenbergi, Acrolebias carvalhoi and Ga. araucarianus); and (14) absence of scales in the basal portion of the anal fin in males (reversed to present in Titanolebias prognathus Amato, 1986, Titanolebias monstrosus Huber, 1995, T. elongatus, Austrolebias vandenbergi and Austrolebias accorsii).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: The Austrolebias genus group can be differentiated from other genera of the Rivulidae family outside this group as follows:</p> <p>1. Posterior distal margin of the dorsal fin in males rounded (vs. pointed in Gnatholebias, Micromoema, Pterolebias, Pituna, Maratecoara, Mucurilebias, Notholebias, Leptopanchax, Leptolebias, Campellolebias, Cynopoecilus, Xenurolebias, Nematolebias, Ophthalmolebias and Simpsonichthys) (Garman 1895, Thomerson 1974, Costa 1988, 1995b, 2002, 2006c, 2007a, 2007b, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2016b, Thomerson and Taphorn 1992, Costa and Amorim 2014, Costa et al. 2014a, 2016, Ferrer et al. 2014, Nielsen et al. 2017).</p> <p>2. Between 17 and 28 dorsal fin rays in males (vs. &lt;17 in Kryptolebias, Atlantirivulus, Anablepsoides, Rivulus, Prorivulus, Cynodonichthys, Melanorivulus, Laimosemion, Millerichthys, Moema, Trigonectes, Neofundulus, Rachovia, Terranatos, Renova, Papiliolebias, Stenolebias and Plesiolebias) (Weitzman and Wourms 1967, Miller and Hubbs 1974, Taphorn and Thomerson 1978, Costa 1989, 1990, 1993, 1995b, 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004b, 2005, 2006b, 2007b, 2008a, 2015, 2017b; Thomerson and Taphorn 1995, Vermeulen and Hrbek 2005, Costa et al. 2013, Nielsen and Brousseau 2014, Valdesalici and Brousseau 2014, Rodriguez-Silva 2015, Valdesalici 2016, 2019, Valdesalici et al. 2016, Volcan et al. 2018, Berkenkamp 2020, Drawert 2022).</p> <p>3. Posterior margin of the anal fin in males rounded (vs. pointed in Austrofundulus and Llanolebias, and pointed and frequently with long filaments in Cynolebias) (Costa 2001, 2014b, 2017a; Hrbek et al. 2005, Hrbek and Taphorn 2008, Costa et al. 2010).</p> <p>4. Absence of scales on suborbital region (vs. present in Spectrolebias, Cynolebias and Hypsolebias) (Costa 2007a, 2010, Costa et al. 2014b, 2018a, 2018b, Britzke et al. 2016, Costa and Amorim 2018).</p> <p>Synapomorphies: The genus group Austrolebias was recovered as monophyletic and supported by eight molecular characters and the following 17 morphological characters (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): dark grey suborbital bar (character:state 25:1); dark grey dashed bars or spots on flank in females (45:2); deep blue iridescent coloration of the opercular region (28:1); absence of filaments projecting distally on dorsal fin of males (48:0); posterodistal edge of anal fin rounded in males (49:1); absence of scales on the basal portion of the anal fin in males (52:0); 10–13 pectoral fin rays (64:0); anterior nostrils pointing dorsolaterally (72:1); frontal squamation pattern F or other (76:3); absence of scales in suborbital region (77:0); close proximity of the urogenital papillae to the anal fin in males (82:1); bone support of contact organs in the pectoral fins of males absent (89:0); extension of the ventral process of the angulo-articular short, retro-articular projecting slightly below the ventral process of the angulo-articular (123:2); dorsal process of angulo-articular medium sized (127:1); cartilage proportion of basihyal 45–70% (133:1); urohyal shape high (135:1); length of extension of broad dorsal portion of cleithrum, relative to vertical distance between dorsal margin of scapula and ventral margin of coracoid, about twice as high (184:2).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFA7FFF2FC3DFEC5FF65FBA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFA2FFF2FF2EFBF1FA8DF9C1.text	03CA879AFFA2FFF2FF2EFBF1FA8DF9C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Argolebias sensu Costa 2008	<div><p>Genus Argolebias Costa, 2008 stat. nov.</p> <p>Argolebias Costa, 2008 as a subgenus of Austrolebias.</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias nigripinnis Regan, 1912.</p> <p>Diagnosis: This genus can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by presenting iridescent spots on the medial distal portion of the pectoral fin and by the following unique combination of characters: (1) a gap between preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts; (2) a wide dark grey to black border on most scales on the ventral half portion of the flank, above the anal fin, in mature dominant males (not considering bands); (3) fused iridescent marks on the distal portion of the dorsal fin; (4) black blotch on the most anterior region of the dorsal fin; (5) absence of dark grey to black spots on flanks in males; and (6) dorsal radial of pectoral fin absent (Fig. 3).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: In addition to the unique combination of character states mentioned in the Diagnosis above, the genus Argolebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having &lt;40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); by the presence of scales in the preopercular region (vs. absent in Gymnolebias); by the basal and medial region of pectoral fins non-hyaline in adult males (vs. hyaline in Amatolebias, Austrolebias and Garcialebias); by the lack of ossified contact organs in the anal fin of males (vs. present in Acantholebias); by presenting the rostral region scaled, subocular bar vertically directed and pelvic fins without an obvious interspace in males (vs. subocular bar posteriorly directed, anterior region of head near rostral neuromasts without scales and conspicuous interspace between pelvic fins in males, in Megalebias); and by presenting longitudinally aligned and fused iridescent marks on the distal portion of the dorsal fin (vs. if present, marks on dorsal fin distal portion not fused, in Acrolebias, Cypholebias and Matilebias).</p> <p>Synapomorphies: Argolebias is a monophyletic clade supported by one morphological synapomorphy (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): dorsal radial of pectoral fin absent (189:1).</p> <p>Species included: Argolebias nigripinnis Regan, 1912 comb. nov., Argolebias guarani sp. nov. and Argolebias paranaensis Costa, 2006 comb. nov.</p> <p>Distribution: Flood plains of the middle and lower Uruguay River, middle and lower Paraná basins and Río de la Plata estuary, in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil and Paraguay.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFA2FFF2FF2EFBF1FA8DF9C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFA2FFFCFBC4F9ECFF1FFBE1.text	03CA879AFFA2FFFCFBC4F9ECFF1FFBE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amatolebias Alonso & Terán & Alanís & Calviño & Montes & García & Barneche & Almirón & Ciotek & Giorgis & Cascioưa 2023	<div><p>Amatolebias gen. nov.</p> <p>LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 29852779-F2ED-4AA7-AE2D-B21307A10AC6</p> <p>Type species: Austrolebias wichi Alonso et al., 2018.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Amatolebias is distinguished from the remaining genera of the Austrolebias genus group by the following unique combination of characters in mature dominant males: (1) well-defined and regular vertical dark grey bars only on the anterior portion of the flank (anterior to the anal fin origin); (2) scales on flanks, above anal fin and below dorsal fin leaden bluish to greenish, without wide dark grey border; (3) anal fin with a black band at the distal margin; (4) thin most exterior border of scales on dorsal half portion of flank, below dorsal fin, light grey to brownish grey; and (5) lateral margins of basihyal cartilage laterally expanded.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: The genus Amatolebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the genus group Austrolebias by having &lt;40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); by the presence of scales in the preopercular region (vs. absent in Gymnolebias); by the basal and medial region of pectoral fins hyaline in adult males (vs. non-hyaline in Argolebias, Acantholebias, Megalebias, Acrolebias, Cypholebias and Matilebias); by presenting a black band at the distal margin of the anal fin and posterior region of the flanks with white spots vertically aligned in adult males (vs. without black band and white markings in Garcialebias); from Austrolebias by the urogenital papillae not attached to the anal fin and no contact organs on anal fin in males [vs. urogenital papillae attached in Austrolebias melanoorus Amato, 1986, Austrolebias queguay Serra &amp; Loureiro, 2018, Austrolebias univentripinnis Costa &amp; Cheffe, 2005, Austrolebias bellottii Steindachner, 1881 and Austrolebias ephemerus Volcan &amp; Severo-Neto, 2019, and contact organs present on anal fin of Austrolebias vandenbergi and Austrolebias accorsii].