taxonID	type	description	language	source
67E319334CBE0C1B7E47CDFE9EA6996F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet savan means paradise in the Lao language, and is a commonly used, truncated form of the name for Savannakhet Province, Laos, that contains the holotype and most paratype localities of the new species. The specific epithet savan is a noun in apposition.	en	Phimmachak, Somphouthone, Richards, Stephen J., Sivongxay, Niane, Seateun, Sengvilay, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Makchai, Sunchai, Som, Hannah E., Stuart, Bryan L. (2019): A new caruncle-bearing fanged frog (Limnonectes, Dicroglossidae) from Laos and Thailand. ZooKeys 846: 133-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200
67E319334CBE0C1B7E47CDFE9EA6996F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Assigned to the genus Limnonectes on the basis of its inferred phylogenetic position (Fig. 1), the presence of fang-like odontoid processes on the lower jaw (Emerson et al. 2000; Lambertz et al. 2014), and having males with hypertrophied heads (Lambertz et al. 2014). Assigned to the subgenus Elachyglossa (following Ohler and Dubois 1999; Lambertz et al. 2014) on the basis of its close phylogenetic position to the subgenerotype L. gyldenstolpei (Fig. 1). A medium-sized Limnonectes having the combination of adult males with SVL 39.0 - 56.2, adult females with SVL 38.9 - 55.2; males with hypertrophied head; males with interorbital caruncle consisting of low-profile swelling without a free posterior margin, extending from level of anterior margin of eye to level midway between posterior margin of eye and tympanum; odontoid processes on anterior margin of lower jaw larger in males than in females; horizontal diameter of tympanum equal to eye in adult males, 3 / 4 of eye diameter in subadult males, immature males, and females; enlarged, rounded, tubercles on dorsum, becoming more elongated dorsolaterally; dark brown or gray spotting on throat, belly, and ventral surfaces of forelimbs and hindlimbs; and ova with pigmented poles.	en	Phimmachak, Somphouthone, Richards, Stephen J., Sivongxay, Niane, Seateun, Sengvilay, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Makchai, Sunchai, Som, Hannah E., Stuart, Bryan L. (2019): A new caruncle-bearing fanged frog (Limnonectes, Dicroglossidae) from Laos and Thailand. ZooKeys 846: 133-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200
67E319334CBE0C1B7E47CDFE9EA6996F.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Habitus moderately stocky; body broad anteriorly, tapering to narrow groin. Head broad and depressed, head width equal to head length. Snout obtusely pointed in dorsal view; round, projecting well beyond lower jaw in profile; nostril dorsolateral, much closer to tip of snout than to eye, below canthus; internarial distance 72 % of interorbital distance; canthus rostralis indistinct, rounded, slightly constricted behind nostrils; lores concave, oblique; eye diameter 59 % of snout length, upper eyelid width 50 % of interorbital distance; pineal ocellus visible; tympanum imperfectly circular, not elevated from side of head, annulus visible, tympanum diameter equal to eye diameter and greater than distance between tympanum and eye; small, slit-like vocal sac openings on floor of mouth near lateral margin of tongue; vomerine teeth on two oblique ridges, equidistant to each other as to choanae; two large odontoid processes at front of mandible, triangular, tapered, length subequal to depth of mandible at base of process; median triangular symphysial knob at mandibular symphysis. Forelimbs robust. Fingers relatively slender, without webbing, with fringe of skin on preaxial and postaxial sides of all fingers, fringes on Fingers II-III movable; tips of fingers rounded, expanded into discs; relative finger lengths II <I <IV <III; distinct, rounded subarticular tubercles, one on Fingers I-II, two on Fingers III-IV; distinct thenar tubercle; two palmar tubercles in contact at base of Fingers II-IV; nuptial pad absent. Hindlimbs robust. Toes relatively slender; tips of toes rounded, expanded into small discs; relative toe lengths I <II <III = V <IV on right foot, I <II <V <III <IV on left foot; webbing on Toe I to base of disc, on preaxial side of Toe II to level midway between subarticular tubercle and disc and continuing as fringe to base of tip, on postaxial side of Toe II to base of disc, on preaxial side of Toe III to level of distal subarticular tubercle and continuing as fringe to base of disc, on postaxial side of Toe III to base of disc, on preaxial and postaxial sides of Toe IV to level of distal subarticular tubercle and continuing as fringe to base of disc, and on Toe V to base of disc; moveable fringe of skin on outer margins of Toes I and V; distinct fold on distal two-thirds of tarsus; distinct, elongate, oval, inner metatarsal tubercle, length approximately 59 % distance between tip of toe I and tubercle; no outer metatarsal tubercle. Skin on dorsum and flank shagreened with large, irregular, scattered tubercles; tubercles tipped with single, whitish spinule on loreal region, eyelid, lower back near groin, around vent, and ventral surfaces of tibiotarsus and foot; dense clusters of warts (enlarged tubercles), each tipped with numerous whitish spinules, on dorsal surfaces of shank; interorbital caruncle consisting of low-profile swelling without free posterior margin, extending from level of anterior margin of eye to level midway between posterior margin of eye and tympanum, with highest point between eyes; hypertrophied jaw musculature forming two low postorbital swellings on top of head at level of tympanum; distinct supratympanic fold from posterior corner of eye to axilla; rictal gland absent; dorsolateral fold absent; aberrant, triangular skin tag near midline of back; skin on throat with weak longitudinal wrinkles, that on remaining ventral surfaces smooth.	en	Phimmachak, Somphouthone, Richards, Stephen J., Sivongxay, Niane, Seateun, Sengvilay, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Makchai, Sunchai, Som, Hannah E., Stuart, Bryan L. (2019): A new caruncle-bearing fanged frog (Limnonectes, Dicroglossidae) from Laos and Thailand. ZooKeys 846: 133-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200
