taxonID	type	description	language	source
BE0D87E1FFFFAD5938DFF66FECD8C85C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Voucher specimens: Lectotype: NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 1, adult shell, sex undetermined, collected from Lake Biwa in central Honshu Island, Japan in 1875 by Charles Wycliffe Goodwin. Paralectotypes: NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 2, 1875.11.24.11 / 3, 2 adult shells, sex undetermined, collected with lectotype. SMF 29151, 1 adult shell, sex undetermined, collected from Lake Biwa in 1874 by Johannes Justus Rein. KUZ Z 3959 14 males, KUZ Z 3766, 15 females, collected from Otsu Port on 23 June 2020 by Naoto Sawada. Additional materials: KUZ Z 4091, 15 females, KUZ Z 4092, 1 male, collected from Oura Port on 28 November 2021; KUZ Z 4093,15 females, KUZ Z 4094, 15 males, collected from Nagahama Port on 28 November 2021; KUZ Z 4095, 12 females, KUZ Z 4096, 5 males, collected from Iso on 24 January 2021; KUZ Z 4097, 8 females, collected from Kitakomatsu Port on 28 November 2021; KUZ Z 4098, 1 male, collected from Kitakomatsu Beach on 9 January 2022; KUZ Z 4099, 15 females, KUZ Z 4100, 10 males, collected from Katata Port on 28 November 2021; KUZ Z 4101, 15 females, KUZ Z 4102, 10 males, collected from Nango on 28 November 2021. Amended diagnosis: Viviparous semisulcospirid. Adult shell medium sized [SH 27.7 ± 2.9 (mean ± SD) (female), 23.8 ± 2.1 (male) mm; BWL 17.3 ± 1.6, 14.8 ± 1.3 mm], nearly triangular (SA 23.2 ± 2.7, 22.7 ± 2.6 degrees); color in black or brackish brown background; outer lip of aperture hardly swell (ASL 0.06 ± 0.04, 0.09 ± 0.04 mm); 3.3 ± 1.0, 3.2 ± 0.9 BCN; 13.1 ± 2.1, 11.8 ± 1.9 distinct, longitudinal ribs slightly to moderately nodulated on penultimate whorl; 4.2 ± 0.8, 3.9 ± 0.8 SCN; 1.6 ± 0.1, 1.7 ± 0.1 ASR; 2.9 ± 0.3, 3.0 ± 0.3 WER. Embryonic shell medium sized, with distinct nodes on surface; color in black background or beige background with 3 brown or black bands. Lectotype designation: One syntype, NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 1 (fig. 8 A – C), was chosen as the lectotype for S. niponica in this study because the specimen possesses 15 longitudinal ribs and 3 spiral cords on the body whorl, which correspond to the values in the original description. The other two syntypes, NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 2 (fig. 8 D) and NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 3 (fig. 8 E) have 6 or 7 spiral cords on the body whorls and were described as a variation of the species (Smith, 1876). Description: Lectotype, NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 1 (fig. 8 A – C): AH 9.1 mm, AL 9.3 mm, ASR 1.62, AW 5.7 mm, BCN 2, BWL 15.4 mm, NL 0.04 mm; PWL 5.5 mm, RN 15, SA 22.1 degrees, SCN 3, SH 22.1 mm, SW 9.9 mm, TWL 4.6 mm, WN 3.25. Shell nearly triangular; suture hardly undulating; whorl sides slightly convex; outer lip of aperture hardly swell; longitudinal ribs distinct, almost straight, oblique, prominently nodulated in penultimate to body whorl; apex of shell eroded; shell color partly faded, colored brown in body to penultimate whorl, blackish brown in remaining whorls, without color band; without operculum. Paralectotypes: NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 2 (fig. 8 D): AH 5.9 mm, AL 5.2 mm, BCN 3, BWL 10.3 mm, FWL 3.0 mm, NL 0 mm, PWL 4.1 mm, SA 11.3 degrees, SCN 7, SH 17.0 mm, SW 6.1 mm, TWL 3.6 mm, WER 1.97; WN 3.25; shell greatly elongated; suture moderately undulating; whorl sides moderately convex; swell of outer lip of aperture absent; longitudinal ribs indistinct, moderately curved, oblique, crossed by prominent spiral cords in penultimate to body whorl; apex of shell eroded; shell color partly faded, colored blackish brown background; aperture chipped; without