</p> <p>Synapomorphies: Amatolebias is recovered as monophyletic, supported by eight molecular synapomorphies and the following six morphological synapomorphies (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): centre of most scales on ventral half of flank, above anal fin, in dominant mature males (excluding bands, bars and iridescent lines) bluish to greenish leaden (1:7); wide border of most scales on ventral half of flank, above anal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) absent (2:0); centre of most scales on dorsal half of flank, below dorsal fin, in mature dominant males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) bluish to greenish leaden (6:7); thin outermost edge of scales on dorsal half of flank, below dorsal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) light grey to brownish grey (10:1); flanks with regular, well-defined vertical dark grey bars (16:1); and dark grey bars only on anterior portion of flank (anterior to anal fin origin) (17:1).</p> <p>Included species: Amatolebias wichi Alonso et al., 2018 comb. nov., Amatolebias varzeae Costa et al., 2004 comb. nov. and Amatolebias patriciae Huber, 1995 comb. nov.</p> <p>Etymology: Genus dedicated to Luis H. Amato, for his important contribution to the knowledge of the Rivulidae diversity of Uruguay, Paraguay and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); composed of his last name and from the Greek lebias (small fish, a name commonly used to compose generic names of cyprinodontiform fishes).</p> <p>Distribution: Chacoan region of the Paraguay River basin in Argentina and Paraguay and the upper Uruguay River basin in Brazil.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFA2FFFCFBC4F9ECFF1FFBE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFACFFFCFE94FBB1FABFFB58.text	03CA879AFFACFFFCFE94FBB1FABFFB58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Matilebias Alonso & Terán & Alanís & Calviño & Montes & García & Barneche & Almirón & Ciotek & Giorgis & Cascioưa 2023	<div><p>Matilebias gen. nov.</p> <p>LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 85736BEB-72A7-407E-B6A4- FF2C29FCECE9</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias alexandri Castello &amp; López, 1974.</p> <p>Diagnosis: It can be distinguished from the remaining genera of the Austrolebias genus group by the following combination of characters: (1) grey pectoral fin without iridescent spots on medial distal portion; (2) absence of a gap between the preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts; (3) border of most scales on dorsal half of flank, below dorsal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) light grey to brownish grey; (4) one or more irregularly arranged black spots on the posterior portion of the flank and caudal peduncle in females; (5) vertically aligned iridescent markings on entire flank; and (6) one or two gill rakers on epibranchial 1.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: The genus Matilebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having &lt;40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); by the presence of scales in the preopercular region (vs. absent in Gymnolebias); by the basal and medial region of pectoral fins non-hyaline in adult males (vs. hyaline in Amatolebias, Austrolebias and Garcialebias); by the lack of ossified contact organs in the anal fin of males (vs. present in Acantholebias); by presenting the rostral region scaled, vertically directed subocular bar and pelvic fins without an obvious interspace in males (vs. posteriorly directed subocular bar, anterior region of head near rostral neuromasts without scales and conspicuous interspace between pelvic fins in males of Megalebias); by marks on dorsal fin distal portion, if present, not fused (vs. present and fused in Argolebias); by lack of contact organs in the anal fin of males (vs. present in Cypholebias); and by unpaired fins with bluish to greenish iridescences on males (vs. dark grey in Acrolebias).</p> <p>Synapomorphies: Matilebias is a monophyletic clade supported by 54 molecular synapomorphies and by one morphological synapomorphy (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): one or two gill rakers in epibranchial 1 (154:1)</p> <p>Includedspecies: Matilebiaslitzi Costa, 2006 comb.nov., Matilebias cyaneus Amato, 1986 comb. nov., Matilebias paucisquama Ferrer et al., 2008 comb. nov., Matilebias toba Calviño, 2006 comb. nov., Matilebias alexandri Castello &amp; López, 1974 comb. nov., Matilebias ibicuiensis Costa, 1999 comb. nov., Matilebias periodicus Costa, 1999 comb. nov., Matilebias duraznensis García, Scvortzoff &amp; Hernández, 1995 comb. nov., Matilebias juanlangi Costa et al., 2006 comb. nov., Matilebias affinis Amato, 1986 comb. nov. and Matilebias camaquensis Volcan et al., 2017 comb. nov.</p> <p>Etymology: Genus dedicated to the memory of the late Dr Matias Pandolfi, for his contributions to the ichthyological knowledge of fish physiology and his commitment to the popularization of science, human resource training and public education in the sciences. Composed of his nickname, ‘Mati’, and from the Greek lebias (small fish, a name commonly used to compose generic names of cyprinodontiform fishes).</p> <p>Distribution: Lower basins of the Paraguay and Paraná rivers, middle and lower basin of the Uruguay River and Patos-Merín lagoon system in Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFACFFFCFE94FBB1FABFFB58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFACFFFDFC0EFB7CFE33F935.text	03CA879AFFACFFFDFC0EFB7CFE33F935.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrolebias Costa 1998	<div><p>Genus Austrolebias Costa, 1998</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias bellottii Steindachner, 1881, type by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Genus Austrolebias can be distinguished from other genera within the Austrolebias genus group by the following unique combination of characters: (1) urogenital papillae attached to anal fin (except in Austrolebias vandenbergi and Austrolebias accorsii); (2) anteromedial anal fin rays longer than the rest in females, resulting in a nearly triangular fin shape; (3) males pectoral fins hyaline, with black margin and iridescent submargin (except Austrolebias melanoorus, which has only the black margin); (4) pelvic bones overlapping; (5) absence of regular, well-defined vertical dark grey bars only on anterior portion of flank (anterior to the anal fin origin); (6) absence of dark grey pigmentation in cephalic neuromasts concentrated in parietal series; and (7) in females, absence of black spots on posterior flank and vertically aligned in the peduncle.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: The genus Austrolebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having &lt;40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); by the presence of scales in the preopercular region (vs. absent in Gymnolebias); by the basal and medial region of pectoral fins being hyaline in adult males (vs. non-hyaline in Argolebias, Acantholebias, Matilebias, Megalebias, Acrolebias and Cypholebias); anteromedial anal fin rays longer than the rest of the fin rays in females, resulting in a nearly triangular fin shape (vs. rounded anal fin in Amatolebias); urogenital papillae attached to male anal fin, if not, presence of contact organs on anal fin (vs. urogenital papillae not attached to male anal fin in all Garcialebias species except Garcialebias cheffei Volcan et al., 2021, which differs from Austrolebias by the lack of contact organs on the anal fin).</p> <p>Synapomorphies: Austrolebias genus s.s., as defined herein, was recovered as monophyletic with the current species composition and supported by 24 molecular synapomorphies and the following four morphological synapomorphies (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): dark grey to black spots on flanks of males (21:1); female anal fin roughly spatula-shaped (50:1); pelvic fins membrane in males fused along most of medial margin (58:1); and pelvic bones overlapping (190:1).