taxonID	type	description	language	source
3C54FF4134019EDD70F793560577351B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lactura atrolinea is easily distinguished by its larger size and nearly continuous series of black antemedial and postmedial spots. The tegula is black apically as are the spots over the thorax; the forewing has a thin black subcostal dash. In females the ductus bursae has five or six coils anteriorly. The larva displays attractive, metallic blue, dorsal warts that unmistakably separate this species from its co-occurring Texas congeners.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
3C54FF4134019EDD70F793560577351B.taxon	description	Description adult. (Fig. 18) Forewing length: 9 - 13 mm (n = 138). Head. Vertex white with paired, addorsal, salmon scale patches; frons with shiny white decumbent scales. Labial palpus slightly porrect, brick red at base and black at terminus, subequal to diameter of eye. Antenna filiform, 0.6 length of forewing; shiny, white decumbent scales over scape and basal 2 / 5, transitioning to fuscous with scattered whitish scales; distal 1 / 5 brick red. Thorax. Predominantly white. Patagium white with a few red basal scales. Tegula with small ventral black basal patch; white medially and shiny black apically. Prothorax with lateral pair of black spots, but these sometimes obscured by patagium. Coxa and femur with red dorsal surface and light red to pale white outer and ventral surfaces; procoxa with basal mixture of red and black scales; pro- and mesotibia and pro- and mesotarsus black or fuscous dorsally and fuscous red ventrally; metatibia light red; metatarsus fuscous red. Forewing. Pearly white, with oblique series of black antemedial and postmedial spots. Spots nearly contiguous to fused. Antemedial row with three spots; lower spot largest and rendering row convex with respect to base of forewing. Postmedial series with heavy black dash approximately 1 / 2 width of forewing (continuous but narrowing anteriorly); smaller spot above. Inconspicuous black spot near tornus. Black, basal, subcostal dash similar in size and placement to red subcostal dash in L. basistriga. Basal black scaling along costa narrows and ends before antemedial spots. Fringe scales white. Underside red. Hindwing. Uniformly light red to orange with white fringe scales. Underside of hindwing paler than those of underside of forewing. Abdomen. Dorsum and sides brick red; venter rusty white. Two pairs of subventral intersegmental hairpencils (with 40 - 60 androconial scales) inserted between A 6 and A 7, and A 7 and A 8 (Figs 32, 35). Roseate cluster of elliptic scales, 5 x longer than broad, located anterior to spiracle in intersegmental folds, much more pronounced than in other Texas congeners. Hairpencils and roseate scale clusters more extensive between A 7 and A 8 than between A 6 and A 7. Male Genitalia (Fig. 25) (n = 6). Uncus more robust than congeners, strongly down-curved and tapering, strong medial constriction in basal third, ending in short thorn-like apical spine. Valva elongate-oval, 2 x longer than wide, costa concave along distal third; broadly rounded at apex; outer margin with shorter, thicker scales; lateral lobe of juxta similar to L. pupula, but more sclerotized and prominent, with 20 - 30 + spiniform setae. Vinculum narrow, U-shaped, subquadrangular. Aedeagus cylindrical, exceeding length of valva; base broadly rounded; apex with gaping concave aperture and subapical thumb-like process twice as long as wide. Female genitalia (Fig. 39) (n = 4). Papillae anales ca. 4 x longer than broad with dorsal sclerotized rim fused with posterior apophyses. Ductus bursae with five or six coils; coils more open than other treated species; posterior two coils more open and extended, with corrugated surface; remaining (anterior) coils tightly bound with little to no surface corrugation. Corpus bursae longer than broad; four lobes of signa large with dentate interior projections; teeth widely spaced (similar to those of L. basistriga). Corpus bursae with anterior accessory pouch with broad opening.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