operculum. NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 3 (fig. 8 E): AH 6.3 mm, AL 6.1 mm, ASR 1.62, AW 3.8 mm, BCN 3, BWL 10.9 mm, FWL 2.5 mm; PWL 4.2 mm, SA 17.7 degrees, SCN 6, SH 17.2 mm, SW 6.8 mm, TWL 3.2 mm, WER 2.49; WN 3.25; shell elongated; suture moderately undulating; whorl sides slightly convex; swell of outer lip of aperture absent; sculpture distinct, slightly curved, vertical, ribbed longitudinally in penultimate whorl, ribs partly nodulated in body whorl; apex of shell eroded; shell color partly faded, colored beige background; aperture slightly chipped; without operculum. Variation: Adult shells (fig. 8 G – I, Q, T, X, AA, AD, AF, AI, AL): Holotype of S. biwae, SMF 291511: AH 9.6 mm, AL 9.9 mm, ASR 1.53, AW 6.4 mm, BCN 3, BWL 15.7 mm, PWL 5.3 mm, RN 11, SA 25.6 degrees, SCN 3, SH 21.6 mm, SW 10.9 mm, TWL 4.1 mm, WN 3.25; shell nearly triangular; suture hardly undulating; whorl sides moderately convex; outer lip of aperture slightly swell; longitudinal ribs distinct, almost straight to slightly curved, prominently nodulated in penultimate to body whorl; apex of shell largely eroded; shell colored beige in lower half of body whorl, brown in remaining whorls, without color band; without operculum. Newly collected specimens: Measurements and counts shown in table 2 and supplementary table S 1. Shell near thick to slightly elongated triangular; suture hardly to slightly undulating; whorl sides slightly convex; outer lip of aperture hardly to slightly swell; longitudinal ribs on penultimate whorl distinct, almost straight to slightly curved, oblique, slightly to prominently nodulated by spiral cords, rarely spiral cords alone on penultimate whorl; sculptures often ribbed on upper whorls, granulated in lower whorls; shell colored black or brackish brown in Downloaded from Brill. com 08 / 29 / 2023 02: 12: 56 AM via free access background, sometimes several indistinct brown band on lower part of each whorl. Operculum (fig. 8 R, U, Y, AB, AE, AG, AJ, AM): 5.5 – 8.5 mm in long diameter; nearly egg-shaped subcircular, paucispiral, comprising around 3 whorls; nucleus subcentral. Embryonic shells (fig. 8 S, W, Z, AC, AH, AK, AN): Measurements and counts shown in table 2 and supplementary table S 1. Shell globose; suture prominently depressed by discrepancy in adjacent whorls; nodes remarkable, on central part of whorls; keels weak, on lower part of whorls; shell colored black background or beige background with 3 brown or black bands on upper and lower part of each whorl and on basal part of shell. Radulae (fig. 12 A – G): Taenioglossa consisting of rachidian in single, lateral teeth, interior and exterior marginal teeth in double row. Rachidian roughly triangular, with large central denticle and 2 – 3 minor pointed triangular cusps on each side. Lateral teeth with large central denticle, 2 – 3 inner and outer pointed cusps. Central denticle tip of rachidian and lateral teeth mostly flat, rarely pointed; central denticle of rachidian approximately regular triangular, about 2.5 to 6.0 times longer than other triangular cusps; central denticle of lateral teeth irregular triangular, about 1.5 to 4.0 times longer than other triangular cusps. Interior and exterior marginal teeth spoon-shaped, with 4 – 6 rounded denticles. Reproductive organs: Female: Long narrow oviduct, entering near seminal receptacle with long protrusions. Ventral edge of spermatophore bursa with curved sperm gutter, extending toward mantle cavity. Brood pouch on dorsal side of spermatophore bursa, inflated dorsally, separated into many cells, including eggs and embryos; eggs and embryos radially developing from base of brood pouch near seminal receptacle and embryos in anterior or dorsal cells more developed. Male: Gonad consisting of testes, vas deferens, and prostate without penis. Posterior ventral part of