taxonID	type	description	language	source
3C345D7BFFF1FFF1FCA6FCDAB5C5F8AF.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb partially epigeal, with thickened, fleshy, semitranslucent, loose, rounded and club-shape scales, with short, flattened stalks, easily proliferating when detached, not producing threadlike structures when broken. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 ‒ 4 per bulb, linear, up to 50 cm long, 2 ‒ 3 mm in diam., leathery, dark green, subterete, slightly channelled on adaxial side, finely striate with minute hairs. Inflorescence a long and lax raceme up to 20 cm long, with 20 ‒ 50 nodding flowers; peduncle 25 ‒ 40 cm long; pedicels 14 ‒ 20 mm long; peduncle and pedicels long persistent and photosynthetic after seed dispersal lasting from flowering time in spring to autumn. Bracts 3 ‒ 5 mm long, lanceolate, acute, lowermost with long basal spur to 8 ‒ 9 mm long; bracteoles absent or rarely present and minute. Flowers stellate, nodding, opening in afternoon. Tepals 6, biseriate, free from base, outer tepals lanceolate, 10 ‒ 11 × 2.5 ‒ 2.8 mm, inner tepals oblong-lanceolate, 9 ‒ 10 × 3.0 ‒ 3.5 mm; adaxial side of tepals white with green macula at base that connect to form green basal perigone ring; abaxial side of tepals white with narrow central and longitudinal green band, perigone also showing green basal ring. Stamens 6; filaments flattened and connate along most of their length to form distinct erect tube of ca. 3.5 mm long around gynoecium, ending in short triangular lobes of ca. 1 mm long; anthers free, basifixed, sagittate, connivent to style, ca. 3 mm long, dehiscing by minute apical pores. Ovary ovoid, trigonous, ca. 2.8 × 1.8 mm, green. Style narrow, erect, ca. 4.5 mm long, straight, mostly included in filament tube and connivent anthers, elongating to overtop anthers after dehiscence of the latter. Stigma small and indistinctly trigonous. Capsule triloculate, loculicidal, 7 ‒ 10 × 5.4 ‒ 7.5 mm, valves splitting to base. Seeds numerous, flattened, suboblong to ellipsoid, 4.5 ‒ 6.0 mm long, with prominent embryo and wide, flat wings, black, with sinuous anticlinal testa cell walls (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2017) (Fig. 7). Number of species and distribution: — Aulostemon includes a single species restricted to the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, where it occurs northwest of Port St. Johns in the Mzimvubu (uMzimvubu) River gorge, which is resticted to the Uzambara-Zululand Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986) (Fig. 8). For further information on Aulostemon see Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk (2005), Martínez-Azorín et al. (2017), and Manning & Goldblatt (2018). Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (Goldblatt et al. 2012). History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Aulostemon is almost unique in Urgineoideae by having filaments of stamens distinctly connate for most of their length to form a long tube that surrounds the gynoecium above the perigone, only resembling those of Chionodoxa and Scilla vardaria, and a green ring at the base on the adaxial side of tepals. This, together with the anthers dehiscing by apical pores or slits, and the long-lasting photosynthesizing inflorescence and pedicels, make recognition of this genus very easy (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2017). The presence of green basal maculae of tepals is a rare character that has also been used to recognise Mucinaea, a genus in Urgineoideae also easily distinguishable by, among other characters, its purplish-pink tepals bearing a doubleeyed green floral marking at their base, surrounded by a white margin — a unique combination of traits in Urgineoideae (Pinter et al. 2013). Martínez-Azorín et al. (2013 a) transferred Drimia mzimvubuensis Van Jaarsv. in Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk (2005: 83) to Sagittanthera, based on the similar general flower morphology and distribution. Later, Martínez-Azorín et al. (2017) have shown morphological differences supporting the independent generic status of Sagittanthera and Aulostemon. This conclusion is also supported by phylogenetic analyses (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a) showing that Aulostemon is related to Rhadamanthopsis — a genus showing very different flower morphology with campanulate nodding flowers, connate tepals, and free filaments (in part adnate to the perigone tube) and anthers. Accepted species: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFF4FFF9FCA6FF30B144FD3A.taxon	description	Description: — Small bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, usually with compact scales but rarely loose, outer scales brownish and membranous. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 to several per bulb, hysteranthous or rarely synanthous, usually dark green, commonly leathery, terete or flat, rarely plicate, linear to ovate or rounded, usually smooth, glabrous to hairy or hispid. Inflorescence usually short with long pedicels, giving subcapitate or subcorymbose aspect, rarely with short pedicels, apex of peduncle and inflorescence curved or nodding at early stages of development, but soon erect at anthesis; peduncle usually elongated, rarely short; pedicels of buds very short forming dense apical raceme, distinctly elongating at anthesis. Bracts lanceolate, acute, lowermost with spur from slightly curved outgrowth abaxially to long, wide spur with obtuse and lobate apex; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, erect-patent, diurnal, usually opening in afternoon and withering in evening. Flower buds usually reddish or brownish-green. Tepals 6, biseriate, 4 ‒ 9 mm long, free and spreading to slighty connate at base to form short cup and patent free portion of tepals; adaxial side of tepals reddish, brownish, greenish or yellowish, rarely almost white; abaxial side of tepals with distinct reddish, brownish, or greenish darker central band. Stamens 6, erect or spreading, not connivent to style; filaments filiform to flattened, from free to shortly adnate to perigone and arising at end of perigone tube, straight or rarely sigmoid, smooth or rarely papillate below; anthers ovate to oblong, dorsifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits along their whole length; pollen yellow. Ovary ovoid to oblong or subglobose, trigonous, brown, red or green, sometimes with white maculae, differentiated from style. Style white, narrow, erect, exerted, straight or slightly curved. Stigma minutely papillose and indistinctly trigonous. Capsule subglobose, 4 ‒ 7 × 4 ‒ 7 mm, triloculate, loculicidal, valves splitting to base, with withered perigone segments circumscissile below and forming an apical cap. Seeds up to 30 per capsule, 2.0 ‒ 3.8 mm long, commonly trigonous in outline, tetrahedrally folded and narrowly winged along angles, with subovoid embryo ending into long filamentous hilum, testa black, glossy, loose and easily detachable from endosperm, with sinuous anticlinal testa cell walls (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2018 a). Number of species and distribution: — Austronea includes 22 species restricted to South Africa and southern Namibia (Fig. 8); it is restricted to the Cape, Karoo-Namib and Uzambara-Zululand Regions (sensu Takhtajan 1986). Austronea plants are usually cryptic and difficult to find in the field due to their small, well camouflaged leaves that are usually appressed to the ground, and becoming dry at flowering time, and also due to their delicate inflorescences with small flowers. This fact, in combination with the poor conservation of floral structures in herbarium vouchers, has confounded the taxonomy of the group, and accounts for why several species have remained unnoticed until recently (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2018 a, 2019 b, 2020, 2023 b). The taxonomy of the genus requires further resolution. Further fieldwork is likely to result in an increase in the number of species in this genus. For further information on Austronea species see Martínez-Azorín et al. (2016, 2018 a, 2019 b, 2020, 2023 b) and Manning & Goldblatt (2007, 2018). Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (cf. Goldblatt et al. 2012). History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Austronea is easily distinguishable by a syndrome of morphological characters that allow clear recognition: usually leathery and thickened leaves; relatively small plant size; subcorymbose or congested raceme curved or nodding at early development stages, reddish to greenyellowish tepals (see flower buds), which are free to shortly connate at the base to form a cup and patent free lobes; filaments linear to lanceolate (not distinctly fusiform), smooth or rarely papillate below; ovary green to yellow-orange; subglobose capsule, and seeds commonly trigonous in outline, tetrahedrally folded and narrowly winged along the angles. As reported by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2018 a), the general flower and inflorescence morphologies of Austronea approach Fusifilum, an observation supported by the phylogenetic analyses of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2019 c, 2023 a) in which both genera form strongly supported sister clades that nonetheless differ in clear morphological characters and genetic distance. Species of Austronea were already recognised as a distinct group within Drimia sensu lato by Manning & Goldblatt (2003, 2007), to include the species related to Drimia marginata (Thunberg 1794: 63) Jessop (1977: 295), and it was later accepted as Drimia sect. Capitatae Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 76) by Manning & Goldblatt (2018).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFF4FFF9FCA6FF30B144FD3A.taxon	discussion	Accepted species: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFFEFFC5FCA6FD51B153F9DD.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal or partially epigeal. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 to several per bulb, hysteranthous or synanthous, narrowly-linear and elongated, terete, glabrous, smooth, 5 ‒ 60 cm long and 2 ‒ 15 mm wide, usually purple-red at base. Inflorescence usually multiflowered long and narrow raceme, rarely short and subcorymbose, axes of inflorescence straight or zig-zag; peduncle terete commonly wiry, sinuous at base and purplish, smooth, and glabrous; pedicels usually short and curved, to 25 mm long. Bracts lanceolate, acute, up to 8 mm long, lowermost with characteristic very long basal spur, up to 5 cm long, usually bifid and clasping stem; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, erect-patent, diurnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, 3.5 ‒ 8.0 mm long, free from base, outer tepals ovate-lanceolate, inner tepals oblong-lanceolate to obovate; adaxial side of tepals white; abaxial side of tepals white with narrow central and longitudinal band commonly purplish-green. Stamens 6, erect to spreading, not connivent to style; filaments slightly flattened, free, smooth; anthers dorsifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits along their whole length. Ovary ovoid to oblong, trigonous, green, sometimes with white apical or lateral markings, truncate to style. Style white, narrow, erect, straight. Stigma small, papillose, trigonous. Capsule from narrowly ovoid to subellipsoidal, 3 ‒ 11 mm long, triloculate, loculicide, valves splitting to base, with withered perigone segments circumscissile below and forming an apical cap, pedicels of dehiscent dry capsules long lasting, green and photosynthetic. Seeds numerous, narrowly ovate-hemidiscoid or fusiform, 2.0 ‒ 6.5 mm long, commonly elongate, about 2 to 5 times longer than wide, testa black, glossy, longitudinally striate, with commonly elongate cells. Number of species and distribution: — Boosia includes 11 species, occurring in southern and east Africa, which are restricted to the Uzambara-Zululand Region and the Southern and Eastern Sections of the Zambezian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). The highest diversity in the genus occurs in the southeastern regions of South Africa, in subtropical areas in the KwaZulu-Natal Province (Fig. 8), with some species extending north to East Africa. Although we preliminarily accept most described taxa in the group as different species, the taxonomy of this genus is in urgent need of revision to explore their morphological variability across its whole distribution range. For further information on Boosia species see Manning & Goldblatt (2018). Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (De Wet 1957, as Urginea tenella Baker); 2 n = 40 (De Wet 1957, as Urginea pretoriensis); 2 n = 40 plus 2 fragments (De Wet 1957, as Urginea rubella). History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Speta (2001) placed Urginea macrocentra (Figs 13.1, 14.2) into the monotypic Boosia, based on its single, terete, thick, and corky proteranthous leaf, short bracts with very long, coloured, flattened spurs up to 3.8 cm long, elongated raceme with stellate flowers, tepals very shortly connate at their base, and flattened seeds. He also suggested that Drimia modesta (Baker) Jessop represented the sister group and questioned the suitability of applying the name Urgineopsis to this group. The phylogenetic analyses of Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004) included two “ Boosia ” samples, one labelled “ H 840 B. macrocentra ” from Barkly Pass and the other “ H 847 Boosia sp. ” from Swellendam, and revealed their sister relationship, with strong support. Those latter two samples were sister to a clade including two samples labelled “ H 852 Urgineopsis cf. modesta ” from Nieuwoudtville, South Africa, and “ H 924 Urgineopsis sp. aff. tenellum ” from cultivated material. As explained by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a), neither of the two samples named Urgineopsis in their analyses correspond to the concept applied to that genus in the present work. The recent phylogenetic studies by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) covered 16 samples related to Boosia macrocentra and found those to form a strongly supported clade, which is sister to Geschollia. The 16 samples were divided into two subclades that can be interpreted in biogeographic terms. One of the clades comprises 12 samples from eastern South Africa (mostly KwaZulu-Natal) and Lesotho that includes species such as Urginea saniensis Hilliard & Burtt (1985: 253), U. modesta Baker (1892: 6), U. natalensis Baker (1897: 468), U. tenella Baker (1897: 464), and Drimia flagellaris Edwards et al. (2005: 122); these share with U. macrocentra terete leaves, usually long-spurred basal bracts, and flattened, elongated seeds. This group of species is here accepted as the genus Boosia, which occur along eastern South Africa to East Africa and can be recognised by a combination of the following characters: terete leaves; usually long racemose inflorescence with sinuous and purplish peduncle base; lowermost bracts commonly with long spurs, usually bifid and clasping the stem; bracteoles absent; flowers stellate with free tepals; spreading stamens; pedicels of dehiscent, dry, yellow capsules and inflorescence peduncle green, long lasting and photosynthetic; withered tepals persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules; and the commonly elongated and striate seeds. Boosia is sister to Geschollia, a lineage that differs in the usually single leaf, pedicels drying simultaneoulsy with capsules, comparatively very small capsules and seeds, and in its centre of diversity being located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2019 d). The other sister subclade to Boosia in Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) includes samples from western South Africa and comprises two samples of Fusifilum magicum M ̧ ller-Doblies et al. (2001: 491), the Pfosser and Speta sample “ H 847 Boosia sp. ” from Swellendam, and a sample from Betty’s Bay, South Africa of Urginea revoluta. The identity and taxonomy of this latter morphologically heterogeneous subclade remains uncertain until further samples and additional molecular markers are included in the phylogenetic analyses. Accepted species and required new combinations: — Boosia flagellaris (T. J. Edwards, D. Styles & N. R. Crouch) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Drimia flagellaris T. J. Edwards, D. Styles & N. R. Crouch in S. African J. Bot. 71 (1): 122 (2005), basionym (Figs 1.9, 13.2, 14.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal. Pietermaritzburg (2930): Krantzkloof, in cliff faces, (– DD), 28 July 2003, N. R. Crouch 1023 (NU 0016039! holo.; K 000400681!, NH!, PRE! iso.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFFEFFC5FCA6FD51B153F9DD.taxon	description	Boosia mandalensis (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea mandalensis Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 7 (3): 536 (1898), basionym. Type: — MALAWI. [formerly Nyasaland], Ndirandi Mountain near Blantyre, Scott-Elliot 8476 (K 000400582! holo.). Boosia modesta (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea modesta Baker in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15 (3, Beibl. 35): 6 (1892), basionym ≡ Urgineopsis modesta (Baker) Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 12 (1): 205, 230 (1980), comb. inval. (lacking basionym reference) (Figs 1.11, 14.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape, Pondoland, Bachmann 273 (K 000099182! holo.). Boosia natalensis (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea natalensis Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6 (3): 468 (1897), basionym (Figs 1.12, 14.4). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal. Pietermaritzburg (2930): Inanda, (– DB), June [18] 79, J. Medley Wood 277 (K 000257347! lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 303. 1977; NH 0004740 - 0! isolecto.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFFEFFC5FCA6FD51B153F9DD.taxon	discussion	Boosia nyasae (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea nyasae Rendle in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 4 (1): 50 (1894), basionym (Figs 1.13, 15.1). Type: — MALAWI. Milanji, elev. 6000 ft., October 1891, A. Whyte s. n. (BM 000911782! lecto. designated by Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 43 (1): 76. 2013). Boosia pretoriensis (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea pretoriensis Baker in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 1: 786 (1901), basionym. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Transvaal [Gauteng], Pretoria, Colle supra Aapies [Apies] River, A. Rehmann 4307 (Z 000027551! holo.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFFEFFC5FCA6FD51B153F9DD.taxon	description	Boosia rubella (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea rubella Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6 (3): 467 (1897), basionym (Figs 1.14, 15.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal. Pietermaritzburg (2930): near the Mooi River, (– AA), elev. 4000 – 5000 ft., 22 October 1894, J. Medley Wood 5723 (K 000099183! lecto. designated as “ holo. ” by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 303. 1977; BM 001122598!, BOL 140323!, SAM 0023220 - 0!, PRE 0048621 - 0! isolecto.). Boosia saniensis (Hilliard & B. L. Burtt) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea saniensis Hilliard & B. L. Burtt in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 42 (2): 253 (1985), basionym ≡ Drimia saniensis (Hilliard & B. L. Burtt) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 33 (1): 111 (2003) ≡ Urginea saniensis Hilliard & B. L. Burtt in Taxon 63: 1332 (2014), nom. superfl. (Figs 1.15, 15.3). Type: — LESOTHO. Underberg (2929): top of Sani Pass, (– CA), 6 November 1973, Hilliard & Burtt 7102 (E 00193964! lecto. designated here: the eight bulbs with both flowers and leaves enclosed into the envelope placed in the central part of the sheet; NU 0015641! isolecto.). Comments: — In the light of the recentmost proposal by Mosyakin & McNeill (2022) to amend Art. 8 of the ICN, after which the information in the protologue will rule, and considering that the protologue in Hilliard & Burtt (1985) only indicates a single collecting date (06 November 1973) in the holotype designation, a lectotypification is needed from the mixed type collection E 00193964. Based on the new considerations, the description made by Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2014: 1332) is therefore nomenclaturally inoperative, since it is either superfluous or not valid. Boosia tenella (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea tenella Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6 (3): 464 (1897), basionym (Figs 1.16, 15.4). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal. Harrismith (2829): Van Reenen, (– AD), elev. 5000 ft., 17 December 1891, J. Medley Wood 4562 (K 000257340! lecto. designated as “ type ” by Hilliard & Burtt in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 40: 286. 1982; NH 0006437 - 0! isolecto.). Boosia umgeniensis (Poelln.) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea umgeniensis Poelln. in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 61: 209 (1944), basionym ≡ Urginea pauciflora Baker in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 1: 786 (1901), nom. illeg. [non Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 7 (3): 539 (1898)]. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal. Pietermaritzburg (2930): Umgeni Falls, (– AC), A. Rehmann 7455 (Z s. n., first-step lecto. designated as “ holo. ” by Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 40: 36. 2018; second-step lecto. designated here: — Z 000027550! lecto.; Z 000027549! isolecto.). Note: — A second step lectotypification is needed due to the presence of two herbarium vouchers with different barcode numbers under the same collection.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFC2FFC7FCA6F9CFB658F8BF.taxon	description	in Gard. Chron. 1866: 971 (1866), nom. cons. [non Bowiea Haw. in Philos. Mag. J. 64: 299 (1824), Asphodelaceae] (Figs 16, 17) ≡ Bowiea Harv. ex Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. 93: t. 5619 (1867) [isonym, Art. 14 Note 1 of the ICN]. Typus generis: — Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex T. Moore & Mast. (holotype). Note: — The earliest known description of this name was published in The Gardeners’ Chronicle (issue dated 13 October 1866) as part of an unsigned short note attributable to the journal editors, Thomas Moore and Maxwell T. Masters. These authors validated simultaneously the species name B. volubilis as a result of a “ descriptio generico-specifica ” (Art. 38.5 of the ICN) based on material collected by Cooper in South Africa and grown at Kew, but they attributed the authorship of the new genus and species to William H. Harvey. Only a few months later, Hooker (1867) described and illustrated the same plant and commented in detail on the provenance of all material gathered by that time, including Cooper’s plants at Kew. As all those names share the same type material, Hooker’s newly described genus and species are therefore treated as later isonyms. However, Bowiea Harv. ex T. Moore & Mast. was illegitimate when published, since it was homonymous with Bowiea Haw. (Asphodelaceae), but it is currently treated as a conserved name. According to Art. 14 Note 1, the authorship of both generic and specific names is that of the earliest isonym, which is adopted here.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFC2FFC7FCA6F9CFB658F8BF.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb partially epigeal and photosynthetic. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 ‒ 2, narrowly lanceolate, canaliculate, green, smooth, glabrous, up to 20 cm long, somewhat succulent, only appearing in young plants and usually absent in adult plants at anthesis. Inflorescence up to 5 m long but usually shorter, strongly branched, twining, succulent, smooth, glossy green or glaucous, prostrate to climbing on other plants and rocks; peduncle green, terete, twining and succulent; pedicels curved, to 7 cm long. Bracts lanceolate, green, appressed to peduncle, lowermost with spur that usually clasps stem; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, erect-patent, diurnal, lasting up to 10 days. Tepals 6, biseriate, 4 ‒ 10 mm long, lanceolate to ovate, white to greenish, with greenish longitudinal band on abaxial side, almost free above joint with ovary, long lasting after capsule development, not abcissing from base. Stamens 6, spreading, not connivent to style; filaments filiform, free; anthers dorsifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits along their whole length. Ovary conical, wide and short, disposed on wide thickened obtriangular receptacle, giving the impression of semi-inferior ovary, green, slightly trigonous, with ca. 5 ‒ 8 ovules per locule. Style 2 ‒ 4 mm long, erect, white, with trigonous stigma. Capsules ovate to subglobose, truncate to acute, 8 ‒ 30 mm long, green, fleshy first and papyraceous after ripening, valves completely dehiscing from base. Seeds subhemispheric to subfusiform, with prominent embryo and very narrow, winged margins, 3.8 ‒ 5.0 mm long, with black, glossy testa and subisodiametric or sightly elongated cells, with slightly sunken, periclinal walls. Number of species and distribution: — Bowiea includes 2 species (Reid et al. 1990): B. gariepensis Van Jaarsveld (1983: 343) occurring in arid regions of northwestern South Africa and southern Namibia (restricted to the Karoo-Namib Region), and B. volubilis (currently including also B. kilimandscharica Mildbraed 1934: 202) distributed in tropical and subtropical regions from southeastern South Africa to East Africa (Fig. 8). It is restricted to the Uzambara-Zululand and the Zambezian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). A disjunt record of Bowiea from Angola [Huíla, a 11 kms de Sá da Bandeira [Lubango] estrada para a Tunda-Vala, 13 / 02 / 1963, H. Enriques 117 (K!)] references white flowers, indicating a possibility that this specimen belongs to B. gariepensis, requiring further studies for confirmation. Both species are differentiated in morphological, ecological, and biogeographical terms (Baker 1873 b, Dyer 1941, Jessop 1977, Stedje & Thulin 1995, Stedje 1996, Van Jaarsveld 1983, 1992, Reid et al. 1990). For further information on Bowiea species see Hooker (1867), Skeels (1911), Barschus (1954), Van Jaarsveld (1983, 1992), and Reid et al. (1990). Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (Schnarf & Wunderlich 1939, D’Amato 1949, De Wet 1957, Jones & Smith 1967, Bruyns & Vosa 1987, Stedje & Nordal 1987). History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Bowiea is unmistakable by a distinct syndrome of morphological characters (Figs 16 – 17), such as branched, fleshy inflorescence; long lasting flowers with nearly free tepals that remain at the base of the mature capsule; and very wide, short, conical ovary disposed on a wide thickened obtriangular receptacle, giving the impression of a semi-inferior ovary, facilitating its acceptance by all researchers working on Urgineoideae since its description by Hooker (1867), including the treatments presented by Manning et al. (2004) and Manning & Goldblatt (2018). Our phylogenetic analyses (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a) place all studied samples of Bowiea into a well-supported, sister clade to the remaining Urgineoideae in agreement with previous works (Pfosser & Speta 1999, 2001, 2004, Manning et al. 2004, Pfosser et al. 2012). Only Schizobasis shares the branched inflorescence with Bowiea, however, the former genus clearly differs by the wiry inflorescence (it is never succulent), the flowers having a well differentiated superior ovary, and the withered perigone persisting above the capsule as a cap, together with its distant phylogenetic relationship (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). Accepted species: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFC2FFC7FCA6F9CFB658F8BF.taxon	discussion	Bowiea gariepensis van Jaarsv. in J. S. African Bot. 49 (4): 343 (1983) ≡ B. volubilis subsp. gariepensis (van Jaarsv.) Bruyns in Caryologia 40 (4): 291 (1988) (Figs 1.17, 16.3, 17.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Pofadder (2919): Upper south slope of Groot Pellaberg, (– AA), 10 August 1982, Van Jaarsveld 6650 (NBG 127051! holo.: two herbarium sheets numbered - 1 & - 2; PRE iso.). Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex T. Moore & Mast. in Gard. Chron. 1866: 971 (1866) ≡ Ophiobostryx volubilis (Harv. ex T. Moore & Mast.) Skeels in Bull. Bur. Pl. Industr. U. S. D. A. 223: 45 (1911) ≡ Schizobasopsis volubilis (Harv. ex T. Moore & Mast.) J. F. Macbr. in Contr. Gray Herb. 56: 3 (1918) (Figs 1.18, 16.1, 16.2, 17.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], 1862, T. Cooper 3263 (K s. n.! lecto. designated as “ holotype ” by Stedje & Thulin in Nordic J. Bot. 15 (6): 601. 1995). = B. kilimandscharica Mildbr. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 12: 202 (1934) ≡ Schizobasopsis kilimandscharica (Mildbr.) Barschus in Kakteen And. Sukk. 5: 65 (1954). Type: — KENYA. Kilimandscharo: Nordseite, Loitokitok, Buschsavanne, elev. 1800 m, 04 April 1934, H. J. Schlieben 5018 (BR 876309!, lecto. designated as “ holotype ” by Stedje & Thulin in Nordic J. Bot. 15 (6): 601. 1995; S- G- 7939!, Z- 000086938! isolecto.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFC0FFCDFCA6F82CB6F8FB4E.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — Drimia elata Jacq.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFC0FFCDFCA6F82CB6F8FB4E.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal or partly epigeal, ovoid to globose, variable in size, bulb scales usually compact or sometimes loose. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 to several per bulb, commonly hysteranthous, rarely synanthous, with variable shape and morphology, from glabrous to long cilated or hairy, sometimes undulate. Inflorescence racemose, usually an elongated and multiflowered, 5 ‒ 100 cm long raceme, rarely compact and subcorymbose; peduncle terete, erect, smooth and glabrous; pedicels subpatent and usually curved, to 20 mm long. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, lowermost with distinct oblong spur, sometimes the bract and spur connected to peduncle by whitish membranous portion; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, erect-patent, diurnal, lasting 1 ‒ 2 days. Tepals 6, 10 ‒ 20 mm long, white, yellow, green, brown or purple, fused along basal third to form cylindrical tube, free perigone segments strongly reflexed and touching basal tube, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, with slightly wider and spatulate apex, with darker longitudinal band mostly visible on abaxial side. Stamens 6, erect and connivent to style, sometimes curved upwards; filaments narrowly triangular to filiform, smooth, adnate to perigone tube and arising from its mouth, rarely very shortly connate above perigone to form short filaments tube; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits along their whole length, yellowish, greenish or purplish. Ovary ovoid, trigonous, pale green to yellowish, well differentiated from style. Style narrow and long (much longer than ovary), erect. Stigma trigonous, papillose. Capsule ovoid, 7 ‒ 13 mm long, green first and papyraceous after ripening, valves completely dehiscing from base; tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of developing capsules. Seeds subellipsoid to reniform, flattened with prominent central embryo and wide, flat wings, 5 ‒ 10 mm long, black to dark brown, with somewhat sinuous anticlinal testa cell walls. Number of species and distribution: — The genus includes 19 described species distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the center of diversty in the southwestern parts of South Africa and few species reaching East Africa and western Central Africa, restricted to the Cape, Karoo-Namib and Uzambara-Zululand Regions, and the Zambezian and Sahelo-Sudanian Subregions (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a) (Fig. 8). We consider the taxonomy of Drimia s. str. poor due to the lack of comprehensive studies covering its large distribution range. Further studies are needed, including of fresh material from the type localities of the described taxa, together with detailed morphological studies to ascertain the real number of existing taxa. In accepting very wide species concepts, which cover a large morphological variability, the treatments by Jessop (1977), Stedje (1987), and Manning & Goldblatt (2018) drastically reduced the number of accepted taxa in Southern and East Africa. We tentatively accept all described species in the genus based on their morphological differentiations. For further information on Drimia species see Jessop (1977) and Manning & Goldblatt (2018). Karyology: — 2 n = 18 (Bruyns & Vosa 1987, as D. haworthioides Baker; De Wet 1957, Fernandes & Neves 1962, as D. alta R. A. Dyer; Bruyns & Vosa 1987, as D. ciliaris Jacq. ex Willd.); 2 n = 20 (De Wet 1957, as D. haworthioides). History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Jacquin (1794, 1797) described and illustrated seven species of Drimia (nom. inval.). Among them, Drimia purpurascens Jacquin (1812: 48) and Drimia revoluta (Linnaeus f. 1782: 204) Sweet (1818: 72), both currently placed in Squilla and Ledebouria Roth (1821: 124), respectively (Crespo et al. 2020). The remaining species constitute a compact group characterised by tepals basally connate in a distinct tube, the free portion of tepals elongated and narrowly lanceolate-oblong to subspatulate and strongly reflexed, and stamens adnate to the perigone, usually slightly curved and connivent to the style. Willdenow (1799) validated Drimia based on Jacquin’s descriptions and illustrations. This genus is the oldest in Urgineoideae and presented a homogeneous flower morphology in their original concept, with the exclusion of the two species mentioned above. However, with the description of further species in Drimia (Baker 1871, 1897, 1898, Jessop 1977, Stedje 1987, Manning & Goldblatt 2003, 2007, Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk 2005), its morphological circumscription became manifestly blurred. Although also based on other characters, this primarily stems from differing perceptions of the significance of the extent of tepal connation, from nearly free to connate in a distinct tube. This divergence in opinion introduced massive instability in generic circumscriptions in the Urgineoideae (Huber 1969, Jessop 1977, Deb & Dasgupta 1982, Stedje 1987, 2001 a, 2001 b, Manning et al. 2004). The phylogenetic studies by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) include 17 samples of Drimia constituting a strongly supported clade, which is sister to a clade combining Litanthus and Schizobasis samples, with moderate support. The sister genera Litanthus and Schizobasis strongly differ in morphology, as shown below, further supporting the acceptance of Drimia in a narrow sense. Accepted species: — Drimia alta R. A. Dyer in Fl. Pl. South Africa 23: t. 890 (1943) (Fig. 19.2), nom. nov. ≡ Drimia altissima Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. 