3C54FF4134019EDD70F793560577351B.taxon	description	Description of living final instar. (Fig. 47) Ground color yellow to lime green. D 1 and D 2 setae borne from metallic blue warts. Middorsum with yellow middorsal stripe; green addorsal stripe running through D 1 wart; the latter bound laterally by white pinstripe. Doubled, black dorsal / subdorsal stripe running through larger D 2 wart. Supraspiracular area broadly yellow, transitioning to green through spiracular region. Light blue SD 1 pinacula positioned directly above spiracles on A 1 - A 8; these connected by thin, wavy, often broken lateral yellow line. A thicker, continuous, stripe runs just below the tan-yellow spiracles.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
3C54FF4134019EDD70F793560577351B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and biology. Lactura atrolinea inhabits the mesic woodlands, coastal scrub, and palm forests of south Texas, southward into Mexico. Breeding populations are known from coastal areas of Texas from Fort Bend to Cameron counties (Fig. 53). What may represent strays have also been taken from the south-central Texas counties of Medina, Live Oak, and Duval. Multiple generations each year with peak activity tied to early spring (March to May) and the fall rainy periods (September into November) (Fig. 57). Larvae feed on saffron plum (Sideroxylon celastrinum); caterpillars and adults are sometimes common in the Sabal Palm Sanctuary near Brownsville, Texas.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
BC00F2CF50FCBBFA6845ECA64B5C4A13.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lactura basistriga can be distinguished from L. rubritegula by the absence of dorsal red scales on the tegula. Most forms exhibit a basal, red, subcostal dash on the forewing, and all individuals lack the scattered flecking of red or brown scales characteristic of L. subfervens. Many, but not all individuals can be distinguished from L. rubritegula by a reduced upper postmedial spot and the convex arcing of the three lower postmedial spots, due to a more basal placement on the lowermost spot. Adults are exceedingly close to and often indistinguishable from those of L. nalli; see comments under that species. With the exception of L. nalli and L. atrolinea, female genitalia differ from other Lactura in having four or five coils in ductus bursae. Larvae with a dark dorsum that ranges from smoky gray-green to nearly black, and without the metallic blue dorsal pinacula of L. atrolinea; larvae of L. nalli are lime green above and lack any hint of white striping or black fill between the subdorsal stripes that are present in L. basistriga.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
BC00F2CF50FCBBFA6845ECA64B5C4A13.taxon	description	Description adult. (Fig. 20) Forewing length: 9 - 11 mm (n = 97). Head. Shiny, white decumbent scales over vertex and frons. Labial palpi fuscous red, straight or slightly porrect. Antenna filiform, 0.6 length of forewing; shiny, white decumbent scales over scape and basal 1 / 3, transitioning to shiny, orange to fuscous orange scales; fuscous beneath. Thorax. Patagium mostly white; red basally, most apparent around perimeter of eye. Tegula white with small, ventral, red basal patch. Subtriangular, medial, mesothoracic red spot flanked posterolaterally by ellipsoid to bar-like red spots. Coxa and femur with reddish mesal surface, distal and ventral surfaces with admixture of both white and red scaling; tibia given more to white scaling; protarsus mostly red, meso- and metatarsus given to more white scaling. Forewing. Pearly white, with seven blood- to mahogany-red spots in oblique antemedial and postmedial series; without scattered dark scales (of L. subfervens). Antemedial row with three spots; lower and upper spots often larger than middle spot; postmedial series with four spots: uppermost usually smaller or subequal to that below it; lower three forming straight line or, more commonly, a convex arc facing the termen. (These same three spots often form a concave arc open to termen in L. rubritegula due to a more distal placement of the lowermost spot.) Basal subcostal red dash from which the species derives its specific epithet, typically ending before the uppermost antemedial spot; subcostal dash always present in males, but its development (length and thickness varying among individuals); basal red subcostal dash frequently absent in females. Basal red scaling along costa narrows and ends before antemedial spots. Underside red with white fringe scales. Hindwing. Uniformly light orange-red above; light orange-red below, becoming paler along inner margin. Abdomen. Dorsum and