</p> <p>Included species: Austrolebias melanoorus (Amato, 1986), Austrolebias vandenbergi (Huber, 1995), Austrolebias univentripinnis Costa &amp; Cheffe, 2005, Austrolebias queguay Serra &amp; Loureiro, 2018, Austrolebias bellottii (Steindachner, 1881), Austrolebias accorsii Nielsen &amp; Pillet, 2015 and Austrolebias ephemerus Volcan &amp; Severo-Neto, 2019.</p> <p>Remarks: According to the Eschmeyer’s Catalogue of Fishes (Fricke et al. 2021), Austrolebias vandenbergi should be corrected to vandenbergorum following ICZN Art. 31.1.2 because this species was originally described in honour of Leen van den Berg and his son Arjen. We consider this not to be adequate because vandenbergi has been in use for&gt; 25 years and cited in ≥ 20 papers (Fricke et al. 2021) and, following Appendix B General recommendations of the ICZN (Ride et al. 1999): ‘Stability of nomenclature: 1. Since it is the object of nomenclature to denote each taxon by a name which is unique, unambiguous and universal, an author should not change the prevailing usage of names, or the sense in which they are used, unless this is required for scientific reasons (i.e. the reclassification of taxa) (…) 2. If the provisions of the Code appear to require an action which might threaten stability or cause confusion, that action should not be taken before referring the case to the Commission for advice’. Therefore, until this is submitted to the Commission, we consider that vandenbergi should be used for stability.</p> <p>Distribution: Río de la Plata basin (excluding the middle and upper Paraná and Uruguay river basins), Laguna Merín basin and headwaters of the Mamoré basin, in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFACFFFDFC0EFB7CFE33F935	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFADFFFDFF34F882FBC1FB1F.text	03CA879AFFADFFFDFF34F882FBC1FB1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnolebias Costa 2008	<div><p>Gymnolebias Costa, 2008 genus stat. nov.</p> <p>Gymnolebias Costa, 2008 as a subgenus of Austrolebias.</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias gymnoventris Amato, 1986.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Gymnolebias can be distinguished from other Austrolebias genus group genera by the following unique combination of characters: (1) scales absent on ventral region; (2) absence of conspicuous suborbital and supraorbital dark grey marks in living specimens; and (3) flanks dark brownish grey to black, with wide dark grey bars on anterior portion (modified from Costa 2008).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: In addition to the unique combination of character states mentioned in the Diagnosis above, the genus Gymnolebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having &lt;40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); by the lack of ossified contact organs in the anal fin of males (vs. present in Acantholebias); by the basal and medial region of the pectoral fins being hyaline in adult males (vs. non-hyaline in Acrolebias, Cypholebias, Matilebias, Argolebias and Megalebias); anal fin rounded in females (vs. nearly triangular in Austrolebias and Garcialebias); and male pectoral fins without black margin (vs. black distal margin in Amatolebias)</p> <p>Synapomorphies: Gymnolebias was recovered as a monophyletic clade supported by 26 molecular characters and the following five morphological characters (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): wide border of most scales on ventral half of flank, above anal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) dark grey to black (3:0); centre of most scales in mid-dorsal portion of flank, anterior to dorsal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) dark grey to black (11:1); dark suborbital bar absent (diffused and inconspicuous) (25:0); scales in the preopercular region absent (78:1); and &lt;14 abdominal vertebrae (169:0)</p> <p>Included species: Gymnolebias gymnoventris Amato, 1986 comb. nov. and Gymnolebias jaegari Costa &amp; Cheffe, 2002 comb. nov.</p> <p>Distribution: Basins associated with the Patos-Merín lagoon system, in Brazil and Uruguay.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFADFFFDFF34F882FBC1FB1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFADFFFEFC65FABEFDEEFBA0.text	03CA879AFFADFFFEFC65FABEFDEEFBA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acantholebias Costa 2008	<div><p>Genus Acantholebias Costa, 2008 stat. nov.</p> <p>Acantholebias Costa, 2008 as a subgenus of Austrolebias.</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias luteoflammulatus Vaz-Ferreira et al. 1964.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Acantholebias is distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by the following unique combination of characters: (1) wide border of most scales on dorsal flank, below dorsal fin and anterior to this fin, excluding the dorsum, in mature dominant males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) light grey to brownish grey, in dominant mature males; (2) absence of iridescent markings on the flank in males; (3) dorsal fin with a dark grey vertical bar on posterior portion in males, more visible in juvenile; (4) background colour of pectoral fins in males bright blue-green; (5) contact organs in the anal fin with bone support in males; and (6) parasphenoid posterior process broadening gradually.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: The genus Acantholebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having &lt;40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); the basal and medial region of the pectoral fins non-hyaline in adult males (vs. hyaline in Amatolebias, Austrolebias, Gymnolebias and Garcialebias); scaled rostral region, vertically directed subocular bar and pelvic fins without an obvious interspace in males (vs. in Megalebias: posteriorly directed subocular bar, anterior region of head near rostral neuromasts without scales and conspicuous interspace between pelvic fins in males); by the lack of a gap between preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts (vs. gap present in Argolebias, Ga. araucarianus and Acrolebias carvalhoi); by the lack of iridescent spots on the unpaired fins (vs. present in Acrolebias and Matilebias); and by the presence of ossified contact organs in the anal fin of males (vs. present but not ossified in Cypholebias).</p> <p>Synapomorphies: Acantholebias is supported by 19 molecular synapomorphies and the following six morphological synapomorphies (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): dorsal fin with a dark grey vertical bar on posterior portion in males (35:1); background colour of pectoral fins in males bright blue-green (42:4); dark grey pigmentation pattern on flank of females: dots (45:0); contact organs on the anal fin in males (86:1); bone support in contact organs in males (87:1); and parasphenoid posterior process gradually broadening (162:0).</p> <p>Included species: Acantholebias luteoflammulatus (Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano &amp; Scaglia de Paulete, 1965) comb. nov. and Acantholebias quirogai (Loureiro, Duarte &amp; Zarucki 2011) comb. nov.</p> <p>Distribution: The upper basin of the Negro River (lower Uruguay River), Atlantic basins of eastern Uruguay and basins associated with the Merín lagoon, in Brazil and Uruguay.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFADFFFEFC65FABEFDEEFBA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFAEFFFEFED2FBE4FBF6FDB0.text	03CA879AFFAEFFFEFED2FBE4FBF6FDB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalebias Costa 1998	<div><p>Genus Megalebias Costa, 1998</p> <p>Megalebias Costa, 1998 as genus. Synonym of Austrolebias but valid as a subgenus by Costa (2006a).</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias wolterstorffi Ahl, 1924 (type by original designation).</p> <p>Diagnosis: The genus Megalebias can be differentiated from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by the following unique combination of character states: (1) absence of scales in the anterior portion adjacent to the rostral neuromasts; (2) contact organs on upper pectoral fin rays of males; (3) lack of contact organs on the anal fin; (4) 35–40 lateral line scales; and (5) pelvic fin bases separated by a gap in males.