91: t. 5522 (1865) (Fig. 19.1), nom. illeg. [non Drimia altissima (L. f.) Ker Gawl. in Bot. Mag. 27: t. 1074 (1808)]. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Natal [KwaZulu-Natal], from John Sanderson of D’Urban [Durban] ’, sub illustr. W. Fitch s. n. (K 000257364! holo.). Drimia burchellii Baker in Refug. Bot. [Saunders] 2: App. 2. (1870) ≡ Idothea burchellii (Baker) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 712 (1891). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Cape [Eastern Cape], Uitenhage Div., between Galgebosch and Melkrivier, 17 February 1814, Burchell 4769 (K 000857424! lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 285. 1977; TCD? isolecto. [as Burchell “ 4969 ”]). Drimia ciliaris Jacq. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 165 (1799) ≡ Hyacinthus ciliaris (Jacq. ex Willd.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl., Suppl. 3: 120 (1813) ≡ Idothea ciliaris (Jacq. ex Willd.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 343 (1843). Type: — illustration in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (16): t. 377 (1795) (Fig. 18.1) (lecto. designated as “ type ” by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 284 1977). Drimia concolor Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 422 (1871) ≡ Idothea concolor (Baker) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 712 (1891). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Cap. B. Spei (e tab. ex exemplo in Hort. Kew. anno 1823 culto depicta descript) [Manning & Goldblatt (2018) cited that the “ holotype ” was presumably at K, though we did not find there any material fitting the protologue]. Drimia eckloniana Schult. f., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes] 7 (2): 1710 (1830) = Drimia humilis Berg. ex Eckl., Topogr. Verz. Pflanzensamml. Ecklon: 2 (1827), nom. nud. ≡ Drimia humilis Berg. ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 344 (1843), nom. inval. [in syn.] ≡ Idothea humilis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 344 (1843), nom. illeg. superfl. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. In arenosis Prom. B. Spei., Ecklon s. n. Drimia No. 89 [Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 40: 50 (2018) designated this collection as “ holo. ”, which was supposedly kept at B; however the collection is not extant at B (R. Vogt pers. comm.) and therefore, a new type is needed; Lecto. designated here: — HAL 108222! lecto.]. Drimia elata Jacq. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 165 (1799) ≡ Hyacinthus elatus (Jacq. ex Willd.) Poir. in Lam, Encycl., Suppl. 3: 120 (1813) ≡ Idothea elata (Jacq. ex Willd.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 343 (1843) (Figs 1.19, 18.2, 20.1). Type: — illustration in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (15): t. 373 (1794) (Fig. 18.2) (lecto. designated by Stedje & Thulin in Nordic J. Bot. 15: 597. 1995). Drimia elgonica Bullock in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932 (10): 504 (1932). Type: — KENYA. Mt. Elgon, elev. 6900 ft., 15 March 1931, E. J. Major & C. Lugard 563 (K 000257336! holo.). Drimia haworthioides Baker in Gard. Chron. (1875) 1: 366 (1875) (Figs 1.20, 20.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Graaff-Reinet (3224): near Graaff-Reinet, (– BC), Flowers in December 1874 and leaves in February 1875 [ex hort. Kew], Bolus (lecto. designated here: The illustration in the protologue, Fig. 70 “ bulb of Drimia haworthioides ”). Epitype (designated here): — K 000857416! epi.). Note: — There are two specimens at Kew mounted on the same voucher (K 000857415! and K 000857416!) including fragments of plants that apparently correspond to the type collection (Bolus 2040). However, those fragments were apparently gathered at different times from plants grown at Kew. The voucher K 000857415 includes a bulb resembling the illustration in the protologue, considered to come from the “ type plant ” that was gathered 23 Dec 1879 and annotated by R. Brown. The voucher K 000857416 was regarded as “ holotype ” (to be corrected to lectotype) of this name by Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 57), and includes two fragments (a bulb and a flowering scape) belonging to two different collections and they are associated to a date (“ Dec [ember] 7 / [18] 76 ”) that does not correspond to that cited in the protologue. Therefore, the illustration in the protologue is regarded here as the lectotype of the concerned name, and the voucher including an inflorescence and a bulb is selected here as epitype. Drimia hockii De Wild. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 294 (1913). Type: — DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. Ober-Katanga, Elisabethville, September 1911, Ad. Hock s. n. (BR 880749! lecto. designated here). Drimia incerta A. Chev. ex Hutch., Fl. W. Trop. Afr. [Hutchinson & Dalziel] 2: 351 (1936) Type: — IVORY COAST. Hte. Sassandra, Pays Toura, Mont Dourou, à 1000 m d’altitude, près Koualé, 27 May 1909, Aug. Chevalier 21733 (P 02156156! lecto. designated as “ type ” by Hutchinson in Kew Bull. 1939: 245. 1939). Drimia ledermannii K. Krause in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 51 (3 - 4): 444 (1914). Type: — CAMEROON. Nordkamerun, Zwischen Lubare und Bakari, in hügeliger Baumsteppe, um 900 − 1000 m ü. M., 19 June 1909, C. Ledermann 2264 (B 10 0168393! lecto. designated here). Drimia media Jacq. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 166 (1799) ≡ Hyacinthus medius (Jacq. ex Willd.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl., Suppl. 3: 120 (1813) ≡ Idothea media (Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 342 (1843). Type: — illustration in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (16): t. 375 (1795) (Fig. 18.3) (lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 282. 1977). = Drimia rigidifolia Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 420 (1871) [non Urginea rigidifolia Baker in J. Bot. 16: 323 (1878)] ≡ Idothea rigidifolia (Baker) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 712 (1891). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Somerset [?], Bowker 225 (K 000857419! lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 285. 1977). Drimia neriniformis Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6: 442 (1897) (Figs 2.1, 20.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Free State. Harrismith (2829): Van Reenen, (– AD), marshy ground, 5000 − 6000 ft., 15 November 1892, Wood 4794 (K 000257350! lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 280. 1977; E 00109542!, NH 0006430 - 0!, MO 2142490!, P, PRE, SAM 0023179 - 0!, Z, isolecto.). = Drimia capitata Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6 (3): 442 (1897) [non Ornithogalum capitatum Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. 89: t. 5388 (1863) ≡ Urginea capitata (Hook. f.) Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6 (3): 465 (1897) ≡ Fusifilum capitatum (Hook. f.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 69 (1998)]. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. [Eastern Cape]. Umtata (3128): Bazeia [Baziya], (– CB), Baur 1160 (K 000257353! lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 280. 1977).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFC0FFCDFCA6F82CB6F8FB4E.taxon	discussion	Drimia pusilla Jacq. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 2: 165 (1799) ≡ Hyacinthus pusillus (Jacq.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl., Suppl. 3: 120 (1813) ≡ Idothea pusilla (Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 344 (1843) [non Anthericum pusillum Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (16): 18, t. 417 (1795) ≡ Fusifilum pusillum (Jacq.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38: 70 (1998)]. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Illustration in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (14): t. 374 (1794) (Fig. 18.4) (lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 284. 1977). Drimia robusta Baker in Refug. Bot. 3: t. 190 (1870) ≡ Idothea robusta (Baker) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 712 (1891) (Figs 2.2, 19.3, 20.4). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Cape Colony, from Cooper, Hort Saunders 4404, 1869, Cooper s. n. (K 000857417! holo.). Drimia rudatisii Schltr. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 89 (1907). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. KwaZulu-Natal. Port Shepstone (3030): Dumisa, feuchten schattigen Orten bei Fairfield, (– AD), 24 August 1905, Rudatis 79 (B 100167475! holo.). Drimia sphaerocephala Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6: 441 (1897) (Fig. 20.5). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Mpumalanga. Komatipoort (2531): Concession Creek near Barberton, (– CC), 7 September 1890, Galpin 1020 (K 000400570! lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 280. 1977; BOL 140327!, SAM 0023178! isolecto.). Drimia villosa Lindl. in Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 16: t. 1346 (1830) ≡ Strepsiphyla villosa (Lindl.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 60 (1837) ≡ Idothea villosa (Lindl.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 343 (1843). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Cape of Good Hope, received by Mr Tate, illustration in Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 16: t. 1346 (1830) (Fig. 19.4) (lecto. designated here). Drimia zombensis Baker, Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 7 (3): 525 (1898). Type: — MALAWI. Nyasaland, Mount Zomba, elev. 3000 – 5000 ft, September 1859, Kirk s. n. (K 000400584! holo.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFCAFFCBFCA6FB7DB548F9E6.taxon	description	Description: — Small bulbous geophyte to ca. 8 cm tall. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid-oblong to subglobose, 2 ‒ 3 cm long, with short bulb neck, outer scales membranous and inner bulb scales white. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 4 ‒ 10, hysteranthous, 8 ‒ 20 cm long and 1 ‒ 3 mm wide, thin, filiform and spreading or linear-lanceolate and erect to arching, green, smooth, glabrous. Inflorescence a short, dense raceme with (1 –) 3 ‒ 6 flowers; peduncle erect, terete, smooth, 1.5 ‒ 4.5 cm long, greenish to dark purple; pedicels spreading, 1 ‒ 4 mm long, glabrous; pedicels of fruits laterally recurved, to 15 mm long. Bracts broadly lanceolate, persistent, lowermost to 6 mm long with distinct flat, decurrent, bifid spur of ca. 1.5 mm long; bracteoles absent. Flowers campanulate, subpatent. Tepals 6, 5 ‒ 10 mm long, free to shortly fused at base for ca. 1 mm, lanceolate to oblong, spreading, whitish, pinkish or pale greenish with yellow or hyaline margins, sometimes slightly tinged with dark purple, with distinct dark purple brown longitudinal band on abaxial side, outers sometimes reflexed. Stamens 6, spreading; filaments 3 ‒ 4 mm long, white or greenish; anthers oblong, up to 2 mm long, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary elongate oblong to pyramidal, 3 ‒ 4 mm long, greenish, sometimes puberulous near apex, with 10 ‒ 15 ovules per locule. Style short, 1 ‒ 3 mm long, erect, white, filiform. Capsule ovate to sphaerical, 8 ‒ 12 mm long, trigonous with blunt edges in section, mucronate, pale brown. Seeds flattened, dark brown to black, 7 ‒ 8 mm long, with membranous wings, uniseriate per locule.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFCAFFCBFCA6FB7DB548F9E6.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Ebertia is known to include 2 species, occurring disjunctly in Central and West Africa, in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Sudan (Fig. 8). It is restricted to the Guineo-Congolian Region, the Sahelo-Sudanian Subregion and the Eastern Section of the Zambezian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). The species occurs in frequently burnt grasslands on mountain slopes at elevations of 300 ‒ 2000 m (Oyewole 1989, Friis & Vollesen 1999). For further information on Ebertia species see Baker (1898), Oyewole (1989), and Friis & Vollesen (1999). Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (Oyewole 1988, as Urginea pauciflora (Baker) Baker).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFCAFFCBFCA6FB7DB548F9E6.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Urginea pauciflora Baker (1898: 539), not to be confused with the illegitimate U. pauciflora Baker (1901: 786) or Drimia pauciflora Baker (1892: 6), was described by Baker (1898) based on small plants from Sierra Leone (West Africa) possessing hypogeal bulbs, leaves non-coetaneous with flowers, a short peduncle, raceme with 2 ‒ 3 campanulate flowers, stamens shorter than tepals and with flattened filaments, and inserted style. Friis & Vollesen (1999) proposed the new name Drimia sudanica Friis & Vollesen for U. pauciflora and extended the range of this species from West Africa (Sierra Leone and Guinea) to southern Sudan. These authors added important characters such as the very short raceme with 4 ‒ 6 flowers, lanceolate bracts with a flat, decurrent spur (a character not mentioned by Baker, but matching the type material at Kew herbarium), pedicels 1.5 ‒ 2.0 mm long, tepals 5 ‒ 7 mm long, shortly connate for ca. 1 mm at the base and spreading, with a dark purple-brown midrib, stamens 3 ‒ 4 mm long, filaments spreading, ovary elongate and ca 3 mm long, and very short style. Ripe capsules and seeds were not studied. A related species was described by Oyewole (1989) as Urginea nana Oyewole (1989: 623) from Nigeria, showing small, hypogeal, compact bulbs, filiform erect to spreading leaves that are not coetaneous with flowers, peduncle erect, up to 4 cm long, raceme short and compressed with up to 6 flowers, pedicels reflexed during fruit development, tepals 6 ‒ 10 mm long, free, the outers reflexed at anthesis, ovary pyramidal, 3 ‒ 4 mm long, style short and erect, capsule ovoid-spherical with mucronate apex, seeds flattened, subellipsoid, 7 ‒ 8 mm long, dark brown to black, and uniseriate per locule. The author also illustrated a dehisced capsule showing widely open valves, similar to those found in D. khubusensis P. C. van Wyk & J. C. Manning in Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 120), here considered to belong to Iosanthus. Further, Oyewole (1989) described a considerable morphological variation and three morphotypes in Urginea nana; further studies are needed to improve our understanding of this taxon. Speta (1998 b) published Ebertia to include the tropical African taxa U. pauciflora and U. nana, being characterised by the hypogeal compact bulbs, filiform, proteranthous leaves, short peduncle and condensed few-flowered raceme, shortly spurred bracts, straight and patent pedicels, nocturnal, campanulate flowers with tepals shortly connate at base, filaments shorter than tepals, ovary inferior [examination of the type confirms this as erroneous], with 12 ovules per locule, style slightly thickened at the apex, pedicels of ripe capsules laterally recurved, capsules ovoid to globose, and flattened black seeds. The phylogenetic analyses of Pfosser & Speta (1999) place a sample of E. nana as sister to a sample from Senegal named`Thuranthos indicum´ sensu lato, but fitting with Vera-duthiea in the sense of the present work. Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004) extended the study to include four samples of E. nana (Oyewole 1989: 623) Speta (1998 b: 68) from Guinea and Senegal that constituted a well supported clade sister to “ Duthiea ” species (= Vera-duthiea) from Senegal and Botswana. The recent phylogenetic analyses by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) included three samples of Ebertia from Guinea and Senegal and form a strongly supported clade that is sister to Vera-duthiea. Based on the above-mentioned evidence, we accept Ebertia as including E. pauciflora (Baker 1898: 539) Speta (1998 b: 68) and E. nana, taxa flowering shortly after grassland fires (Oyewole 1989, Friis & Vollesen 1999). These two species share a small size, non-coetaneous and filiform leaves, short peduncle and condensed, few-flower racemes, subcampanulate flowers with almost free, suberect to slightly spreading tepals, stamens shorter than tepals and included, an ovoid to conical ovary ca. 3 mm long which is sometimes puberulous, and short and erect style of equal length to the ovary. Further, E. nana is unique in the Urgineoideae in having reflexed pedicels that subtend the ripe capsules, since the remaining subfamily members always support ripe capsules on erect to suberect pedicels, except for the northwest African Spirophyllos. Further studies are necessary to compare this character with U. pauciflora. The widely spreading capsule valves and seed morphology in U. nana approach Iosanthus, a genus that is related to the clade comprising Urginea, Spirophyllos, and Indurgia (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). Accepted species: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFCAFFCBFCA6FB7DB548F9E6.taxon	description	Description: — Small bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, 1 ‒ 7 cm in diam., sometimes with short bulb neck, solitary or commonly clump forming, inner scales fleshy, white and compact, outer scales membranous. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 ‒ 10, hysteranthous, 3 ‒ 15 cm long and 1 ‒ 30 mm wide, usually flat, canaliculate, lanceolate, spreading, green, glabrous or papillose. Inflorescence a dense, short or elongated raceme, 1 ‒ 8 cm long, with 6 ‒ 60 (– 120) flowers; peduncle erect, terete, smooth or papillose, 4 ‒ 15 cm long, greenish to dark purple; pedicels patent-spreading, 8 ‒ 30 mm long, glabrous. Bracts lanceolate, small, persistent, lowermost 1 ‒ 2 mm long with short spur of ca. 1 mm long; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, suberect, diurnal, opening in afternoon. Tepals 6, biseriate, 4 ‒ 7 mm long, spreading, white, with distinct greenish to purplish longitudinal band on abaxial side, free to shortly fused at base for less than 1 mm, outers sometimes slightly reflexed. Stamens 6, spreading; filaments 3 ‒ 4 mm long, fusiform, narrowed to base and apex, white, with distinct papillae along basal third; anthers oblong, medifixed, to 1 mm long, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary oblong, truncate to style, 2 ‒ 4 mm long, white, with 10 ‒ 15 ovules per locule. Style 2 ‒ 3 mm long, erect, white, filiform. Capsule ovate to sphaerical, trigonous with blunt edges in cross-section, 6 ‒ 12 mm long, pale brown. Seeds subellipsoid, (3 –) 4 ‒ 8 mm long, flattened with prominent central embryo and wide, flat or incurved wings, dark brown to black, glossy, with sinuous anticlinal testa cell walls. Number of species and distribution: — It includes 17 species, occurring in Southern Africa (Fig. 8) and restricted to the Cape, Karoo-Namib and Uzambara-Zululand Regions, and the Southern Section of the Zambezian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For further information on Fusifilum species see M ̧ ller-Doblies et al. (2001). We preliminarily accept F. magicum as originally circumscribed as belonging to Fusifilum based on its flower morphology (Fig. 23.1). However, its phylogenetic position places two samples of this species in a clade related to Urginea revoluta and Boosia (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). Further studies, including new phylogenetic evidence, are needed to evaluate other alternatives. Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (De Wet 1957, as Urginea depressa Baker). History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Fusifilum was described to accommodate some species of Urgineoideae having small to medium-sized, subcapitate inflorescence; white stellate, flowers; fusiform and papillate filaments; and white gynoecium. The latter character is unique and diagnostic. The original concept of the genus included species described and illustrated by Jacquin (1795) from Southern Africa and by Ruiz & Pavón (1802) from South America, the latter belonging to Oziroe Rafinesque (1837: 53). However, the current concept of Fusifilum excludes the American taxon, and Deb & Dasgupta (1982) typified the genus on F. physodes (Jacquin 1795: 18) Speta (1998 b: 69) (M ̧ ller-Doblies et al. 2001, Martínez-Azorín et al. 2015). Later, other generic names, such as Physodia Salisbury (1866: 37), were applied to this distinct group of plants. Speta (1998 b) accepted Fusifilum to include seven species, and M ̧ ller-Doblies et al. (2001) presented a taxonomic revision that included 16 species, four from Speta’s (1998 b) treatment, one from Tang & Weiglin (2001), 10 as new, and one new combination. Types of their newly described species are still not deposited in most of the studied herbaria and their morphological descriptions are incomplete, which has impeded further taxonomic work in the genus during the last two decades. The phylogenetic analyses of Manning et al. (2004) included four samples considered by them to belong to Fusifilum, although only F. physodes is a true Fusifilum, following circumscriptions of M ̧ ller-Doblies et al. (2001) and the present work. The supposed polyphyly of Fusifilum, in the sense of Manning et al. (2004), was one of the main reasons offered to justify the lumping of the evidently broad diversity in Urgineoideae in a single, extremely variable Drimia, excluding Bowiea. However, the correct genus adscription of these species does, in fact, dissolve the polyphyly of Fusifilum and support an analytic rather than a synthetic treatment in the subfamily (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a) since ‘ F. dregei ’ is a species of Urgineopsis Compton (as accepted in this work) and ‘ F. marginata ’ belongs to Austronea (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2019 a) — a genus sister to Fusifilum. The names Fusifilum calcarata and F. marginata sensu Manning et al. (2004) were never formally combined or published prior to 2004. Manning & Goldblatt (2018) described Drimia sect. Physodia, which mostly fits the concept of Fusifilum in this work, but excluding Urginea virens that belongs to Austronea (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2019 a). Manning & Goldblatt (2018) placed eight of the species described by M ̧ ller-Doblies et al. (2001) under their Drimia physodes (Jacquin 1795: 18) Jessop (1977: 300), commenting that those names were not validly published since the types were not deposited following Art. 40.7 of the ICN. However, this interpretation is incorrect, as the Shenzhen Code only recommends that the type material, especially the holotype, should be deposited in a public herbarium or other public collection allowing access and warranting long-term conservation (Art. 7 Rec. 7 A 1 of the ICN). Therefore, these M ̧ ller-Doblies names are valid following the current Shenzhen Code, and hence must be accepted. Our field work in Southern Africa over the last decades has enabled us to observe clear morphological differences in support of the acceptance of the species of M ̧ ller-Doblies et al. (2001). Our phylogenetic analyses show 20 samples of Fusifilum, including several type collections provided by U. & D. M ̧ ller-Doblies, forming a strongly supported clade sister to Austronea (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a), further supporting the acceptance of this genus based on a unique syndrome of morphological characters, biogeography, and phylogenetic relationships. Accepted species and required new combination: — Fusifilum bruce-bayeri U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 479 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Worcester (3319): Worcester West, Polhillia waltersii Nature Reserve, (– CB), elev. 250 m, 15 August 1984, M ̧ ller-Doblies 84017 f (PRE holo.; B, BTU, E, G, GRA, K, M, MO, NAS, NBG, S, W, WIND, Z iso.; ex cult. BTU 5931: ibidem. Not deposited in the cited herbaria).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFCAFFCBFCA6FB7DB548F9E6.taxon	description	Fusifilum depressum (Baker) U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 480 (2001) ≡ Urginea depressa Baker in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 4: 1000 (1904), basionym ≡ Drimia depressa (Baker) Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 297 (1977) (Fig. 22.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Gauteng. Johannesburg (2628): Transvaal, Modderfontein, (– CB), September 1897, Conrath 687 (Z 000027555! lecto. designated here). Note: — The lectotype designation by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 297 (1977) is not acceptable according to Art. 8.2 Ex. 3 of the Code (see Martínez-Azorín & Crespo 2014; the voucher K 000857414! bears a different collection date of 9 October 1898, perhaps erroneously transcribed. In that case it is a true isolectotype, as well as GZU!). Fusifilum emdeorum J. S. Tang & Weiglin in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 505 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Worcester (3319): Farm Gevonden, E end of Dutoitskloof, (– CA), elev. 300 m, 22 July 1986, M ̧ ller-Doblies 86017 c (PRE holo.; B, BTU, K, M, MO, NBG, S, WIND, Z iso.; ex cult. BTU 6466: ibidem and G, GRA, LI, NAS, W. Not deposited in the cited herbaria). Fusifilum gifbergense U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 479 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Vanrhynsdorp (3118): Snorkfontein, half way up the Gifberg, (– DD), elev. 500 − 600 m, 16 August 1980, M ̧ ller-Doblies 80105 v (PRE holo.; B, BTU, E, G, K, LI, M, MO, NAS, NBG, P, S, W, WIND, Z iso.; ex cult. BTU 4239: ibidem. Not deposited in the cited herbaria). Fusifilum glaucum U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 481 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Vanrhynsdorp (3118): Zandkraal, Gifberg road, 2.7 km S of turn off to Zandkraal, (– DB), elev. 150 m, 16 August 1980 veg., M ̧ ller-Doblies 80104 e (PRE holo.; B, BTU, K, M; ex cult. BTU 4201: B, BTU, G, K, LI, M, MO, NAS, NBG, PRE, S, WIND, Z iso. Not deposited in the cited herbaria). Fusifilum hei U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 480 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Montagu (3320): Matjesfontein, Farm Boelhouer (Bullover), 4 km on Keurfontein (Driekop) road, (– BA), elev. 1050 m, 02 August 1986 veg., M ̧ ller-Doblies 86032 a (PRE holo.; B, BTU, K, NAS, S iso; ex cult. BTU 6607: ibidem. Not deposited in the cited herbaria). Fusifilum magicum U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 491 (2001) (Fig. 23.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Beaufort West (3222): Boesmansklip, 2.5 km from N 1 to Molteno Pass, (– BC), elev. 900 m, 15 January 1984, M ̧ ller-Doblies 84129 c (PRE holo; B, BTU, K, NBG. Not deposited in the cited herbaria). Fusifilum minus (A. V. Duthie) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 69 (1998) ≡ Urginea minor A. V. Duthie in Ann. Univ. Stellenbosch 6. Sect. A, No. 2, 11 (1928), basionym ≡ Drimia minor (A. V. Duthie) Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43 (4): 306 (1977) ≡ Physodia minor (A. V. Duthie) Salisb. ex U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 107 (5 − 6): 520 (1996). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Cape Town (3318): Stellenbosch Flats, (– DD), March 1924, Duthie s. n. STE 1546 (NBG 0197706! lecto. designated as “ holo. ” by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 306. 1977); K 000257366!, PRE 0049735! isolecto.). Fusifilum montanum (A. P. Dold & E. Brink) A. P. Dold, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter & Wetschnig comb. nov. ≡ Drimia montana A. P. Dold & E. Brink in Bothalia 36 (1): 64 (2006) basionym ≡ Drimia montana A. P. Dold & E. Brink in Taxon 63: 1130 (2014), nom. superfl. ≡ Fusifilum montanum (A. P. Dold & E. Brink) A. P. Dold, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 201 (2): 168 (2015), comb. inval. (Figs 2.4, 23.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Fort Beaufort (3226): Groot Winterberg, The Hoek farm, (– AD), elev. 2150 m, 1 January 2004, A. P. Dold 4633 (GRA 0000460! lecto. designated here: only the plants in flower and fruit lacking leaves “ Pressed in December at time of collection ” [though corrected to January by A. P. Dold 08 / 10 / 2014; A. P. Dold pers. comm.], which are placed on the upper half of the sheet.). Comments: — In the light of the recentmost proposal by Mosyakin & McNeill (2022) to amend Art. 8 of the ICN, after which the information in the protologue will rule, and considering that the protologue in Dold & Brink (2006) only indicates a single collecting date (01 - 01 - 2004) in the holotype designation, a lectotypification is needed from the mixed type collection GRA 0000460. Based on the new considerations, the description made by Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2014: 1330) and the combination in Martínez-Azorín et al. (2015: 168) are therefore nomenclaturally inoperative, since it is either superfluous or not valid. Fusifilum oliverorum U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 487 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Bredasdorp (3420): Moerasfontein, 1.3 km NW of Skipskop / Bredasdorp road, (– CB), elev. 30 m, 18 August 1984 veg., Oliver & M ̧ ller-Doblies 84025 a (PRE holo.; B, BTU, K, M, MO, NBG, S, WIND, Z iso; ex cult. BTU 6000, 6001, 6002, 6003: ibidem. Not deposited in the cited herbaria). Fusifilum papillosum U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 487 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Calvinia (3119): Glen Lyon States, SE of Nieuwoudtville, (– AC), elev. 750 m, 9 November 1978 fl., M ̧ ller-Doblies 78072 m (PRE holo.; B, BTU iso; ex cult. BTU 2156: B, BTU, K, NBG, PRE. Not deposited in the cited herbaria). Fusifilum physodes (Jacq.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 69 (1998) ≡ Anthericum physodes Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (16): 18, t. 418 (1795) diagnosis; Coll. Suppl.: 94 (1797) description ≡ Phalangium physodes (Jacq.) Pers., Syn. Pl. 1: 369 (1805) ≡ Albuca physodes (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 26: t. 1046 (1807) ≡ Caesia physodes (Jacq.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 88 (1825) ≡ Idothea physodes (Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 345 (1843) ≡ Urginea physodes (Jacq.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 217 (1873) ≡ Physodia physodes (Jacq.) U. M ̧ ll. - Doblies et al. in Feddes Repert. 107 (5 − 6): 519 (1996) ≡ Drimia physodes (Jacq.) Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43 (4): 300 (1977) (Figs 2.5, 21.1, 23.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Illustration in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (16): t. 418 (1795) (Fig. 21.1) (lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 300. 1977). = Ornithogalum melanopus Dinter ex S ̂ lch in Beitr. Fl. SW-Afr., Diss. Univ. M ̧ nchen: 70 (1960). Fusifilum pusillum (Jacq.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 70 (1998) ≡ Anthericum pusillum Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (16): 18, t. 417 (1795) diagnosis; Coll. Suppl.: 95 (1797) description, basionym [non Drimia pusilla Jacq., Coll. Suppl.: 42 (1797)] ≡ Caesia pusilla (Jacq.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 88 (1825) ≡ Idothea drimioides Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 345 (1843), nom. nov. [non I. pusilla (Jacq.) Kunth = D. elata Jacq.] ≡ Urginea pusilla (Jacq.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 217 (1873) ≡ Physodia pusilla (Jacq.) U. M ̧ ll. - Doblies et al. in Feddes Repert. 107 (5 − 6): 520 (1996). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Illustration in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (16): t. 417 (1795) (Fig. 21.2) (lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 295. 1977). Fusifilum spirale U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 483 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Springbok (2917): Henrietsberg, 10 − 12 km N of Steinkopf, (– BB), elev. 800 − 1100 m, 14 August 1980, M ̧ ller-Doblies 80096 a (PRE holo.; B, BTU, K, MO, NAS, WIND, Z iso; ex cult. BTU 4085: G, LI, M, NBG, S. Not deposited in the cited herbaria). Fusifilum stoloniferum U. Müll. - Doblies, J. S. Tang & D. Müll. - Doblies in Feddes Repert. 112 (7 − 8): 484 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Beaufort West (3222): Karoo National Park, escarpment W of tall TV-Tower (N 15 D), (– AD), elev. 1800 m, 27 August 1984 veg., M ̧ ller-Doblies 84051 c (PRE holo.; B, BR, BTU, K, LI, M, MO, NAS, NBG, S, WIND, Z iso; ex cult. BTU 6110, 6111, 6112: ibidem and BOL, E, G, GRA, KMG, NH, NU, P, PE, PEU, PRU, UNIN, W, WAG, WRSL. Not deposited in the cited herbaria).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFCCFFD7FCA6F992B6F8F8E2.