inflated prostate with deep groove, forming U-shape in transverse section. Anterior prostate narrowly opening to mantle cavity. Distribution and ecology: Semisulcospira niponica is one of the most widespread species in Lake Biwa (Watanabe & Nishino, 1995; fig. 5 b, S. (B.) niponica nodose). The species was discovered in eight localities in this study and is most widely distributed in the S. niponica - group (fig. 1). Semisulcospira niponica mainly inhabits coastal shallow rocky areas and on concrete blocks around harbours at 0 – 1 m, while it is rarely found on small rocks in shallow sandy areas (e. g., Kitakomatsu Beach and Iso). This species was found with S. watanabei at Kitakomatsu Port and occurred with other Lake Biwa species: S. habei at Oura Port, Nagahama Port, Kitakomatsu Beach, Otsu Port; S. dilatata Watanabe & Nishino, 1995 at Iso; S. decipiens at Otsu Port. Remarks: One of paralectotypes of S. niponica (NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 2) was identified as S. decipiens by the small SA and shell surface with longitudinal ribs and spiral cords following Davis (1969) and Watanabe and Nishino (1995). The other paralectotype (NHM 1875.11.24.11 / 3) was similar to S. habei in the middle SA and had a moderately convex shell with shell surface sculptures. A note “ + v. minor ” was added to the label of the type lot (fig. 8 F). As Urabe (2007) discussed the name-bearing types of S. niponica cannot be a type specimen of S. niponica var. minor (Brot, 1883). The taxonomic account of the latter species was established based on specimens collected from Taiwan. The three species included in the type lot of S. niponica are indigenous to Lake Biwa. Semisulcospira niponica resembles S. watanabei sp. nov. in shell outline shape and outer lip of the aperture, which hardly undulates. However, the former species tends to possess granulated longitudinal ribs on the shell surface, and this tendency is stronger where both species coexist (fig. 7). Semisulcospira niponica also represents a greater value of BWL, RN, SA, and SHE than S. watanabei sp. nov. Semisulcospira niponica can be discriminated from other congeners with its blackish triangular adult shell and few longitudinal ribs and spiral cords, and globose embryonic shells with several brown bands (supplementary fig. S 1).	en	Sawada, Naoto, Fuke, Yusuke (2023): Diversification in ancient Lake Biwa: integrative taxonomy reveals overlooked species diversity of the Japanese freshwater snail genus Semisulcospira (Mollusca: Semisulcospiridae). Contributions to Zoology 92 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-BJA10035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10035
BE0D87E1FFF5AD5A38DFF162EF88C909.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype: KUZ Z 4109, adult female with embryonic shells treated with sodium hypochlorite, collected from depth of 0.3 m of Lake Biwa at Kitakomatsu Port, Otsu City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, on 28 November 2021 by first author. Paratypes: KUZ Downloaded from Brill. com 08 / 29 / 2023 02: 12: 56 AM via free access Z 4110 – Z 4114, 4 adult females, 1 adult male, collected with holotype. Additional materials: KUZ Z 4115, 4 females, KUZ Z 4116, 2 males, collected with type specimens; KUZ Z 4117, 1 juvenile, collected from Oura on 28 November 2021; KUZ Z 4118, 12 females, KUZ Z 4119, 2 males, collected from Nihonmatsu on 24 January 2021; KUZ Z 4120, 15 females, KUZ Z 4121, 10 males, collected from Horikiri Port on 28 November 2021. Etymology: The specific name is dedicated to Dr Naoshi Watanabe, who significantly contributed to the systematics of Semisulcospira in Lake Biwa. Diagnosis: Viviparous semisulcospirid. Adult shell small (SH 26.8 ± 3.0, 25.0 ± 2.2 mm, BWL 15.9 ± 1.3, 14.8 ± 1.3 mm), nearly triangular to elongated (SA 