sides brick red; venter rusty white. Two pairs of subventral intersegmental hairpencils (with 40 - 60 androconial scales) inserted between A 6 and A 7, and A 7 and A 8. Male Genitalia (Fig. 28) (n = 3). Male genitalic characters overlap with those of L. nalli and L. rubritegula. Female genitalia (Fig. 37) (n = 2). Papillae anales ca. 4 x longer than broad with dorsal sclerotized rim anastomosed with posterior apophyses. Ductus bursae with four or five coils, posterior half sublinear, transitioning to strongly coiled anterior half; diameter of coils increasing to corpus bursae, anteriormost coil 3 x greater in diameter than posteriormost coil (subequal to width of corpus bursae). Corpus bursae longer than broad; signa consisting of four, large hemispherical lobes with dentate interior projections; teeth widely spaced (similar to L. atrolinea). Corpus bursae with anterior accessory pouch narrowed at its opening.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
BC00F2CF50FCBBFA6845ECA64B5C4A13.taxon	description	Description of living final instar. (Fig. 49) Ground color glossy yellow, pale, or smoky green with variable black coloration over dorsum interrupted by wavy, white addorsal stripe. D 2 seta borne from slightly elevated yellow wart connected by thick yellow to white subdorsal stripe; yellow warts less evident through midabdominal segments. Enlarged dorsal verrucae on A 8 (bearing D 1, D 2, and SD 1 setae), usually yellow or yellow-orange and black over mesal surface. Two pale, wavy supraspiracular stripes extending from T 1 - A 8.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
BC00F2CF50FCBBFA6845ECA64B5C4A13.taxon	distribution	Distribution and biology. Lactura basistriga inhabits the woodlands, thickets, palm forests, and scrublands of the lower Rio Grande Valley; presumably the core of its range is in Mexico. Breeding populations are known from the extreme southern Texas counties of Hidalgo and Cameron (Fig. 52). This species is sympatric with L. atrolinea in the United States; the moths are active at the same time of year and both feed on new foliage of saffron plum (Sideroxylon celastrinum). Peak activity is tied to early spring (March to May) and the fall rainy seasons (September into November) (Fig. 61).	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
A47F8FD9F57149D415D457D549337A7C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Adult Lactura nalli are similar to L. basistriga, and in some cases indistinguishable. The following generalizations can be made when comparing series of adults: when the red basal streak is present, it is almost always shorter, usually ending before the most basal antemedial spot; the antemedial wing spots tend to be more reduced; and the hindwings are more roseate and given to pink, while those of L. basistriga are more orange-red in hue. L. nalli can be distinguished from L. rubritegula by the absence of red tegular scales (that are visible in dorsal view). Like L. basistriga, many individuals can be differentiated from L. rubritegula by a reduced upper postmedial spot and the convex arc facing the termen of the three lower postmedial spots. L. nalli can be separated from L. subfervens by the absence of the scattered flecking of red or brown scales over the forewing. Female genitalia overlap with L. basistriga but differ from other Lactura in having 4 - 5 anterior whirls present in the spiraled ductus bursae. Larvae can be immediately distinguished from those of other North American Lactura by their green semitransparent dorsum lacking any black or white markings, which is in stark contrast to the dark dorsum of L. basistriga.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
A47F8FD9F57149D415D457D549337A7C.taxon	description	Description adult. (Figs 2, 21) Forewing length: male: 8.5 - 9.5 mm (n = 21); female: 9 - 10 mm (n = 8). Body salmon red. Head. Shiny, white decumbent scales over vertex and frons. Labial palpi fuscous red, straight or slightly porrect. Antenna filiform, 0.6 length of forewing; shiny, white decumbent scales over scape and basal 1 / 3, transitioning to fuscous to orange scales; fuscous beneath. Thorax. Patagium mostly white; red basally, most apparent around perimeter of eye. Tegula white with small ventral red basal patch. Subtriangular medial mesothoracic red spot flanked posterolaterally by ellipsoid to bar-like red spots. Coxa and femur with reddish mesal