67E319334CBE0C1B7E47CDFE9EA6996F.taxon	description	Description of eggs. Based on subsample of eggs (NCSM 76494) collected from a larger clutch in situ (Fig. 5). Most in Gosner Stage 14, with single jelly layer having diameter of 4.8 - 5.5 mm (5.1 + / - 0.3, n = 13), and embryos with a darkly pigmented animal pole having diameter of 2.2 - 2.5 mm (2.3 + / - 0.1, n = 13).	en	Phimmachak, Somphouthone, Richards, Stephen J., Sivongxay, Niane, Seateun, Sengvilay, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Makchai, Sunchai, Som, Hannah E., Stuart, Bryan L. (2019): A new caruncle-bearing fanged frog (Limnonectes, Dicroglossidae) from Laos and Thailand. ZooKeys 846: 133-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200
67E319334CBE0C1B7E47CDFE9EA6996F.taxon	description	Description of larvae. Based on largest individual in series of 28 larvae (NCSM 76492; Fig. 6). Gosner Stage 31, TL 18.4 mm, BL 7.4 mm, TAL 11.0 mm. Body oval in dorsal view, slightly compressed dorsoventrally, maximum body width slightly anterior to level of spiracle. Nares dorsal, without raised rim. Eyes dorsolateral, not visible from below. Spiracular tube single, sinistral on left side, angled slightly dorsally, aperture near midline and projecting posteriorly, approximately midway between snout and end of body. Tail slender, tapering in distal one-fourth to rounded tip, origins of dorsal and ventral fins at end of body, dorsal and ventral fin widest near middle of tail, dorsal fin only slightly deeper than ventral fin. Oral disk ventral, subterminal, width about 39 % maximum width of body. Anterior labium with single row of papillae on lateral margins; posterior labium with single row of papillae on lateral and posterior margins; papillae homogenous in length. Labial tooth row formula 2 (2) / 3 (1). A- 1 longer than A- 2, medial gap in A- 2 approximately three-fourth length of A- 2. P- 1 and P- 2 subequal in length, P- 3 approximately one-half length of P- 1 and P- 2. Upper and lower jaw sheaths black with serrated margins, upper sheath without median convexity. In life, dorsum light brown. In preservative, body and tail white with brown mot tling on dorsolateral surfaces of body, forming indistinct crossbands on tail. Intestine yellow in dorsal and ventral views. Measurements (TL) of additional larvae (NCSM 76491 - 93): Gosner Stage 25 11.7 - 13.1 mm (12.4 + / - 0.4, n = 15), Gosner Stage 26 12.9 - 14.5 mm (13.6 + / - 0.5, n = 13), Gosner Stage 27 14.2 - 15.8 mm (15.0 + / - 0.6, n = 13), and Gosner Stage 28 15.5 - 17.0 mm (16.3 + / - 0.8, n = 3).	en	Phimmachak, Somphouthone, Richards, Stephen J., Sivongxay, Niane, Seateun, Sengvilay, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Makchai, Sunchai, Som, Hannah E., Stuart, Bryan L. (2019): A new caruncle-bearing fanged frog (Limnonectes, Dicroglossidae) from Laos and Thailand. ZooKeys 846: 133-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200
67E319334CBE0C1B7E47CDFE9EA6996F.taxon	distribution	Distribution, natural history. Limnonectes savan is known to occur in central and southern Laos (Khammouan, Savannakhet, and Champasak Provinces), and northeastern Thailand (Ubon Ratchatani; Fig. 7). Chan-ard (2003) also reported it (as Limnonectes sp.) from Amnat Charoen Provinces in northeastern Thailand. The species occurs in hill and semi-evergreen forest from 254 - 790 m elevation, and is usually associated with small (1 - 3 m wide) streams (Fig. 8); based on 51 specimens sampled at night (1900 h- 2251 h), 38 (74.5 %) were found in streams (permanent streams with rocky or sandy substrates, or intermittent streams), nine (17.7 %) were found in puddles, two (3.9 %) were found in ponds, and two (3.9 %) were found on the forest floor, away from an obvious body of water. Nineteen (37.3 %) of the 51 specimens were sampled in water, with the remaining 32 individuals (62.7 %) found on substrates of soil, leaf litter, rocks or logs. Limnonectes savan breeds in puddles on the forest floor during the rainy season. A chorus of calling males, including paratype male NCSM 76299, was observed in a wet gully under roots and dead leaves in semi-evergreen forest at 1935 h on 28 June 2009. Egg clutch NCSM 76494 was found adhering to the underside of a submerged dead palm frond in a puddle in the same wet gully on 1 July 2009 (Fig. 5). Larvae NCSM 76491 (n = 13), NCSM 76492 (n = 28), and NCSM 76493 (n = 43) were sampled from small puddles (0.2 - 1 m diameter) in the same wet gully during 28 June- 1 July 2009 (Fig. 6). Limnonectes savan occurs in sympatry with L. lauhachindai in Ubon Ratchathani Province in northeastern Thailand (Appendix 1), but its geographic distribution appears to be parapatric to that of L. dabanus in southern Laos, and to that of L. gyldenstolpei in central and southern Laos and northeastern Thailand (Appendix 1).	en	Phimmachak, Somphouthone, Richards, Stephen J., Sivongxay, Niane, Seateun, Sengvilay, Chuaynkern, Yodchaiy, Makchai, Sunchai, Som, Hannah E., Stuart, Bryan L. (2019): A new caruncle-bearing fanged frog (Limnonectes, Dicroglossidae) from Laos and Thailand. ZooKeys 846: 133-156, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.33200