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal or rarely semi-epigeal, mostly solitary but rarely proliferous, usually with compact scales but rarely loose, outer scales brownish and membranous. Roots thickened and branched. Leaf solitary (rarely 2 ‒ 3 in clump forming species), terete, green, commonly leathery, synanthous or hysteranthous, deciduous to evergreen, 0.5 − 7.0 mm in diam., smooth, glabrous, usually withering from tip showing transverse abscission plates. Inflorescence 1 or rarely 2 per bulb, racemose, usually elongated, (0.2 ‒) 2 ‒ 30 cm long, erect or slightly bent; peduncle elongated, erect, smooth or sometimes distinctly papillose at base; pedicels 2 ‒ 30 mm long, subpatent. Bracts lanceolate, acute, lowermost with broad spur usually longer than blade; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, erect-patent, diurnal, usually opening in afternoon and withering in evening. Tepals 6, biseriate, 3.2 ‒ 8.0 mm long, spreading to reflexed at full anthesis, with base usually shortly connate for ca. 1 mm but almost free in general appearance, yellowish, orange, greenish or white, with discrete brownish, green or purple stripe along middle, more evident on abaxial side. Stamens 6, erect to spreading; filaments filiform, slightly fusiform, adnate to base of tepals, commonly glabrous and smooth, rarely distinctly papillate; anthers yellow, oblong, medifixed, dehiscing along their whole length. Ovary ovate to oblong, attenuate to truncate at top, green to yellowish, sometimes with white maculae; style white, narrowly filiform to obtriangular, distinctly trigonous in section, as long as or longer than ovary; stigma slightly 3 - lobed and papillose. Capsule ovate-globose, small, 3 ‒ 6 mm long, trigonous, loculicidal, 3 valves splitting to base, with withered perigone segments circumscissile below and forming apical cap. Seeds polygonal or irregularly compressed, commonly narrowly pyramidal, pointed, comparatively small, 1.0 ‒ 2.4 (‒ 3.0) mm long, light brown to black, with wrinkled-rugose testa and sinuous anticlinal cell walls. Number of species and distribution: — Geschollia currently includes nine species, eight sensu Martínez-Azorín et al. (2019 d) together with D. loedolffiae Van Jaarsv. in Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk (2006: 50) based on the inflorescence drying soon after flower withering, the small capsule and seed, and distribution. Species of the genus show their center of diversity in south-central South Africa from the Little Karoo in the West to the Eastern Cape in the East, with one species extending to southern Namibia and northwestern parts of the Northern Cape Province, and some disjunct populations occurring in southwestern and eastern South Africa (Fig. 8). The genus is therefore restricted to the Cape, Karoo-Namib, and Uzambara-Zululand Regions (sensu Takhtajan 1986). For further information on Geschollia species see Baker (1870 a, 1874 b), Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk (2006), Williamson (2012), Manning & Goldblatt (2018), and Martínez-Azorín et al. (2019 d). Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (cf. Goldblatt et al. 2012). History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Ornithogalum anomalum was described by Baker (1870 a) based on a collection of a South African plant with a single, terete leaf, long raceme, shortly connate tepals reflexed at full anthesis, and spreading stamens. Baker (1870 a) also pointed to apparent differences with typical Ornithogalum on which account he described O. subg. Ledebouriopsis Baker (1870 a: t. 178) to accommodate this new species. Baker (1897) later placed this species in Drimia and made the first mention of the spurred condition of the bracts. Dyer (1951) noted the peculiar habit of the single terete leaf in D. anomala (Baker 1870 a: t. 178) Baker (1897: 442), stating that it “ withers from the tip, the withering process being arrested at different stages ”. The phylogenetic analyses of Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004) included samples of Drimia anomala from South Africa, which formed an independent, well-supported clade within Urgineoideae. This led Speta (2001) to describe the monotypic Geschollia, showing a single terete leaf (rarely two leaves), a long and multiflowered racemose inflorescence, short pedicels, filiform and, patent filaments, white, pink, yellow or greenish tepals connate for ca. 1 mm at the base, and angulose seeds, 1.5 ‒ 2.0 mm long. Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004) found Geschollia to form a clade sister to Boosia and Urgineopsis, although the relationship received only weak statistical support. However, later analyses (Pfosser et al. 2012) determined Geschollia and Urgineopsis to be sister, well-supported monophyletic genera, with moderate support. The lastest revision of Urgineoideae in Southern Africa by Manning & Goldblatt (2018) includes Drimia anomala in D. sect. Ledebouriopsis merging eleven species with variable morphologies. This assemblage is polyphyletic as revealed by previous phylogenetic studies (Pfosser & Speta 2001, 2004) as well as the recent phylogenetic work by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) where 22 samples of Geschollia form a strongly supported clade sister to Boosia. These latter two genera share some morphological characters, such as the terete leaves or the usually elongated inflorescence, but they differ by the mostly single leaves and small capsules and seeds in Geschollia, a genus largely confined to southern central South Africa, and by the usually more numerous leaves, with usually larger, elongated, flattened seeds in Boosia — a genus centered in eastern South Africa and extending northwards through eastern Africa. Therefore, we here accept Geschollia at genus rank in the sense of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2019 d), with the addition of D. loedolffiae. All nine species share the main diagnostic characters of Geschollia, these being the single (rarely 2), terete leaf and comparatively small capsules with small polygonal or irregularly compressed, angled seeds. Accepted species and required new combination: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFCCFFD7FCA6F992B6F8F8E2.taxon	discussion	Geschollia anomala (Baker) Speta in Stapfia 75: 169 (2001) ≡ Ornithogalum anomalum Baker in Refug. Bot. [Saunders]: t. 178 (1870), basionym ≡ Drimia anomala (Baker) Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6 (3): 442 (1897) (Figs 2.6, 24.1, 24.2, 25.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Cape of Good Hope, “ sent from South Africa by Mr Thos. [Thomas] Cooper ”. Illustration in Baker (1870 a: Plate 178) (Fig. 24.1) (holo.). Epitype (designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2019 d): — Fort Beaufort (3226): 22 km south of Bedford on R 350, Normandale Farm, ca. 160 m SE from farmhouse, (– CC), elev. 649 m, 8 December 2018 (in flower and fruit), A. P. Dold 16047 (GRA! epi.). = Urginea eriospermoides Baker in Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 2: 126 (1887). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA, MacOwan 292 - 72 (K 000257355! holo.). Geschollia brachyandra Mart. - Azorín, A. P. Dold & M. B. Crespo in Phytotaxa 427 (2): 94 (2019) ≡ Drimia brachyandra (Mart. - Azorín, A. P. Dold & M. B. Crespo) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 52 (1): 3 (2022) (Figs 2.7, 25.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Grahamstown (3326): 19 km from Grahamstown on Cradock road, Brakloof (now Brack Kloof), 500 m from turn-off onto farm drive, 20 m off of road verge, (– AD), elev. 690 m, 27 November 1993 (in flower and fruit), A. P. Dold 438 (GRA! holo.). Geschollia calcarata (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, A. P. Dold, M. Pinter & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 427 (2): 97 (2019) ≡ Ornithogalum calcaratum Baker in Gard. Chron. n. s., 1: 723 (1874), basionym. = Drimia calcarata (Baker) Stedje in Nordic J. Bot. 7 (6): 663 (1987) (Fig. 2.8). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern District of Cape Colony, MacOwan s. n. Illustration by W. H. Fitch made from cultivated material sent by MacOwan to W. Saunders (Fig. 24.3) (K! lecto. designated by Stedje 1987). Epitype (designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2019): — Somerset East (3225): Somerset East District, near Charlton Falls, upriver on ledges on rockoutcrops / low cliffs between homestead and falls, Boschberg, (– DA), elev. 1400 m, 11 December 2008, V. R. Clark, R. J. Daniels, M. Fabricius & J. Le Roux 487 (NBG 0267388! epi.). Geschollia globuligera Mart. - Azorín, A. P. Dold & M. B. Crespo in Phytotaxa 427 (2): 101 (2019) ≡ Drimia globuligera (Mart. - Azorín, A. P. Dold & M. B. Crespo) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 52 (1): 3 (2022) (Figs 2.9, 25.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Port Elizabeth (3325): Port Elizabeth, Thornhill, Van Stadens Wildflower Reserve, West side of reserve on flats, 300 m to the east of river gorge, (– CC), elev. 230 m, coarse sandy soil on flats, recently burnt Algoa Sandstone Fynbos, 20 January 2018 (in flower), A. P. Dold TD 16029 (GRA! holo.; ABH! iso.). Geschollia loedolffiae (van Jaarsv.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Drimia loedolffiae van Jaarsv. in Aloe 43 (2 - 3): 50 (2006), basionym (Fig. 25.4). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Butterworth (3228): near the Kei River Mouth, (– CB), 6 March 2003, Van Jaarsveld & Voigt 17914 (NBG 0207731! holo.; K 000524679! iso.). Geschollia longipedicellata Mart. - Azorín, Wetschnig, M. Pinter & M. B. Crespo in Phytotaxa 427 (2): 103 (2019) ≡ Drimia longipedicellata (Mart. - Azorín, Wetschnig, M. Pinter & M. B. Crespo) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 52 (1): 3 (2022) (Fig. 26.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Willowmore (3323): Willowmore, ca. 1 km E of town, (– BC), elev. 860 m, 4 May 2015 in flower ex hort in Graz Austria, W. Wetschnig & C. Huber WW 4944 (GRA! holo.; ABH! iso.). Geschollia occultans (G. Will.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Pinter in Phytotaxa 427 (2): 105 (2019) ≡ Drimia occultans G. Will. in Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 83 (6): 287 (2012), basionym (Figs 2.10, 26.2). Type: — NAMIBIA. Oranjemund (2816): Southern Namib Desert, Swartkop Hill, 9 km E of Oranjemund, (– DA), March 2011 ex hort. in Cape Town, G. Williamson 5922 (NBG 0271283! holo.). Geschollia prolifera Mart. - Azorín, A. P. Dold & M. B. Crespo in Phytotaxa 427 (2): 107 (2019) ≡ Drimia prolifera (Mart. - Azorín, A. P. Dold & M. B. Crespo) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 52 (1): 3 (2022) (Figs 2.11, 26.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Fort Beaufort (3226): Fort Fordyce Reserve, Fort Beaufort, East ‘ lip’ of Fuller’s Hoek forest basin, below EC Parks office and lodge, (– DA), elev. 900 m, flowered ex hort 25 November 2017, A. P. Dold 16026 (GRA! holo.). Geschollia zebrina Mart. - Azorín, A. P. Dold & M. B. Crespo in Phytotaxa 427 (2): 109 (2019) ≡ Drimia zebrinella J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 52 (1): 3 (2022) nom. nov. [non Drimia zebrina (Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch & M. B. Crespo) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 49 (1): 5 (2019)] (Fig. 26.4). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Oudtshoorn (3322): Grootkop Nature Reserve, NE of Oudtshoorn, (– CA), elev. 415 m, 4 May 2015 in flower ex hort in Graz, Austria, M. Martínez-Azorín, J. Vlok, A. P. Dold & A. Martínez-Soler MMA 893 (GRA! holo.; ABH! iso.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD0FFD2FCA6F896B63FFBD2.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal ovoid to globose, 2 – 9 cm in diam., bulb scales usually compact, white. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 3 – 15 per bulb, 13 – 50 × 0.1 ‒ 5.5 cm, linear to lanceolate, canaliculated, glabrous, synanthous or hysteranthous. Inflorescence a lax or dense raceme, usually elongated and multiflowered, 10 ‒ 90 cm long, with 4 ‒ 50 flowers; peduncle 10 ‒ 160 cm long, terete, erect, smooth and glabrous; pedicels 0.4 ‒ 10 cm long, from suberect to recurved and arquing downwards. Bracts deltoid, caducous, lowermost with short spur; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, nocturnal and nodding or diurnal and erect-patent. Tepals 6, biseriate, 5 ‒ 18 mm long, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, whitish, yellowish or brownish, with darker midrib, free or shortly fused, spreading to recurved. Stamens 6, suberect to spreading, not connivent to style; filaments subulate-filiform, 3 – 15 mm long, smooth, adnate to tepals at base; anthers dorsifixed, dehiscing by longitudinal slits along their whole length, yellowish. Ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, 2.0 – 7.5 mm long, trigonous, pale green to yellowish, well differentiated from style. Style subclavate, usually thickened, as long as or only slightly longer than the ovary. Stigma trigonous, truncate, papillose. Capsule ellipsoidoblong, 8 ‒ 26 mm long, valves apiculate, completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds elliptic to suborbicular, 4 ‒ 12 mm long, black, glossy, flattened with prominent central embryo and wide, flat wings. Number of species and distribution: — Indurgia currently includes ten species, occurring from India and Sri Lanka to Thailand (Fig. 8) (cf. Yadav et al. 2019), hence it is almost restricted to the Indian and Indochinese Regions (sensu Takhtajan 1986), although some species also reach the eastern regions of the Omano-Sindian Subregion (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a), shared with Vera-duthiea, which is present in Oman (Patzelt et al. 2021). For further information on Indurgia species see Yadav et al. (2019) and Karuppusamy & Ravichandran (2021), among others. Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (Stedje & Nordal 1987, Yadav & Dixit 1990, as Urginea congesta Wight; Raghavan & Venkatasubban 1940, Boraiah & Khaleel 1970, Naik 1976, Jha 1989, as Urginea indica Kunth; Kamble & Ansari 1976, Yadav & Dixit 1990, as Urginea polyantha Blatt.; Yadav & Dixit 1990, as Urginea razii (M. Y. Ansari) Deb & Dasgupta; Boraiah & Khaleel 1970, as Urginea govindappae Boraiah & Fathima; Boraiah & Fathima 1972, as Urginea govindappensis Boraiah & Fathima); 2 n = 20, 30 (Raghavan & Venkatasubban 1940, as Urginea polyphylla Hook. f.); 2 n = 20, 40, 60 (Jha & Sen 1983, as Urginea indica Kunth); 2 n = 40 (Naik 1973, Naik 1976, Dixit & Yadav 1989, as Urginea coromandeliana Hook. f.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD0FFD2FCA6F896B63FFBD2.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Roxburgh (1832) described Scilla coromandeliana Roxburg (1832: 147) and S. indica Roxburg (1832: 147) from India. Further taxa were described by Kunth (1843), Wight (1853) and Hooker (1892) from the same region and later placed in Urginea. Speta (1998 b) transferred the Indian species to Thuranthos and soon after Speta (2001) described Indurgia to include the Indian members of Urgineoideae based on the phylogenetic analyses of Pfosser & Speta (2001). The revision of Urgineoideae in Southern Africa by Manning & Goldblatt (2018) includes Indurgia and Vera-duthiea (genera originally described to be restricted to southeastern Asia and to Central and northwestern Africa, respectively) in synonymy of their Drimia sect. Thuranthos. They further included the Southern African species D. hesperantha (= Urginea revoluta), D. vespertina Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 65), D. macrantha (Baker 1873 b: 280) Baker (1892: 7), and D. basutica (Phillips 1917: 306) Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 68), together with D. indica Roxburg (1832: 147) Jessop (1977: 272) from India, so conceiving their section in a very wide sense. Manning & Goldblatt (2018) characterised the section by the nocturnal flowers with reflexed tepals, but acknowledged that it was probably not monophyletic. This was already shown by the phylogenetic works of Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004), with Thuranthos, Indurgia, and Vera-duthiea (as Duthiea Speta, nom. illeg.) representing independent and distant well-supported clades. Yadav et al. (2019) presented a detailed taxonomic revision of the Indian species of Drimia sensu lato accepting nine species that were placed in their new D. sect. Indurgia (Speta 2001: 169) J. C. Manning & Lekhak in Yadav et al. (2019: 67) to segregate the southeastern Asian members of Urgineoideae, and corroborated the exclusion of D. indica from Southern Africa, earlier shown by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2018 b, 2019 a). The new section comprised taxa having hysteranthous or synanthous leaves, lax or dense racemes, deltoid, caducous bracts with the lower ones short-spurred, a lack of bracteoles, nocturnal and nodding flowers or sometimes diurnal and spreading, tepals almost free or shortly connate basally, recurved or spreading, and filaments adnate to the base of the tepals. These taxa were divided into two distinct pollination syndrome groups: (i) the Drimia indica group for D. coromandeliana (Roxburg 1832: 146) Lekhak & P. B. Yadav in Yadav et al. (2016: 256), D. govindappae (Boraiah & Fathima 1972: 128) Lekhak & P. B. Yadav in Bhat & Wani (2017: 145), D. indica, and D. nagarjunae (Hemadri & Swahari 1982: 105) Kumar (1984: 962), an assemblage of night-flowering species with metareticulated pollen grains; and (ii) the D. wightii Lakshminarasimhan (2003: 507) group for D. polyantha (Blatter & McCann 1928: 735) Stearn (1978: 208), D. raogibikei (Hemadri 2006 a: 386) Hemadri (2006 b: 224), D. razii Ansari (1981: 572), and D. wightii, to include the day-flowering species with microreticulated pollen grains. Species in these two groups are isolated by their different flowering phenology, and natural hybrids are unknown (Patil & Yadav 1992 − 1993). Preliminary phylogenetic analyses of Indian members of Urgineoideae by Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004) and Pfosser et al. (2012) incorporate up to six samples of Indurgia and form a perfectly supported clade, which is included in a collapsed clade that includes Ebertia, Vera-duthiea (as Duthiea, nom. illeg.), and Urginea s. str., as well supported subclades. Saha & Jha (2019) extended the phylogenetic work in Indurgia, combining plastid and nuclear DNA regions of twelve samples covering seven species from India, which formed a strongly supported clade. The studied samples belong to both day- and night-blooming species with synanthous and hysteranthous leaves. The phylogenetic results show two subclades based on the nuclear ITS region: subclade I comprising D. indica, D. polyantha, and D. coromandeliana, and subclade II including D. nagarjunae, D. govindappae, D. wighttii, and D. razii. Both subclades merge day- and night-flowering species as reported by Yadav et al. (2019), indicative that divergence in phenology (and related pollination syndromes) has arisen more than once in Indurgia, so limiting the validity of taxonomic inferences that can be drawn. The phylogenetic analyses of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) include six samples of Indurgia from India and Thailand and agree with previous works showing a well supported clade to combine all studied samples of Urgineoideae from that region. Therefore, we here accept Indurgia at genus rank based on a syndrome of morphological characters, such as, linear-lanceolate, channelled leaves, deltoid, caducous and shortly spurred bracts, a lack of bracteoles, tepals leathery and almost free to shortly connate, spreading to recurved, filaments adnate to the base of the tepals, erect to suberect, straight, subulate filiform, anthers dorsifixed, styles erect, usually thickened, subclavate, truncate, stigma trigonous, capsule with apiculate valves, and seeds ellipsoid with a prominent central embryo and flattened, winged margins, arranged vertically in one or two rows per locule, decreasing in size from the distal to the proximal side. Further, the restricted distribution of Indurgia to southwestern Asia and its isolated evolutionary status also supports its acceptance at genus rank. Indurgia is sister to Urginea and Spirophyllos, which points to a close evolutionary relationship accounted for by colonisation in the Northern Hemisphere following the arrival of an urgineoid migrant from Southern Africa. Further phylogenetic studies, in combination with morphology, are necessary to evaluate possible infrageneric classification. Accepted species and required new combinations: — Indurgia congesta (Wight) Speta in Stapfia 75: 170 (2001) ≡ Urginea congesta Wight in Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 6: 28, t. 2064 (left hand figure) (1853), basionym ≡ Drimia congesta (Wight) Stearn in Ann. Mus. Goulandris 4: 208 (1978), nom. illeg., [non D. congesta Bullock in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932 (10): 504 (1932)] ≡ Drimia wightii Lakshmin. in Kew Bull. 58 (2): 507 (2003) ≡ Thuranthos congestus (Wight) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38: 81 (1998) (Figs 2.12, 27.2). Type: — INDIA. Cadungalungoo, without date, R. Wight s. n. (K 000802725! lecto. designated by Yadav et al. in Phytotaxa 289: 258. 2016). Indurgia coromandeliana (Roxb.) Speta ex Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Scilla coromandeliana Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 147 (1832), basionym ≡ Urginea coromandeliana (Roxb.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6 (18): 347 (1892), nom. illeg., [non U. coromandeliana Wight in Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. [Wight] 6: t. 2064 (1853)] ≡ Thuranthos coromandeliana (Roxb.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 84 (1998) ≡ Drimia coromandeliana (Roxb.) Lekhak & P. B. Yadav in Phytotaxa 289 (3): 256 (2016) ≡ Indurgia coromandeliana (Roxb.) Speta in Stapfia 75: 170 (2001), nom. inval. (without basionym page) (Fig. 27.2). Type: — INDIA. Sand hills on the coast of Coromandel, unpublished illustration for Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2, t. 1821 (K lecto. designated by Yadav et al. in Phytotaxa 289: 256. 2016). Indurgia govindappae (A. Boraiah & Fathima) Speta in Stapfia 75: 170 (2001) ≡ Urginea govindappae A. Boraiah & Fathima in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12 (1 – 4): 128 (1972), basionym ≡ Urginea govindappensis A. Boraiah & Fathima in Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. 59 (3): 359 (1972), nom. inval. [without Latin descr.] ≡ Thuranthos govindappae (A. Boraiah & Fathima) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 84 (1998) ≡ Drimia govindappae (A. Boraiah & Fathima) Lekhak & P. B. Yadav in Bhat & Wani, Chromosome Structure and Aberrations: 145 (2017). Type: — INDIA. Karnataka Lal Baugh [Karnataka Lalbagh Botanical Garden], Bangalore [Bengaluru], 17 May 1968, G. Boraiah & T. Fathima 601 A (CAL holo.). Indurgia indica (Roxb.) Speta in Stapfia 75: 170 (2001) ≡ Scilla indica Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 147 (1832), basionym ≡ Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 333 (1843) ≡ Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43 (4): 272 (1977) ≡ Thuranthos indicus (Roxb.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38: 84 (1998) (Figs 2.13, 27.1). Type: — INDIA. Coromandelia (K 000802723! neotype designated as “ type ” by Stedje in Nordic J. Bot. 7 (6): 664. 1987). Note: — Some authors accept that a lectotype was designated by Deb & Dasgupta (1974: 118) on the plate num. 1396 (Scilla indica) conserved at CAL (see Yadav et al. 2019: 72). However, Deb & Dasgupta (1974) explicitly cited that they did not see the type material and simply added that the cited plate “ fully agrees with Roxburgh’s description ”. We do not consider it as an effective lectotypification, and conversely accept (neo) typification by Stedje (1987) on the material K 000802723! (which she cited as “ type ”). = Urginea wightiana Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6 (18): 347 (1892) ≡ Thuranthos wightianus (Hook. f.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38: 84 (1998) ≡ Indurgia wightiana (Hook. f.) Speta in Stapfia 75: 170 (2001). Type: — INDIA. Coimbatore, March 1846, Wight s. n. (K 000802724! holo.). Indurgia jeevae (Karupp. & V. Ravich.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Drimia jeevae Karupp. & V. Ravich. in Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 73 (1): 210 (2021), basionym. Type: — INDIA. Tamil Nadu, Kanyakumari District, Alamparai Hills, elev. 600 m, 9 March 2012, S. Karuppusamy & V. Ravichandran 874 (MH holo.; Sri Ganesan Herbarium iso.). Indurgia nagarjunae (Hemadri & Swahari) Speta in Stapfia 75: 170 (2001) ≡ Urginea nagarjunae Hemadri & Swahari in Ancient Sci. Life 2: 105 (1982), basionym ≡ Drimia nagarjunae (Hemadri & Swahari) An. Kumar in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 5 (4): 962 (1984) ≡ Thuranthos nagarjunae (Hemadri & Swahari) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38: 84 (1998). Type: — INDIA. Andhra Pradesh, Krishna district, Vijayawada, 5 May 1980, Hemadri & Swahari 3001 A (CAL holo.; AYUSH, VIJAYAWADA, BSI, K 000802727!, BLAT, MH iso.). Indurgia polyantha (Blatt. & McCann) Speta in Stapfia 75: 170 (2001) ≡ Urginea polyantha Blatt. & McCann in J. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 32: 735 (1928), basionym ≡ Drimia polyantha (Blatt. & McCann) Stearn in Ann. Mus. Goulandris 4: 208 (1978) ≡ Drimia polyantha (Blatt. & McCann) Ansari & Sundararagh. in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 77 (1): 174 (1980), nom. superfl. ≡ Thuranthos polyanthus (Blatt. & McCann) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38: 84 (1998) (Fig. 28). Type: — INDIA. Maharashtra, Panchgani, March – April 1926, Blatter & McCann 101 a (BLAT lecto. designated as “ type ” by Deb & Dasgupta 1974: 122). Indurgia raogibikei (Hemadri) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 397: 294 (2019) ≡ Urginea raogibikei Hemadri in Med. Fl. of Pragati Resorts.: 386 (2006 a), basionym ≡ Drimia raogibikei (Hemadri) Hemadri in A Treatise on Tribal Medicine: 224 (2006 b). Type: — INDIA. Andhra Pradesh, Nellore district, Bhata – Udayagiri, 6 June 2006, Hemadri 2 A (CAL holo.; BSI, K iso.). Indurgia razii (Ansari) Speta in Stapfia 75: 170 (2001) ≡ Drimia razii Ansari in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 78 (3): 572 (1981), basionym ≡ Urginea razii (Ansari) Deb & Dasgupta in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 84 (2): 412 (1988) (as “ rajii ”) ≡ Thuranthos razii (Ansari) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38: 84 (1998). Type: — INDIA. Maharashtra, Pune district, Dive Ghat, near Zendewadi, 19 April 2015, P. B. Yadav & M. M. Lekhak 18 (CAL neo. designated by Yadav et al. in Phytotaxa 289: 256. 2016). Indurgia rupicola (Trimen) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea congesta Wight var. rupicola Trimen in J. Bot. 27: 167 (1889), basionym ≡ Drimia rupicola (Trimen) Dassan. in M. D. Dassanayake & W. D. Clayton (eds), Revised Handb. Fl. Ceylon 14: 220 (2000). Type: — SRI LANKA. Chinks of arid flat rocks at Dambulla, on the lower part of the ascent to the Temples, July 1887, Trimen s. n. (K 000802726! holo.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD5FFDFFCA6FBC6B11BFDF6.taxon	description	Description: — Small to medium deciduous bulbous geophyte, to 50 cm high. Bulb hypogeal, usually solitary or growing in small groups, ovoid to subglobose, 1 – 3 cm in diam., extended into a 2 – 5 cm long hypogeal neck, inner scales compact, white, fleshy, outer tunics pale brown-grey, membranous. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves hysteranthous or sometimes synanthous, suberect, spreading and somewhat curved or twisted, 3 – 16 per bulb, narrowly linear, filiform, 5 – 18 cm long, subterete to canaliculate, green, sometimes maculate on lower portions, smooth, sometimes surrounded by papery cataphylls. Inflorescence racemose, dense, subcapitate-ovoid or lax and elongated, 0.5 – 16.0 cm long, with 4 – 20 flowers; peduncle erect, 1 – 20 cm long, glabrous; pedicels 1.5 – 25.0 mm long at anthesis, from suberect to patent and arching downwards; bracts small, 1 – 2 mm long, membranous, triangular, with slight curve outgrowth or short spur to 1 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate or cylindrical-campanulate, patent to nodding, with suberect to patent-reflexed tepals, diurnal or vespertine-nocturnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, 4 – 15 mm long, ovate to narrowly oblong and elongated, free or only shortly connate at base, whitish or carneous with central longitudinal pinkish-brown or reddish longitudinal band, straight and spreading or connivent and erect along basal half and spreading patent along apical half. Stamens 6; filaments filiform and subterete or triangular-lanceolate and flat, 1.5 – 6.0 mm long, adnate to perigone segments at base for 0.5 – 6.0 mm, erect and connivent to gynoecium or only spreading distally; anthers yellow, ovate-oblong, 1.2 – 3.0 mm long, basifixed or medifixed, dehiscing longitudinally along their whole length, with yellow pollen. Ovary green, ovoid to conical, trigonous, 2 – 4 mm long. Style white, erect, 1 – 7 mm long. Stigma small or distinctly capitate and 3 - lobed puberulous. Capsule ovoid to subglobose, 6 – 15 mm long, erect, dark or pale coloured before dehiscence, with remains of perigone circumscissile below and forming an apical cap, valves splitting to base and usually widely spreading to reflexed. Seeds elliptic to discoid, flattened, broadly winged, with emarginate hilum, 4 – 10 mm long, testa black to cream-coloured to pale greyish, with sinuous anticlinal cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD5FFDFFCA6FBC6B11BFDF6.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Iosanthus includes 4 species confined to the western regions of Southern Africa, mostly in Namibia and northern South Africa (Fig. 29), hence restricted to the Karoo-Namib Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986). For further information on Iosanthus species see Archer & Archer (1999), Manning & Goldblatt (2018), and Martínez-Azorín et al. (2019 c). Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (Goldblatt et al. 2012).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD5FFDFFCA6FBC6B11BFDF6.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Ornithogalum toxicarium Archer & Archer (1999: 431) was described to accommodate a toxic plant causing severe stock losses in South Africa and Namibia, even though it was earlier determined in scheda as an undescribed species of Urginea. Martínez-Azorín et al. (2019 c) presented evidence that O. toxicarium belongs to Urgineoideae and described the genus Iosanthus, as a new and independent phylogenetic lineage within the Urgineoideae (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). This new monotypic genus was characterised by the small plant size, filiform leaves, very short peduncle with few-flowers and short raceme, lack of bracteoles, a conical ovary with short tapering style, capsule capped with the withered perigone, and the flattened, ovate, winged seeds. Manning & Goldblatt (2018) described Drimia khubusensis P. C. van Wyk & J. C. Manning in Manning & Goldbatt (2018: 120) from northwestern South Africa, near the border with Namibia. The species approaches I. toxicarius in several respects, but differs by its elongated and reflexed tepals, and longer and filiform filaments and style. Drimia khubusensis seems to be unique in Urgineoideae in having dark coloured capsules (sometimes blackish), with the valves reflexed from the base at dehiscence to completely expose the creamy-white or pale greyish, flattened, discoid and winged seeds (Manning & Goldblatt 2018). The phylogenetic results of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) revealed a perfectly supported clade (Bayesian analyses) corresponding to Iosanthus, including two samples of D. khubusensis sister to a sample of I. toxicarius. Accordingly, the sister is a sample of an undescribed species from Central Namibia, described here as Iosanthus macrostigma Mart. - Azorín et al.; all relationships have strong support. The Iosanthus clade is sister to Indurgia in the combined plastid and nuclear analyses although in the plastidial analyses the former is included in a polytomy related to Indurgia, Urginea, Ebertia, and Vera-duthiea, among others. However, the ML analyses show the undescribed Iosanthus species from Namibia in a polytomy within a wide clade with other related genera like Urginea, Indurgia, and Vera-duthiea among others, although the remaining two described species are placed together in a strongly supported clade. These three Iosanthus species characteristically share a relatively small plant size, hypogeal, compact bulbs, filiform leaves, lack of bracteoles, short and few-flowered inflorescence, and free tepals. We have observed that I. toxicarius also shows dark coloured capsules before their ripening, with valves splitting widely to expose seeds of similar morphology to those of D. khubusensis. These propagules have a prominent endosperm and pale marginal regions in the testa. Further, I. macrostigma from Central Namibia approaches D. khubusensis in leaf, flower, capsule, and seed morphology, although differing in its adnate filaments, which arise from the basal third of the tepals, and in its strongly thickened, capitate, 3 - lobed and papillose stigma, among other characters. Recent phylogenetic and morphological studies on Urginea amboensis from the farm Vergenoeg in northern Namibia collected by A. Eichhoff support its close relationships to I. macrostigma. We, therefore, propose accepting Iosanthus to include the latter four species, which are geographically related and characterised by: small to medium overall plant size; compact, hypogeal bulb with elongated neck; filiform leaves, commonly twisted; short to elongated inflorescence; lack of bracteoles; diurnal or vespertine-nocturnal flowers; capsules with the withered tepals circumscissile below and forming an apical cap, with valves splitting to the base and reflexed; and flattened, ellipsoid, winged seeds with emarginate hilum. Further phylogenetic studies are required to evaluate possible alternatives based on the morphological variation and phylogenetic divergence in the group. Accepted species and required new combinations: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD5FFDFFCA6FBC6B11BFDF6.taxon	discussion	Comments: — Urginea amboensis Baker (1903: 665) was described from northern Nambia (“ Amboland, Ondonga ”) and was only known from the type collection by M. Rautanen in March 1887 (Z 000087308! and Z 0001023251!), which includes inflorescences with closed flowers [resembling those of Dipcadi Medik. (1790: 431), as seen in posterior identifications] and bulbs, lacking leaves. The protologue indicates that stamens were distinctly shorter than tepals. No further material fitting this species has been found in the studied herbaria, hence precluding its taxonomic placement in the past. Recent taxonomic works placed it as synonym of Drimia indica (Manning & Glodblatt 2018) or as a species of Vera-duthiea (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2019 a), following the comments by Baker (1903) on its similarity to ‘ U. indica Kunth’. The study of fresh material recently collected by A. Eichhoff from the farm Vergenoeg in Namibia matches Urginea amboensis Baker (1903: 665) in morphology and distribution. These plants show hypogeal bulbs with compact scales and elongated hypogeal neck; leaves filiform, canaliculate, twisted, green with dark maculae at base; lax, elongated racemes with nodding, nocturnal flowers; tepals free and connivent along the lower half and patent above, filaments adnate to tepals and arising around the middle, erect and connivent to style; bracts minute, deltoid; capsules ovoid elongated and seeds ellipsoid, widely winged with prominent embryo and emarginate hilum (Figs 2.14, 30.1). These characters approach I. macrostigma, a conclusion supported by our recent unpublished phylogenetic data, in which two samples of U. amboensis from the farm Vergenoeg are placed sister to I. macrostigma with strong support. Samples of the latter two species are sister to a clade combining I. toxicarius and I. khubusense, with the latter relationship being weakly supported in combination in some analyses. Further studies are required to improve our understanding of the group and to evaluate other taxonomic alternatives within the genus. Iosanthus khubusense (P. C. van Wyk & J. C. Manning) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Drimia khubusensis P. C. van Wyk & J. C. Manning in Strelitzia 40: 120 (2018), basionym. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Oranjemund (2816): Richtersveld, Khubus [Kuboes], 15 m directly west of first and oldest graveyard, (– BD), 6 October 2014, P. C. V. van Wyk 500 (NBG holo.). Comments on distribution: — This species was originally described from a single locality in Kuboes (Northern Cape Province of South Africa). The study of the herbarium collection Giess 8270 (WIND!) fits the overall morphology of this species, representing its second locality in the R ̂ ssingberg, ca. 35 km east of Swakopmund, an extension of ca. 450 km to the north and the first record of the species in Namibia. However, fresh material of the Namibian population is required for final taxonomic placement. Regarding the collection H. Dauth 160 (WIND!) from near Rosh Pinah in southern Namibia, it also resembles I. khubusense, but clearly differs by the stout peduncle, shorter pedicels (2 – 3 mm long), and tepals spreading-reflexed from the base, among other characters. It most likely represents an undescribed species in the genus, though further material is needed for its formal description.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD8FFD9FCA6FDE1B6A1FE5A.taxon	description	(Figs 30.2, 31).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD8FFD9FCA6FDE1B6A1FE5A.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — NAMIBIA. Windhoek, Klein Windhoek, elev. ca. 1600 m, ex hort 08 May 2015, I. Pehlemann s. n. (WIND holo.; ABH iso.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD8FFD9FCA6FDE1B6A1FE5A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Planta speciosa ceteris speciebus Iosanthi valde affinis, sed eis distinctissima filamentis staminum ad tertium inferiorem tepalorum adnatis, et stigmatibus notabilis valde incrasato-capitatis, trilobatis et glandulosis.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD8FFD9FCA6FDE1B6A1FE5A.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte to 4 cm high. Bulb hypogeal, usually solitary or growing in small groups, ovoid to subglobose and depressed in old plants, 1.5 – 3.0 × 1.0 – 2.5 cm, extended into a 1 – 2 cm long hypogeal neck; outer tunics pale brownish, membranous. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 4 – 11 per bulb, narrowly linear, suberect, canaliculate, somewhat twisted, 2 – 10 × 0.10 – 0.18 cm, glabrous, green, with distinct dark maculae at base, withered at flowering time. Inflorescence a short raceme with 3 – 5 flowers, opening one by one in consecutive days; peduncle erect, pale grey, 15 – 20 mm long, with small protuberances near raceme, specially in fruit; pedicels 4 – 5 mm long at anthesis, slightly elongating to 7 mm in fruit, with small protuberances near flower; bracts small, deltoid, 1.0 – 1.2 mm long, green with translucent membranous margins, with short spur ca. 0.6 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, patent to suberect, vespertine-nocturnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, free or only shortly connate at base, narrowly lanceolate-oblong, with somewhat cucullate apex, whitish to carneous colour with central longitudinal brownish-green longitudinal stripe evident on both sides, connivent along basal half to form slightly urceolate tube and spreading to patent above; outer tepals oblong and widened in apical portion, 8 – 9 × ca. 2 mm; inner tepals narrowly obovate, tapering to base, 8 – 9 × ca. 1.5 mm. Stamens 6; filaments white, subterete, adnate to tepals for ca. 2 mm, free portion ca. 5 × 0.4 mm, connivent to style and slightly spreading above perigone; anthers yellow, ovate, ca. 1 mm long after dehiscence, dehiscing longitudinally along their whole length, with yellow pollen. Ovary green, ovoid, 3 - locular, ca. 3 × 1.8 mm, attenuate to style. Style white, elongated, erect, ca. 5 mm long, slightly thickened and clavate. Stigma ca. 1 × 2 mm, distinctly thickened, dome-like, trilobate, with widened lobes reflexed and papillose. Capsule trilocular, loculicidal, ovoid to subglobose, 7 – 9 × 7 – 9 mm, suberect, with remains of perigone circumscissile below and forming an apical cap, valves ovate, apiculate, splitting to base and widely spreading to expose seeds. Seeds black, heart shapped, 8 – 9 × 6 – 7 mm, flattened with prominent embryo, broadly winged, emarginate hilum, with sinuous anticlinal testa cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD8FFD9FCA6FDE1B6A1FE5A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: — Named after the distinctly thickened, dome-like, trilobate stigma.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD8FFD9FCA6FDE1B6A1FE5A.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology: — Iosanthus macrostigma flowers from March to May in cultivation in Alicante (Spain) and fruit and seeds are set from May to June. Flowers open in the evening at about 18 h 00 and last for a night, a behaviour also shared with the sister species I. amboensis. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the biology of this remarkable species in the wild.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD8FFD9FCA6FDE1B6A1FE5A.taxon	distribution	Habitat and distribution: — The species is only known from the surrounds of Klein Windhoek, Windhoek, Namibia (I. Brase, formerly I. Pehlemann, pers. comm.) where it occurs in highland shrubland. The locality is about 1600 m elevation, supports a mean annual rainfall of 530 mm and a mean annual temperature of 18.5 ºC. We were not able to confirm the presence of this species in that region, and the material and information used for the description of the species was provided without detailed locality details. Further studies are needed to confirm the distribution and habitat of this species.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD8FFD9FCA6FDE1B6A1FE5A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnostic characters and taxonomic relationships: — Iosanthus macrostigma is characterised by the solid hypogeal bulb; the 4 – 11 proteranthous, filiform, canaliculate, glabrous, leaves, which are maculate at the base; the lax, pauciflorous raceme; the vespertine-nocturnal flowers with free tepals, which are connivent along the basal half and spreading apically, and the adnate filaments; the erect, elongate, subclavate style supporting a distinctly thickened, dome-like, trilobate, papillose stigma, the capsules with the withered tepals atop and widely spreading valves; and the heart-shaped, flattened, winged seeds with prominent embryo (Figs 2.15, 30.2, 31). The new species is well characterized in having a very swollen stigma, reminiscent of some Thuranthos species. It shares the typical capsules and seeds of I. toxicarius and I. khubusensis, a link supported by phylogenetic studies (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a), despite the differences in flower morphology, which could be linked to different pollination syndromes. Our recent unpublished phylogenetic work places this species as sister to I. amboense, with strong support — a result supported by their shared vespertine-nocturnal flowers, filaments long adnate to tepals, and the maculate, twisted leaves.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFD8FFD9FCA6FDE1B6A1FE5A.taxon	discussion	Iosanthus toxicarius (C. Archer & R. H. Archer) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter, Slade & Wetschnig in Pl. Biosyst. 153 (4): 586 (2019) ≡ Ornithogalum toxicarium C. Archer & R. H. Archer in S. African J. Bot. 65 (5 – 6): 431 (1999), basionym ≡ Drimia toxicaria (C. Archer & R. H. Archer) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 49 (1): 3 (2019) (Figs 2.16, 32). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Beaufort West (3222): farm Ryst Kuil 351, in vicinity of old uranium mine, (– DB), 08 October 1983, Retief & C. Reid 239 (PRE 0656451! lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2019 c: only the bulb with withered leaves and two inflorescences placed on the lower part of the sheet). Note: — The lectotype of this name was first designated in a paper effectively published online 18 December 2018 by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2019 c). Subsequent superfluous lectotypification published on 10 April 2019 by Manning (2019) is fully coincident with our previous type selection.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDEFFD9FCA6FB1EB4A8F7C9.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb ovoid-oblong to subglobose, outer scales membranous and inner bulb scales white and fleshy. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves unknown. Inflorescence an erect, raceme with 6 ‒ 12 flowers; peduncle very short, erect; pedicels spreading, straight, 3 – 4 mm long, glabrous. Bracts lanceolate, ca. 3 mm long with distinct spur. Flowers campanulate with reflexed tepals, subpatent. Tepals 6, biseriate, ca. 7 – 8 mm long, lanceolate to oblong, whitish with brown longitudinal central band, shortly connate at base. Stamens 6, suberect to slightly spreading; filaments filiform, white, shortly adnate to base of tepals; anthers oblong, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary ovoid, ca. 3 – 4 mm long, greenish, with ca. 14 ovules per locule. Style ca. 2.5 mm long, erect, white, filiform, stigma slightly trigonous. Capsule and seeds not studied. Number of species and distribution: — Ledurgia includes a single species, occurring in Guinea, hence restricted to Guineo-Congolian Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986) (Fig. 29). Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (Goldblatt et al. 2012). History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Speta (2001) described Ledurgia guineensis Speta as a monotypic genus from Guinea based on plants with imbricate bulb scales, very short peduncle and few flowered raceme; straight and patent pedicels; and campanulate flowers with slightly connate tepals (Speta 2001). Our phylogenetic results agree with previous conclusions of Pfosser & Speta (2001) in which the samples of this genus represent an independent lineage here accepted at genus rank. This lineage is related to Zingela and Thuranthos, but shows quite a different morphology. We were not able to study living material of this genus. Further studies are needed to improve its morphological characterisation.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDEFFD9FCA6FB1EB4A8F7C9.taxon	discussion	Accepted species: — Ledurgia guineensis Speta in Stapfia 75: 168 (2001) ≡ Drimia guineensis (Speta) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 556 (2004). Type: — GUINEA. Between Pita and Hafia, 21 May 1987, I. Bert. cult. HBV Li 2582 (Speta in LI, reportedly transferred to W).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDFFFDBFCA6FF30B5B9FB43.taxon	description	Description: — Dwarf bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal or slightly epigeal, sometimes proliferous and clump forming, ovoid to subglobose, up to 1 cm in diam., outer scales scarious and inner scales white to pinkish, fleshy. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 ‒ 5, filiform, subterete, 1 ‒ 10 cm long, 0.2 ‒ 1.0 mm wide, suberect, green, glabrous, hysteranthous or synanthous. Inflorescence formed by 1 (‒ 2) teminal flowers; peduncle erect, terete, minutely papillate, 1 – 8 cm long, greenish to purplish; pedicels 1 – 3 mm long at anthesis, recurved, erect in fruit to 8 mm long. Bracts lanceolate, usually two, terminal, subopposite, commonly only one with flower, ca. 1 mm long, with spur ca. 0.5 mm long; bracteoles absent. Flowers tubular, nodding. Tepals 6, 4 ‒ 7 mm long, whitish with pinkish, brownish or purple tinge, fused for most of their length to form cylindrical tube ending in short apical erect or spreading lobes, with distinct greenish or brownish longitudinal band. Stamens 6, included in perigone tube; filaments adnate to tepals and arising around middle of perigone, free portions very short, ca. 0.5 mm long, flattened, white, smooth; anthers oblong, 1 ‒ 2 mm long, erect, opening by longitudinal slits, cordate at base, connective extended at apex into membranous flap. Ovary ovate-oblong, 1.5 ‒ 3.0 mm long, greenish to yellowish. Style erect, columnar, 2.0 ‒ 3.5 mm long, white, with subcapitate stigma ending in 6 erect lobes. Capsule subglobose, ovate or oblong, trigonous with blunt edges in section, 3 ‒ 6 mm long, from uniformly pale brown to longitudinally banded brown and white. Seeds trigonous, narrowly pyramidal, pointed, 0.5 – 1.5 mm long, embryo prominent with very narrow winged margins, black, glossy, with rugose testa and subisodiametric and polygonal testa cells.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDFFFDBFCA6FF30B5B9FB43.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Litanthus includes two species occurring in Southern Africa (Manning et al. 2013) (Fig. 29), restricted to the Cape, Karoo-Namib, Uzambara-Zululand Region, and the Southern Section of the Zambezian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For further information on Litanthus species see Harvey (1844) and Manning et al. (2013). Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (Bruyns & Vosa 1987, as Litanthus pusillus Harv.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDFFFDBFCA6FF30B5B9FB43.taxon	diagnosis	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Litanthus was described by Harvey (1844) as monotypic to include L. pusillus Harvey (1844: 315), a distinct dwarf species with 1 (– 2) - flowered inflorescence, two subopposite spurred bracts, nodding, tubular flowers with tepals connate into a long tube, and included stamens with adnate very short filaments. This genus has been accepted by most researchers working in Urgineoideae (Baker 1871, Hooker 1872, Jessop 1977, Speta 1998 a, 1998 b, Martínez-Azorín et al. 2015). However, Goldblatt & Manning (2000), Manning et al. (2004), and Manning & Goldblatt (2018) included Litanthus in Drimia sensu lato. Manning et al. (2013) presented a revision of Litanthus (as a group of Drimia) and described a second related species. They added useful diagnostic characters for the genus, such as the usually solitary flower with a second empty bract and the elongation of the anther connective into a small, translucent, membranous flap. Further, they described and illustrated the characteristic stigma of both species, unique among Urgineoideae in possessing six tiny, erect teeth. The latest revision of Urgineoideae in Southern Africa (Manning & Goldblatt 2018) placed L. pusillus and L. stenocarpus (J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon in Manning et al. 2013: 99) Mart. - Azorín et al. (2015: 168) in Drimia sect. Litanthus (Harvey 1844: 314) Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 150).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDFFFDBFCA6FF30B5B9FB43.taxon	discussion	The phylogenetic studies by Manning et al. (2004) show a sample of Litanthus pusillus as an independent lineage within a large collapsed clade. Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004) recovered a sample of L. pusillus and Schizobasis as sister groups. Pfosser et al. (2012) found the same relationship following the inclusion of three samples in each genus. The phylogenetic analyses of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) considered four samples of Litanthus, which form a strongly supported clade sister to the monophyletic Schizobasis, for which eleven samples were included in the analyses. The sister relationship between Litanthus and Schizobasis, at first sight surprising when based on their different flower and inflorescence morphology, is supported by the apiculate connective or the angled seeds, as shown by Manning & Goldblatt (2018). However, merging these genera in a single genus would be highly disruptive due to their distinct differences in flower and inflorescence morphology. Therefore, we accept Litanthus based on its unique syndrome of morphological characters: very small plant size; usually solitary, nodding flowers; tepals connate for at least half of their length in a cylindrical tube; stamens included with adnate filaments arising from the upper half of perigone, and apiculate connetive; stigma with 6 minute, erect teeth; seeds angular, polygonal, narrowly pyramidal, ca. 1 mm long; and corroborated with biogeography and phylogenetic relationships. Accepted species: — Litanthus pusillus Harv. in London J. Bot. 3: 315, t. 9 (1844) ≡ Drimia uniflora J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 712 (2000), nom. nov. [non Drimia pusilla Jacq. ex Willd. (1799)] (Figs 2.17, 33.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. [Eastern Cape], ‘ shady places in the woods by the Zwartkop’s River, Uitenhage, Cape of Good Hope’, [December 1829], Zeyher s. n. (TCD lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 308. 1977; BOL, SAM!, S barcode S-G- 7913! isolecto.). Litanthus stenocarpus (J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 201 (2): 168 (2015) ≡ Drimia stenocarpa J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon in S. African J. Bot. 90: 99 (2013), basionym (Figs 2.18, 33.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Vanrhynsdorp (3118): Papendorp, 25 miles W of Vredendal, (– CA), 17 March 1971, H. Hall 3921 (NBG 92544! holo.; PRE! iso.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDCFFDAFCA6FB78B17EF9CC.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb subglobose, hypogeal, sometimes proliferous and clump forming by bulblets, inner leaf bases of each shoot generation narrow, semiterete, with purplish bulb flesh; sheathing cataphyll forming short neck, 12 – 50 mm long; the outer leaf bases (± 10) form second gamophyllous sheath. Leaves numerous, 14 ‒ 20 per shoot, suberect to spreading, filiform, 10 – 25 cm long, ca. 1 mm wide, glabrous, hysteranthous, or sometimes synanthous in cultivation. Inflorescence a lax raceme, 3 ‒ 11 cm long, with 6 ‒ 27 flowers; peduncle erect, purplish, 7 ‒ 14 cm long, glabrous; pedicels spreading, straight, 7 ‒ 14 mm long, purplish. Bracts ovate – triangular, acute, with short spur; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, erect-patent, diurnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, 7 – 11 mm long, free, usually strongly reflexed, purplish – pink, with green markings surrounded by white ring at base on adaxial side. Stamens 6, erect and connivent to style; filaments stout, flattened, 3.5 – 4.0 mm long, rather suddenly contracted to terete upper part, white, sometimes with purplish transverse band in middle of flattened part, all 6 deflexed downwards above ovary, convergent to fasciculate towards anthers; anthers erect, ca. 2 mm long, forming fascicle, yellow, basifixed, with longitudinal dehiscence but only opening as an apical slit. Ovary ovoid, pale – green, 1.5 – 2.0 mm long. Style white, declinate, 3 – 4 mm long, protruding laterally from fascicle of filaments below anthers (enantiostyly). Capsule ovoid, 4 – 7 mm long, valves completely dehiscing from base; tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds subellipsoid to subfusiform, 2.0 – 2.8 mm long, dark golden-brown, glossy, testa surface distinctly reticulate-alveolate with subisodiametric, polygonal cells, with collapsed periclinal walls and prominent anticlinal walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDCFFDAFCA6FB78B17EF9CC.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Mucinaea is a monotypic genus endemic to Namaqualand (northwestern South Africa), occurring in the Kamiesberg Mountains and Kourkammaberg, extending north to near Eksteenfontein (Grenier 2019) (Fig. 29). It is restricted to the Karoo-Namib Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For further information on Mucinaea see Snijman (1985) and Pinter et al. (2013). Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (Goldblatt et al. 2012).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDCFFDAFCA6FB78B17EF9CC.taxon	diagnosis	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Snijman (1985) described Tenicroa nana, differing from typical Tenicroa species by the usually hysteranthous leaves, the bright purplish-pink tepals (a colour nearly unique within Urgineoideae), each showing a basal green marking encircled by a white ring (also unique in Urgineoideae), anthers with longitudinal dehiscence but only opening as an apical pore or slit (suggesting buzzpollination), and the purple amplexicaul sheathing cataphyll without raised transverse ribs, enclosing the leaf bases. The bulb structure is also unique in Urgineoideae, presenting a gamophyllous second sheath inside the amplexicaul cataphyll consisting of the bases of about 10 non-amplexicaul foliage leaves (Pinter et al. 2013).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDCFFDAFCA6FB78B17EF9CC.taxon	discussion	Manning et al. (2004), in a preliminary phylogenetic study, showed T. nana as basal to all studied samples of Urgineoideae when Bowiea is excluded. Tenicroa nana is placed far from the clade including typical Tenicroa species. In an expanded phylogeny, Pfosser et al. (2012) also showed Tenicroa nana in an independent lineage within a large clade with several well-supported subclades, among them the remaining Tenicroa species. The phylogenetic analyses of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) place a sample of Mucinaea nana in an isolated position, being basal to all other Urgineoideae taxa excluding Rhadamanthus and Bowiea. Based on the distinct morphological and molecular differences, Pinter et al. (2013) described Mucinaea to include T. nana, accepted here as a monotypic genus. Accepted species: — Mucinaea nana (Snijman) M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, U. M ̧ ll. - Doblies, D. M ̧ ll. - Doblies, Pfosser & Wetschnig in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 53 (2): 296 (2013) ≡ Tenicroa nana Snijman in S. African J. Bot. 51 (4): 284 (1985), basionym ≡ Drimia nana (Snijman) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 33 (1): 111 (2003), non Drimia nana (Oyewole) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 557 (2004), nom. illeg. (Fig. 34). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. (3018): Kamiesberg, on slopes of the Rooiberg, (– AC), elev. 1300 m, Fl. ex Kirstenbosch 26 November 1980, D. A. Snijman 292 (NBG 0123648 - 0! holo.; PRE 0665215 - 0!, K iso.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDDFFA7FCA6F9F8B019F9B3.taxon	description	Description: — Medium sized bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, 3 ‒ 7 cm in diam., solitary or commonly clump forming, with compact or commonly loose, white, fleshy scales. Leaves 1 ‒ 6 per bulb, hysteranthous, 4 ‒ 25 cm long, narrowly lanceolate, canaliculate and leathery or oblong, soft and commonly with longitudinal furrows, green, smooth, glabrous, sometimes surrounded by transversally barred cataphylls at base. Inflorescence an elongated raceme, 8 ‒ 35 cm long, with 8 ‒ 90 flowers; peduncle terete, erect, 10 ‒ 40 cm long, smooth or rarely scabrid-puberulous at base; pedicels subpatent, arquing downwards, 8 ‒ 17 mm long, glabrous. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, 2 ‒ 6 mm long, lowermost with spur 2 ‒ 8 mm long; bracteoles present and distinct. Flowers campanulate, nodding, diurnal. Tepals 6, 7 ‒ 14 mm long, white, greenish or purplish, with darker longitudinal band, connate for 2 ‒ 5 mm to form basal campanulate tube and suberect to slightly spreading, straight free lobes. Stamens 6; filaments adnate to tepals for 0.5 ‒ 3.0 mm from base and free portions suberect to sigmoid and incurved to ovary, 2.0 ‒ 3.5 mm long; anthers medifixed or subasifixed, dehiscing for their whole length, oblong to sagittate, connivent to style. Ovary ovoid to oblong, trigonous, 2 ‒ 5 mm long, pale green to yellowish, well differentiated from style. Style erect, 2 ‒ 7 mm long. Stigma trigonous, small and papillose. Capsule ovoid, 5 ‒ 16 mm long, valves completely dehiscing from base; tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds 4 ‒ 7 mm long, black to dark brown, subellipsoid flattened with prominent central embryo and wide, flat wings, testa, with sinuous anticlinal cell walls. Number of species and distribution: — Rhadamanthopsis comprises five species restricted to southern and western South Africa and southern Namibia (Fig. 29), which are restricted to the Cape, Karoo-Namib, and Uzambara-Zululand Regions (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For further information on Rhadamanthopsis species see Obermeyer (1980 a), Jessop (1977), and Manning & Goldblatt (2018). Karyology: — 2 n = 12, 16, 18 (Speta 1998 a with no reference).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFDDFFA7FCA6F9F8B019F9B3.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Obermeyer (1980 a) and Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2014) described Rhadamanthus namibensis Obermeyer in Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2014: 1331) from southern Namibia and R. karooicus Obermeyer in Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2014: 1331) from western South Africa. Obermeyer (1980 a) also proposed Rhadamanthus subgen. Rhadamanthopsis Oberm. to include these two species, that differed from typical Rhadamanthus species (sensu Nordenstam 1970) by the loculicidal dehiscence of anthers instead of by apical pores or slits. These two species show a very distinct and easily recognizable flower syndrome within Urgineoideae, characterised by a combination of diurnal, nodding and campanulate flowers, with tepals distinctly connate at the base for about a third to 2 / 5 of their length and free apical lobes that are suberect to only slightly spreading, with included stamens, shortly adnate filaments, and free portions connivent to the style. Further, they produce distinct bracteoles and wide leaves, that are usually longitudinally striate (except in the type species), strongly differing from Rhadamanthus species in the sense of this work, as that genus always lacks bracteoles and produces morphologically different leaves and flowers. Other species sharing the flower and leaf morphology of R. subg. Rhadamanthopsis had previously been described, including Drimia hyacinthoides Baker (1874 c: 6), Ornithogalum haworthioides Baker (1878: 322) [= Drimia bolusii Baker (1897: 443) nom. nov., not to be confused with Drimia haworthioides Baker (1875: 366)], and D. monophylla Oberm. ex Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 128). Speta (1998 b) raised Rhadamanthopsis to genus rank based on the reproductive and vegetative characters mentioned above, and cited the chromosome numbers 2 n = 16, 18 for this genus, suggesting a clear difference from common chromosome counts in the subfamily. The phylogenetic analyses of Pfosser & Speta (1999) included a sample of this group named “ Karoophila bolusii ” (a genus name not formally published), that is sister to Charybdis (= Squilla in this work). Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004) added a sample of Rhadamanthopsis from Namibia that nested sister to the “ Karoophila ” sample. Pfosser et al. (2012) found four samples of Rhadamanthopsis forming a clade with moderate support. The phylogenetic analyses of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) include 14 samples of this group. The combination of plastidial and nuclear regions place samples of Rhadamanthopsis namibensis in a clade sister to a sample of Aulostemon. Within a large polytomy, including also the latter clade, the remaining samples of Rhadamanthopsis in the sense of this work are monophyletic and strongly supported. However, when morphological data are included in the plastid phylogenetic analyses, Rhadamanthopsis recovers monophyly in the sense of this work. The Rhadamanthopsis samples are divided in three biogeographically congruent subclades with collapsed relationships. The first subclade includes four samples of R. namibensis from southern Namibia while the second subclade comprises four samples of R. karooicus sensu lato from western South Africa, mostly Namaqualand. Finally, six samples of Drimia hyacinthoides, O. haworthioides, and D. monophylla from central southern and eastern South Africa form another clade. Some morphological differences exist among taxa included in the three biogeographic subclades. Firstly, the Namibian samples show compact bulbs and narrowly lanceolate, canaliculate, not striate, suberect to spreading leaves. Secondly, the northwestern samples present mostly compact bulbs with closely imbricate scales and flat, mostly prostrate, oblong, leaves with longitudinal furrows. Finally, samples from southern and eastern South Africa show bulbs with loose, fleshy and pediculated scales, sharing the longitudinal furrows of leaves with the Namaqualand samples. Despite the differences in vegetative morphology between those groups, we here accept Rhadamanthopsis to include all above mentioned taxa that share a distinct syndrome of morphological characters: the mostly wide hysteranthous leaves, the long racemes with distinct bracteoles, and the distinct nodding campanulate flowers. Manning & Goldblatt (2018) placed the species accepted here in Rhadamanthopsis in two sections: Drimia sect. Rhadamanthopsis to include D. namibensis, D. karooica, and D. monophylla; and their monotypic D. sect. Hyacinthoides to include Drimia hyacinthoides. Although these sections were separated in the key of Manning & Goldblatt (2018) by the presence or absence of bracteoles, all species in both sections have distinct bracteoles and nearly the same flower morphology. As the segregation of these sections is supported neither by phylogenetic relationships nor by morphology, sect. Hyacinthoides is not accepted here. Accepted species and required new combinations: — Rhadamanthopsis haworthioides (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Ornithogalum haworthioides Baker in J. Bot. 16: 322 (1878), basionym ≡ Drimia bolusii Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6 (3): 443 (1897), nom. nov. [non D. haworthioides Baker in Gard. Chron. 1: 366 (1875)] (Figs 2.20, 35.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Graaf Reinet, Cave Mountain, 2900 feet, Bolus 814 (Collection not found at K, S. Rokni pers. comm.; neither at BOL, PRE, nor NBG). Rhadamanthopsis hyacinthoides (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Drimia hyacinthoides Baker in J. Bot. 12: 6 (1874), basionym (Figs 3.1, 35.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Grahamstown (3326): shady valleys near Grahamstown, (– BC), November without year, P. MacOwan 1465 (GRA 0000459! lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 27. 1977; K 000400567!, NY 00319647! isolecto.). Rhadamanthopsis karooicus (Oberm.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Rhadamanthus karooicus Oberm. in Taxon 63 (6): 1331 (2014), basionym ≡ Rhadamanthus karooicus Oberm. in Bothalia 13 (1 - 2): 138 (1980), nom. inval. ≡ Rhadamanthopsis karooicus (Oberm.) Speta, Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 74 (1998), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia karooica (Oberm.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 712 (2000), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia karooica (Oberm.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 40: 126 (2018) (Figs 3.2, 35.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Montagu (3320): Laingsburg, Keurfontein farm, (– BB), December 1974 [flowering ex hort.], J. van Zanten s. n. (PRE 0240643 - 1!: plant with inflorescence, holo.). Rhadamanthopsis monophyllus (Oberm. ex J. C. Manning & Goldblatt) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Drimia monophylla Oberm. ex J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 40: 128 (2018), basionym. (Figs 3.3, 35.4). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Somerset East (3225): Stone Fountain farm, (– DA), 19 April 1963 [leafing bulbs], R. Bayliss 1345 (NBG 84207! holo.). Comments: — Drimia monophylla sensu Manning & Goldblatt (2018) fits with Ornithogalum haworthioides Baker (1878) (= Drimia bolusii Baker 1897) based on the bulb structure, lorate leaves and campanulate flowers with included perigynous stamens. However, Manning & Goldblatt (2018) considered O. haworthioides as synonym of Drimia haworthioides Baker (1875), a member of Drimia s. str. When O. haworthioides is placed in Rhadamanthopsis, it apparently only differs from D. monophylla (with 1 ‒ 2 leaves) by the 5 ‒ 6 leaves per bulb. Further studies are needed to evaluate their exact relationship. Rhadamanthopsis namibensis (Oberm.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Rhadamanthus namibensis Oberm. in Taxon 63 (6): 1331 (2014), basionym ≡ Rhadamanthus namibensis Oberm. in Bothalia 13 (1 − 2): 137 (1980), nom. inval. ≡ Rhadamanthopsis namibensis (Oberm.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 74 (1998), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia namibensis J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 712 (2000), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia namibensis (Oberm.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 40: 125 (2018) (Figs 3.4, 35.5). Type: — NAMIBIA. Witputz (2716): Witputz-Suid, 1 km SE of Police Station, (– DA), Giess 13781 (PRE 0488688 - 1!: inflorescence in two pieces, holo.; K 000257234!, M 0107238!, WIND! iso.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFA0FFA2FCA6F928B08AFBFE.taxon	description	(Figs 36 – 38). Typus generis: — R. convallarioides (L. f.) Baker (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFA0FFA2FCA6F928B08AFBFE.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid to globose, with compact white, scales, rarely loose and pink. Leaves 1 ‒ 20 per bulb, hysteranthous, 1.5 ‒ 30 cm long, filiform and subterete or ovate-lanceolate to suborbicular and flat or cucullate, leathery, green, sometimes purplish at base, smooth, glabrous or rarely ciliate, sometimes surrounded by transversally barred cataphylls at base. Inflorescence racemose, usually elongated, 2 ‒ 22 cm long, with 5 ‒ 50 (– 70) flowers; peduncle terete, erect, 5 ‒ 30 cm long, smooth or commonly scabrid-puberulous at base; pedicels subpatent, straight to arquing, 3 ‒ 20 mm long, glabrous or rarely minutely scabrid. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, 1 ‒ 2 mm long, lowermost with spur 0.5 ‒ 1.5 mm long; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, campanulate or urceolate, erect-patent to nodding, diurnal. Tepals 6, 3 ‒ 10 mm long, white, yellow, brown or pinkish, with darker longitudinal band, free and patent to reflexed or connate for up to 3 mm and then campanulate or urceolate. Stamens 6, connivent to style or spreading; filaments free and 2 ‒ 3 mm long or adnate to tepals for up to 2 mm from base and free portions 0.3 ‒ 1.5 mm long; anthers medifixed, dehiscing by apical slits to their whole length, oblong to sagittate, sometimes basally apendiculate. Ovary ovoid, trigonous, 1.5 ‒ 4.0 mm long, pale green to yellowish, well differentiated from style. Style erect, 0.5 ‒ 2.5 mm long. Stigma trigonous, papillose. Capsule ovoid to subglobose, 3 ‒ 7 mm long, valves completely dehiscing from base; tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds subellipsoid to subtrigonous, flattened with prominent central embryo and wide, flat wings, 2 ‒ 5 mm long, black to dark brown, with sinuous anticlinal cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFA0FFA2FCA6F928B08AFBFE.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Rhadamanthus includes twelve species, occurring in southern and western South Africa and southern Namibia (Fig. 29), and restricted to the Cape, Karoo-Namib and Uzambara-Zululand Regions, and the Southern Section of the Zambezian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For further information on Rhadamanthus see Dyer (1934), Nordenstam (1970), Jessop (1977), Martínez-Azorín et al. (2013 b), and Manning & Goldblatt (2018). Karyology: — 2 n = 18 (Speta 1998 a, with no reference). 2 n = 20 (De Wet 1957, as Rhadamanthus convallarioides Salisb.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFA0FFA2FCA6F928B08AFBFE.taxon	diagnosis	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Salisbury (1866) described Rhadamanthus to include a single species, Rhadamanthus convallarioides (Linnaeus f. 1782: 204) Salisb. ex Baker (1871: 434), based on the nodding urceolate to campanulate flowers with the tepals fused for their basal portion, the stamens connivent to the gynoecium and the anthers dehiscing by apical pore-like slits. Baker (1897) described R. cyanelloides Baker (1897: 444), and later Dyer (1934) described R. urantherus Dyer (1934: t. 3247), both sharing the peculiar dehiscence of anthers. Nordenstam (1970) presented a revision of Rhadamanthus in which he accepted the previous three species and added six further new species, namely R. albiflorus Nordenstam (1970: 177), R. arenicola Nordenstam (1970: 166), R. fasciatus Nordenstam (1970: 174), R. montanus B. Nord. in Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2014: 1331), R. platyphyllus B. Nord. in Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2014: 1332), and R. secundus Nordenstam (1970: 168). The genus was characterised by the anthers dehiscing incompletely by introrse, longitudinal slits, and it was also reported that in R. fasciatus and R. albiflorus the sutures reached down below the middle of the thecae. In that concept, Rhadamanthus includes a wide range of morphological variation such as bulb scales compact or loose; leaves filiform, numerous and erect or few, wide, flat and appresed to the ground; flowers nodding to patent, stellate to urceolate-campanulate; tepals from nearly free to fused about half of their length; and stamens free or fused along the anthers. Later, Obermeyer (1980 a) described two further species, Rhadamanthus namibensis and R. karooicus, and proposed R. subgenus Rhadamanthopsis (here accepted at genus rank), based on the loculicidal anther dehiscence, to seggregate the two latter species from typical Rhadamanthus. Speta (1998 b) transferred all nine known species of Rhodocodon, a genus endemic to Madagascar, into Rhadamanthus based on the similarities in flower morphology and anthers dehiscence. However, Knirsch et al. (2015) presented solid morphological and molecular differences and reinstated Rhodocodon. The latest species described in the genus is Rhadamanthus involutus J. C. Manning & Snijman in Snijman et al. (1999: 113). Martínez-Azorín et al. (2013 a) excluded R. cyanelloides as Sagittanthera cyanelloides on the basis of the anthers connate in a cone around the style, among other distinguishing characters. Recently, Manning & Goldblatt (2018) recognised Drimia sect. Rhadamanthus (Salisbury 1866: 37) Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 129), including nine species mostly corresponding to the concept of Nordenstam (1970), and followed Martínez-Azorín et al. (2013 b) in excluding R. cyanelloides as their monotypic D. sect. Sagittanthera (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2013 a: 46) Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 73). Even with the exclusion of S. cyanelloides, D. sect Rhadamanthus sensu Manning & Goldblatt (2018) is paraphyletic according to previous studies by Pfosser et al. (2012) and the present one, in which R. platyphyllus and Drimia oliverorum J. C. Manning in Manning & Oliver (2009: 225) are aberrant in the genus in having 1 ‒ 2 velutinous leaves that are ovate, flat and adpressed to the ground showing distinct longitudinal furrows, and they form an independent well-supported clade positioned far from the Rhadamanthus clade, a fact that favours acceptance of Striatula to include the latter two species (Pinter et al. 2019). The phylogenetic studies by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) include 21 samples that form a well supported clade that is here assimilated to Rhadamanthus, comprising R. arenicola, R. convallarioides, R. fasciatus, R. montanus, R. urantherus together with samples of Urginea ciliata (Linnaeus f. 1782: 199) Baker (1873 b: 218), U. rigidifolia Baker (1878: 323), U. muirii Brown (1933: 334), and Drimia cochlearis Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & A. P. Dold in Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2014: 1329). The latter four species form a distinct group that is included by Manning & Goldblatt (2018) in D. sect. Sclerophyllae based on their nodding globular buds before anthesis and patent to suberect stellate flowers borne on pedicels longer than tepals, the spreading filaments, and the anthers dehiscing along their entire length. Our phylogenetic results show D. sect. Rhadamanthus sensu Manning & Goldblatt (2018) as paraphyletic without the inclusion of D. sect. Sclerophyllae, which however forms a strongly supported subclade within Rhadamanthus (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). We preliminarily include taxa of D. sect. Sclerophyllae in Rhadamanthus, based on the obtained phylogenetic results. Moreover, the stellate flowers with long, spreading stamens of D. sect. Sclerophyllae are atypical for Rhadamanthus s. str., which has short stamens connivent to the gynoecium. However, there exists an apparent transition from flowers of R. albiflorus and R. fasciatus (Nordenstam 1970) that are subpatent with nearly free and spreading tepals, to the nodding, urceolate flowers of R. arenicola, R. convallarioides, R. secundus, and R. urantherus, with various degrees of tepal connation. In our analyses, three samples of R. fasciatus with sub-stellate flowers form a clade that is sister to the remaining samples and taxa in the genus, indicative of the primitive stage of stellate flowers and early swifts in flower morphology within this lineage. In this sense, Rhadamanthus includes twelve species restricted to South Africa and southern Namibia. No samples of R. albiflorus, R. involutus, and R. secundus were available for the present study. Further studies including a complete sampling in the genus are necessary to evaluate possible alternative classifications within Rhadamanthus. Accepted species and required new combinations: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFA0FFA2FCA6F928B08AFBFE.taxon	discussion	Rhadamanthus albiflorus B. Nord. in Bot. Not. 123: 177 (1970) ≡ Drimia albiflora (B. Nord.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Bredasdorp (3420): Hesquaspoort, (– AA), elev. 245 m, 20 December 1962, J. P. H. Acocks 23242 (PRE 0051091 - 0! holo.). = Rhadamanthus montaguense Oberm., nom. nud. in sched.: near Montagu Baths, December 1892, H. Bolus 2797 (NBG 72561!). Rhadamanthus arenicola B. Nord. in Bot. Not. 123: 166 (1970) ≡ Drimia arenicola (B. Nord.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000) (Figs 3.5, 37.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Hondeklipbaai (3017): 0.5 miles S of Wallekraal, (– BC), October 1924, Pillans s. n. sub BOL 18253 (BOL 140332! holo.). Rhadamanthus ciliatus (L. f.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Ornithogalum ciliatum L. f., Suppl. Pl.: 199 (1782), basionym ≡ Urginea ciliata (L. f.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 218 (1873) ≡ Drimia ciliata (L. f.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Bothalia 33 (1): 111 (2003) (Figs 3.6, 37.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Caput bonae Spei, Thunberg s. n. (UPS-THUNB [8281] lecto. designated as “ type ” by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 279. 1977; S-G 79 06 [image!] probl. iso.). Rhadamanthus cochlearis (Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & A. P. Dold) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Drimia cochlearis Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & A. P. Dold in Taxon 63 (6): 1329 (2014), basionym ≡ Drimia cochlearis Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & A. P. Dold in Syst. Bot. 38 (2): 334 (2013), nom. inval. (Figs 3.7, 36.3, 37.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape, ca. 11 km SW of Calitzdorp, Gamkaberg Nature Reserve (former Groenefontein Nature Reserve), elev. 408 m, 29 September 2011, M. Martínez-Azorín, A. P. Dold, J. Vlok & A. Martínez-Soler MMA 941 (GRA holo.: only the bulbs with leaves; ABH iso.). Rhadamanthus convallarioides (L. f.) Salisb. ex Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 434 (1871) ≡ Hyacinthus convallarioides L. f., Suppl. Pl.: 204 (1782) ≡ Drimia convallarioides (L. f.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000) (Figs 3.8, 36.1, 37.4). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Sutherland (3220): karroo below Roggeveld, (– CA), Thunberg s. n. UPS-THUNB 8519 (UPS-THUNB! lecto. designated by Nordenstam in Bot. Not. 123: 159. 1970). Rhadamanthus fasciatus B. Nord. in Bot. Not. 123: 174 (1970) ≡ Drimia fasciata (B. Nord.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000) (Fig. 38.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Kimberley (2824): Nooitgedacht, c. 10 miles SE of Barkly West, (– DA), elev. c. 3800 ft., 15 October 1960, O. A. Leistner 1983 (PRE 0051090 - 0! holo.; K 000257232!, LD iso.). Rhadamanthus involutus J. C. Manning & Snijman in Novon 9 (1): 113 (1999) ≡ Drimia involuta (J. C. Manning & Snijman) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 712 (2000) ≡ Rhadamanthus involutus J. C. Manning & Snijman in Taxon 63: 1330 (2014), nom. superfl. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Calvinia (3119): Arendskraal farm, W of Nieuwoudtville, (– AC), 20 December 1995 flowers, D. Snijman & J. C. Manning 1525 (NBG 0158587 - 0! lecto. designated here: the inflorescence on the upper left hand side corner; K!, MO 176399!, PRE 0461606 - 0! isolecto.: only the flowering material). Comments: — In the light of the recentmost proposal by Mosyakin & McNeill (2022) to amend Art. 8 of the ICN, after which the information in the protologue will rule, and considering that the protologue in Snijman et al. (1999) only indicates a single collecting date (20 December 1995) in the holotype designation, a lectotypification is needed from the mixed type collection NBG 0158587 - 0. Based on the new considerations, the description made by Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2014: 1330) is therefore nomenclaturally inoperative, since it is either superfluous or not valid. Rhadamanthus montanus B. Nord. in Taxon 63 (6): 1331 (2014) ≡ Rhadamanthus montanus B. Nord. in Bot. Not. 123: 162 (1970), nom. inval. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Cape Town (3318): Jonkershoek Twins, (– DD), elev. 3000 – 4000 ft., 12 February 1945, E. Esterhuysen 11456 (BOL 140331! holo.: a bulb with an inflorescence with eight flowers in the upper part; K 000257229!, PRE 0051072 - 0!, NBG 72562! iso.). Rhadamanthus muirii (N. E. Br.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea muirii N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron., Ser. 3. 93: 334 (1933), basionym. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Near Riversdale, 1933, J. Muir 4846 (K, first-step lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 315. 1977; second-step lecto. designated here: K 000257341!). Rhadamanthus rigidifolius (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea rigidifolia Baker in J. Bot. 16: 323 (1878), basionym ≡ Drimia sclerophylla J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 712 (2000), nom. nov. [non Drimia rigidifolia Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 420 (1871) = D. media Jacq.] (Figs 3.9, 38.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Graaff-Reinet (3224): Karroo, near Graaff-Reinet, (– BC), elev. 2500 ft., September 1873, H. Bolus 783 (K 000257339! lecto. designated as “ holo. ” by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 315. 1977). Rhadamanthus secundus B. Nord. in Bot. Not. 123: 168 (1970) ≡ Drimia secunda (B. Nord.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 712 (2000) (Fig. 38.3). Type: — NAMIBIA. L ̧ deritz (2615): L ̧ deritz-S ̧ d, Kovisberge, (– CA), 30 September 1959, W. Giess 2350 (M holo.; PRE 0051080 - 0!, WIND iso.). = Ophioasylon peculiare Dinter, nom. nud. in sched.: NAMIBIA. Bogenfels (2715): Buchuberge, (– DD), 5 July 1929, K. Dinter 6492 (K 000257231!, PRE 0051078!, SAM). Rhadamanthus urantherus R. A. Dyer in Hooker’s Icon. Pl. sér. 5, 33: t. 3247 (1934) ≡ Drimia uranthera (R. A. Dyer) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 712 (2000) (Figs 3.10, 36.2, 38.4). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Oudtshoorn (3322): 1 mile E of Oudtshoorn, (– CA), 29 March 1933 [leafing 11 Oct. 1933 ex hort.], Barker s. n. K 933 / 32 (K 000257230! lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. in Phytotaxa 201: 169. 2015: only the bulb with two inflorescences in centre of sheet).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFA5FFA8FCA6FBEDB7A0F9DA.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb usually hypogeal, sometimes epigeal and epiphytic, ovoid to subglobose, bulb scales compact. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 ‒ 8 per bulb, from filiform to flattened and wide, sometimes with dorsal keel, green, glabrous. Inflorescence racemose, usually elongated and multiflowered, 5 ‒ 70 cm long, with 10 ‒ 120 flowers; peduncle erect, terete glabrous, smooth, 9 ‒ 38 cm long; pedicels from erect to patent or nodding, 1 ‒ 40 mm long. Bracts small, lanceolate, 1.0 ‒ 2.5 mm long, with lanceolate-oblong spur, 0.1 ‒ 2.0 mm long, both gradually diminishing in size to the apex of the raceme; bracteoles absent or present but indistinct. Flowers urceolate to campanulate, erect-patent to nodding, lasting for 3 ‒ 7 days. Tepals 6, 3.4 ‒ 12.0 mm long, white, greenish, brownish, rose or red coloured, fused for most of their length with free apical lobes that are from erect to reflexed, with single central nerve. Stamens 6, shorter than perigone segments, mostly included in perigone tube and connivent to ovary and style; filaments adnate to perigone and arising from lower half of tube, filiform to flattened, free portions 0.3 ‒ 3.5 mm long; anthers dorsifixed, sagittate or oblong, dehiscing along their whole length but sometimes appearing pore like at the apex. Ovary subglobose, conical to cylindrical, trigonous, with 2 ‒ 17 ovules per locule, collateral to more or less loosely arranged; style filiform, erect, 1.3 ‒ 5.0 mm long; stigma simple or inconspicuously 3 - lobed. Capsule oblongtriangular to subglobose, 3 ‒ 12 mm long, valves completely dehiscing from base, withered tepals usually persisting at base of dehisced capsule (rarely abscising from base and remaining laterally attached at the top of the capsule). Seeds 2.0 ‒ 6.2 mm long, ellipsoidal or somewhat compressed, with black, glossy, brittle testa and distinct mostly light brown or rarely black raphe, sometimes absent; or rarely fusiform, flat, testa brown, brittle, lacking raphe, with sinuous anticlinal cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFA5FFA8FCA6FBEDB7A0F9DA.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Rhodocodon currently includes 19 species that are restricted to Madagascar (Fig. 29). It is therefore the only urgineoid genus that has been recorded so far in the Madagascan Region in the sense of Takhtajan (1986; see also Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For further information on Rhodocodon species see Knirsch et al. (2015, 2016, 2019). Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (Goldblatt et al. 2012).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFA5FFA8FCA6FBEDB7A0F9DA.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Baker (1874 a) described Urginea mascarenensis Baker (1874 a: 363) from Madagascar, with hysteranthous filiform leaves, campanulate white nodding flowers and spurred bracts. Few years later, Baker (1881) described Rhodocodon based on the distinct flower morphology of the latter species, showing tepals connate for most of their length and short free apical lobes, the included stamens with adnate and short filaments arising from the lower half of the perigone, and the ovate ovary and erect narrow style, and included a single species: R. madagascariensis Baker (1881: 280) a later synonym of U. mascarenensis. Perrier de la Bâthie (1938) presented a revision on the endemic Madagascan genus Rhodocodon, where six species and four varieties were recognised, although those names were not validly published (Knirsch et al. 2015). The recent revision of Rhodocodon by Knirsch et al. (2015, 2016, 2019) accepted 19 species in the genus, which is characterised by flowers urceolate to campanulate, lasting for 3 ‒ 7 days; perigone segments fused for most of their length, commonly persisting at the base of ripe capsules; filaments adnate to the perigone and arising from the lower half of the tube; and seeds ellipsoidal or somewhat compressed, usually with a distinct raphe, or rarely fusiform and flat (Brudermann et al. 2018). Previous phylogenetic work has shown Madagascan samples of Rhodocodon to be monophyletic in a well-supported clade (Pfosser & Speta 2001, 2004, Pfosser et al. 2006, 2012, Knirsch 2012), which is in agreement with the phylogenetic results of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a), in which 12 samples of the genus form a well supported clade that is sister to Triandra from western South Africa. Therefore, we here accept Rhodocodon as an endemic Madagascan genus showing a unique combination of morphological characters that form an independent phylogenetic lineage. Accepted species: — Rhodocodon apiculatus H. Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 106 (2015) ≡ R. apiculatus H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 122 (1938), nom. inval. Type: — MADAGASCAR. Rocailles calcaires, eocènes, boisées, près de Majunga [Mahajanga], December 1924, Perrier 16821 (P 00573458! holo.). Rhodocodon calcicola Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 108 (2015) ≡ R. calcicola H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 115 (1938), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia calcicola (H. Perrier) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 556 (2004), nom. inval. (Figs 39.2, 40.1). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Province Mahajanga, few kilometers north of Mahajanga, elev. 60 m, ex hort. 30 April 2014, W. Knirsch, A. Sieder & J. Andriantiana 6293 (GZU 000322310! holo.). Rhodocodon campanulatus Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 110 (2015) ≡ R. rotundus var. campanulatus H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 122 (1938), nom. inval. (Figs 3.11, 40.2). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Province Majahanga, rochers basaltiques, découverts et humides pendant les pluies. Plateau d’Antanimena entre la Betsiboka et la Mahavavy, May 1905, Perrier 10947 (P 01848487! holo.). Rhodocodon cryptopodus (Baker) Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 112 (2015) ≡ Hyacinthus cryptopodus Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 274 (1883), basionym ≡ Drimia cryptopoda (Baker) Pfosser, Wetschnig & Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 38 (2): 1736 (2006) (Figs 3.12, 40.3). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Central Madagascar, October 1882, R. Baron 2164 (K 000098171! holo.: the two fragments / specimens in the upper left hand side corner of the sheet). Rhodocodon cyathiformis H. Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 114 (2015) ≡ R. cyathiformis H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 118 (1938), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia cyathiformis (H. Perrier) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 556 (2004), nom. inval. (Figs 3.13, 38.2, 40.4). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Rochers ombragés, Firingalava (Boina), March 1898, Perrier 516 (P 00573463! holo.; P 00573464!, P 00573465! iso.). Rhodocodon floribundus H. Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 116 (2015) ≡ R. floribundus H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 117 (1938), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia floribunda (H. Perrier) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 556 (2004), nom. inval. (Figs 3.14, 40.5). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Rocailles (gneiss), elev. 1500 m, Manankazo, au N. E. d’Ankazobe, Novembre 1913, Perrier 10960 (P 00573460! holo.; P 00573459! iso.). Rhodocodon graciliscapus Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 118 (2015) ≡ R. calcicola var. graciliscapus H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 116 (1938), nom. inval. (Figs 3.15, 41.1). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Environs d’Ampasimentera (Boina), paturages, fl. verdatres, October 1906, Perrier 10946 (P 00573466! holo.). Rhodocodon intermedius H. Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 120 (2015) ≡ R. intermedius H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 116 (1938), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia intermedia (H. Perrier) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 556 (2004), nom. inval. (Figs 3.16, 41.2). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Plaine sèche-alluvionnaire, sur la rive droite de la Mananjeba (Andavakoera), July 1963, Perrier 10965 (P 00573461! holo.; P 00573462! iso.). Rhodocodon jackyi Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 253 (3): 202 (2016) (Figs 3.17, 41.3). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Province Toliara, region Anosy: near the village Vatambe, elev. 330 m, ex hort. 30 April 2014, W. Knirsch, A. Sieder & J. Andriantiana 6620 corresponding to WW 04669 (GZU- 000324829! holo.; P!, PBZT! iso.). Rhodocodon linearifolius Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 122 (2015) ≡ R. calcicola var. linearifolius H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 116 (1938), nom. inval. (Fig. 39.2). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Rocailles denudées — sur les labradorites de l’Antanimena, December 1924, Perrier 16824 (P 00516239! holo.; P 00516238! iso.). Rhodocodon mascarenensis (Baker) Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 122 (2015) ≡ Urginea mascarenensis Baker in J. Bot. 12: 363 (1874), basionym ≡ Drimia mascarenensis (Baker) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 557 (2004) (Figs 3.18, 41.4). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Bojer & Hilsenberg s. n. (BM 000797876! holo.). = R. madagascariensis Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 280, t. 8 (1881) (Fig. 39.2). Type: — MADAGASCAR. N & E of Ankaratra Mts, s. d., Langley Kitching s. n. (K 000099861! lecto. designated by Knirsch et al. 2015). Rhodocodon monophyllus Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 125 (2015) ≡ R. calcicola var. monophyllus H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 115 (1938), nom. inval. (Figs 3.19, 38.2, 41.5). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Bois sur les rocailles gneissiques, sur la rivière Besafotra, affluent de droite du Menavava, Boina, bassin de la Betsiboka, Novembre 1899, Perrier 990 (P 02160895! holo.). Rhodocodon perrieri Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 414 (3): 138 (2019) (Figs 3.20, 42.1). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Antananarivo Province: region Analamanga, district Manjakandriana, mountains ca. 4 km SE of Ambohimiadana, elev. 1500 ‒ 1600 m, ex hort. 30 April 2014, W. Knirsch, A. Sieder & J. Andriantiana AS 6564 (ABH! holo.). Rhodocodon petrae Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 414 (3): 130 (2019) (Fig. 42.2). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Mahajanga Province: Namoroka National Park, near the Tsingy, elev. 120 m, ex hort. 15 May 2013, J. Andriantiana s. n. corresponding to WW 04826 (ABH 82488! holo.). Rhodocodon rotundus H. Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 195 (2): 127 (2015) ≡ R. rotundus H. Perrier, Fl. Madagasc. Fam. 40: 120 (1938), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia rotunda (H. Perrier) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 557 (2004), nom. inval. (Figs 4.1, 38.2). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Versant W de l’Isalo, grès, elev. 400 m, October 1924, Perrier 16583 (P 00573467! holo.). Rhodocodon rubescens Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 414 (3): 136 (2019) (Fig. 42.3). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Mahajanga Province: district of Sofia, region Antsohihy, ca. 6 km SW of town Anjiamangirana, elev. 320 m, ex hort. 10 April 2016, W. Knirsch, A. Sieder & J. Andriantiana s. n. (ABH! holo.). Rhodocodon siederi Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 414 (3): 141 (2019) (Figs 4.2, 42.4). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Antananarivo Province: ca. 40 km west of Antananarivo, Antongona, Imeritsiatosika, rocky mountains 4 km E of Arivonimamo, elev. 1497 m, growing among grasses, ex hort. 30 April 2014, W. Knirsch, A. Sieder & J. Andriantiana AS 6728 (ABH 82498! holo.). Rhodocodon urgineoides Baker in Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 25: t. 2492 (1896) ≡ Rhadamanthus urgineoides (Baker) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38: 77 (1998) ≡ Drimia urgineoides (Baker) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 557 (2004) (Figs 4.3, 39.2, 42.5). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Ivohimanitra forest, October 1894, C. H. Forsyth Major 44 (G 00168520! lecto. designated by Knirsch et al. 2015; K 000099856! isolecto.). Rhodocodon viridans Knirsch, Mart. - Azorín & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 414 (3): 133 (2019). Type: — MADAGASCAR. Antsiranana Province: ca. 20 km N of Vohemar, Ambatoharanana, Cap Manambato, ex hort. in Austria, Steiermark, Sankt Marein on 15 May 2015, W. Röösli & R. Hoffmann s. n. corresponding to WW 04675 (ABH 82494! holo.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFAFFFAAFCA6F9F1B0A3FB1B.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb partially epigeal, clump forming, with thickened, fleshy, shortly stalked, loose scales, easily proliferating when detached, producing dense threadlike slimy structures when broken. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves hysteranthous, up to 30 cm long, 3 ‒ 8 mm wide, glabrous, linear, adaxial leaf surface subflattened, grooved, abaxial leaf surface strongly keeled, fleshy and trapezoid in cross-section. Inflorescence a long, lax, manyflowered raceme, 5 ‒ 10 cm long, with 5 ‒ 25 flowers; peduncle suberect to leaning, 20 ‒ 30 cm long, green, glabrous; pedicels 7 ‒ 12 mm long, curving downwards. Bracts acute, triangular-subsagittate, 3.5 ‒ 6.0 mm long, lowermost with long basal spur, 4 ‒ 6 mm long; bracteoles present, 0.3 ‒ 1.2 mm long. Flowers stellate, nodding, lasting 2 ‒ 3 days. Tepals 6, biseriate, 7 ‒ 9 mm long, free from base, subequal, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, white with dull purplish stripes. Stamens 6, erect and connivent to ovary and style; filaments free, short, straight, erect, flattened at base, ca. 1.5 mm long, much shorter than anthers; anthers large, 5 − 6 mm long, sagittate, dehiscing by minute apical pores, connate to form conical structure that surrounds style. Ovary ovoid, 2.5 − 3.0 mm long, green. Style narrow, erect, elongate, 3 − 4 mm long, straight, included in cone-like structure formed by anthers at beginning of anthesis, elongating to overtop anthers after their dehiscence. Stigma punctiform to subcapitate. Capsule and seeds not studied. Number of species and distribution: — Monotypic genus, occurring in the eastern parts of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa between latitudes 27 ° 46 ’ and 29 ° 46 ’ S above 1000 m at Nqanqarhu (Maclear) in the foothills of the Southern Drakensberg mountains (Fig. 29). The genus is restricted to the Uzambara-Zululand Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986). For further information on Sagittanthera see Baker (1897), Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk (2005), and Martínez-Azorín et al. (2013 a).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFAFFFAAFCA6F9F1B0A3FB1B.taxon	materials_examined	Studied material: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape Province. Stutterheim (3227): Komga, prope Prospect farm, (– DB), elev. 695 m, December 1889, Flanagan 573 (K 000257233!, BOL!, PRE 0051093 - 0!); Stutterheim (3227), Boogkrans, Kei River, (– BC), elev. 598 m, 12 April 2013, Van Jaarsveld & Harrower 24767 (PRE); Stutterheim (3227), Kliprooiysterhoutdraai, Kei River, (– BC), elev. 318 m, 15 April 2013, Van Jaarsveld & Harrower 24794 (PRE); Umtata (3128): Maclear, The Falls, ca. 14 km NE from Maclear, (– AB), forest scrub, elev. 1020 m, 12 November 1994, S. P. Bester 3300 (K!, PRE 835412!); Butterworth (3228): Transkei, Willowvale distr., Ngqaqini admin. gebied, steil helling, SO front, laag in vallei, (– AD), November 1983, J. A. van Eeden B 386 (PRE 666067!); Port St. Johns (3129), lower Mzimvubu River, south facing, shale cliffs below Ludonga, (– AD), Van Jaarsveld, Xaba, Harrower & Zwide 97 (PRE); Port St. Johns (3129): Transkei, Mateku waterfall, (– BD), T. M. S. cliffs, grassland, 11 November 1970, R. G. Strey 10170 (PRE 0051092!); Port St. Johns (3129): Transkei, Libode district, confluence of the Tina and Tsitsa rivers, east of Umtata, (– CB), elev. 699 m, W side overlooking the confluence of the Tina and Tsitsa Rivers, February 2002, flowered ex hort. December 2007, A. P. Dold s. n. (GRA!).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFAFFFAAFCA6F9F1B0A3FB1B.taxon	description	Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (Goldblatt et al. 2012).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFAFFFAAFCA6F9F1B0A3FB1B.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Rhadamanthus cyanelloides was described by Baker (1897) from material collected in the eastern regions of South Africa and showing a very distinct morphology, such as the tricuspidate bracts (considering the blade, the spur and the bracteole), free tepals, and most notably “ stamens like those of Cyanella, […] with very short filaments and six, large cylindrical anthers that are permanently connivent in a cone and dehiscing by apical pores ”. He considered that the taxon most likely represented a new genus. Van Jaarsveld & van Wyk (2005) subsequently described Drimia cremnophila Van Jaarsv. in Van Jaarsveld & Van Wyk (2005: 81) and D. mzimvubuensis from the Mzimvubu River in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Martínez-Azorín et al. (2013 a) described Sagittanthera based on the distinct flower morphology of the above-mentioned taxa and accepted two species: S. cyanelloides (including D. cremnophila as a synonym) and S. mzimvubuensis, which in general share similar flower and inflorescence morphologies, and biogeography. This solution was adopted based on their unique flower morphology within Urgineoideae, particularly the connate anthers in S. cyanelloides and the connate filaments in S. mzimvubuensis, among other characters. However, our phylogenetic studies revealed that both species, represent distant and independent lineages within Urgineoideae (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a) — a fact supported by differences in the connation of anthers, connation of filaments, presence of bracteoles, and leaf morphology. These characters led Martínez-Azorín et al. (2017) to segregate D. mzimvubuensis as the monotypic Aulostemon, a genus accepted in the present work. Manning & Goldblatt (2018) placed the latter species in D. sect. Aulostemon (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2017: 288) Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 123). Aulostemon is readily differentiated from Sagittanthera by its filaments forming a long tube above perigone, and free anthers, among other characters (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2017). The phylogenetic findings of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) place samples of Sagittanthera cyanelloides as sister to a clade combining Urginavia, Zingela, Thuranthos, and Ledurgia. Combining those groups in a single genus would be highly disruptive, since all genera show very different flower morphologies. We accordingly accept Sagittanthera as monotypic to include S. cyanelloides. Accepted species: — Sagittanthera cyanelloides (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, A. P. Dold & van Jaarsv. in Phytotaxa 98 (2): 48 (2013) ≡ Rhadamanthus cyanelloides Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6 (3): 444 (1897), basionym ≡ Drimia cyanelloides (Baker) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000) (Fig. 43). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape: Komgha, grassy valleys near Prospect Farm, elev. 2100 feet, Flanagan 573 (K 000257233! lecto., designated as “ holo. ” by Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 74); PRE 0051093 - 0!, BOL 140334! isolecto.). = Drimia cremnophila van Jaarsv. in Aloe 42 (4): 81 (2005). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Port St Johns (3129): lower Mzimvubu River, shale cliffs below Ludonga, (– AD), Van Jaarsveld, Xaba, Harrower & Zwide 97 (PRE holo.