21.1 ± 2.7, 20.5 ± 2.5 degrees); color in black or brown background; outer lip of aperture hardly swell (ASL 0.06 ± 0.05, 0.07 ± 0.04 mm); 2.8 ± 0.8, 2.9 ± 0.9 BCN; sculptures prominent, relatively few, ribbed on penultimate whorl (RN 11.1 ± 1.8, 10.1 ± 1.3); 4.6 ± 0.6, 4.4 ± 0.5 SCN; 1.7 ± 0.1, 1.8 ± 0.1 ASR; 2.8 ± 0.2, 3.0 ± 0.2 WER. Embryonic shell small, with distinct nodes on surface; color in black background or beige background with 1 – 3 brown or black bands. Description of holotype: Adult shell (fig. 9 A – C): AH 9.1 mm, AL 9.4 mm, ASR 1.57, AW 6.0 mm, BCN 2, BWL 16.1 mm, FWL 3.4 mm; NL 0 mm; PWL 6.3 mm, RN 11, SA 23.4 degrees, SH 25.0 mm, SW 11.0 mm, TWL 4.5 mm, WER 2.67; WN 3.50; shell nearly thick triangular; suture hardly undulating; whorl sides slightly convex; swell of outer lip of aperture absent; sculpture prominent, almost straight, vertical to oblique, fully ribbed in shell apex to body whorl, faded in body whorl near aperture, spiral striae absent; apex of shell eroded; shell colored black background without color band. Operculum (fig 9 D): 6.5 mm in long diameter; nearly egg-shaped subcircular, paucispiral, comprising around 3 whorls; nucleus subcentral. Embryonic shells (fig 9 E – G): EN 81, RNE 11, SHE 2.3 mm, SWE 1.8 mm, WNE 3; shell globose; suture moderately depressed by discrepancy in adjacent whorls; nodes remarkable, on central part of whorls, keels weak, on lower part of whorls; shell colored blackish beige background with 3 brown or black bands on upper and / or lower part of each whorl and / or on basal part of shell. Radula: Taenioglossa consisting of rachidian in single, lateral teeth, interior and exterior marginal teeth in double row. Rachidian roughly triangular with large central denticle and 2 – 3 minor pointed triangular cusps on each side. Lateral teeth with large central denticle, 2 – 3 inner and outer pointed cusps. Central denticle tip of rachidian and lateral teeth mostly flat, rarely pointed; central denticle of rachidian approximately regular triangular, about 3.5 times longer than other triangular cusps; central denticle of lateral irregular triangular, teeth about 2.5 times longer than other triangular cusps. Interior and exterior marginal teeth spoon-shaped with 4 – 5 rounded denticles. Reproductive organ: Female: Long narrow oviduct, entering near seminal receptacle with long protrusions. Ventral edge of spermatophore bursa with curved sperm gutter, extending toward mantle cavity. Brood pouch on dorsal side of spermatophore bursa, inflated dorsally, separated into many cells, including eggs and embryos; eggs and embryos radially developing from base of brood pouch near seminal receptacle and embryos in anterior or dorsal cells more developed. Variation: Adult shells (fig. 9 M, O, R): Measurements and counts shown in table 2 and supplementary table S 2. Shell nearly slightly elongated triangular; suture hardly to slightly undulating; whorl sides hardly to slightly convex; outer lip of aperture hardly to slightly swell; longitudinal ribs distinct, slightly curved, vertical to oblique, on upper to body whorl; spiral cords indistinct, sometimes absent; shell colored black to brackish brown or beige in background, rarely indistinct brown band on lower part of each whorl and / or basal part of shell; surface of shells covered with thin algae layer before treatment. Operculums (fig. 9 I, L, N, P, S): 5.5 – 8.2 mm in long diameter. Embryonic shells (fig. 9 J, Q, T): Measurements and counts shown in table 2 and supplementary table S 2. Shell colored blackish brown background or beige background with 1 – 3 brown or black bands on upper and / or lower part of each whorl and / or on basal part of shell. Radulae (fig. 12 K, L): Lateral teeth with 2 – 4 inner and outer pointed cusps; central denticle of rachidian about 3.5 to 5.5 times