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: The genus Megalebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having ≤ 40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); by the presence of scales in the preopercular region (vs. absent in Gymnolebias); by the basal and medial region of pectoral fins non-hyaline in adult males (vs. hyaline in Amatolebias, Austrolebias and Garcialebias); by the lack of contact organs in the anal fin of males (vs. present in Acantholebias and Cypholebias); by the absence of vertical bars on the flanks of the males (vs. present in Acrolebias); and by the posteriorly directed subocular bar, anterior region of head near rostral neuromasts without scales and conspicuous interspace between pelvic fins in males (vs. vertically to anteriorly directed bar, anterior region of head scaled and interspace between pelvic fins in males small or absent in Argolebias and Matilebias).</p> <p>It presents 133 genetic autapomorphies and the following morphologicalautapomorphies (seeSupportingInformation,Appendix S5): wide border of most scales on ventral half of flank, above anal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) dark grey to black (3:0); centre of most scales on dorsal half of flank, anterior to dorsal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) dark grey to black (11:1); and male pelvic fin bases separated by an interspace (57:0).</p> <p>Included species: Megalebias wolterstorffi (Ahl, 1924).</p> <p>Distribution: Plains and wetlands of the Patos-Merín lagoon system in Uruguay and Brazil.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFAEFFFEFED2FBE4FBF6FDB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFAEFFFFFBC4FD09FF4DFD15.text	03CA879AFFAEFFFFFBC4FD09FF4DFD15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Titanolebias Alonso & Terán & Alanís & Calviño & Montes & García & Barneche & Almirón & Ciotek & Giorgis & Cascioưa 2023	<div><p>Titanolebias gen. nov.</p> <p>LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 325D9664-D264-4B45-B6AE-2A6F48002420</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias elongatus Steindachner, 1881.</p> <p>Diagnosis: The new genus Titanolebias differs from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by the following unique combination of characters: (1) contact organs on most pectoral fin rays, in males; (2)&gt; 40 scales on the lateral line; (3) small size of scales; (4) centre of most scales on ventral half of flank, above anal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) pastel yellow to golden; (5) contact organs on the anal fin of males; and (6) absence of scales in the anterior portion adjacent to the rostral neuromasts.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: In addition to the unique combination of character states mentioned in the Diagnosis above, the genus Titanolebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having a posteriorly directed suborbital bar and the anterior region of the head, near the rostral neuromasts, without scales (vs. directed vertically, anteriorly or absent and the anterior region of the head, near rostral neuromasts, scaled in Argolebias, Matilebias, Gymnolebias, Acantholebias, Cypholebias, Acrolebias, Garcialebias, Austrolebias and Amatolebias); and by the presence of contact organs in the anal fin of males (vs. contact organs absent in Megalebias).</p> <p>Synapomorphies: The new genus Titanolebias was supported by 30 molecular character states and the following seven morphological character states (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): centre of most scales on ventral half of flank, above anal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) pastel yellow to golden (1:2); centre of most scales on dorsal half of flank, below dorsal fin, in dominant mature males (not considering bands, bars and iridescent lines) light grey (6:6); grey spots on head present (23:1);&gt; 40 scales on lateral line (69:2); small scales (70:1); contact organs on anal fin of males present (86:1); and contact organs on most pectoral fin rays of males (91:1).</p> <p>Included species: Titanolebias cheradophilus (Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano &amp; Scaglia de Paulete, 1965) comb. nov., Titanolebias prognathus (Amato, 1986) comb. nov., Titanolebias monstrosus (Huber, 1995) comb. nov. and Titanolebias elongatus (Steindachner, 1881) comb. nov.</p> <p>Etymology: The name of the genus is composed of Titan and lebias. Lebias is from the Greek, meaning ‘small fish’, a name commonly used to compose generic names of cyprinodontiform fishes. In Greek mythology, the Titans (Greek: Tιτᾶνες, Titânes, singular: Tιτάν, -ήν, Titán) were the pre-Olympian gods; they were the 12 children of the primordial parents Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth) and famous for their strength and huge size. Named in allusion to the relative size of the fishes of this genus within Aplocheiloidei, bearing the largest species in this suborder of fishes, with T. elongatus reaching 15.5 cm SL (MACN 3826) and T. monstrosus 15 cm (MNK P-3301) (Osinaga 2006).</p> <p>Distribution: Río de la Plata basin (excluding the middle and upper portions of the Paraná and Uruguay basins), Laguna Merín basin, Atlantic basins of eastern Uruguay and headwaters of the Mamoré basin, in Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFAEFFFFFBC4FD09FF4DFD15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFAFFFFFFF3EFCB0FB6AFE9C.text	03CA879AFFAFFFFFFF3EFCB0FB6AFE9C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrolebias Costa 2008	<div><p>Genus Acrolebias Costa, 2008 stat. nov.</p> <p>Acrolebias Costa, 2008 as a subgenus of Austrolebias.</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias carvalhoi Myers, 1947.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Acrolebias differs from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by unique male coloration consisting of golden body flanks with eight to nine purple-grey bars.</p> <p>Additionally, this genus can be identified by the following unique combination of characters: no contact organs on anal fin in male; bases of pelvic fins separated by small interspace; anal fin short in females; urogenital papillae not attached to anal fin; dorsal fin origin anterior to anal fin origin; 21 or 22 dorsal fin rays in males, 16–18 in females; 21or 22 anal fin rays in males, 16–18 in females; and 27–29 longitudinal series scales (Costa 2006a).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: The genus Acrolebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having &lt;40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); by the presence of scales in the preopercular region (vs. absent in Gymnolebias); by the basal and medial region of pectoral fins being non-hyaline in adult males (vs. hyaline in Amatolebias, Austrolebias and Garcialebias); by the lack of contact organs on the anal fin of males (vs. present in Acantholebias and Cypholebias); by the rostral region scaled and vertically directed suborbital bar (vs. suborbital bar posteriorly directed and anterior region of head near rostral neuromasts without scales in Megalebias); by markings on the distal portion of the dorsal fin, if present, not fused (vs. present and fused in Argolebias); and by unpaired fins dark grey on males (vs. with bluish to greenish iridescences in Matilebias).</p> <p>Synapomorphies: We redefine Acrolebias as a monotypic genus that presents the following five morphological autapomorphies (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): pastel yellow to golden centre of most scales on ventral half of flank, above anal fin, in males (1:2); male pelvic fin bases separated by an interspace (57:0); &lt;14 abdominal vertebrae (169:0); dorsal radial of pectoral fin present (189:1); and flanks with well-defined and regular vertical dark grey bars (16:1).</p> <p>Included species: Acrolebias carvalhoi (Myers, 1947) comb. nov.</p> <p>Distribution: Upper Iguazú River basin.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFAFFFFFFF3EFCB0FB6AFE9C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFAFFFF8FC6EFE38FDFCFE7A.text	03CA879AFFAFFFF8FC6EFE38FDFCFE7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cypholebias Costa 2008	<div><p>Genus Cypholebias Costa, 2008 stat. nov.</p> <p>Cypholebias Costa, 2008 as a subgenus of Austrolebias.</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias robustus Günther, 1883.