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFADFFB6FCA6FAB0B03FFF16.taxon	description	Description: — Small bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal or epigeal, solitary or clump forming, ovoid to globose, up to 7 cm in diam., scales compact, white to pinkish. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 ‒ 2, only present in immature plants, filiform, green, smooth, glabrous. Inflorescence distinctly branched, paniculate, 5 ‒ 30 cm long, erect to prostrate, sometimes twining and climbing on vegetation or rocks, green, commonly long lasting and photosynthetic, smooth or papillose. Peduncle green to purplish, 5 ‒ 10 cm long, terete, erect and straight to prostrate or twining, sometimes flexuose at base, glabrous or minutely papillose. Pedicels 4 ‒ 10 mm long, smooth to papillose, straight to sinuous and twining, green and long lasting supporting ripe capsules. Bracts ovate lanceolate, green, lowermost with short spur. Bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate to campanulate, erect to nodding, diurnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, lanceolate to ovate, 2.5 ‒ 5.0 mm long, white to yellowish, with darker longitudinal band, free or very shortly connate at base, suberect, patent or reflexed. Stamens 6, incurved and connivent to style or spreading; filaments filiform, 2 ‒ 4 mm long, straight to sigmoid; anthers oblong to sagittate, with apiculate connective, dehiscing longitudinally along whole length. Ovary ovoid to subglobose, green or yellowish; style erect, white, straight or sigmoid, as long as or longer than ovary; stigma minutely trigonous. Capsules ovate to subglobose, 3 ‒ 5 mm long, trigonous, loculicidal, the 3 valves splitting to base, with withered perigone segments circumscissile below and forming an apical cap. Seeds ellipsoid to subfusiform, 1.8 ‒ 3.0 mm long, flattened with prominent central embryo and short wings, black, glossy, with somewhat sinuous anticlinal testa cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFADFFB6FCA6FAB0B03FFF16.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Schizobasis includes eleven species, occurring mainly in Southern Africa, and extending to Angola and East Africa (Fig. 29). In terms biogeographic phytochoria, it is restricted to the Cape, Karoo-Namib and Uzambara-Zululand Regions and the Zambezian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For further information on Schizobasis see Manning & Goldblatt (2018), whilst noting that we accept most species described in the genus, based on their morphological differences. Our field work has confirmed large variation in flower morphology and habit in Schizobasis (Figs 44, 46). Further studies based on living material are urgently required to clarify the taxonomy of this genus. Karyology: — 2 n = 18 (Bruyns & Vosa 1987, as S. intricata); 2 n = 20 (Watters & Ornduff 1985, as Schizobasis intricata Baker; Jones & Smith 1967, as Schizobasis sp.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFADFFB6FCA6FAB0B03FFF16.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Baker (1873 a) described Schizobasis, a very distinct genus characterised by the slender, wiry, flexuose, branched inflorescence, also commenting on its similarity with Bowiea and other genera. Schizobasis has been accepted by most researchers in Urgineoideae based on its unique syndrome of morphological characters (Baker 1873 b, 1874 a, 1876, 1898, Bentham & Hooker 1883, Merxm ̧ ller 1970, Jessop 1977, Stedje 1997, Speta 1998 a, 1998 b, Pfosser & Speta 2001, Demissew & Nordal 2010, Martínez-Azorín et al. 2015). However, other recent studies merge Schizobasis into a widely-conceived Drimia sensu lato (Golblatt & Manning 2000, Manning et al. 2004, 2014, Manning & Goldblatt 2018), but accept Bowiea with similarly branched inflorescence as an independent genus based on their phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic studies of Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004), Manning et al. (2004), and Pfosser et al. (2012) have shown that Schizobasis is sister to Litanthus. The phylogenetic analyses of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) agree with the previous molecular studies and place eleven samples of Schizobasis in a monophyletic clade sister to Litanthus, the latter relationship being supported by anther and seed morphology. Therefore, we maintain here Schizobasis at genus rank as it is easily identifiable by the branched and wiry inflorescences, flowers with tepals only shortly fused at base, apiculate stamen connective, and angled seeds. We here accept all described species in the genus based on their morphological differences although a detailed taxonomic revision of the genus is needed to ascertain the real diversity of the genus. Accepted species and required new combination: — Schizobasis angolensis Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 1 (5): 255 (1878). Type: — ANGOLA. Pungo Andongo, ad rupes ipsius Praesidii, 2400 – 3800 ft., August 1857, F. Welwitsch 3867 (LISU 222125! holo.; as “ Adenoteca aphylla Welw. gen. nov. ” in sched.). Note: — The collection “ Pungo Andongo, 2400 – 3800 ft., F. Welwitsch 3866 (K 000257004!, LISU 222126!) ” is most probably original material of that name. = Adenoteca aphylla Welw., nom. nud. in sched. et in protolog. Schizobasis buchubergensis Dinter in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30: 80 (1932). Type: — NAMIBIA. Bogenfels (2715): Buchuberge, (– DD), 7 July 1929, Dinter 6493 (B, holo., not seen; on loan to D. M ̧ ller-Doblies since 1980, R. Vogt pers. comm.). Schizobasis cuscutoides (Burch. ex Baker) Benth. & Hook. f., Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3 (2): 786 (1883) ≡ Asparagus cuscutoides Burch. ex Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14: 606 (1875), basionym ≡ Drimia cuscutoides (Burch. ex Baker) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000) (Figs 44.1, 45 C – E). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape: Caput Bonae Spei, in saxosis aridis ad ripas fluminis Gariep, 1 March 1813, Burchell 2673 (K 000257125!, lecto. designated as holo. by Manning et al. in S. African J. Bot. 94: 264. 2014; L, P 01775622!, isolecto.). Schizobasis dinteri K. Krause in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 48 (3 – 4): 355 (1912). Type: — NAMIBIA. Mariental (2417): Gross Namaland, bei Marienthal [Mariental] in der Kiesw ̧ ste unterhalb des Staudammes, (– DB), 20 March 1911, Dinter 2005 (SAM 0073821 - 0! lecto. designated by Manning et al. in S. African J. Bot. 94: 264. 2014; SAM 0004463 - 0! isolecto.). Schizobasis gracilis R. E. Fr. in Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Rhodesia-Kongo-Exped. 1911 – 1912 (1): 227 (1916). Type: — ZAMBIA. Rhodesia bor. orient.: pr. rivulum Kalungwisi, October 1911, R. E. Fries 1157 (UPS [V- 041106]! holo.). Schizobasis intricata (Baker) Baker in J. Bot. 12: 368 (1874) ≡ Anthericum intricatum Baker in J. Bot. 10: 140 (1872), basionym ≡ Drimia intricata (Baker) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 712 (2000) (Figs 4.4, 44.2, 45 A – B). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Cape, Zeyher 4284 (K 000257121! lecto. designated as holo. by Stedje & Thulin in Nordic J. Bot. 15: 600. 1995; SAM 0022792 - 0 isolecto.). Schizobasis macowanii Baker in J. Bot. 11: 105 (1873) (Figs 4.5, 44.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Somerset East (3225): inter frutices prope Somerset East, (– DA), elev. 2500 – 3000 ft., October, MacOwan 1847 (K 000257123! lecto. designated by Manning et al. in S. African J. Bot. 94: 264. 2014; BOL!, SAM 0022788 - 0 isolecto.). Schizobasis schizobasoides (J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 397 (4): 294 (2019) ≡ Drimia schizobasoides J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon in Strelitzia 40: 142 (2018), basionym (Fig. 46.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Springbok (2917): Karrachabpoort, (– AC), 23 December 2015, J. M. J. Deacon 3915 (NBG holo.). Schizobasis schlechteri Baker in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 1: 783 (1901) (Fig. 46.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Eastern Cape. Umtata (3128): S ̧ dwest-Afrika (Natal) [sic.], regio orientalis prope Umtata, (– DB), elev. 3400 ft., 18 January 1895, R. Schlechter 6327 (Z 000086084! lecto. designated by Manning et al. in S. African J. Bot. 94: 264. 2014; GRA!, BOL!, PRE! isolecto.). Schizobasis sigmoidea (J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 201 (2): 168 (2015) ≡ Drimia sigmoidea J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon in S. African J. Bot. 94: 267 (2014), basionym (Figs 4.6, 46.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Montagu (3320): Ashton, Wolwendrift, cliff face in large kloof, (– CC), 23 September 2013, J. M. J. Deacon, D. Gwynne-Evans & R. McKenzie 2820 (NBG holo.; MO iso.). = Schizobasis bruce-bayeri U. & D. M ̧ ll. - Doblies, nom. nud. in sched.: SOUTH AFRICA. Swellendam, Bonnievale, R. Marloth 11997 (NBG!). Schizobasis visagieae (van Jaarsv.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. & stat. nov. ≡ Drimia intricata (Baker) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt var. visagieae Van Jaarsv. in Bradleya 32: 78 (2014), basionym. Type: — ANGOLA. 1413 (Lubango): Cliffs at Tundavala, west of Lubango, (– DC), 14 July 2010, Van Jaarsveld & Harrower 23119 (LUB holo.; NBG iso.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB1FFB3FCA6FE82B10DF8BF.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — S. sanguinea (Schinz) Speta (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB1FFB3FCA6FE82B10DF8BF.taxon	description	Description: — Small to medium-sized bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, solitary, to 9 cm in diam., outer scales membranous and papery, inner scales red, compact. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 2 ‒ 9 per bulb, mostly hysteranthous, 10 ‒ 40 cm long, suberect, narrowly lanceolate, canaliculated, green, leathery, glabrous, acute. Inflorescence racemose, from shortly racemose to elongated and multiflowered, 2 ‒ 60 cm long, with 25 ‒ 90 flowers; peduncle above ground level usually much shorter than inflorescence, erect, terete, glabrous, smooth; pedicels 4 ‒ 14 mm long, suberect to patent. Bracts oblong-obovate, navicular, lately caducous, 1 ‒ 3 mm long, with lanceolate-oblong spur, 0.5 ‒ 1.0 mm long; bracteoles present and small. Flowers shortly campanulate at base with spreading-patent upper 2 / 3 of tepals, erect-patent, diurnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, 7 ‒ 11 mm long, white with brownish or greenish longitudinal band more evident on abaxial side, mostly free, shortly connate at base to 2 mm long, papery and translucent when withered. Stamens 6, suberect or spreading, not connivent to style; filaments linear-lanceolate, 3 ‒ 7 mm long, white, adnate to perigone at base; anthers medifixed, oblong. Ovary ovoid, 2.0 ‒ 4.5 mm long, trigonous; style filiform, erect, 2.5 ‒ 4.0 mm long, white; stigma inconspicuously 3 - lobed, papillate. Capsule ellipsoid to ovoid, 10 ‒ 18 mm long, valves completely dehiscing from base, withered tepals mostly persisting at base of dehisced capsule. Seeds ellipsoidal, 5 ‒ 10 mm long, flattened with prominent central embryo and wide, usually curved wings, testa black, glossy, with sinuous anticlinal cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB1FFB3FCA6FE82B10DF8BF.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Sekanama includes four species, occurring mainly in the inland regions of Southern Africa and extending to Tanzania and Socotra (Fig. 49). They are restricted to the Southern and Eastern Sections of the Zambezian Subregion and the Erithreo-Arabian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For further information in Sekanama see Jessop (1977), Speta (2001), and Manning & Goldblatt (2018).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB1FFB3FCA6FE82B10DF8BF.taxon	description	Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (De Wet 1957, Jones & Smith 1967, as Urginea burkei Baker).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB1FFB3FCA6FE82B10DF8BF.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Speta (2001) described Sekanama to include Urginea sanguinea Schinz (1890: 219), U. burkei Baker (1897: 469), and U. delagoensis Baker (1897: 467). This genus was characterised as having red bulbs with imbricate scales; proteranthous, straight leaves; racemose inflorescence with up to 70 flowers; shortly spurred bracts; pedicels 4 ‒ 9 mm long; and tepals 8 ‒ 10 mm long. The type of the genus, S. sanguinea, is one of the most poisonous plants in Africa due to its bufadienolides (Krenn et al. 1993, Speta 2001). Urginea burkei has been treated as a synonym of U. sanguinea, and on the other hand U. lydenburgensis Dyer (1942 b: t. 859) has been treated as a synonym of U. delagoensis (Jessop 1977, Manning & Goldblatt 2018). In recent years, Drimia edwardsii Crouch & Martínez-Azorín (2015: 137), which shares flower and fruit morphological traits with U. delagoensis and U. lydenburgensis, was described from central KwaZulu-Natal (Crouch & Martínez-Azorín 2015). The phylogenetic studies of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) recovered three samples of S. sanguinea as a strongly supported clade. Another strongly supported clade combines samples of U. delagoensis, U. lydenburgensis, and D. edwardsii. These latter two clades are sometimes related as sister, although with very low support, whereas other analyses maintain them separate within general collapsed relationships. Important differences in morphology exist between S. sanguinea (including U. burkei) and the remaining taxa in this group. Sekanama sanguinea is distributed in the inland regions of Southern Africa and is characterised by hysteranthous leaves, racemose inflorescences with peduncle much shorter than the raceme, white flowers, present bracteoles, withered tepals persisting at the base of the ovoid-ellipsoid capsule, and flat and wide, elliptic seeds. Conversely, U. delagoensis, U. lydenburgensis, and D. edwardsii are collectively distributed in eSwatini (formerly Swaziland), and in the adjacent South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga. In terms of biochoria, they are restricted to the Uzambara-Zululand Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986). These latter three species have synanthous leaves, inflorescences with peduncles much longer than the raceme, absent bracteoles, pale brown or carneous to greenish flowers, withered tepals persisting at the top of the capsule, narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform capsules, and narrowly lanceolate-fusiform seeds. The taxonomic revision by Manning & Goldblatt (2018) placed U. sanguinea in their D. sect. Macrocentrae J. C. Manning & Goldblatt, together with species such as Urginea macrocentra (= Boosia sensu Speta 2001), without taking cognisance of the phylogenetic work of Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004), where these taxa nested in different and distant clades in the phylogeny, confirmed by the phylogenetic results of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a). Chromosome counts on Sekanama sanguinea (as Urginea burkei) (De Wet 1957, Jones & Smith 1967) found 2 n = 20, whilst the count on Urginea lydenburgensis R. A. Dyer by De Wet (1957) showed 2 n = 32, indicating clear chromosomal differences between Sekanama s. str. and Zulusia. Based on our current data, we include U. delagoensis, U. lydenburgensis, and D. edwardsii in the new genus Zulusia Mart. - Azorín et al. Albeit with limited phylogenetic evidence, we include in Sekanama, Sekanama sanguinea (syn. S. burkei) together with the endemic Tanzanian species Urginea brachystachys Baker (1892: 474), Urginea johnstonii Baker (1898: 539) described from southern Angola, and the endemic Socotran Urginea porphyrostachys Baker ex Balfour (1884: 411). This is based on their shared red and fleshy bulb scales, small and navicular bracts, presence of bracteoles, and the papery-translucent withered tepals mostly remaining at the base of developing capsules. Further studies are necessary to confirm species delimitations and genus circumscription. Accepted species and required new combinations: — Sekanama brachystachys (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea brachystachys Baker in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 15 (4): 474 (1892), basionym ≡ Drimia brachystachys (Baker) Stedje in Nordic J. Bot. 7 (6): 665 (1987) ≡ Urginavia brachystachys (Baker) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 87 (1998) (Fig. 4.7). Type: — TANZANIA. Musoma District, mile 5 from the Simiyu river, N. E. to the Eastern Boundary, S. Extension, elev. 5000 ft., 27 September 196?. P. J. Greenway 10211 (EA neo.; PRE!, K! iso.). Sekanama johnstonii (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea johnstonii Baker in Fl. Trop. Afr. [Oliver et al.] 7 (3): 539 (1898), basionym (Fig. 48.3). Type: — ANGOLA. Near the River Cunene, September 1893, Johnston s. n. (K 000400576! holo.). Sekanama porphyrostachys (Baker ex Balf. f.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea porphyrostachys Baker ex Balf. f. in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 12: 411 (1884), basionym ≡ Drimia porphyrostachys (Baker ex Balf. f.) A. G. Mill., Ethnofl. Soqotra Archipelago: 726 (385) (2004), nom. inval. (Fig. 4.8). Type: — YEMEN. Socotra, inter Kischen, Pankoke, elev. 1000 ft., 02 May 1881, G. Schweinfurth 678 (K 001044815! holo.). Sekanama sanguinea (Schinz) Speta in Stapfia 75: 168 (2001) ≡ Urginea sanguinea Schinz in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 31: 219 (1890), basionym ≡ Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43 (4): 293 (1977) (Figs 4.9, 47, 48.1 – 2). Type: — NAMIBIA. Gunib (2028): Osnambonde [Omambonde] in Nord-Hereroland, (– AA), October 1885, H. Schinz 25 (Z first-step lecto. designated as “ holo. ” by Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 40: 19. 2018; second-step lecto. designated here: — Z 000087336! lecto.; Z 000027553!, K 000257377! isolecto.). Note: — A second step lectotypification is needed due to the presence of two herbarium vouchers with different barcode numbers under the same collection. = Urginea burkei Baker, Fl. Cap. (Harvey) 6: 469 (1897) ≡ Sekanama burkei (Baker) Speta in Stapfia 75: 168 (2001). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. North West. Rustenburg (2527): Magaliesberg, (– CA, CC, DB, DC), September [without year], Burke s. n. (K 000257374! lecto. designated by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 293. 1977; BM 000911791! isolecto.). = Urginea rautanenii Baker in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 3: 664 (1903). Type: — NAMIBIA. Ondangua (1715): Amboland, Ondonga [Ondangwa], (– DD), 11 November 1895, M. Rautanen 171 (Z 000027552! lecto. designated here; Z 000027558! isolecto.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB4FFBCFCA6F82CB538F9D8.taxon	description	(Figs 50 – 51).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB4FFBCFCA6F82CB538F9D8.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — S. noctiflorus (Batt. & Trab.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso ≡ Urginea noctiflora Batt. & Trab. (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB4FFBCFCA6F82CB538F9D8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Genus distinctissimus singulari characterum combinatione a ceteris generibus Urgineoideae diversus et facile distinguendus, nempe foliis anguste linearibus, spiraliter contortis; floribus nocturnis nutantibus, staminum filamentis rectis a basi ovario styloque conniventibus sed supra medium implexis divergentibusque; et capsulis magnis, ovatis vel subglobosis, patentibus.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB4FFBCFCA6F82CB538F9D8.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid, to 5 cm in diam., with white inner scales and greyish, membranous outer tunics. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 5 ‒ 15 per bulb, hysteranthous, 10 ‒ 20 cm long, narrowly linear, hemiterete to slightly flattened, distinctly coiled at least along upper half, green, somewhat glaucous, smooth, glabrous. Inflorescence a lax, erect raceme, 10 ‒ 20 cm long, with 4 – 25 flowers; peduncle 10 ‒ 20 cm long, erect, terete, smooth, dull grey-green to reddish-brown; pedicels 6 ‒ 20 mm long, arching downwards at anthesis, subpatent and sigmoid in fruit. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, 1 ‒ 2 mm long, lowermost with distinct spur as long as or longer than blade, caducous; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate with strongly reflexed tepals at full anthesis, nodding, nocturnal, opening in late evening and closing before sunrise, fragrant during night. Tepals 6, biseriate, 7 ‒ 10 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, pale brown to carneous colour, with darker brownish-greenish longitudinal band more evident on abaxial side, almost free. Stamens 6, erect, straight or very slightly curved, connivent to style and crossing each along upper third; filaments linear, only slightly widened at base, narrowly conical and tapering, 6 ‒ 7 mm long, white or cream colour, adnate to tepals at base; anthers oblong, 1 ‒ 2 mm long, medifixed to subbasifixed, deep orange after dehiscence, connective with a pit at filaments insertion, with yellow pollen. Ovary ovate, 4 ‒ 5 mm long, 6 - lobed basally, pale yellow. Style 5 ‒ 6 mm long, suberect, white, filiform, ending in minute stigma. Capsule ovate to subglobose, trigonous, obtuse, 7 ‒ 10 mm long, pale brown. Seeds ellipsoidal, flattened, 6 ‒ 8 mm long, with black, glossy testa.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB4FFBCFCA6F82CB538F9D8.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — This new genus currently includes one species restricted to desert regions of northwestern Africa (southern Morocco and Algeria), south of the Atlas Mountain range (Fig. 49). Therefore, it is restricted to the Saharo-Arabian Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986). Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (Azizi et al. 2016).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFB4FFBCFCA6F82CB538F9D8.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Urginea noctiflora Battandier & Trabut (1894: 505) was described from the border of the Sahara Desert in Algeria showing a number of clear morphological differences with regard to all known European species of Urgineoideae, such as the narrowly linear, distinctly coiled leaves, nocturnal nodding flowers with the filaments straight, connivent to the style and crossing along the middle, and the patent, large, ovate capsules (Battandier & Trabut 1894). The phylogenetic study by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2021) included six samples of different populations of Urginea noctiflora from Morocco provided by A. Garcin constituting a strongly supported clade, which is sister to another strongly supported clade merging four samples of Urginea fugax (Moris 1827: 46) Steinheil (1834: 328) and U. ollivieri Maire (1938: 453) from Sardinia, Ibiza, and Morocco (corresponding to Urginea s. str. in the sense of the present work). This same relationship was already shown by Pfosser et al. (2006). However, Urginea noctiflora differs from typical Urginea species in the distinctly coiled leaves, a character not known in any other Urgineoideae, and the reproductive characters listed above. We here propose the new genus Spirophyllos to include Urginea noctiflora based on the distinct morphological differences described above and its genetic divergence. Accepted species and required new combination: — Spirophyllos noctiflorus (Batt. & Trab.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso comb. nov. ≡ Urginea noctiflora Batt. & Trab. in Compt. - Rend. Assoc. Franc. Besancon 1893 (2): 505 (1894), basionym ≡ Urginea noctiflora Batt. & Trab. subsp. helicophylla (Maire) Maire in Fl. Afric. N. 5: 162 (1958), nom. illeg. ≡ Urginea noctiflora Batt. & Trab. var. helicophylla Maire in Jahand. & Maire, Cat. Pl. Maroc 3: 870 (1934), nom. illeg. ≡ Duthiea noctiflora (Batt. & Trab.) Speta in Stapfia 75: 170 (2001) (Figs 50 – 51). Type: — ALGERIA. Ouargla, Gara près de Sedrata et partout route a Mzab, 20 May 1902, L. Chevallier s. n. (P 01848250! neo. designated here).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBBFFBAFCA6F9CCB61CFD3A.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — S. maritima (L.) Steinh. (lectotype, vide Pfeiffer, Nom. 2 (2): 1252. 1874).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBBFFBAFCA6F9CCB61CFD3A.taxon	description	Description: — Usually tall bulbous geophyte. Bulb usually large and hypogeal, rarely somewhat epigeal, ovoid to globose, up to 20 cm in diam. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves (4 –) 6 ‒ 10 per bulb, narrowly lanceolate to widely ovate, hysteranthous, up to 35 cm long, margin entire or sometimes undulate with ciliae or minute papillae, green or somewhat glaucous, smooth, glabrous. Inflorescence a long, erect, multiflowered raceme, with up to 1000 flowers, 6 ‒ 70 cm long; peduncle 15 ‒ 120 cm long, dull green with grey to purple tinge, terete, erect, smooth and glabrous; pedicels 5 ‒ 35 mm long, subpatent and usually arching upwards, sometimes erect or patent at anthesis. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, usually dry and wrinkled at flowering time, lowermost with short spur; bracteoles present and distinct. Flowers stellate or with reflexed lobes, erect-patent, diurnal, lasting more than one day. Tepals 6, biseriate, 7 ‒ 16 mm long, free or connate for less than 1 ‒ 2 mm, lanceolate-ovate to spathulate, usually white or rarely purple, with purplish or green longitudinal band. Stamens 6, spreading; filaments smooth, usually white and lanceolate to narrowly triangular, flattened or rarely filiform and purplish; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary ovate-oblong, usually with three apical protuberances, green to yellow, with ca. 5 ‒ 10 ovules per locule. Style 3 ‒ 12 mm long, erect, white or rarely tinged with purple, with trigonous stigma. Capsule ovate, 7 ‒ 19 mm long, green first and yellowish and papyraceous after ripening, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds ovate-oblong to linear-oblong, 4 ‒ 12 mm long, flattened, testa black, with sinuous anticlinal cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBBFFBAFCA6F9CCB61CFD3A.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Squilla includes twelve species, occurring mostly along the Mediterranean Basin, spanning the Canary Islands and the Middle East (Speta 1998 a, Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022) (Fig. 49); it is nearly restricted to the Mediterranean and Macaronesian Regions (sensu Takhtajan 1986). For further information on Squilla see Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004), Crespo et al. (2020), and Martínez-Azorín et al. (2022).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBBFFBAFCA6F9CCB61CFD3A.taxon	description	Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (Martinoli 1954, Battaglia 1957, Bartolo et al. 1984, as Urginea undulata (Desf.) Steinh.; Valdés-Bermejo 1980, Battaglia 1957, as D. maura Maire); 2 n = 28 (Bramwell et al. 1972, as Urginea hesperia Webb. & Berth.); 2 n = 40 (Satô 1942, as Urginea scilla Steinh.); 2 n = 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 (Battaglia 1957, 1964, Valdés-Bermejo 1980, Speta 1980, Pfosser & Speta 2001, Rico 2013, Bacchetta et al. 2012); 2 n = 20, 40, 60, 60 + 1 B, 60 + 2 B (Boscaiu et al. 2001, Fernández et al. 2001, Talavera et al. 1995, Oberprieler & Vogt 1994, as Urginea maritima).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBBFFBAFCA6F9CCB61CFD3A.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2016 a) showed that the Linnaean Scilla was first typified on Scilla maritima Linnaeus (1753: 308) by Rafinesque (1837: 8) and not on Scilla bifolia Linnaeus (1753: 309) as usually accepted [vide Index Nominum Genericorum: Farr & Zijlstra (2023) http: // botany. si. edu / ing /]. Steinheil (1836) described Squilla to segregate Scilla maritima Linnaeus (1753: 308) (Urginea scilla Steinheil 1834: 321) from his previously described Urginea, implying Squilla to be different from the name Scilla. Speta (1998 b) accepted separation of both Urginea Steinh. and Squilla, but proposed the new name Charybdis, with C. maritima (Linnaeus 1753: 38) Speta (1998 b: 60) as type, to replace Squilla since he considered the latter to be an orthographic variant of both Scilla and Skilla Rafinesque (1837: 13), and therefore a later illegitimate homonym. However, based on the typification by Rafinesque (1837) of Scilla maritima, Charybdis is illegitimate under Art. 52 of the Shenzhen Code as it was superfluous when published, a fact that makes Charybdis unavailable for use. Martínez-Azorín & Crespo (2016 b) requested the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants (NCVP) for a binding decision on whether Scilla L. (subfam. Hyacinthoideae) and Squilla Steinh. (subfam. Urgineoideae ≡ Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae trib. Urgineeae) are sufficiently alike to be considered orthographic variants and to be confused. After several attempts, a sufficient number of the Committee Members voted recently in favour of a binding decision that both names are not confusable (cf. Appelquist 2022), which deed allows Squilla to be used in the sense of the current concept of Charybdis (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022). Previous phylogenetic analyses (Pfosser & Speta 2001, 2004, Manning et al. 2004, Pfosser et al. 2012) show samples of Squilla (as Charybdis) forming a strongly supported clade. Many authors recently accepted Charybdis as distinct from Urginea and Drimia at generic rank (cf. Speta 1998 b, Pfosser & Speta 2001, 2004, Conti et al. 2005, Jeanmonod & Gamisans 2007, Bacchetta et al. 2012, Ali et al. 2013, Véla et al. 2016), although others (e. g. Manning et al. 2004, Manning & Goldblatt 2018, WCSP 2021) place them in an expanded and broadly circumscribed Drimia. The phylogenetic analyses of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) included 22 samples of Squilla, which formed a strongly supported clade in an isolated position within Urgineoideae. Therefore, based on the distinct morphology and genetic divergence of these plants, we here accept Squilla following Martínez-Azorín et al. (2022), which is mostly restricted to the Mediterranean Basin. Accepted species: — Squilla anthericoides (Poir.) Jord. & Fourr., Icon. Fl. Eur. 2: 2 (1868) ≡ Scilla anthericoides Poir., Voy. Barbarie 2: 149 (1789), basionym ≡ Ornithogalum anthericoides (Poir.) Link ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 573 (1821) ≡ Urginea anthericoides (Poir.) Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 1: 328 (1834) ≡ Charybdis anthericoides (Poir.) Véla & Bélair in Phytotaxa 288: 155 (2016) ≡ Drimia anthericoides (Poir.) Véla & Bélair in Willdenowia 49: 423 (2019) ≡ Urginea maritima var. anthericoides (Poir.) Maire & Weiller, Fl. Afrique N. 5: 163 (1958). Type: — [ALGERIA.] Ex Numidia, herb. Poiret (P 02157340! lecto. designated by Véla et al. in Phytotaxa 288: 155. 2016: the specimen on the upper right side of the sheet). Squilla aphylla (Forssk.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso in Medit. Bot. 43 - e 78272: 3 (2022) ≡ Anthericum aphyllum Forssk., Fl. Aegypt. - Arab.: 209 (1775), basionym ≡ Urginea aphylla (Forssk.) Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 12 (1): 229 (1980) ≡ Charybdis aphylla (Forssk.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 60 (1998) ≡ Drimia aphylla (Forssk.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 556 (2004). Type: — [GREECE]. “ Anthericum ” F. Herb. Forskålii n ° 10 [IDC microfiche foto: Forsskål nr. 129 III, 1 – 2] (C 10001668! lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022). = Ornithogalum elatum Andrews in Bot. Repos. 8, pl. DXXVIII (1808) ≡ Charybdis elata (Andrews) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 60 (1998) ≡ Drimia excelsa J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 556 (2004), replac. name [non Drimia elata Jacq., Collectanea 5 (Suppl.): 38. 1797]. Type: — illustration in Andrews (1808), pl. DXXVIII (lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022: only the flowering scape and the flower dissection). Squilla glaucophylla (Bacch., Brullo, D’Emerico, Pontec. & Salmeri) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso in Medit. Bot. 43 - e 78272: 4 (2022) ≡ Charybdis glaucophylla Bacch., Brullo, D’Emerico, Pontec. & Salmeri in Phytotaxa 69: 18 (2012), basionym ≡ Drimia glaucophylla (Bacch., Brullo, D’Emerico, Pontec. & Salmeri) Raus in Willdenowia 46 (3): 424 (2016). Type: — ITALY. Sardinia: Isola di San Pietro: Cala Vinagra, Carloforte, elev. 63 m, 19 July 2004, G. Bacchetta & C. Pontecorvo s. n. (CAT, holo.; CAG, CAT, iso.). Squilla hesperia (Webb & Berthel.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso in Medit. Bot. 43 - e 78272: 4 (2022) ≡ Urginea hesperia Webb & Berthel., Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries (Phytogr., sect. 3) 3 (2): 339 (1848), basionym ≡ Charybdis hesperia (Webb & Berthel.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 60 (1998) ≡ Drimia hesperia (Webb & Berthel.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 556 (2004) ≡ U. maritima var. hesperia (Webb & Berthel.) Svent. in Index Sem. Acclim. Pl. Arautapae 1969: 41 (1970) ≡ Drimia maritima var. hesperia (Webb & Berthel.) A. Hansen & Sunding, Fl. Macaronesia, Checklist Vasc. Pl., rev. ed. 2, 2: 4 (1979) (Figs 4.10, 53.1). Type: — SPAIN. Canary Islands. Urginea hesperia Nobis “ 3 ”, Herbarium Webbianum nº 182548 (FI 000284!, lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022). Squilla maritima (L.) Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 6: 279 (1836) ≡ Scilla maritima L., Sp. Pl.: 308 (1753), basionym ≡ Ornithogalum maritimum (L.) Lam., Fl. Franç. 3: 276 (1779) ≡ Urginea maritima (L.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 221 (1872) ≡ Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn in Ann. Mus. Goulandris 4: 204 (1978) ≡ Charybdis maritima (L.