longer than other triangular cusps; central denticle of lateral teeth about 2.5 to 3.0 times longer than other triangular cusps; 4 – 6 rounded denticles in interior and exterior marginal teeth. Reproductive organs: Male: Gonad consisting of testes, vas deferens, and prostate without penis. Posterior ventral part of inflated prostate with deep groove, forming U-shape in transverse section. Anterior prostate narrowly opening to mantle cavity. Distribution and ecology: The known distribution of the new species is discrete and limited to four sites in the coast of Lake Biwa (fig. 1). However, the species may be widespread on the Northern shore of the lake because the ribbed type of S. niponica, whose sculpture type is consistent with S. watanabei sp. nov. has been recorded there (Watanabe & Nishino, 1995, fig. 5 b, S. (B.) niponica ribbed). Semisulcospira watanabei inhabits shallow rocky areas and concrete blocks around harbours. The new species was found with S. niponica at Kitakomatsu Port and with S. fuscata at Oura and Nihonmatsu. Semisulcospira watanabei sp. nov. was collected with other Lake Biwa species: S. habei at Oura, Nihonmatsu, and Horikiri Port; S. decipiens at Oura and Nihonmatsu. Remarks: The new species was first described as an intraspecific variation of S. niponica by Watanabe and Nishino (1995). Semisulcospira watanabei sp. nov. can be discriminated from S. niponica in the smaller size of the adult and embryonic shell and fewer prominent longitudinal ribs on the shell surface. Traits of a blackish, elongated triangular adult shell, prominent longitudinal ribs, and globose embryonic shells with several brown bands distinguish S. watanabei sp. nov. from other Semisulcospira species (supplementary fig. S 1).	en	Sawada, Naoto, Fuke, Yusuke (2023): Diversification in ancient Lake Biwa: integrative taxonomy reveals overlooked species diversity of the Japanese freshwater snail genus Semisulcospira (Mollusca: Semisulcospiridae). Contributions to Zoology 92 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-BJA10035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10035
BE0D87E1FFF7AD5C38DFF12AEED1C821.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype: KUZ Z 4122, adult female with embryonic shells treated with sodium hypochlorite, collected from depth of 3.0 m of Lake Biwa at Chikubu-shima, Nagahama City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, on 9 September 2020 by first author. Paratypes: KUZ Z 4123 – Z 4126, 3 adult females, 1 adult male, collected with holotype. Additional materials: KUZ Z 4127, 11 females, KUZ Z 4128, 2 males, collected with type specimens; KUZ Z 4129, 16 females, KUZ Z 4130, 5 males, collected from Onoe Port on 25 July 2021. Etymology: The specific name is dedicated to Dr Takafumi Nakano, who greatly supported the first author’s study of Japanese Semisulcospira. Diagnosis: Viviparous semisulcospirid. Adult shell medium sized (SH 30.6 ± 2.7, 23.1 ± 3.0 mm; BWL 18.9 ± 1.3, 14.8 ± 1.7 mm), nearly triangular (SA 21.5 ± 2.6, 21.4 ± 3.5 degrees); color in black background; outer lip of aperture moderately swell (ASL 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.24 ± 0.06 mm); 2.5 ± 0.5, 2.3 ± 0.6 BCN; longitudinal ribs relatively few, prominently nodulated on penultimate whorl (RN 11.3 ± 1.3, 9.4 ± 1.2); 3.7 ± 0.6, 3.4 ± 0.5 SCN; 1.6 ± 0.1, 1.6 ± 0.1 ASR; 2.9 ± 0.2, 3.2 ± 0.6 WER. Embryonic shell small, with distinct nodes on surface; color in black background or beige background with 3 brown or black bands. Description of holotype: Adult shell (fig. 10 A – C): AH 11.5 mm, AL 12.5 mm, ASR 1.48, AW 8.5 mm, BCN 2, BWL 19.7 mm, FWL 4.4 mm; NL 0.18 mm; PWL 7.3 mm, RN 9, SA 23.1 degrees, SCN 4, SH 34.1 mm, SW 15.7 mm, TWL 5.9 mm, WER 2.61; WN 4.75; shell nearly thick triangular; suture hardly undulating; whorl sides slightly