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Cypholebias can be distinguished from the remaining genera of the Austrolebias genus group by the following unique characters states: (1) irregular light bands on flanks; and (2) acute angle between the articular facet of the second pharyngobranchial with the distal condyle of second epibranchial.</p> <p>The following characters are also useful to recognize this genus: (3) rounded caudal fin in males (paralleled in Argolebias paranaensis and Titanolebias, except T. cheradophilus); (4) 26–30 caudal fin rays (paralleled in Ma. litzi, Ma. cyaneus, Ma. paucisquama and Austrolebias melanoorus); (5) contact organs on the anal fin of males (paralleled in Titanolebias and Acantholebias); (6) extension of the anterior portion of the entopterygoid in relationship to the autopalatine not overlapping (paralleled in Megalebias and Titanolebias); and (7) pelvic bones overlapping (paralleled in Austrolebias).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: The genus Cypholebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having &lt;40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); by the presence of scales in the preopercular region (vs. absent in Gymnolebias); by the basal and medial region of pectoral fins being non-hyaline in adult males (vs. hyaline in Amatolebias, Austrolebias and Garcialebias); by the presence of non-ossified contact organs on the anal fin of males (vs. contact organs absent in Matilebias, Argolebias, Cypholebias and Megalebias, and ossified contact organs in Acantholebias).</p> <p>Synapomorphies: Cypholebias was recovered as monophyletic and supported by seven morphological synapomorphies (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): irregular light bands on flanks (22:1); rounded caudal fin in males (54:0); 26–30 caudal fin rays (59:1); contact organs on the anal fin of males (86:1); extension of the anterior portion of the entopterygoid in relationship to the autopalatine, not overlapping (107:1); acute angle between the articular facet of the second pharyngobranchial with the distal condyle of second epibranchial (145:1); and pelvic bones overlapping (190:1).</p> <p>Included species: Cypholebias robustus (Günther, 1883) comb. nov. and Cypholebias cinereus (Amato, 1986) comb. nov.</p> <p>Remarks: Cynolebias nonoiuliensis Taberner, Fernández-Santos &amp; Castelli, 1974 is considered a junior synonym of Cynolebias robustus because it lacks diagnostic characters and no morphological differences are observed between specimens of Cypholebias robustus and those from the type locality of Cynolebias nonoiuliensis (Calviño 2003, Calviño et al. 2016, this study).</p> <p>Distribution: Basins to the east of the lower Uruguay River, basins associated with the Merín lagoon and basins associated with the Río de la Plata and the Atlantic Ocean of the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFAFFFF8FC6EFE38FDFCFE7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFA8FFF8FE82FE53FAD1FA0B.text	03CA879AFFA8FFF8FE82FE53FAD1FA0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Garcialebias Alonso & Terán & Alanís & Calviño & Montes & García & Barneche & Almirón & Ciotek & Giorgis & Cascioưa 2023	<div><p>Garcialebias gen. nov.</p> <p>LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E2C0FA2E-4DCB-4A1D-9C4B-65AD8EDCB20B</p> <p>Type species: Cynolebias reicherti Loureiro &amp; García, 2004.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Garcialebias is distinguished from the remaining genera of the Austrolebias genus group by the following combination of characters: (1) in females, anteromedial anal fin rays longer than the rest, resulting in a nearly triangular fin shape; (2) grey vertical bands on flanks; (3) absence of vertical lines of iridescent spots on flanks of males; (4) absence of a gap between preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts; (5) absence of regular, well-defined vertical dark grey bars only on anterior portion of flank (anterior to the anal fin origin); (6) hyaline pectoral fins with black margin in males (except Garcialebias viarius (Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano &amp; Scaglia de Paulete 1965), without black margin); and (7) urogenital papillae not attached to anal fin (except in Ga. cheffei).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis: The genus Garcialebias can be distinguished from all other genera of the Austrolebias genus group by having &lt;40 scales in the longitudinal series (vs.&gt; 40 scales in Titanolebias); by the presence of scales in the preopercular region (vs. absent in Gymnolebias); by presenting the basal and medial region of the pectoral fins hyaline, in adult males (vs. non-hyaline in Argolebias, Acantholebias, Matilebias, Megalebias, Acrolebias and Cypholebias); anteromedial anal fin rays longer than the rest, in females, resulting in a nearly triangular fin shape (vs. anal fin rounded in Amatolebias); urogenital papillae not attached to anal fin in males, otherwise, lack of contact organs on anal fin (vs. urogenital papillae attached to anal fin in males of Austrolebias queguay, Austrolebias univentripinnis, Austrolebias bellottii, Austrolebias ephemerus and Austrolebias melanoorus, and contact organs present on anal fin in Austrolebias vandenbergi and Austrolebias accorsii).</p> <p>Additional characters that allow to recognize the species of this genus are as follows: (8) dark grey pigmentation on cephalic neuromasts concentrated on parietal series [except Ga. viarius, Garcialebias botocudo (Lanés et al., 2021), Garcialebias nubium (Lanés et al., 2021) and Ga. araucarianus]; and (9) black spots on posterior flank and vertically aligned in the peduncle of females [except Ga. viarius, Ga. botocudo, Ga. nubium, Ga. araucarianus and Garcialebias arachan (Loureiro et al., 2004)].</p> <p>Synapomorphies: Garcialebias is recovered as monophyletic, supported by 14 molecular synapomorphies and one morphological synapomorphy (see Supporting Information, Appendix S5): flanks of males with dark grey to black spots (21:1).</p> <p>Included species: Garcialebias viarius (Vaz-Ferreira, Sierra de Soriano &amp; Scaglia de Paulete 1965) comb. nov., Garcialebias araucarianus (Costa 2014) comb. nov., Garcialebias minuano Costa and Cheffe, 2001 comb. nov., Garcialebias charrua Costa and Cheffe, 2001 comb. nov., Garcialebias arachan Loureiro et al., 2004 comb. nov., Garcialebias reicherti Loureiro &amp; García, 2004 comb. nov., Garcialebias nachtigalli Costa &amp; Cheffe, 2006 comb. nov., Garcialebias nigrofasciatus Costa &amp; Cheffe, 2001 comb. nov., Garcialebias bagual Volcan et al., 2014 comb. nov., Garcialebias lourenciano Volcan et al., 2021 comb. nov., Garcialebias cheffei Volcan et al., 2021 comb. nov., Garcialebias adloffi Ahl, 1922 comb. nov., Garcialebias pelotapes Costa &amp; Cheffe, 2017 comb. nov., Garcialebias pongondo Costa &amp; Cheffe, 2017 comb. nov., Garcialebias nubium Lanés et al., 2021 comb. nov. and Garcialebias botocudo Lanés et al., 2021 comb. nov.</p> <p>Etymology: The genus is dedicated to Dr Graciela García, in recognition of her prominent contributions to ichthyology, especially to the systematics of Rivulidae, and for her essential role in the formation of subsequent generations of professionals in the areas of ichthyology, molecular systematics and genetics in Uruguay. The name of the genus is composed of her last name and, from the Greek, lebias (small fish, a name commonly used to compose generic names of cyprinodontiform fishes).</p> <p>Distribution: Río Negro basin (lower Uruguay basin), upper Uruguay and Iguazú basins, Atlantic basins of Uruguay Republic and the Patos-Merín lagoon system, in Brazil and Uruguay.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFA8FFF8FE82FE53FAD1FA0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFA8FFF9FE3DF9ACFA0BFD48.text	03CA879AFFA8FFF9FE3DF9ACFA0BFD48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Austrolebias Costa 1998	<div><p>Dichotomous key to Austrolebias genus group genera</p> <p>1a. More than 40 scales in longitudinal series............................................................................................................................ Titanolebias</p> <p>1b. Forty or fewer scales in longitudinal series.............................................................................................................................................. 