surfaces, distal and ventral surfaces with admixture of white and red scaling; tibia given more to white scaling; protarsus mostly red, meso- and metatarsus given to more white scaling. Forewing. Pearly white, with seven blood- to mahogany-red spots in oblique antemedial and postmedial series; without scattered dark scales (of L. subfervens); antemedial row with three spots, postmedial row with four spots. Lower three spots of postmedial row forming straight line or more commonly a convex arc (closed to termen); on average, spots more reduced than those of L. basistriga (when comparing series). (These same three spots often form concave arc, open to termen, in L. rubritegula due to a more distal displacement of the lowermost spot.) Basal, subcostal red dash, typically ending before basal antemedial spot; this dash always present in males but usually absent in females. Basal red scaling along costa often narrows and ends before antemedial spots. Underside light red with pale fringe scales. Hindwing. Pinkish red in fresh individuals; dull red below but paler along inner margin. Abdomen. Dorsum and sides dull orange-red; venter rusty white. Two pairs of subventral intersegmental hairpencils (with 40 - 60 androconial scales) inserted between A 6 and A 7, and A 7 and A 8 (Fig. 34). Male Genitalia (Fig. 23) (n = 1). As in L. basistriga. Female Genitalia (Fig. 38) (n = 1). As in L. basistriga.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
A47F8FD9F57149D415D457D549337A7C.taxon	description	Description of living final instar. (Figs 48, 51) Ground color glossy green with green semitransparent dorsum, lacking pale addorsal stripes and black dorsal pigmentation of L. basistriga, and brick-red to black dorsal coloration of L. rubritegula. Alimentary canal visible as a pseudo-middorsal stripe (viewed through transparent heart). Thick white subdorsal stripe punctuated by raised yellow warts with D 2 setae borne from apex. Subdorsal warts on A 9 yellow, never orange-yellow as in L. basistriga or black as in L. rubritegula. Two, wavy-edged, pale, supraspiracular stripes extending from T 1 - A 8. Prothoracic shield well differentiated, medially divided, partially melanized, with little pigment deposition along its anterior and lateral margins. Head brown, partially retracted into prothorax.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
A47F8FD9F57149D415D457D549337A7C.taxon	materials_examined	Other material examined. Adults. TX: Starr Co., Falcon Heights (26.5585 N, 99.1220 W), 27 February 2018, Berry Nall coll. (1 ♂); TX: Starr Co., Falcon Heights (26.5585 N, 99.1220 W), 06 March 2018, Berry Nall coll., BBN 18 # 07 (1 ♂) Larvae. TX: Starr Co., Falcon Heights (26.5337 N, 99.1059 W), ex-ova from female 25 February 2018 - 6 March 2018, BBN 18 # 01, BBN 18 # 05, BBN 18 # 06, BBN 18 # 07, Berry Nall coll., (n ~ 60) (UCMS).	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
A47F8FD9F57149D415D457D549337A7C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We name this new species after our colleague Berry Nall who provided the majority of type material, reared four clutches of larvae, and first photographed the larva.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
A47F8FD9F57149D415D457D549337A7C.taxon	distribution	Distribution and biology. So far as known, L. nalli and L. basistriga are allopatric in south Texas, with L. basistriga being limited to Tamualipan communities of the lower eastern Rio Grande Valley, and L. nalli restricted to the Chihuahuan scrub areas of the western end of the Valley (Fig. 52). The east and west ends of the Rio Grande Valley differ substantially in habitat: the east end is subtropical with palm forests and dry to mesic scrub thickets, while the west end (e. g., Starr County) is drier and more typical of Chihuahuan desert communities. Many species of plants and animals occur at one end of the Valley and not the other. While our collections are limited for L. nalli, peak activity of L. nalli appears to be from February through March when spring rains are frequent and Sideroxylon celastrinum is flushing new leaves (Fig. 60).	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