convex; outer lip of aperture moderately swell; longitudinal ribs slightly curved, oblique, prominently nodulated in upper to body whorl; apex of shell eroded; shell colored black background without color band. Operculum (fig. 10 D): 8.9 mm in long diameter; nearly egg-shaped subcircular, paucispiral, comprising around 3 whorls. Nucleus subcentral. Embryonic shells (fig. 10 E – G): EN 62, RNE 12, SHE 2.3 mm, SWE 2.2 mm, WNE 2.5; shell globose; suture prominently undulating; remarkable nodes on central part of whorls and weak keels on lower part of whorls; shell colored beige background with 3 brown or black bands on upper and / or lower part of each whorl and / or on basal part of shell. Radula: Taenioglossa consisting of rachidian in single, lateral teeth, interior and exterior marginal teeth in double row. Rachidian roughly triangular with large central denticle and 3 minor pointed triangular cusps on each side. Lateral teeth with large central denticle, 3 – 4 inner and outer pointed cusps. Central denticle tip of rachidian and lateral teeth mostly flat; central denticle of rachidian approximately regular triangular, about 2.5 times longer than other triangular cusps; central denticle of lateral teeth irregular triangular, about 1.5 times longer than other triangular cusps. Interior and exterior marginal teeth spoon-shaped with 5 – 6 rounded denticles. Reproductive organ: Female: Long narrow oviduct, entering near seminal receptacle with long protrusions. Ventral edge of spermatophore bursa with curved sperm gutter, extending toward mantle cavity. Brood pouch on dorsal side of spermatophore bursa, inflated dorsally, separated into many cells, including eggs and embryos; eggs and embryos radially developing from base of brood pouch near seminal receptacle and embryos in anterior or dorsal cells more developed. Variation: Adult shells (fig. 10 M, P): Measurements and counts shown in table 2 and supplementary table S 2. Shell nearly thick to elongated triangular; surface sculptures almost straight to slightly curved, oblique, rarely ribbed on upper whorls; shell colored black to brackish olive background with or without several color bands on upper and lower part of each whorl and basal part of shell; surface of shells covered with thin algae layer before treatment. Operculums (fig. 10 I, L, N, Q): 7.1 – 8.9 mm in long diameter. Embryonic shells (fig. 10 J, Q): Measurements and counts shown in table 2 and supplementary table S 2. Shell with or without keels on lower part of whorls; shell colored blackish brown background or beige background with 3 brown or black bands on upper and / or lower part of each whorl and / or on basal part of shell. Radulae (fig. 12 M, N): Rachidian with 2 – 4 minor pointed triangular cusps on each side; lateral teeth with 2 – 4 inner and outer pointed cusps; central denticle of rachidian about 1.5 to 4 times longer than other triangular cusps; central denticle of lateral teeth about 1.5 to 4.0 times longer than other triangular cusps; 4 – 6 rounded denticles in interior and exterior marginal teeth. Reproductive organs: Male: Gonad consisting of testes, vas deferens, and prostate without penis. Posterior ventral part of inflated prostate with deep groove, forming U-shape in transverse section. Anterior prostate narrowly opening to mantle cavity. Distribution and ecology: The new species has been found only in Chikubu-shima Island and the coastal Onoe Port in Lake Biwa (fig. 1). Semisulcospira nakanoi sp. nov. inhabits the wharf and rocky bottom of Chikubu-shima Island and concrete blocks around Onoe Port. This species was found with S. morii and S. habei at Chikubu-shima Island. Remarks: The new species has been identified as S. biwae together with S. salebrosa sp. nov. and has been treated as a junior synonym of S. niponica since Kuroda (1929). Semisulcospira nakanoi sp. nov. resembles S. salebrosa sp. nov. with well-developed nodes on the shell surface. However, the former species is distinguishable from the latter by the smaller adult and embryonic shell size and less undulating outer lip of the aperture. The new species can be discriminated from other congeners by its large, blackish, triangular adult shell, prominent granulated ribs, the moderately undulating outer lip of the aperture, and globose embryonic shells with several brown bands (supplementary fig. S 1).	