2</p> <p>2a. In males, presence of iridescent spots longitudinally aligned and usually confluent on the subdistal area of the dorsal fin; presence of iridescent spots on distal portion of pectoral fins............................................................................................. Argolebias</p> <p>2b. In males, absence of iridescent spots longitudinally aligned and usually confluent on the subdistal area of the dorsal fin; absence of iridescent spots on distal portion of pectoral fins.............................................................................................................. 3</p> <p>3a. Suborbital bar absent or inconspicuous and diffuse; preopercular region not covered by scales … Gymnolebias</p> <p>3b. Suborbital bar present and conspicuously marked; preopercular region not covered by scales (occasionally absent in Acantholebias quirogai)................................................................................................................................................................................. 4</p> <p>4a. In males, basal and medial region of pectoral fins hyaline.................................................................................................................... 5</p> <p>4b. In males, basal and medial region of pectoral fins not hyaline............................................................................................................. 7</p> <p>5a. Flanks of males with regular grey vertical bands on anterior half merging and disappearing towards posterior half......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Amatolebias</p> <p>5b. Flanks of males without regular grey vertical bands on anterior half merging and disappearing towards posterior half...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6</p> <p>6a. In males, urogenital papilla fused to the first anal fin ray or, if not, presence of contact organs in the anal fin..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Austrolebias</p> <p>6b. In males, urogenital papilla not fused to the first anal fin ray or, if fused, absence of contact organs in the anal fin.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Garcialebias</p> <p>7a. Subocular bar directed backwards; presence of scales on anterior rostral region of head............................................ Megalebias</p> <p>7b. Subocular bar not directed backwards; absence of scales on anterior rostral region of head........................................................ 8</p> <p>8a. Presence of ossified contact organs in the anal fin of males........................................................................................... Acantholebias</p> <p>8b. Absence of ossified contact organs in the anal fin of males.................................................................................................................. 9</p> <p>9a. Male pectoral fins not greyish.................................................................................................................................................... Matilebias</p> <p>9b. Male pectoral fins greyish........................................................................................................................................................................ 10</p> <p>10a. Flanks of males with vertical bands........................................................................................................................................... Acrolebias</p> <p>10b. Flanks of males without vertical bands................................................................................................................................. Cypholebias</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFA8FFF9FE3DF9ACFA0BFD48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
03CA879AFFA9FFE7FF4BFD6FFA9EF851.text	03CA879AFFA9FFE7FF4BFD6FFA9EF851.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Argolebias guarani Alonso, Calvino, Teran, Serra, Montes, Garcia, Barneche, Almiron, Ciotek, Giorgis & Casciofla 2023	<div><p>Argolebias guarani Alonso, Calviño, Terán, Serra, Montes, García, Barneche, Almirón, Ciotek, Giorgis &amp; Casciofla sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 1, 3–11; Tables 2–4)</p> <p>LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1F9F0132-D626-40D7-8511- 14123321C8E1</p> <p>Holotype: IBIGEO-I 473, 51.0 mm SL, male; Argentina: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.578445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.677114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.578445/lat -25.677114)">Misiones Province</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.578445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.677114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.578445/lat -25.677114)">Reserva Natural de la Defensa Puerto Península</a>: seasonal pond on the side of an internal road (−25.677114, −54.578445), Middle Paraná River basin. Elevation: 179 m a.s.l.; Coll.: F. Alonso, M. Montes, J. Casciotta, A. Almirón, P. Giorgis, L. Ciotek. October 2018.</p> <p>Paratypes: IBIGEO-I 474, one male 48.0 mmSL, eight females 32.8–35.3 mm SL; MLP11436, one male 55.2 mm SL, three females 33.8–35.2 mm SL; CI-FML 7805, eight males, 29.9– 48.6 mm SL, three females 26.5–27.8 mm SL; one male (c&amp;s), 44.7 mm SL, one female (c&amp;s) 37.6 mm SL; all collected with the holotype. MACN-Ict 12712, one male, 47.4 mm SL, four females 30.2–37.3 mm SL, same locality as the holotype, Coll.: J. Barneche, M. Montes, P. Marcotegui, 23 March 2018. IBIGEO-I 475, seven males 26.9–33.7 mm SL, one female 30.7 mm SL, 18 November 2017, Coll: J. Casciotta, A. Almirón, M. Montes, P. Giorgis, L. Ciotek.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Argolebias guarani can be distinguished from all other congeners by presenting a unique colour pattern (Figs 4–6) consisting of the following: in mature alive males, (1) scattered small dark brown to grey irregular blotches on the laterodorsal surface of head and anterior portion of trunk; (2) abundant and relatively big sub-square irregular iridescent turquoise to light blue blotches on unpaired fins, evenly distributed, with those in the distal portion elongated and merging; (3) trunk and tail with anterocentral portion of scales iridescent turquoise with grey borders generating a reticulated pattern; (4) thin external border of scales in dorsal portion of trunk, below dorsal fin, iridescent turquoise; and by (5) ventrolaterally directed anterior nostrils; and, in juveniles and young adults, (6) orange-yellowish background coloration on the base of unpaired fins and yellowish belly.</p> <p>Further comparisons with species of Argolebias Argolebias guarani is similar and, based on our phylogenetic analysis, closely related to Argolebias nigripinnis and Argolebias paranaensis, sharing with Argolebias nigripinnis a unique character of preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts separated (not evaluated in Argolebias paranaensis). This new species can be differentiated from Argolebias nigripinnis further by not presenting a bright iridescent subdistal stripe on the dorsal fin (vs. present) and by presenting an infraorbital bar narrower than the width of the orbit (vs. its dorsal portion approximately as wide as orbital diameter). It can be differentiated from Argolebias paranaensis by presenting the dorsal fin origin anterior to the anal fin origin (vs. posterior), more pectoral fin rays (12–13 vs. 10–11), shorter caudal fin length (22.9–28.1 vs. 34.5–35.3 in males; and 22.8–30.6 vs. 31.9–34.7 in females, in percentages of SL) and smaller eye diameter (27.2–31.6 vs. 34.8–38.4 in males; and 26.6–31.4 vs. 37.2–38.0 in females in percentages of HL).</p> <p>Also, Argolebias guarani can be differentiated further from Argolebias nigripinnis by the following: (1) presenting more pectoral fin rays (12–13 vs. 10–11); (2) a shorter caudal fin length (22.9–28.1 vs. 31.9–34.7 in males, and 22.8–30.6 vs. 31.9–34.7 in females, in percentages of SL); (3) a smaller eye diameter (27.2–31.6 vs. 32.8–37.1 in males, and 26.6–31.4 vs. 33.0– 36.9 in females, in percentages of HL); (4) the presence of vertically elongated, dark grey blotches on the posterocentral portion of the trunk in females (vs. absent); (5) trunk and tail of mature males with anterocentral portion of scales iridescent turquoise with grey borders, generating a reticulated pattern (vs. black to grey general background with some scales with light blue anterocentral portion with grey borders arranged in irregular vertical lines); (6) a different colour pattern on the dorsal fin consisting of abundant, evenly distributed, relatively big and sub-square irregular iridescent turquoise to light blue blotches, with those in the distal portion elongated and merging (vs. fewer, smaller and rounded light blue blotches, mainly concentrated on the basal portion, and a subdistal light blue band); (7) dorsal portion between preopercle and opercle iridescent turquoise (vs. brownish); and (8) infraorbital bar thin and triangular (vs. wider, approximately same as eye width, and diffuse).