7328887F0A3B1198A01B3DC02FAC05A4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing pattern instantly distinguishes this species from its congeners. The most notable difference is the black streaking along the veins of the forewing, and two oblong antemedial spots and three oblong postmedial spots in the lower half of the forewing. The postmedial spots are arranged in a triangular pattern with the lower distal spot touching the inner margin. Female genitalia have 9 - 10 distal spirals in the ductus bursae. The larva's orange verrucae on white to orange addorsal stripes distinguishes it from all other Nearctic Lactura.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
7328887F0A3B1198A01B3DC02FAC05A4.taxon	description	Description adult (Fig. 22). Forewing length: 9 - 13 mm (n = 231). Head. Light red to orange over vertex transitioning to white over frons. Labial palpus slightly porrect to straight, brick red at base and black apically, length subequal to eye diameter. Antenna filiform, 0.6 length of forewing; shiny, white above, fuscous below. Thorax. Patagium mostly white, with black basal scales forming contrasting collar behind head. Tegula with small ventral black basal patch; white medially and shiny black apically. Large medial mesothoracic and metathoracic black spots. Coxa and femur with red dorsal surface and light red to pale white ventral and lateral surfaces; procoxa with basal mixture of red and black scales; pro- and mesotibia and pro- and mesotarsus black or fuscous dorsally and fuscous red ventrally. Metatibia light red; metatarsus fuscous red. Forewing. White with black scales over veins; black scaling extending around apex and terminating about tornus; variable in thickness. Two oblong antemedial spots and three oblong postmedial spots in lower half. Postmedial spots arranged in triangular pattern with lower distal spot elongate and touching inner margin. Costal margin black along basal 1 / 3 of wing. Underside light red. Fringe scales light red, rarely with admixture of black scales. Hindwing. Uniformly light red to dark orange, above and below, with concolorous fringe scales. Abdomen. Dorsum and sides brick red; venter rusty white. One pair of subventral intersegmental hairpencils (consisting of 40 - 60 androconial scales) between A 7 and A 8 (Fig. 31). Male Genitalia (Fig. 26) (n = 7). Uncus strongly down-curved; basally quadrangular and medially constricted through basal third; cylindrical, tapering to apex, ending in apical spine. Valva elongate-oval, ca. 2 x longer than wide, concave along distal third of costal margin; broadly rounded at apex; lateral lobe of juxta with 20 - 30 + setae, similar to L. atrolinea, but setae shorter and bearing less robust spiniform setae than those of other congeners. Vinculum narrow, U-shaped, subquadrangular. Aedeagus cylindrical, exceeding length of valva; base broadly rounded; apex with broad concave aperture and thumb-like process twice as long as wide. Female genitalia (Fig. 40) (n = 3). Papillae anales ca. 3.5 x times longer than broad with dorsal sclerotized rim fused with posterior apophyses. Ductus bursae with 9 - 11 coils, posterior two coils more open and extended than anterior coils; diameter mostly uniform; coil diameters more or less uniform with anteriormost coil slightly larger than others. Quadrate signa reduced in size compared to other species treated here; lobes fused in two of three preps. Corpus bursae without anterior accessory pouch.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
7328887F0A3B1198A01B3DC02FAC05A4.taxon	description	Description of living final instar (Figs 44, 50). Ground color pale and mostly unpigmented to mint green, translucent below spiracles. Thin, white to orange middorsal stripe, edged with thick addorsal stripe; prominent white to orange dorsal stripe with orange verrucae that bear D 1 and D 2 setae; verrucae on A 8 more pronounced than others. Thick black dorsolateral stripe divided by white pinstripe on T 2 - A 8. Thick, white supraspiracular stripe best developed on T 3 - A 8. Spiracular stripe thin and white; interrupted by light orange spiracles. The extent of orange coloration is reduced in larvae from Texas, where orange is mostly restricted to the thorax and A 7 - A 9, and the stripe running through the dorsal verrucae is more given to white than orange.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