en	Sawada, Naoto, Fuke, Yusuke (2023): Diversification in ancient Lake Biwa: integrative taxonomy reveals overlooked species diversity of the Japanese freshwater snail genus Semisulcospira (Mollusca: Semisulcospiridae). Contributions to Zoology 92 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-BJA10035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10035
BE0D87E1FFF1AD5E38DFF041EF5ACF87.taxon	description	Semisulcospira niponica – Watanabe, 1984: fig. 3 c – d, g – h.	en	Sawada, Naoto, Fuke, Yusuke (2023): Diversification in ancient Lake Biwa: integrative taxonomy reveals overlooked species diversity of the Japanese freshwater snail genus Semisulcospira (Mollusca: Semisulcospiridae). Contributions to Zoology 92 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-BJA10035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10035
BE0D87E1FFF1AD5E38DFF041EF5ACF87.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype: KUZ Z 4131, adult female with embryonic shells treated with sodium hypochlorite, collected from a depth of 3.0 m of Lake Biwa at Shiraishi-jima Island, Takashima City, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, on 9 September 2020 by first author. Paratypes: KUZ Z 4132 – Z 4135, 3 adult females, 1 adult male, collected with holotype. Additional materials: KUZ Z 4136, 11 females, KUZ Z 4137, 3 males, collected with type specimens; KUZ Z 4138, 15 females, KUZ Z 4139, 10 males, collected from Take-shima Island on 25 July 2021. Etymology: The specific name is after prominent granulated longitudinal ribs on adult shells of the new species. Diagnosis: Viviparous semisulcospirid. Adult shell large (SH 35.7 ± 2.0, 27.6 ± 4.9 mm, BWL 21.9 ± 1.5, 16.6 ± 2.8 mm), nearly triangular (SA 21.2 ± 2.5, 21.5 ± 4.6 degrees); color in black background; outer lip of aperture prominently swell (ASL 0.44 ± 0.12, 0.33 ± 0.14 mm); 2.5 ± 0.7, 2.3 ± 0.5 BCN; ribs relatively few, prominently nodulated on penultimate whorl (RN 11.1 ± 1.6, 10.6 ± 1.4); 3.4 ± 0.7, 3.2 ± 0.4 SCN; 1.6 ± 0.1, 1.6 ± 0.1 ASR; 3.0 ± 0.3, 3.2 ± 0.6 WER. Embryonic shell medium sized, with distinct nodes on surface; color in beige background with 3 – 4 brown or black bands. Description of holotype: Adult shell (fig. 11 A – C): AH 14.2 mm, AL 14.5 mm, ASR 1.63, AW 8.9 mm, BCN 3, BWL 23.0 mm, FWL 5.3 mm; NL 0.42 mm; PWL 8.2 mm, RN 9, SA 18.5 degrees, SCN 3, SH 39.4 mm, SW 15.7 mm, TWL 6.6 mm, WER 2.71; WN 4.75; shell near slightly elongated triangular; suture hardly undulating; whorl sides slightly convex; outer lip of aperture swell prominently; longitudinal ribs slightly curved, straight, nodulated prominently in upper to body whorl; apex of shell eroded; shell colored black background without color band. Operculum (fig. 11 D): 8.8 mm in long diameter; nearly egg-shaped subcircular, paucispiral, comprising around 3 whorls; nucleus subcentral. Embryonic shells (fig. 11 E – G): EN 30, RNE 12, SHE 2.7 mm, SWE 2.5 mm, WNE 2.5; shell globose; suture prominently undulating; remarkable nodes present on central part of whorls, keels absent on lower part of whorls; shell colored beige background with 3 black bands on upper and / or lower part of each whorl and / or on basal part of shell. Radula: Taenioglossa consisting of rachidian in single, lateral teeth, interior and exterior