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Morphometric data are provided in Table 2. Morphometric and meristic data are given in the Supporting Information (Appendix S9). Males are larger than females (largest examined male 64.8 mm SL, largest female 48.3 mm SL). Body elongate, moderately deep, laterally compressed. Highest body depth at dorsal fin origin. Dorsal profile on lateral view, concave from snout to vertical through anterior margin of operculum, convex from this point to posterior end of dorsal fin base, and approximately straight on caudal peduncle. Ventral profile on lateral view, convex from lower jaw to end of anal fin base, nearly straight on anal fin base, and straight on caudal peduncle. Snout blunt and jaws short. Dorsal fin length in anterior portion shorter than in posterior portion. Posterior distal border of dorsal fin generally slightly pointed in males. Dorsal fin serrated. Anal fin subrectangular, with rounded anterior distal border. Posterior distal border of anal fin pointed in both sexes. Anteromedial rays of anal fin of females not lengthened. Anal fin distal border serrated in males and slightly serrated in females. Caudal fin relatively short, subtriangular and rounded. Pelvic fin bases close and not united. Anal fin origin posterior to dorsal fin origin in males, on vertical between base of fourth to seventh dorsal fin rays; dorsal fin origin anterior to anal fin origin in females on vertical between base of second to sixth anal fin rays; dorsal fin origin at vertical between fifth and sixth pleural ribs and ninth and 10th vertebrae in males and between ninth and 10th pleural ribs and ninth and 10th vertebrae in females. Base of anal fin origin at vertical between seventh and eighth pleural ribs in males and between 12th and 13th pleural ribs in females. Urogenital papillae not attached to anal fin, sometimes reaching base of first anal fin ray. Pectoral fins elliptical, posterior margin on vertical between urogenital papilla and base of fourth anal fin ray in males, reaching or almost reaching pelvic fin base in females. Tip of each pelvic fin reaching base of first or second anal fin rays in males, between urogenital papillae and base of first anal fin ray in females. Between 24 and 26 dorsal fin rays in males and between 17 and 20 in females. Between 22 and 25 anal fin rays in males and 19 or 20 in females. Between 23 and 27 caudal fin rays (only two specimens with 27 and one with 23, N = 24). Between 12 and 14 pectoral fin rays (only one specimen with 14). Six pelvic fin rays.</p> <p>Scales large and cycloid. Trunk and head scaled, except for ventral surface of head. No scales on dorsal and anal fin bases, and two rows of scales on caudal fin base. Frontal squamation H-patterned, sometimes F; E-scales overlapping medially; scales arranged in transverse pattern. Longitudinal series of 23–27 scales, arranged regularly; transversal series of 10–12 scales; 15 or 16 rows of scales around caudal peduncle. One contact organ on distal posterior central portion of flanks scales in males, more prominent on ventral region. A row of minute contact organs on uppermost and second pectoral fin rays in males, sometimes absent; no contact organs on unpaired fins.</p> <p>Cephalic neuromasts: 14 supraorbital, one parietal, one anterior rostral, one posterior rostral, 28 infraorbital, two preorbital, two otic, one to three post-otic, one supratemporal, one median opercular, two ventral opercular, 19 or 20 preopercular, 10 or 11 mandibular and six lateral mandibular.</p> <p>Basihyal subtriangular, width ~30–35% of length; basihyal cartilage short or moderate, ~35% of total basihyal length, without lateral projections. Dermosphenotic ossification absent. Ventral process of posttemporal short. Six branchiostegal rays. Two teeth on second pharyngobranchial. Three plus nine gill rakers on first branchial arch. Vertebrae: total 26, comprising 11 abdominal and 15 caudal.</p> <p>Coloration in life</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Adult males (Figs 4–6) present a markedly reticulated pattern on the body, with intense turquoise coloration. Scales on trunk, tail and dorsal portion of the head with dark grey borders. Anterocentral portion of most scales iridescent light blue to turquoise, except for those on the dorsal portion of the head and trunk, anterior to the dorsal fin origin, which present a grey central portion. The portion of the head posterior to the infraorbital band and ventral to the dorsal portion of the gill opening are light blue to turquoise. Small scattered irregular dark grey to brown blotches are present on the dorsal portion of the head. There is a dark brown blotch around the neuromast supraorbital series, posterior rostral series and orbital area. There is a short infraorbital band approximately as wide as the pupil. The pupil is black, horizontally elongated. There is a vertical black stripe on the eye, approximately the same width as the pupil. The iris is silver grey, with orange around the pupil. The ventral portion of the head and anterior abdominal region are light blue to whitish. The area over the dentary, maxilla and premaxilla is grey.</p> <p>The fins have a well-defined black border. With abundant, evenly distributed, relatively big and sub-square irregular iridescent turquoise to light blue blotches. Those in the distal portion are elongated and fused. The base of unpaired fins is orange in young individuals; grey with an orange hue in mature males. The first dorsal fin ray is dark black. The distal portion of dorsal fin rays is dark black, more marked on anterior rays, which can be completely black in some specimens. The pectoral fin is light grey, translucent, with a light blue to turquoise hue and light blue blotches on the medial distal portion, which, in some specimens, are scattered along the whole fin. Pelvic fins are dark grey with irregular light blue to turquoise blotches.</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Females (Fig. 7) present a yellow to orange background coloration of the body and the basal portion of unpaired fins, which present light brown rays and a mainly hyaline interradial membrane. Anal and dorsal fins have light grey to light brown blotches, mainly concentrated on the basal portion and generally over the rays. Paired fins are hyaline. The caudal fin is hyaline. There are faint scattered irregular brown blotches on the trunk and tail. There are small, vertically elongated, dark grey blotches mainly concentrated on the central portion of the trunk. Thre is a small faint grey infraorbital band, thinner than the iris, which is light orange with a grey dorsal portion. The pupil is black. The ventral portion of the head and anterior ventral region are whitish. The opercle is light green, with scattered melanophores covering it. There is a dark brown blotch around the neuromast supraorbital series, posterior rostral series and orbital area. The area over the dentary, maxilla and premaxilla is grey.</p> <p>Ontogenetic changes in colour paflern</p> <p>Males</p> <p>Juveniles ~ 1 cm SL (Fig. 8A) present a yellow body background coloration and basal portion of unpaired fins. Paired fins are hyaline with black borders. There are faint light grey vertical bands on the trunk and tail, wider above the anal fin, interspaced with thin clearer bands. The dorsal and anal fin present some light yellow faint blotches on the base.</p> <p>At ~ 1.5 cm SL (Fig. 8B), the background coloration of the body and base of unpaired fins changes to a light orange. Individuals present more defined and darker grey vertical bands on the flanks. Some scales in the light vertical band present a slightly iridescent central portion. Light blue blotches appear in the unpaired fins and the base of the pelvic fins, while the background of all these becomes grey distally. The pectoral fins remain hyaline with black borders.