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 60 (1998) ≡ Stellaris scilla Moench, Methodus: 304 (1794), nom. illeg. [Art. 52 of the ICN] ≡ Ornithogalum squilla Ker Gawl. in Bot. Mag. 23, t. 918 (1806), nom. illeg. [Art. 52 of the ICN] ≡ U. scilla Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 1: 331 (1834), nom. illeg. [Art. 52 of the ICN] (Figs 4.11, 52.1, 52.2, 52.3, 53.2). Type: — illustration in Clusius (1601: 171, Fig. 52.1), “ Scillae hispanicae flos & semen ” (lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022 b: only the illustration of the bulb with a flowering scape). Epitype (designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022): — PORTUGAL. Sierra de Monsanto, environs de Lisbonne, pentes pierreuses, July−August 1877, J. Daveau (P 02166423! epi.; P 02166260!, P 02166417!, P 01811235!, P 01811236!, isoepi.). Comments on typification: — Recently, Martínez-Azorín et al. (2022) considered that the lectotype of Scilla maritima, first designated by Ferrer-Gallego (2013: 40) on the voucher L 0052807, should be disregarded according to Art. 8.2 of the ICN, because completely developed adult leaves in this species are never coetaneous with flowers at anthesis in a given population. This implies that the “ lectotype ” selected by Ferrer-Gallego (2013) includes two specimens collected at different times: i) leaves, and ii) the flowering scape. Considering Ferrer-Gallegos’s (2022) reaction to our lectotypification, and in the light of the recentmost proposal by Mosyakin & McNeill (2022) to amend Art. 8, after which the information in the protologue will rule, we still consider that the voucher L 0052807 cannot be a proper lectotype, following Linnaeus’s statement in Hortus Cliffortianus (1738: 123) that is cited in the Scilla maritima protologue of 1753: “ Scilla radice tunicata [….] Singulare est quod foliis destitute floreat. ” Further, Clusius (1601: 171), which is also cited in the protologue of S. maritima, illustrated the species through both a bulb with fully-developed leaves (winterspring facies) and two bulbs with flowering and fruiting scapes; those latter figures are completely lacking leaves (later summerearly autumn facies); in addition, Clusius (1601) describes the typical hysteranthous behaviour of the species in Hispania as follows: “ Copiose nascitur supra Olysipponem & plerisque aliis Lusitaniae & Hispaniae locis. Floret Augusto & Septembri, semen Octobri & Novembri maturescit; folia maturo jam semine, & exarido caule, emergunt Novembri & Decembri. ” Based on those facts, we do believe that Linnaeus never saw plants of Scilla maritima showing flowers and leaves coetaneously, as he indirectly claimed in his Hortus Cliffortianus (Linnaeus 1738), and hence the Linnaean voucher L 0052807 most likely represents a “ collage ” of mixed gatherings of flowers and leaves collected at different times, and it as a whole cannot be eligible as lectotype. Therefore, the lectotype and epitype we designated (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022) are considered here as appropriate to preserve the currently most widely accepted concept of this species. = Scilla rubra Garsault, Descr. Pl. Anim. 4: 314, pl. 527 (1767). Type: — illustration in Garsault (l. c.), pl. 527 “ Scilla rubra ” (lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022: only the illustrations of the bulb with a flowering scape, and the flowers). Squilla maura (Maire) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso in Medit. Bot. 43 - e 78272: 7 (2022) ≡ Urginea maura Maire in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 14: 158 (1923), basionym ≡ Charybdis maura (Maire) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 60 (1998) ≡ Drimia maura (Maire) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 557 (2004) ≡ Urginea maritima var. maura (Maire) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 5: 165 (1958) ≡ Drimia maritima subsp. maura (Maire) F ̂ rther & Podlech in Sendtnera 7: 86 (2001). Type: — MOROCCO. Grand Atlas: Mentaga, rocailles calcaires, elev. 200 – 1000 m, feuilles glauques, 14 April 1922, R. Maire (MPU 000488! lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022). = Urginea maritima subsp. maura var. angustifolia Maire in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 29: 454 (1938) ≡ Urginea maritima var. maura f. angustifolia (Maire) Maire, Fl. Afrique N. 5: 165 (1958), basionym. Type: — MOROCCO. Anti Atlas: près de Kerdous, pentes rocheuses (quartzites), elev. 800 m, 38 March 1937, R. Maire (MPU 003971! lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022). Squilla numidica Jord. & Fourr., Icon. Fl. Eur. 2: 1 (1868) ≡ Urginea numidica (Jord. & Fourr.) Grey, Hardy Bulbs 2: 632 (1938) ≡ Urginea maritima var. numidica (Jord. & Fourr.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 221 (1873) ≡ Charybdis numidica (Jord. & Fourr.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 60 (1998) ≡ Drimia numidica (Jord. & Fourr.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 557 (2004). Type: — [ALGERIA.] “ Squilla maritima numidica / de Bône (Algerie) ”, 6 Novembre 1867 (LY 0073734 [digital image!] lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022). = Squilla sphaeroidea Jord. & Fourr., Icon. Fl. Eur. 2: 1 (1868) ≡ Urginea maritima var. sphaeroidea (Jord. & Fourr.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 221 (1873) ≡ U. sphaeroidea (Jord. & Fourr.) Grey, Hardy Bulbs 2: 632 (1938). Type: — illustration in Jordan & Fourreau (1868): Tab. CCII “ 278. Squilla sphaeroidea ” [lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022: only the illustrations of the flowering scape, flowers and bracts (Figs 1 − 12); excluding bulb, leaves, fruits and seeds (Figs 13 − 16)]. Squilla palaestina (M. B. Crespo, Mart. - Azorín & M. Á. Alonso) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso in Medit. Bot. 43 - e 78272: 8 (2022) ≡ Drimia palaestina M. B. Crespo, Mart. - Azorín & M. Á. Alonso in Pl. Syst. Evol. 306: 13 (2020), basionym (Figs 4.12, 53.3). Type: — PALESTINE. [Palestinian Authority], Judean Mts. South of Yata, Submediterranean batha, 23 September 1970, Y. Plitmann & M. Raviv 26089 (HUJ 132724! holo.). Squilla pancration Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 6: 279 (1836) ≡ Scilla pancration (Steinh.) Nyman, Syll. Fl. Eur.: 369 (1855) ≡ Urginea pancration (Steinh.) Schroff in Z. Allg. Oesterr. Apotheker-Vereines 3 (Oesterr. Z. Pharmazie 13): 42 (1865) ≡ Charybdis pancration (Steinh.) Speta in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 38 (1): 60 (1998) ≡ Drimia pancration (Steinh.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Edinburgh J. Bot. 60 (3): 557 (2004) ≡ Urginea maritima var. pancration (Steinh.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 221 (1873) ≡ U. maritima subsp. pancration (Steinh.) K. Richter, Pl. Eur. 1: 218 (1890) (Figs 4.13, 54.1). Type: — MALTA. Gozo island (Għawdex), pr. Ir-Ramla, between San Blas and S. Philip, 33 SVV 359908, elev. 70 m, flowered in cultivation at the University of Alicante on 04 September 2013, J. L. Villar & E. Martínez s. n. (ABH 70437! neo. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022). = Squilla insularis Jord. & Fourr., Icon. Fl. Eur. 2: 2 (1868) ≡ Urginea maritima var. insularis (Jord. & Fourr.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 221 (1873) ≡ U. maritima subsp. insularis (Jord. & Fourr.) K. Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 218 (1890) ≡ U. scilla var. insularis (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy, Fl. France 12: 425 (1910) ≡ U. insularis (Jord. & Fourr.) Grey, Hardy Bulbs 2: 632 (1938). Type: — illustration in Jordan & Fourreau (1868): Tab. CCIII “ 279. Squilla insularis ” [lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022: only the illustrations of the flowering scape, flowers and bracts (Figs 1 − 12); excluding bulb, leaves, fruits and seeds (Figs 13 − 16)]. = Squilla littoralis Jord. & Fourr., Icon. Fl. Eur. 2: 2 (1868) ≡ Urginea maritima var. littoralis (Jord. & Fourr.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 13: 221 – 222 (1873) ≡ U. maritima subsp. littoralis (Jord. & Fourr.) K. Richt., Pl. Eur. 1: 218 (1890) ≡ U. littoralis (Jord. & Fourr.) Grey, Hardy Bulbs 2: 632 (1938). Type: — illustration in Jordan & Fourreau (1868): Tab. CCIV “ 280. Squilla littoralis ” [lecto. designated by Martínez-Azorín et al. 2022: only the illustrations of the flowering scape, flowers and bracts (Figs 1 − 12); excluding bulb, leaves, fruits and seeds (Figs 13 − 16)]. Squilla secundiflora (Maire) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso in Medit. Bot. 43 - e 78272: 9 (2022) ≡ Urginea anthericoides var. secundiflora Maire in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 24: 229 (1933), basionym ≡ Drimia secundiflora (Maire) M. B. Crespo, Mart. - Azorín & M. Á. Alonso in Pl. Syst. Evol. 306: 15 (2020) (Fig. 4.14). Type: — MOROCCO. Forêt de la Mamora, bulbes cultivés à Alger ayant fleuri en septembre 1932, 28 October 1932, R. Maire s. n. (MPU 003124! lecto designated by Crespo et al. 2020: 15 [as “ U. anthericoides var. secunda Maire ”]; only the flowering scape). Squilla serotina (Schousb.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso in Medit. Bot. 43 - e 78272: 9 (2022) ≡ Scilla serotina Schousb., Iagttag. Vextrig. Marokko: 165 (1800), basionym ≡ Urginea anthericoides var. serotina (Schousb.) Font Quer in Bol. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 27: 45 (1927) (Figs 4.15, 54.2). Type: — [MOROCCO.] Herb. Liebm [ann]. Marocco, Schousboe (C 10000939! lecto. designated by Crespo et al. 2020: 11, [IDC microfiche foto: Type Herbarium nr. 183 I, 4]; C 10000940 [digital image!] isolecto. [IDC microfiche foto: Type Herbarium nr. 183 I, 5]). = Urginea undulata var. tazensis Batt. & Maire in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 22: 318 (1931) ≡ Urginea tazensis (Batt. & Maire) Maire in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 31: 43 (1940) ≡ Urginea undulata subsp. tazensis (Batt. & Maire) Maire & Weiller, Fl. Afrique N. 5: 158 (1958) ≡ Drimia tazensis (Maire) Stearn in Ann. Mus. Goulandris 4: 208 (1978) ≡ Charybdis tazensis (Batt. & Maire) Speta in Stapfia 75: 167 (2001). Type: — MOROCCO. Tiznit, bulbs cultivated in Alger (Algeria), 18 September 1939, R. Maire (MPU 004613! neo. designated by Crespo et al. 2020: 11). = Urginea undulata var. major Gatt. & Weiller in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 28: 539 (1937). Type: — MOROCCO. Tiznit, sandy soils, cultivated in Alger (Algeria), 8 September 1936, R. Maire (MPU 001417! neo. designated by Crespo et al. 2020: 11). Squilla undulata (Desf.) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso in Medit. Bot. 43 - e 78272: 10 (2022) ≡ Scilla undulata Desf. in Méd. Eclairée Sci. Phys. 3 (6): 161 (1792), basionym ≡ Urginea undulata (Desf.) Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 2, 1: 330 (1834) ≡ Epimenidion undulatum (Desf.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 13 (1837) ≡ Prospero undulatum (Desf.) Salisb., Gen. Pl.: 28 (1866) ≡ Drimia undata Stearn in Ann. Mus. Goulandris 4: 208 (1978), replac. name [non Drimia undulata Jacq. in Willd., Sp. Pl. ed. 4, 2 (1): 166. (1799), nec Jacq., Collectanea 5 (Suppl.): 41. 1797, nom. inval.] ≡ Charybdis undulata (Desf.) Speta in Stapfia 75: 167 (2001), nom. illeg. [Art. 52 of the ICN] (Figs 4.16, 52.5, 54.3). Type: — ALGERIA. Herbier de la Flore Atlantique, no. 707 Scilla undulata [Tunis et Alger, collines arides, elle fleurit en hiver, 1787], Desfontaines (P 00320347! lecto. designated by Crespo et al. 2019: 91: the flowering scape with bulb on the left side of the sheet; MPU 017529! isolecto.). = Urginea undulata f. caeculi Pau in Butl. Inst. Catalana His. Nat. 16: 136 (1916), basionym ≡ Urginea undulata var. caeculi (Pau) Pau in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 23: 91 (1924) ≡ Drimia undata subsp. caeculi (Pau) Mateo & M. B. Crespo, Fl. Abrev. Comun. Valenciana: 430 (1995) ≡ Urginea undulata subsp. caeculi (Pau) M. B. Crespo & Mateo in Flora Montiber. 5: 58 (1997). Type: — SPAIN. Valencia prov., Alginet, cultivada, August 1916, F. Moroder (MA 21517! lecto. designated by Crespo & Mateo 1997: the scape on the right side of the sheet, from a bulb with incipient leaves). = Drimia purpurascens J. Jacq., Ecl. Pl. Rar. 1 (3 – 4): 48, t. 30 (1812) ≡ Idothea purpurascens (J. Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 342 (1843) ≡ Idothearia purpurascens (J. Jacq.) C. Presl in Abh. K ̂ nigl. B ̂ hm. Ges. Wiss. ser. 5, 3: 544 (1845), nom. illeg. superfl. [Art. 52 of the ICN]. Type: — illustration in J. Jacq., Ecl. Pl. Rar. 1 (3 – 4), t. 30. 1812 (Fig. 52.4) (lecto. designated by Crespo et al. 2020: only the flowering scape with bulb). Epitype (designated by Crespo et al. 2020: 9): — ITALY. Sardaigne, 1838, E. Thomas (P 02166250! epi.: the fragment on the left side of the sheet).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBDFF85FCA6FCAEB5B3F9B3.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — S. platyphylla (B. Nord.) M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & Wetschnig (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBDFF85FCA6FCAEB5B3F9B3.taxon	description	Description: — Small bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, solitary, subglobose to ovoid, 1.5 − 4.0 cm in diam., outer tunics pale-brownish to brownish when drying, membranous, adherent, forming distinct neck, inner tunics whitish, compact, soft and fleshy. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 − 2 per bulb, proteranthous, flattened, ovate to elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 1 – 4 cm long, appressed to ground, proteranthous, fleshy or subsucculent, dull or dark green, with 2 or 4 longitudinal furrows, minutely and densely velutinous on adaxial side, glabrous on abaxial side, with obtuse to rounded apex. Inflorescence 1 (– 2) per bulb, erect, racemose, 1.5 − 12.0 cm long, moderately dense, with 4 – 50 flowers; peduncle 3 − 15 (− 30) cm long, usually reddish brown or purplish red at base with dense and short to minute papillae or hairs disposed in straight vertical lines; pedicels patent or erecto-patent to spreading, 3 − 10 mm long, minutely scabridpapillate or glabrate. Bracts ovate-triangular to lanceolate, 1.0 − 2.5 mm long, lowermost with distinct spur, 1 − 2 mm long; bracteoles absent. Flowers shallowly campanulate, urceolate or subglobose, nodding to subpatent. Tepals 6, 3.5 – 6.0 mm long, basally connate for ¼ to ½ of their length, reddish brown to creamy pink or pinkish white with broad purplish to green or greenish median stripe visible on both sides. Stamens 6, included in perigone, erect and connivent to style; filaments adnate to tepals for less than 1 mm, free parts 1.0 − 1.5 mm long, whitish, laxly papillate-puberulous or smooth; anthers ellipsoid or ovate-sagittate, 1.0 − 1.8 mm long, yellow, dehiscing with apical pore-like slits up to ½ of theca length, sometimes basally barbellate. Ovary ovoid to subquadrate, 1.8 − 2.0 mm long, light green, glabrous. Style columnar, erect, terete, 1.0 − 1.8 mm long, white. Capsule broadly ovoid to subglobose, 4.5 – 7.0 mm long, valves completely dehiscing from base; tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds elliptic-oblong to reniform, 2 – 4 mm long, flattened, with prominent embryo and short, wings, with black, glossy testa and alveolate-reticulate testa cells with collapsed periclinal walls and prominent anticlinal walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBDFF85FCA6FCAEB5B3F9B3.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Striatula includes 2 species from the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, and Northern Cape Provinces of South Africa and southern Namibia (Fig. 49), being restricted to the Cape and Karoo-Namib Regions and the Southern Section of the Zambezian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For complete morphological descriptions of the two taxa see Nordenstam (1970) and Manning & Oliver (2009).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBDFF85FCA6FCAEB5B3F9B3.taxon	description	Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (Bruyns & Vosa 1987, as Rhadamanthus platyphyllus B. Nord.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFFBDFF85FCA6FCAEB5B3F9B3.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Nordenstam (1970) described Rhadamanthus platyphyllus, a species sharing the general flower morphology and anther dehiscence of that genus, but differing in having two, flat, ovate, velutinous leaves with longitudinal furrows, which are appressed to the ground and the anthers basally barbellate with spine-like or papilliform outgrowths, whilst the remaining species of Rhadamanthus sensus Nordenstam (1970) show numerous, filiform, erect leaves. Drimia oliverorum was described from southern Namibia and shares the peculiar leaf morphology and flower structure of R. platyphyllus. The phylogenetic analyses of Pfosser et al. (2012) showed that seven samples of the Rhadamanthus platyphyllus group formed a perfectly supported clade, which is located far from the clade including other Rhadamanthus species, the latter being basal to all Urgineoideae when Bowiea is excluded. The clear phylogenetic divergence of both R. platyphyllus and D. oliverorum, together with their distinct vegetative morphology led Pinter et al. (2019) to described Striatula to accommodate these two taxa, a solution followed in the present work. The phylogenetic studies by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) confirmed the results by Pfosser et al. (2012) and include 12 samples of Striatula, which form a perfectly supported clade in an isolated position within Urgineoideae. This genus can be easily identified by its unique syndrome of morphological characters, and is restricted to southern and western South Africa and southern Namibia. Accepted species: — Striatula oliverorum (J. C. Manning) M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & Wetschnig in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 59: 95 (2019) ≡ Drimia oliverorum J. C. Manning in Manning & Oliver in Bothalia 39 (2): 225 (2009), basionym (Figs 4.17, 55.1). Type: — NAMIBIA. Witputz (2716): Huib Hoch Plateau, Zebrasfontein, (– DB), elev. 1200 m, 29 June 1989 [in leaf only], E. G. H. Oliver & I. M. Oliver 9164 (NBG 0233338 - 0! holo.). Striatula platyphylla (B. Nord.) M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & Wetschnig in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 59: 95 (2019) ≡ Rhadamanthus platyphyllus B. Nord. in Taxon 63 (6): 1332 (2014), basionym ≡ R. platyphyllus B. Nord. in Bot. Not. 123: 172 (1970), nom. inval. ≡ Drimia platyphylla (B. Nord.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 40: 132 (2018) ≡ D. platyphylla (B. Nord.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 712 (2000), nom. inval. (Figs 4.18, 55.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Wuppertal (3219): Clanwilliam Div., in stony or shallow sand on rocky slope below shale band below Cederberg Tafelberg, (– AC), elev. 3500 – 4000 ft., 16 December 1950, Esterhuysen 18135, leaves added April 1951 (BOL 140333! holo.: the bulb with two leaves at the bottom left hand side corner of the sheet).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF82FF82FCA6F928B59CFF53.taxon	description	Description: — Medium-sized bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, up to 7 cm in diam., extended into neck surrounded by cataphylls with raised, transverse purple to brown ribs, inner scales white to pinkish, fleshy, compact or rarely loose, spirally arranged, rarely distichous, sometimes fibrose. Roots distinctly thickened and branched. Leaves 1 ‒ 50 per bulb, 3 ‒ 80 cm long, narrowly linear, from terete to channelled, synanthous or rarely hysteranthous, entire or rarely scabrid on margins, green or somewhat glaucous, usually leathery, sometimes twisted, smooth, glabrous. Inflorescence a long, erect, multiflowered raceme, 2 ‒ 25 cm long, with up to 60 flowers; peduncle 10 ‒ 40 cm long, green, grey or purple, terete, erect, smooth and glabrous; pedicels 3 ‒ 15 mm long, shorter than tepals at anthesis, spreading in flower and erect in fruit. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, long acuminate, lowermost auriculate with long spur, sometimes bifid or branched and sinuous; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate with patent tepals, diurnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, 6 ‒ 17 mm long, free, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, white with well defined, narrow, purplish longitudinal band. Stamens 6, suberect and slightly spreading; filaments filiform, 4 ‒ 8 mm long, tapering, smooth, white, slightly sigmoid and curving distally; anthers yellow, erect, basifixed, deshicing longitudinally along their whole length, with yellow pollen. Ovary ovate-oblong, green to yellow. Style 4 ‒ 8 mm long, declinate, sigmoid, white or rarely tinged with purple, with capitate, papillose stigma. Capsule ovate to ellipsoid, 6 ‒ 25 mm long, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds subellipsoid to compressed, (4 –) 5 ‒ 11 mm long, flattened, embryo prominent with wide or short wings, testa black, dull or glossy, with sinuous cell walls. Number of species and distribution: — Tenicroa includes twelve species restricted to southern and western South Africa and southern Namibia, it being therefore restricted to the Cape and Karoo-Namib Regions (sensu Taktajan 1986) (Fig. 49). For complete species characteristics see Pinter et al. (2020). Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (Speta 1998 a). History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Rafinesque (1837) described Tenicroa to include T. fragrans (Jacquin 1797: t. 86) Rafinesque (1837: 53), a species with rotate flowers, suberect stamens and deflexed style, among other characters. The revision by Obermeyer (1980 b, 1981 a) accepted four species in the genus from southern and western South Africa and southern Namibia: T. fragrans, T. exuviata (Jacquin 1794: 18) Speta (1980: 195), T. filifolia (Jacquin 1794: 18) Obermeyer (1981 a: 577), and T. multifolia (Lewis: 1952: 9) Obermeyer (1981 a: 577). All of them shared distinct characters such as the synanthous leaves surrounded by sheathing cataphylls that are markedly striate with raised, dark, transversal ridges; the stellate flowers with almost free tepals with a narrow, longitudinal dark band on the abaxial side; the suberect to slightly spreading stamens with basifixed anthers and the elongate, deflexed and curved style; and papillate stigma. Despite the distinct morphology of taxa in this genus, they have historically been placed in 8 different genera: Anthericum Linnaeus (1753: 310), Albuca, Drimia, Ornithogalum, Phalangium Miller (1754: s. n.), Pilasia Rafinesque (1837: 53), Sypharissa Salisbury (1866: 37), and Urginea, representing a good example of the uncertainty in taxonomy and systematics of urgineoid taxa (Pinter et al. 2020). However, based on the clear synapomorphies of Tenicroa, researchers in Urgineoideae (Jessop 1977, Obermeyer 1980 b, 1981 a, Speta 1998 a, 1998 b) usually recognised it as a distinct genus. Conversely, Manning et al. (2004) synonymised Tenicroa to Drimia sensu lato, and later Manning & Goldblatt (2018) placed the Tenicroa species recognised by Obermeyer (1980 b) in D. sect. Sypharissa, whilst including T. filifolia as synonym of T. exuviata. They also separated their new D. sect. Juncifoliae to associate two newly described species [Drimia decipiens Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 109) and D. juncifolia J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon in Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 107)] based on their hysteranthous leaves, weakly barred cataphylls, and medifixed anthers that are not deflexed. Martínez-Azorín et al. (2019 a) considered the latter distinction insufficient to recognise both sections, and transferred the two new species to Tenicroa. The phylogenetic analyses of Manning et al. (2004) recovered two samples of Tenicroa as monophyletic, when excluding T. nana as the monotypic Mucinaea (Pinter et al. 2013). Pfosser et al. (2012) phylogenetically analysed nine samples of Tenicroa that formed a perfectly supported clade being sister to a clade comprising Litanthus plus Schizobasis. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analyses of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) included 21 samples of Tenicroa, which formed a strongly supported and isolated clade within a large polytomy. Therefore, we here accept Tenicroa at genus rank based on the unique syndrome of morphological characters and its isolated phylogenetic position, following the latest revision of Tenicroa by Pinter et al. (2020), who accepted twelve species restricted to South Africa and southern Namibia. Accepted species: — Tenicroa applanata M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & Wetschnig in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 60: 64 (2020) (Fig. 58.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Cape Town (3318): near Tinie Versveld Wild Flower Reserve, between Darling and Yzerfontein, (– AD), elev. 122 m, 20 September 2015, M. Martínez-Azorín, M. Pinter, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso MMA 1128 (GRA! holo.; ABH! iso.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF82FF82FCA6F928B59CFF53.taxon	discussion	Tenicroa decipiens (J. C. Manning & Goldblatt) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 397 (4): 294 (2019) ≡ Drimia decipiens J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 40: 109 (2018), basionym. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Wuppertal (3219): Swartruggens, near turnoff to Kagga Kamma at summit of Skitterykloof, (– DC), 27 November 2017, J. Manning 3637 (NBG holo.). Tenicroa exuviata (Jacq.) Speta in Linzer Biol. Beitr. 12 (1): 195 (1980) ≡ Anthericum exuviatum Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (13): 18, t. 415 (1794), basionym (Fig. 56.2) ≡ Phalangium exuviatum (Jacq.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 5: 243 (1804) ≡ Albuca exuviata (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. in Curtis’s Bot. Mag. 22: t. 871 (1805) (Fig. 57.1) ≡ Urginea exuviata (Jacq.) Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 2, 2: 330 (1834) ≡ Ornithogalum exuviatum (Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 369 (1843) ≡ Drimia exuviata (Jacq.) Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43 (4): 276 (1977) ≡ Sypharissa exuviata (Jacq.) Salisb. ex Oberm. in Bothalia 13 (1 - 2): 113 (1980) (Figs 4.19, 58.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Crescit ad Promontorium bonae Spei, icon in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: t. 415 (1794) (Fig. 56.2) (lecto. designated as “ Type ” by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 276. 1977). Epitype (designated by Pinter et al. 2020): — SOUTH AFRICA. Bredasdorp (3420): N side of Potberg, Bredasdorp Div., (– BC), elev. ca. 400 ft., 13 November 1962, J. P. H. Acocks 23016 (PRE 0046767 - 0! epi.). Tenicroa fibrosa M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & Wetschnig in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 60: 70 (2020) (Fig. 58.3). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Vanrhynsdorp (3118): 21 m S. S. W. of Vredendal, (– CD), elev. ca 500 ft., 26 August 1958, J. P. H. Acocks 19713 (PRE 0046760! holo.; BOL!, M 0223028! iso.). Tenicroa filifolia (Jacq.) Oberm. in J. S. African Bot. 47 (3): 577 (1981) ≡ Anthericum filifolium Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2: 18, t. 414 (1794), basionym (Fig. 56.3) ≡ Phalangium filifolium (Jacq.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 5: 242 (1804) ≡ Albuca filifolia (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. in Bot. Reg. 7: 557 (1821) (Fig. 56.4) ≡ Urginea filifolia (Jacq.) Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 2, 2: 329 (1834) ≡ Pilasia filifolia (Jacq.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 53 (1837) ≡ Ornithogalum filifolium (Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 369 (1843) ≡ Sypharissa filifolia (Jacq.) Salisb. ex Oberm. in Bothalia 13: 113 (1980) ≡ Drimia filifolia (Jacq.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000) (Fig. 58.4). Type: — Illustration in Jacq., Icon. Pl. Rar. 2 (15): t. 414 (1794) (Fig. 56.3) (lecto. designated as “ Type ” by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 276. 1977). = Anthericum spiratum Thunb., Prodr.: 62 (1794). Syntypes: — SOUTH AFRICA. ‘ Cap. B. spei’, Thunberg s. n. (UPSTHUNB [8413 & 8414] - microfiche, syn.). Tenicroa flexuosa (Adamson) M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & Wetschnig in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 60: 76 (2020) ≡ Urginea flexuosa Adamson in J. S. African Bot. 8: 240 (1942), basionym. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Simonstown (3418): Cape Peninsula, Smitswinkel Bay, (– AD), 3 January 1941, Adamson 3099 (BOL 140326! holo.; NBG sub SAM 0056131 - 0!, K 000257378! iso.). Tenicroa fragrans (Jacq.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 53 (1837) ≡ Anthericum fragrans Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr. 1: t. 86 (1797), basionym (Fig. 56.1) ≡ Phalangium fragrans (Jacq.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 5: 247 (1804) ≡ Albuca fugax Ker Gawl. in Bot. Reg. 4: t. 311 (1818), nom. nov. (Fig. 57.2) [non Albuca fragrans Jacq.] ≡ Urginea fragrans (Jacq.) Steinh. in Ann. Sci. Nat., sér. 2, 2: 328 (1834) ≡ Ornithogalum fragrans (Jacq.) Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 366 (1843) ≡ Sypharissa fragrans Salisb. ex Oberm. in Bothalia 13 (1 − 2): 113 (1980) ≡ Drimia fragrans (Jacq.) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt in Strelitzia 9: 711 (2000) ≡ Albuca fugax Ker Gawl. in Bot. Reg. 4: t. 311 (1818), syn. subst. (Figs 4.20, 59.1). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape: illustration in Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr. 1: t. 86 (1797) (Fig. 56.1) (lecto. designated as “ Type ” by Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43: 276. 1977). Epitype (designated by Pinter et al. 2020): — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Vanrhynsdorp (3118): Summit of Gifberg, (− DA), elev. ca. 2000 ft., 16 November 1970, H. Hall 3906 (NBG 91254!, 2 sheets epi.; PRE 0046756 - 0! isoepi.). Tenicroa juncifolia (J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon) Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter & Wetschnig in Phytotaxa 397: 294 (2019) ≡ Drimia juncifolia J. C. Manning & J. M. J. Deacon in Strelitzia 40: 107 (2018), basionym. Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Cape Town (3318): Paarl, Brier’s Louw Nature Reserve, (– DD), 23 November 2013, J. M. J. Deacon 3078 (NBG holo.). Tenicroa multifolia (G. J. Lewis) Oberm. in J. S. African Bot. 47 (3): 577 (1981) ≡ Urginea multifolia G. J. Lewis in Ann. S. African Mus. 40: 9 (1952), basionym (Fig. 57.3) ≡ Drimia multifolia (G. J. Lewis) Jessop in J. S. African Bot. 43 (4): 278 (1977) ≡ Sypharissa multifolia (G. J. Lewis) Oberm. in Bothalia 13 (1 − 2): 114 (1980) (Figs 5.1, 59.2). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape. Springbok (2917): 27 miles S of Springbok, (– DD), 27 July 1950, Lewis 2302 (SAM 0060870 - 0! holo.; NBG! iso.). = Urginea capillifolia Schlechter, nom. nud. in sched.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF82FF82FCA6F928B59CFF53.taxon	description	Tenicroa namibensis M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & Wetschnig in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 60: 83 (2020) (Fig. 59.3). Type: — NAMIBIA. Witputz (2716): Karas, (– AC), elev. 797 m, 12 August 2001, C. A. Mannheimer CM 1607 (WIND 77423! holo.). Tenicroa polyantha M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & Wetschnig in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 60: 84 (2020) (Figs 5.2, 59.4). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA: Western Cape. Cape Town (3318): Langebaan, eastern end of town, (– AA), elev. 55 m, 20 September 2015 [in flower], M. Martínez-Azorín, M. Pinter, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso MMA 1139 (GRA! holo.; ABH! iso.). Tenicroa unifolia (A. V. Duthie) M. Pinter, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo & Wetschnig in Phyton (Horn, Austria) 60: 86 (2020) ≡ Urginea unifolia A. V. Duthie in Ann. Univ. Stell. 6 A: 8 (1928), basionym (Figs 5.3, 59.5). Type: — SOUTH AFRICA. Western Cape. Cape Town (3318): Stellenbosch Flats, (– DD), October 1927, A. V. Duthie s. n. STE 1891 (NBG 0197708 - 1! holo.; BOL 140325! iso.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF89FF89FCA6FF30B1D6FD67.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — T. pellabergensis Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Á. Alonso, N. R. Crouch & M. Pinter (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF89FF89FCA6FF30B1D6FD67.taxon	description	Description: — Small bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, 8 ‒ 18 mm in diam., with white, fleshy, compact, inner scales and pale brown, membranous outer tunics. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 2 ‒ 6 per bulb, hysteranthous, 2 ‒ 8 cm long, filiform, to 1 mm in diam., subterete or very slightly flattened, green, smooth, glabrous. Inflorescence a lax, erect raceme, 2 ‒ 5 cm long, with 4 – 8 flowers; peduncle 4 ‒ 8 cm long, brownish, erect, terete, smooth; pedicels 7 ‒ 9 mm long, smooth, patent proximally and soon arching downwards distally at anthesis, curving upwards in fruit. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, small, ca. 0.5 mm long, lowermost with short spur, ca. 0.3 mm long, persistent; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, nodding, with strongly reflexed tepals at full anthesis with tips touching flower pedicel, nocturnal, opening in late evening and closing before sunrise, fragrant during night. Tepals 6, biseriate, 5 ‒ 6 mm long, narrowly oblong, slightly constricted along middle, obtuse, whitish to pale brown, with darker brownish longitudinal band more evident on abaxial side, almost free to very shortly connate for 0.5 mm. Stamens 3, only inner whorl present, outer absent with no basal rudiments, erect, straight, approaching ovary and style, with 3 anthers placed near stigma; filaments 3.5 ‒ 3.8 mm long, filiform, white, subterete, only slightly widened at base, connivent to style, free, not adnate to tepals; anthers oblong, ca. 0.6 mm long after dehiscence, subbasifixed, yellow to orange, with yellow polen. Ovary ovate, 1.9 ‒ 2.2 mm long, pale brown to yellowish. Style 2.0 ‒ 2.2 mm long, erect, white, filiform and narrow, ending in undifferentiated stigma. Capsule ovate, trigonous, 4 ‒ 5 mm long, pale brown, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoid, flattened, 6 ‒ 16 mm long, testa black, glossy, with subpolygonal cells. Number of species and distribution: — A monotypic genus originally described from a single locality on the Pella-se-Berge, northwestern South Africa, near to the border with Namibia, a locality included in the Karoo-Namib Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986) (Fig. 49). Recently, Manning (2022) cited the collection Harrower 6188 (NBG) as the second known locality for this species occurring in the Pienaarsfontein-se-Berge, Koedoesberge near Touwsrivier, representing an extension of more than 400 km to the south, near the Tanqua Karoo in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Two additional populations were found, in September 2015 in the Naib se Berg and in August 2022 in the Nouroepberge near Dabenoris Mountains, both in vegetative stage, by M. Martínez-Azorín & collaborators (MMA 1269 ABH 74121! and MMA 2078 ABH 74374! respectively). The phylogenetic analyses of these samples and their recent flowering in cultivation confirmed their placement in Triandra. Karyology: — Not studied yet.