marginal teeth in double row. Rachidian roughly triangular with large central denticle and 2 minor pointed triangular cusps on each side. Lateral teeth with large central denticle, 2 – 3 inner and outer pointed cusps. Central denticle tip of rachidian and lateral teeth mostly flat, rarely pointed; central denticle of rachidian approximately regular triangular, about 3.0 times longer than other triangular cusps; central denticle of lateral teeth irregular triangular, about 3.5 times longer than other triangular cusps. Interior and exterior marginal teeth spoon-shaped with 4 – 5 rounded denticles. Reproductive organ: Female: Long narrow oviduct, entering near seminal receptacle with long protrusions. Ventral edge of spermatophore bursa with curved sperm gutter, extending toward mantle cavity. Brood pouch on dorsal side of spermatophore bursa, inflated dorsally, separated into many cells, including eggs and embryos; eggs and embryos radially developing from base of brood pouch near seminal receptacle and embryos in anterior or dorsal cells more developed. Variation: Adult shells (fig. 11 M): Measurements and counts shown in table 2 and supplementary table S 2. Shell nearly triangular to slightly elongated; suture slightly to moderately undulating; whorl sides slightly to moderately convex; sculptures prominent, almost straight to slightly curved, vertical to slightly oblique, prominently nodulated, rarely ribbed on upper whorls; shell colored black to brackish brown background with or without several color bands on upper, middle, and lower part of each whorl and basal part of shell; surface of shells covered with thin algae layer before treatment. Operculums (fig. 11 I, L, N): 8.8 – 11.1 mm in long diameter. Embryonic shells (fig. 11 J, O): Measurements and counts shown in table 2 and supplementary table S 2. Suture slightly or prominently undulating; distinct keels present or absent on lower part of whorls; shell colored beige background with 3 brown or black bands on upper and / or lower part of each whorl and / or on basal part of shell. Radulae (fig. 12 O, P): 2 – 4 minor pointed triangular cusps on each side of rachidian; lateral teeth with 1 – 4 inner and outer pointed cusps; central denticle of rachidian about 2.5 to 5.0 times longer than other triangular cusps; central denticle of lateral teeth about 1.5 to 3.0 times longer than other triangular cusps. Reproductive organs: Male: Gonad consisting of testes, vas deferens, and prostate without penis. Posterior ventral part of inflated prostate with deep groove, forming U-shape in transverse section. Anterior prostate narrowly opening to mantle cavity. Distribution and ecology: The known distribution of S. salebrosa sp. nov. is restricted to Shiraishi-jima Island and Take-shima Island in Lake Biwa (fig. 1). The new species inhabits the wharf and rocky bottom of the islands. Semisulcospira salebrosa sp. nov. was found with S. shiraishiensis in the Shiraishi-jima Island and S. takeshimensis in Take-shima Island. Remarks: The new species has been identified as S. biwae together with S. nakanoi sp. nov. and assigned as an intraspecific variation of S. niponica. The new species can be discriminated from S. nakanoi sp. nov. and other semisulcospirids by the large, blackish, triangular adult shell with well-granulated ribs and strongly undulating outer lip of the aperture and globose embryonic shells with several brown bands (supplementary fig. S 1).	en	Sawada, Naoto, Fuke, Yusuke (2023): Diversification in ancient Lake Biwa: integrative taxonomy reveals overlooked species diversity of the Japanese freshwater snail genus Semisulcospira (Mollusca: Semisulcospiridae). Contributions to Zoology 92 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1163/18759866-BJA10035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-bja10035