</p> <p>At ~ 2 cm SL (Fig. 8C), the background body colour and base of unpaired fins becomes more orange. Most scales on light vertical bands show a light blue central portion. The portion of the head posterior to the infraorbital band and ventral to the dorsal portion of the gill opening turns light blue. The first dorsal fin ray turns black.</p> <p>In young adult males, ~ 2.5 cm SL (Fig. 8D), the body background coloration turns to light grey with a yellow abdominal portion. Scales on the trunk, tail and dorsal portion of the head have dark grey borders. Some scattered irregular dark grey to brown blotches appear on the dorsal portion of the head. The centre of most scales turns light blue, except for those on the dorsal portions of the head and trunk, anterior to the dorsal fin origin, which are grey. Vertical bars are no longer observable. The base of unpaired fins remains orange. Light blue blotches and markings become more intense, tending to turquoise. The fins have a well-defined black border. The medial distal portion of the pectoral fin has light blue markings.</p> <p>Adult males (Fig. 8E) have a markedly grey reticulated pattern on the body and intense turquoise coloration. The base of unpaired fins is grey, with an orange hue. Head markings are more intense. The pectoral fin has a greater number of light blue blotches.</p> <p>Females</p> <p>Young females, ~ 1.5 cm SL (Fig. 9A), present a yellow body background coloration and basal portion of the unpaired fins. The anal and dorsal fins present light grey blotches mainly concentrated on the basal portion and generally over the rays. Paired fins are hyaline. There are small, vertically elongated dark grey blotches on the central portion of the body.</p> <p>At ~ 2 cm SL (Fig. 9B), the background coloration becomes light orange, and small faint scattered irregular brown blotches appear on the body.</p> <p>At ~ 2.5 cm SL (Fig. 9C), the background coloration becomes a more intense light orange, and blotches tend to become darker.</p> <p>Coloration of preserved specimens in alcohol</p> <p>The coloration of preserved specimens in alcohol is similar to that of live specimens, but without iridescent coloration and with a general pale amber background with light grey markings (Figs 10, 11). Briefly, males have light grey fins with hyaline dots and markings arranged in the same pattern as the light blue to turquoise iridescent markings in live specimens described above. Most scales present a wide grey border and a thin most external clear border, more marked and contrasting in the dorsal portion of the body. There are irregular grey markings on the dorsal portion of the head and anterior dorsal portion of the trunk. There is a faint suborbital bar below the eye.</p> <p>Females have hyaline fins with sub-square grey markings on the basal portion of unpaired fins in the membranous portion between rays, tending to form an intercalated pattern, more conspicuous and with bigger blotches on the anal fin. The body has irregular grey blotches and darker grey blotches more superficial on the skin, concentrated on the trunk portion immediately anterior to the dorsal fin origin at the height of the eye. Some individuals have fewer and smaller dark grey blotches on the the ventral portion of the caudal peduncle. The dorsal portion of the head and trunk, anterior to the end of the dorsal fin, is dark brown, with scales presenting a thin light brown border. There is a faint suborbital bar.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Argolebias guarani is known only from its type locality, a seasonal pond on the side of an internal road at Reserva Natural de la Defensa Puerto Península (−25.677114, −54.578445), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.578445&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.677114" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.578445/lat -25.677114)">Middle Paraná River</a> basin, at an elevation of 179 m a.s.l., in Misiones province, north-east Argentina. It is the northern- and eastern-most record for the genus Argolebias (Fig. 12).</p> <p>Ecology</p> <p>The type locality is a seasonal pond, mainly covered with grass, in the Paraná Forest at ~ 185 m a.s.l., in an open space in the surrounding jungle, with abundant palm trees. The maximum depth measured was ~ 80 cm, and the water was clear. No submerged aquatic vegetation was observed. The bottom presented a soft sediment, with abundant organic matter (Fig. 13).</p> <p>We recorded juvenile specimens in June (2019), October (2018) and November (2017), and mature specimens in March (2018). Based on the historical climatic data for this region (Fig. 14), we suspect that August and September appear to be the most likely months for drying and that the period from January to July appears to be most likely for pond filling. However, we recorded juvenile individuals (probably ~1 month after hatching) in June, October and November in different years; hence, given the climatic variability and the high general temperatures of this area, we estimate that these environments are very variable in time and that there are likely to be multiple hatching episodes and filling–drying cycles during the year in seasonal ponds from this region.</p> <p>In June 2019, live juvenile individuals were netted from the type locality, measured and weighed (Table 3). According to our observations, all collected specimens presented similar sizes, hence it is likely that all individuals corresponded to a single cohort from a unique hatching event or very close in time.</p> <p>Conservation status</p> <p>Following IUCN criteria (IUCN 2012), the new species is considered as Vulnerable, meeting criteria D.2.: ‘Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically less than 20 km 2) or number of locations (typically five or fewer) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future, and is thus capable of becoming Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period’. This species inhabits a single pond in an area that is prone to the effects of fires, climate change and exotic species such as Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) that we have collected in the area, we consider it as a Vulnerable species despite being in a protected area, because these threats could damage its population severely.</p> <p>Behaviour</p> <p>The reproductive behaviour of this species in aquarium conditions appears to be like that described for other Austrolebias species (Belote 2004, García et al. 2008), as follows: (1) males present a lateral display in front of the females with deployment of unpaired fins and opening of the opercula; (2) males perform a lateral shaking of the body, pointing towards the substrate; (3) after the female pairs with the male, they burrow into the substrate; (4) the fish remain in the substrate for ~50 s, where the eggs are laid and fertilization occurs; and (5) afterwards, the fish emerge from the substrate (see Supporting Information, Appendix S10).</p> <p>Egg development</p> <p>The incubation period of the eggs at room temperature before hatching is ~2–3 months, when most eggs were observed ready to hatch. Character states proposed by Thompson et al. (2017) are coded for this species herein (Table 4; Fig. 15). The egg size was ~ 1.3 mm.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The name guarani is erected in honor of the Guaraní indigenous people, who live in several settlements very close to the type locality, as a vindication of their culture and history.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA879AFFA9FFE7FF4BFD6FFA9EF851	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Alonso, Felipe;Terán, Guillermo Enrique;Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra;Calviño, Pablo;Montes, Martin Miguel;García, Ignacio Daniel;Barneche, Jorge Adrián;Almirón, Adriana;Ciotek, Liliana;Giorgis, Pablo;Cascioưa, Jorge	Alonso, Felipe, Terán, Guillermo Enrique, Alanís, Wilson Sebastián Serra, Calviño, Pablo, Montes, Martin Miguel, García, Ignacio Daniel, Barneche, Jorge Adrián, Almirón, Adriana, Ciotek, Liliana, Giorgis, Pablo, Cascioưa, Jorge (2023): From the mud to the tree: phylogeny of Austrolebias killifishes, new generic structure and description of a new species (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (1): 280-309, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad032