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF8EFF94FCA6FD14B04AF89E.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — U. micrantha (A. Rich.) Speta (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF8EFF94FCA6FD14B04AF89E.taxon	description	Description: — Usually tall bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, rarely epigeal, ovoid to globose, up to 20 cm in diam., scales somewhat loose, heterogeneous in length and vertically imbricate, yellowish and leathery when dry and showing distinct white threads when broken, rarely showing fibrose neck above ground. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves (2 –) 4 ‒ 16 per bulb, narrowly lanceolate to oblong, hysteranthous or rarely partially synanthous, 8 ‒ 60 cm long, plane or channelled, sometimes keeled abaxially along lower portions, margin entire, green or somewhat glaucous, smooth, glabrous, producing white threads when broken. Inflorescence a long, erect, usually multiflowered raceme, with 15 ‒ 700 flowers, (3 –) 10 ‒ 120 cm long; peduncle (6 –) 10 ‒ 100 cm long, terete, erect, smooth and glabrous; pedicels 2 ‒ 30 mm long, subpatent or spreading. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, 2 ‒ 15 mm long, usually caducous or sometimes persisting, lowermost with spur from short to 20 mm long; bracteoles present and distinct. Flowers stellate or with reflexed tepals, erect-patent, diurnal, lasting one or more days. Tepals 6, biseriate, 3.5 ‒ 12.0 mm long, mostly subfree or rarely distinctly connate for 2 ‒ 3 mm at base, lanceolate-ovate to oblong, white, cream, brown or yellow, with darker longitudinal band. Stamens 6, suberect to spreading; filaments 2 ‒ 10 mm long, smooth, usually white and lanceolate to narrowly triangular, flattened or rarely filiform; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary ovate-oblong, 2 ‒ 5 mm long, green to yellow. Style 2 ‒ 9 mm long, erect, white with trigonous undifferentiated or capitate stigma. Capsule obovoid, ellipsoid or subglobose, 4 ‒ 15 mm long, emarginate, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals remaining below developing capsules. Seeds elliptic or ovate-oblong, 4 ‒ 9 mm long, flattened, with prominent embryo and flat peripheral wings, testa black, with strongly sinuous anticlinal cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF8EFF94FCA6FD14B04AF89E.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Urginavia includes 16 species from Southern, East and West Africa, and is restricted to the Cape, Karoo-Namib, Uzambara-Zululand and Guineo-Congolian Regions, and the Zambezian, Erithreo-Arabian and Sahelo-Sudanian Subregions (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a) (Fig. 49). For further morphological species characterisation see Dyer (1942 c, 1947), Jessop (1977), and Manning & Goldblatt (2018).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF8EFF94FCA6FD14B04AF89E.taxon	description	Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (De Wet 1957, Jones & Smith 1967, as Urginea altissima Baker; Stedje & Nordal 1987; De Wet 1957, as Urginea multisetosa Baker; Stedje & Nordal 1987, as D. exigua Stedje); 2 n = 22 (Oyewole 1975, as U. altissima; Oyewole 1975, as Urginea gigantea (Jacq.) Oyewole; Oyewole 1975, as Urginea viridula Baker); 2 n = 32 (De Wet 1957, as U. epigea R. A. Dyer); 2 n = 60 (Goldblatt et al. 2012, as D. capensis (Burm. f.) Wijnands).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF8EFF94FCA6FD14B04AF89E.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Speta (1998 b) described Urginavia to include plants with large bulbs; inflorescence commonly large, long racemose, multi-flowered; spurred bracts and distinct bracteoles; patent pedicels and stellate flowers; tepals only slightly connate at base; nocturnal flowers (sensu Speta 1998 b; doubtful); and flattened black seeds. The new genus was based on morphological and phylogenetic studies (Pfosser & Speta 1999, 2001, 2004) and Speta (1998 b) included in it Urginavia altissima (Linnaeus f. 1782: pl. 199) Speta (1998 b: 87), U. brachystachys (Baker 1892: 474) Speta (1998 b: 87), U. porphyrantha (Bullock 1932: 505) Speta (1998 b: 87), U. micrantha (Richter 1850: 328) Speta (1998 b: 87) (the type), and U. viridula (Baker 1898: 538) Speta (1998 b: 87). Later Speta (2001) added the combination Urginavia epigea (Dyer 1947: t. 1027) Speta (2001: 168). This genus includes a distinct group of relatively large species occurring in Africa, south of the Sahara Desert (Speta 1998 a). However, we transfer Urginea brachystachys to Sekanama, based on the red bulb and translucent withered tepals, among other characters, as discussed above. Manning & Goldblatt (2018) accepted this group of species as D. sect. Urginavia (Speta 1998 b: 86) Manning & Goldblatt (2018: 13) mostly following Speta’s (1998 b) concept, but adding important characters such as welldeveloped bracteoles, diurnal flowers, and tepals persisting below the developing capsule, not cohering into a cap above. Their section included three species for Southern Africa: Drimia altissima (Linnaeus f. 1782: pl. 199) Ker Gawler (1808: t. 1074), D. capensis (Burman 1768: 10) Wijnands (1983: 130), and D. kniphofioides (Baker 1897: 469) Manning & Goldblatt (2003: 111). Manning & Goldblatt (2018) placed Urginea multisetosa Baker (1897: 468) and U. echinostachya Baker (1897: 468) (= Ornithogalum cooperi Baker 1873 b: 284) in their polyphyletic D. sect. Ledebouriopsis, and described the absence of bracteoles in both species. Our phylogenetic results have confirmed that these two species belong to Urginavia, further sharing the diagnostic characters of that genus, which include having distinct bracteoles, evident in the type collections. The phylogenetic analyses of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) include thirteen samples of Urginavia from Central and Southern Africa and form a perfectly supported clade recognised at the rank of genus. This distinction is morphologically substantiated by their bulb scales that are somewhat loose, heterogeneous in length and vertically imbricate, usually yellowish and leathery when dry, and showing distinct white silky threads when broken (Fig. 65.2), an apomorphy of the genus. Urginavia is sister to a clade including samples of Ledurgia, Thuranthos, and Zingela, which mostly co-occur in distribution, but show very different morphology. Pfosser & Speta (1999, 2001) included a sample of Urginavia micrantha (Richter 1850: 328) Speta (1998 b: 87), the type of the genus, in their phylogenetic analyses involving only the trnL-F region. We were unable to obtain further sequences of other DNA regions for that same sample and accordingly excluded it from our broader analyses. However, the inclusion of the published sample of U. micrantha in our trnL-F matrix confirmed its placement in Urginavia. The taxonomy of the genus requires further resolution assisted by fieldwork across its extensive sub-Saharan range.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF93FF96FCA6F80AB6ABF90C.taxon	description	(Figs 67 – 68).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF93FF96FCA6F80AB6ABF90C.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — U. fugax (Moris) Steinh. (lectotype designated by Adamson 1942).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF93FF96FCA6F80AB6ABF90C.taxon	description	Description: — Small bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, up to 3.5 cm in diam., inner scales compact, white, fleshy, outer scales pale brown, membranous. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 4 ‒ 13 per bulb, suberect, filiform, narrowly linear, hysteranthous (sometimes leaves present at anthesis but mostly withered), 12 ‒ 40 cm long and to 2 mm wide, subterete or hemiterete, channelled, entire, green or somewhat glaucous, smooth, glabrous. Inflorescence an elongated, erect, lax raceme, with 5 ‒ 18 flowers, 1 ‒ 15 cm long; peduncle 8 ‒ 18 cm long, terete, erect, smooth and glabrous, usually flexuose below; pedicels 5 ‒ 9 mm long, suberect. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, small, ca. 1 mm long, caducous, lowermost with short spur; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate, erect-patent, diurnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, 8 ‒ 10 mm long, free to very shortly connate at base, obovate-lanceolate, white with purple central band more evident on abaxial side. Stamens 6, spreading; filaments 6 ‒ 7 mm long, filiform, smooth, white, somewhat flattened below, very shortly adnate at base of tepals; anthers dorsifixed, with yellow pollen. Ovary ovate-oblong, 2 ‒ 3 mm long, green to yellowish. Style 5 ‒ 6 mm long, erect, white with slightly capitate stigma. Capsule ovoid-ellipsoid, 7 ‒ 10 mm long, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds elliptic or ovate-oblong, 5 ‒ 7 mm long, flattened, with prominent embryo and flat peripheral wings, testa black, glossy, with strongly sinuous anticlinal cell walls. Number of species and distribution: — Urginea includes 2 species from the western Mediterranean Basin, and hence restricted to the Mediterranean Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986) (Fig. 49). For further species characterisation see Maire (1938) and Rico (2013). Karyology: — 2 n = 20 (Talavera et al. 1995, as Urginea fugax (Moris) Steinh. var. fugax; Talavera et al. 1995, as U. fugax var. major Litard. & Maire ex Maire); 2 n = 20 + 0 – 8 B (Battaglia & Guanti 1968, as Urginea fugax (Moris) Steinh.).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF93FF96FCA6F80AB6ABF90C.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Steinheil (1834) described Urginea to include seven species with almost free tepals and variable morphology and distribution, among them including taxa currently placed in Tenicroa and Squilla (= Charybdis, nom. illeg.). Adamson (1942) first typified the genus by U. fugax, a species restricted to the western Mediterranean Basin. Maire (1938) described U. ollivieri, a related species that, together with U. fugax, seem to form a consistent group with filiform leaves, diurnal stellate, patent to suberect flowers with free tepals and spreading filaments. The phylogenetic study by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) included four samples of Urginea fugax and U. ollivieri from Sardinia (Italy), Ibiza (Spain), and Morocco, that form a strongly supported clade. This clade is sister to a clade comprising six samples of Urginea noctiflora from Morocco, here accepted as Spirophyllos. Therefore, we here accept Urginea to include Urginea fugax and U. ollivieri, which share similar vegetative and reproductive characters and share the same evolutive lineage. Accepted species: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF91FF92FCA6F8B8B733FE5A.taxon	description	(Figs 69 – 70).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF91FF92FCA6F8B8B733FE5A.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — U. salteri Compton (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF91FF92FCA6F8B8B733FE5A.taxon	description	Description: — Small bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, mostly solitary, inner scales white to pinkish, fleshy, compact, outer scales membranous. Roots thickened and branched. Leaf usually solitary (rarely to 3 per bulb), 4 ‒ 30 cm long, terete, dark green, commonly leathery, hysteranthous or rarely synanthous, deciduous, to 3 mm in diam., smooth, glabrous. Inflorescence a usually elongated, dense to lax raceme, 0.5 ‒ 4.0 cm long, erect; peduncle elongated, 6 ‒ 30 cm long, erect, smooth or sometimes striate-papillate at base; pedicels 0.5 ‒ 6.0 mm long, subpatent. Bracts lanceolate, acute, short, 0.5 ‒ 1.5 mm long, lowermost with short spur to 5 mm long; bracteoles absent, exceptionally present and minute. Flowers stellate, erect-patent, diurnal. Tepals 6, 5 ‒ 8 mm long, connate in distinct widely campanulate to subcylindrical tube for 1 ‒ 4 mm, free lobes patent to slightly reflexed at full anthesis, whitish, yellowish, or purplish, with darker central band more evident on abaxial side. Stamens 6, spreading and incurved distally; filaments adnate to tepals and arising from mouth of tepals tube, free portions ca. 2 mm long, white, glabrous, smooth, spreading basally and incurved distally; anthers yellow, oblong, medifixed, dehiscing along their whole length. Ovary ovate to narrowly oblong, 2.0 ‒ 2.5 mm long, attenuate to truncate at top, green to yellowish; style white, narrowly columnar, 2.0 ‒ 2.5 mm long; stigma slightly 3 - lobed and papillose. Capsule ovate to subglobose, 5 ‒ 12 mm long, trigonous, loculicidal, 3 valves splitting to base, with withered perigone segments circumscissile below and forming an apical cap. Seeds ellipsoid to fusiform or pyriform, 2 ‒ 6 mm long, light brown to black, with striate to reticulate testa.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF91FF92FCA6F8B8B733FE5A.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Urgineopsis includes seven species from coastal areas in western South Africa and western Namibia, and restricted to the Cape and Karoo-Namib Regions (sensu Takhtajan 1986) (Fig. 71). For further species characterisation see Duthie (1928), Compton (1930), Adamson (1942), Adamson et al. (1944), Jessop (1977), and Manning & Goldblatt (2018).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF91FF92FCA6F8B8B733FE5A.taxon	description	Karyology: — 2 n = 14 (Speta 1998 a with no reference).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF95FF9FFCA6FE71B5B8FEAA.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — V. senegalensis (Kunth) Speta (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF95FF9FFCA6FE71B5B8FEAA.taxon	description	Description: — Medium sized bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, 3 ‒ 6 cm in diam., with white, fleshy, compact inner scales and membranose outer tunics. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 2 ‒ 10 per bulb, hysteranthous or synanthous, 6 ‒ 30 cm long, narrowly linear to lanceolate, subterete to plane or canaliculated, green, somewhat glaucous, smooth, glabrous, commonly with darker maculations along basal portions, sometimes giving a zebra banding pattern. Inflorescence a lax, erect raceme, 3 ‒ 35 cm long, with 3 – 30 flowers; peduncle 12 ‒ 60 cm long, erect to leaning, terete, smooth, sometimes slightly mottled at base; pedicels 3 ‒ 40 mm long, subpatent proximally and arching downwards distally at anthesis, erect in fruit. Bracts deltoid, short, 2 ‒ 5 mm long, lowermost with short spur, caducous and leaving distinct scar; bracteoles absent. Flowers stellate with strongly reflexed tepals at full anthesis, nodding, nocturnal, opening in late evening and closing before sunrise, fragrant during night. Tepals 6, biseriate, 10 ‒ 15 mm long, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, yellow, brown, carneous or whitish with darker brownish-greenish longitudinal band more evident on abaxial side, almost free to shortly connate for 1 ‒ 2 mm. Stamens 6, erect, sigmoid, yellow, brown to white or cream colour; filaments 8 ‒ 12 mm long, linear and subterete, narrowed below and incurved approaching ovary, connivent to style along middle, and spreading distally, very shortly adnate to tepals at base; anthers oblong, 2 ‒ 3 mm long, subbasifixed, yellow, orange or green, with yellow or white pollen. Ovary ovoid to conical, 3 ‒ 5 mm long, greenish. Style 6 ‒ 8 mm long, erect or deflexed to approach stamens spreading distally, white, columnar, with small stigma. Capsule ovate, oblong or ellipsoid, trigonous, deeply 3 - lobed with sharp angles, 9 ‒ 20 mm long, pale brown, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoid, flattened, 6 ‒ 10 mm long, testa black, glossy, with sinuous anticlinal cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF95FF9FFCA6FE71B5B8FEAA.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Vera-duthiea includes 6 species occurring mainly in Southern and Central Africa, and extending north to the Arabian Peninsula in the Dhofar Mountains in Oman and southern Yemen (Patzelt et al. 2021). It is therefore restricted to the Uzambara‐Zululand, Karoo‐Namib and Guineo‐Congolian Regions, and the Zambezian, Erithraeo‐Arabian, Omano‐Sindian and Sahelo‐Sudanian Subregions (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a) (Fig. 71). The study of herbarium material of this genus deposited at P, and other herbaria from most countries in Central Africa, showed a large variability in morphology regarding size and morphology of bulbs, leaves, and flowers. Therefore, further studies based on fresh material are urgently needed to ascertain the real diversity of this genus. For further information on Vera-duthiea species see Martínez-Azorín et al. (2018 b, 2019 a), Manning & Goldblatt (2018), Crouch et al. (2020), and Patzelt et al. (2021).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF95FF9FFCA6FE71B5B8FEAA.taxon	description	Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (Goldblatt et al. 2012).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF95FF9FFCA6FE71B5B8FEAA.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — The morphological and genetic studies by Pfosser & Speta (2001) led Speta (2001) to describe Duthiea to include three species from Central to northwestern Africa: D. senegalensis (Kunth 1843: 334) Speta (2001: 170), the type of the genus, D. macrocarpa (Stedje 1987: 664) Speta (2001: 170), and D. noctiflora (Battandier & Trabut 1894: 505) Speta (2001: 170). This genus was characterised by the imbricate bulb scales, proteranthous leaves, patent pedicels, perigone slightly connate at the base, nocturnal flowers, white and thin filaments, style broadened at apex, ovoid ovary, and flattened and black seeds (Speta 2001). However, Duthiea Speta is illegitimate due to the later homonym of both the previous Duthiea Hackel (1896: 200) (Poaceae) and Duthiea Manza (1937: 48), nom. illeg. (Corallinaceae). To solve this, Speta (2016) published Vera-duthiea as a “ nomen novum ” for his illegitimate Duthiea and transferred to his new genus the three above cited species. Martínez-Azorín et al. (2018 b) described V. zebrina Mart. - Azorín et al. (2018 b: 285) representing the extension of the distribution range of this genus to eastern Southern Africa. Manning & Goldblatt (2018) described Drimia vespertina for plants occurring in Kaokoland in northwestern Namibia and Martínez-Azorín et al. (2019 a) effected five further new combinations in Vera-duthiea including V. vespertina and other taxa described from Namibia and Senegal. Patzelt et al. (2021) described V. capillifolia Patzelt et al. (2021: 46) from Oman, being the first record of the genus outside of Africa. Drimia vespertina is provisionally placed in Thuranthos, as discused above, based on its basally expanded filaments. The phylogenetic results of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) include seven samples of Vera-duthiea from South Africa, Senegal, and Oman, which form a strongly supported clade, confirming the phylogenetic results of Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004). Vera-duthiea is sister to Ebertia from Guinea and the clade combining both these genera is related to Iosanthus, Indurgia, Urginea, and Spirophyllos. Our results agree with those of Pfosser et al. (2006), whose samples of Urginea noctiflora resolved sister to Urginea s. str., and therefore are not included in Vera-duthiea. While describing his new genus, Speta (2001) also included Urginea noctiflora based on the nodding, nocturnal flowers. This species, however, is separated here into the new monotypic genus Spirophyllos. The exclusion of U. noctiflora from Vera-duthiea is also supported by the lack of the maculate leaves typical of that genus, the straight filaments that are connivent to the style and cross each along the upper third, and by its distinctly coiled leaves, unique in Urgineoideae. Here we accept Vera-duthiea as a genus occurring in Southern and Central Africa extending to the Arabian Peninsula, characterised by the hypogeal, compact bulb scales; leaves usually maculate, at least at base; lax racemes; the absence of bracteoles; nodding, nocturnal flowers; free to shortly connate, reflexed tepals; filaments narrow and constricted at the joint to the tepals that are shortly adnate, incurved along the lower half, almost connivent to style in middle section and spreading distally; anthers near basifixed; style suberect to distinctly deflexed at full anthesis; subcapitate stigma; and the flattened, subelliptic seed with prominent central embryo. Other genera with superficially similar flowers are Indurgia, Thuranthos, and Zingela, with which it might be confused. However, Thuranthos shows bulbs with very loose scales; bracteoles present and distinct, and filaments expanded along the basal half. The members of Indurgia are restricted in range to southwestern Asia, and also differ by their unspotted leaves; straight, erect to suberect filaments; erect, usually thickened, subclavate style; truncate, trigonous stigma; apiculate capsule valves; and seeds disposed vertically in one or two rows per locule (Yadav et al. 2019). To date, Zingela remains a monotypic genus differing in the very loose, cucullate, bulb scales; prominently keeled leaves; the presence of distinct bracteoles; the diurnal flowers; the spreading filiform filaments; the coiled dehisced anthers; the erect style; and the truncate capsule valves (Crouch et al. 2018, 2020). The circumscription of Vera-duthiea accepted in the present work differs from Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) based on our recent phylogenetic studies on Drimia macrocarpa, as discussed above in the genus Thuranthos. We were unable to study fresh material of the type species of Vera-duthiea, though the published phylogenetic evidence (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a) and the study of several herbarium collections from Senegal and Central Africa deposited at Herb. P agree with the genus flower morphology (basally narrowed filaments) accepted in this work. Accepted species: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF98FF9EFCA6FEDEB77FF7E1.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — Z. pooleyorum N. R. Crouch, Mart. - Azorín, M. B. Crespo, M. Pinter & M. Á. Alonso (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF98FF9EFCA6FEDEB77FF7E1.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb hypogeal, 5 ‒ 8 cm in diam., composed of 10 ‒ 25 thickened, fleshy, white, elongated loose scales, with copious threads when torn, ca. 6 × 1 cm. Roots thickened and branched. Leaves 1 ‒ 4 per bulb, mostly hysteranthous, glaucous green, long narrowly oblong with pointed apex, 10 ‒ 35 cm long, 5 ‒ 10 mm wide, with 2 grooves adaxially, strongly keeled abaxially in a V-shape, commonly twisting, convolute at base with distinct purple maculations abaxially. Inflorescence a long and lax raceme, 15 ‒ 30 cm long, with 25 ‒ 55 flowers; peduncle 30 ‒ 60 cm long, greenish-brown, mottled covered white bloom; pedicels 10 ‒ 12 mm long, patent and arching down, purple-brown, with whitish bloom, elongating up to 2 cm long and arching up in fruit. Bracts lanceolate, 2 ‒ 4 mm long, acute, lowermost with long basal spur up to 6 ‒ 8 mm long that is flattened and appressed to stem; bracteoles present and distinct, white. Flowers stellate, subpatent to nodding, opening in afternoon and closing at about sunset. Tepals 6, biseriate, lanceolate, 9 ‒ 11 mm long, almost free from base, reflexed, white with broad purplish-brown median stripe. Stamens 6, spreading; filaments free, filiform, ca. 6 mm long, slightly flattened and triangular at base; anthers narrowly oblong, pale yellow, ca. 4 mm long before dehiscence, distinctly circinnate after pollen release, dehiscing longitudinally along whole length. Ovary ovoid to subconical, 3.8 ‒ 4.0 mm long, yellowish, trigonous. Style filiform, white, 5.0 ‒ 5.7 mm long, erect to slightly sinuous, curved outwards in distal part. Stigma small and indistinctly trigonous. Capsule shortly oblong, 14 ‒ 17 mm long, pale brown, valves completely dehiscing from base, tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds subelliptic, 10 ‒ 11 mm long, flattened, with prominent central embryo and broad wings, testa black, with strongly sinuous and slightly raised anticlinal cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF98FF9EFCA6FEDEB77FF7E1.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Zingela includes a single species known so far only from two localities within the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa, and disjunctly found to occur in Harare (Zimbabwe) (Kativu & Drumond 1994, Crouch et al. 2018, 2020) and the farm Vergenoeg, ca. 200 km northeast of Windhoek in Namibia (A. Eichhoff s. n. ABH!) (Fig. 71). The genus is restricted to the Uzambara-Zululand Region and the Southern Section of the Zambezian Subregion (sensu Takhtajan 1986 and Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). For a complete description of Zingela see Crouch et al. (2018).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF98FF9EFCA6FEDEB77FF7E1.taxon	description	Karyology: — Apparently not studied yet (cf. Goldblatt et al. 2012).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF98FF9EFCA6FEDEB77FF7E1.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — The only known member of this monotypic genus, Zingela pooleyorum, was described on the basis of plants with loose, bulbs scales; hysteranthous, keeled leaves, multiflowered racemes, present bracteoles, diurnal flowers and spreading stamens with circinnate anthers, which were previously collected in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and usually identified as Drimia indica (Indurgia indica in the sense of the present study). The phylogenetic results of Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a) place four samples of Zingela in a strongly supported clade, which is included in a polytomy with Thuranthos and Ledurgia. As reported by Crouch et al. (2018, 2020) and Martínez-Azorín et al. (2018 b), Zingela differs from Thuranthos in the diurnal flowers and filiform spreading filaments with coiled anthers, among other characters, whereas Ledurgia presents compact bulb scales, very short peduncle, few flowered racemes with campanulate flowers, and shortly connate tepals (Speta 2001). Therefore we accept Zingela along with Thuranthos and Ledurgia based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. Accepted species: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF9EFF9AFCA6FF30B095FF16.taxon	description	(Figs 76 – 77).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF9EFF9AFCA6FF30B095FF16.taxon	type_taxon	Typus generis: — Z. delagoensis (Baker) Mart. - Azorín, N. R. Crouch, M. B. Crespo & M. Á. Alonso ≡ Urginea delagoensis Baker (holotype).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF9EFF9AFCA6FF30B095FF16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: — Genus notabilis a Sekanama accedens, sed singulari characterum combinatione ab ea diversus et facile distinguendus, nempe foliis synanthis; racemo quam inflorescentiae pedunculo longiore; floribus subbrunneis, carneis vel virescentibus; tepalis emarcidis ad apicem capsulae persistentibus; capsulis anguste ellipsoideis vel fusiformibus; et seminibus anguste oblongo-fusiformibus.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF9EFF9AFCA6FF30B095FF16.taxon	description	Description: — Bulbous geophyte. Bulb epigeal or hypogeal, ovoid to subglobose, sometimes proliferous and clump forming, with loosely packed, thick, fleshy scales, sometimes very loose, cucullate and pedicellate. Leaves 1 ‒ 8 per bulb, narrowly lanceolate to filiform, canaliculate, green, glabrous to denticulate, 7 ‒ 45 cm long. Inflorescence long racemose, 10 ‒ 65 cm long, with 10 ‒ 60 flowers; peduncle 15 ‒ 60 cm long, terete, erect, green to greyish, sometimes papillose-hairy at base; pedicels 2.5 ‒ 6.0 mm long. Bracts lanceolate, 2 ‒ 5 mm long, lowermost with spur 3.5 ‒ 4.0 mm long. Bracteoles absent. Flowers subcampanulate, erect-patent, diurnal. Tepals 6, biseriate, 3 ‒ 6 mm long, lanceolate to oblong, light brown, creamy white or pale mauve, with darker longitudinal band, almost free to very shortly connate, connivent along basal half to form campanulate structure and spreading-patent in upper portion of tepals. Stamens 6, erect or slightly spreading; filaments filiform, 2.5 ‒ 4.0 mm long, suberect, adnate to tepals along their basal portion; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary ovate to ellipsoid, green. Style 1.5 ‒ 2.5 mm long, erect, white, with trigonous stigma. Capsules narrowly ellipsoid to fusiform, 7 ‒ 10 mm long, valves completely dehiscing from base; tepals cohering and inrolled above ovary after anthesis, circumcissile from base and persisting as a cap at the top of the developing capsules. Seeds narrowly oblong-fusiform, elongated, ca. 3 ‒ 5 times longer than wide, 4 ‒ 8 mm long, embryo prominent with very narrow, indistinct wings, black, glossy, testa longitudinally striate, with elongate, slightly sinuous anticlinal cell walls.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF9EFF9AFCA6FF30B095FF16.taxon	distribution	Number of species and distribution: — Zulusia is restricted to eSwatini (formerly Swaziland) and the KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga Provinces in South Africa. The genus includes three species restricted to the Uzambara-Zululand Region (sensu Takhtajan 1986) (Fig. 71). For further information on Zulusia species see Dyer (1942 a, 1942 b), Jessop (1977), Crouch & Martínez-Azorín (2015), and Manning & Goldblatt (2018).	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF9EFF9AFCA6FF30B095FF16.taxon	description	Karyology: — 2 n = 32 (De Wet 1957, as Urginea lydenburgensis R. A. Dyer), indicating clear chromosomal differences between Sekanama s. str. and Zulusia. Caryological studies of other members of the genus would prove insightful.	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
3C345D7BFF9EFF9AFCA6FF30B095FF16.taxon	discussion	History, diagnostic characters, and taxonomic relationships: — Speta (2001) described Sekanama to include Urginea sanguinea, U. burkei, and U. delagoensis, the latter species is sometimes including U. lydenburgensis in synonymy (Jessop 1977, Manning & Goldblatt 2018), although field observations, ethnomedicinal trade research in Nelspruit (Mpumalanga), and phytochemical profiling support their distinction (Koorbanally et al. 2005, Mullholland et al. 2013, Crouch & Martínez-Azorín 2015). Drimia edwardsii was described from KwaZulu-Natal (Crouch & Martínez-Azorín 2015), sharing flower and fruit morphologies with S. delagoensis and U. lydenburgensis. Our studies have shown important differences in morphology between S. sanguinea (including U. burkei) and the remaining taxa in this group. Sekanama sanguinea is distributed in the inland areas of northern South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia and shows hysteranthous leaves; racemose inflorescences with peduncle much shorter than the raceme; white flowers; withered tepals persisting at base of capsule; ovoid-ellipsoid capsule; and flat and wide, elliptic seeds. Urginea delagoensis, U. lydenburgensis, and Drimia edwardsii are collectively distributed in eSwatini and the neighbouring South African province of KwaZulu-Natal and produce synanthous leaves; peduncle longer than the raceme; pale brown or carneous to greenish flowers; withered tepals persisting at the top of the capsule; narrowly ellipsoid capsules; and narrowly lanceolate seeds. Our phylogenetic study of Sekanama (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a) revealed the analysed three samples of S. sanguinea to form a strongly supported clade. Samples of U. delagoensis, D. lydenburgensis, and D. edwardsii formed another strongly supported clade, with both groups shown related but with very weak support. Based on their phylogenetic divergence and the differences in morphology and biogeography of the two clades, we restrict Sekanama to include S. sanguinea (with S. burkei in synonymy) and related taxa sharing red and fleshy bulb scales, small and navicular bracts, presence of bracteoles, and the papery-translucent withered tepals mostly remaining at the base of developing capsules, and describe here the new genus Zulusia to accommodate U. delagoensis, U. lydenburgensis, and D. edwardsii. In their D. sect. Macrocentrae Manning & Goldblatt (2018) placed both Urginea macrocentra (= Boosia sensu Speta 2001) and U. sanguinea (Sekanama p. p. sensu Speta 2001), apparently overlooking the previous phylogenetic work of Pfosser & Speta (2001, 2004), in which both these taxa resolved in different and distant clades in the phylogeny — an earlier finding in agreement with more recent phylogenetic results (Martínez-Azorín et al. 2023 a). Further, Manning & Goldblatt (2018) placed U. delagoensis (including U. lydenburgensis) and D. edwardsii in their D. sect. Ledebouriopsis among eleven heterogeneous species including Urgineopsis and Ornithogalum anomalum (the monotypic Geschollia sensu Speta 2001), thus resulting in a polyphyletic aggregate according to the then available phylogenetic works (Pfosser & Speta 2001, 2004), later confirmed by Martínez-Azorín et al. (2023 a). Section Ledebouriopsis sensu Manning & Goldblatt (2018) merges species located in five genera (Zulusia, Urginavia, Urgineopsis, Geschollia, and Boosia) following the present study, and therefore this group is disregarded here. The name Zulusia has been selected in recognition of the importance of both U. delagoensis and D. edwardsii in the ethnomedicinal traditions of the Zulu nation. As recounted by Crouch & Martínez-Azorín (2015), D. edwardsii was first observed in the ethnomedicinal plant trade, some 15 years prior to its location by taxonomists in the field, and subsequent description. Accepted species and required new combinations: —	en	Martínez-Azorín, Mario, Crespo, Manuel B., Alonso-Vargas, María Ángeles, Pinter, Michael, Crouch, Neil R., Dold, Anthony P., Mucina, Ladislav, Pfosser, Martin, Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2023): A generic monograph of the Hyacinthaceae subfamily Urgineoideae. Phytotaxa 610 (1): 1-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.610.1.1