7328887F0A3B1198A01B3DC02FAC05A4.taxon	distribution	Distribution and biology. Lactura pupula occurs in woodlands, thickets, scrublands, back dune and coastal strand communities, and along forest edges of central Texas northward in Midwest to Nebraska and Illinois, and eastward to South Carolina and the whole of Florida (Fig. 52). The moth flies from February to October (southward) and is often abundant during its peak flight in March and April in Florida. Southward it is multivoltine, especially in southern Florida where it flies nearly year-round (Figs 54 - 56). Our host plant records are from gum bully (Sideroxylon lanuginosum) and tough bully (Sideroxylon tenax); Kimball (1965) also lists saffron plum (Sideroxylon celastrinum). Larvae co-occur on the same hostplants with those of L. subfervens over much of its range. In central and west-central Texas, larvae show a reduction in the amount of dorsal orange maculation. A close relative of L. pupula, based on CO 1 data in BOLD (BOLD: ACN 5528), occurs in Tamaulipas, Mexico. It would be worthwhile to do more sampling in south Texas and northern Tamaulipas to better delineate the ranges of the two moths. Lactura pupula is rapidly expanding its range westward in Texas. In 2019, the first records of adults were made in Austin (Travis County), Boerne (Kendall County), and Camp Wood (Edwards County) - all at sites that have been regularly sampled over the past decade. Larvae were found in great numbers in the first two of these counties in April of this year.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
13FDFFC1090D2F57EE6EF85CD91300E0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lactura rubritegula can be distinguished from its relative L. basistriga by the prominence of red dorsal scales on the tegula. It lacks the red subcostal dash that can be found in most forms of L. basistriga and L. nalli, and the scattered flecking of red or brown scales characteristic of L. subfervens. Many, but not all, individuals can be distinguished by the basal displacement of the lowermost antemedial spot, somewhat enlarged upper postmedial spot, and the concave arc (open to termen) of the three lower postmedial spots. Female genitalia differ from other Lactura in this treatment in having six or seven coils in the ductus bursae. Unique to the larva of this species is the rusty brown dorsum.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
13FDFFC1090D2F57EE6EF85CD91300E0.taxon	description	Description adult. (Figs 1, 19) Forewing length: 9 - 11 mm (n = 25). Head. Shiny, white decumbent scales over vertex and frons; lower frons sometimes with scattered pink scales. Labial palpus slightly porrect to straight, brick red, subequal to diameter of eye. Antenna filiform, 0.6 length of forewing; shiny, white decumbent scales over scape and basal 2 / 5, transitioning to admixture of white and red scales; distal 1 / 5 brick red. Thorax. Predominantly white. Patagium mostly white, but red basally. Tegula with conspicuous basal and medial red scales, similar to L. subfervens. Medial mesothoracic red spot flanked posterolaterally by ellipsoid to bar-like red spots. Coxa and femur with reddish mesal and dorsal surfaces, distal and ventral surfaces mostly white with mixture of both white and red scaling; tibia given more to white scaling; protarsus mostly red, meso- and metatarsus given to more white scaling. Forewing. Pearly white, with seven blood- to mahogany-red spots in oblique antemedial and postmedial series; without scattered dark scales (of L. subfervens). Antemedial row with three spots; lower spot usually displaced basally and often smaller than middle spot; postmedial series with four spots: uppermost usually larger or subequal to that below it; lower three forming straight line or (more commonly) slightly concave arc open to termen. (These same three spots often form convex arc in L. basistriga and L. nalli due to basal displacement of lowermost spot.) Basal red scaling along costa narrows and ends before antemedial spots. Underside red with white fringe scales. Hindwing. Uniformly light red, above and below, with elongate white fringe scales. Abdomen. Dorsum and sides brick-red; venter rusty white. Two pairs of subventral intersegmental hairpencils (with 40 - 60 androconial scales) inserted between A 6 and A 7, and A 7 and A 8. Male Genitalia (Figs 29, 30) (n = 2). Uncus strongly down-curved; medially constricted in basal third; distal part cylindrical and tapered, terminating in thorn-like apical spine. Valva elongate-oval, 2.5 x longer than wide, costa concave at distal third; apex broadly rounded; lateral lobe of juxta with 10 - 20 + thickened spiniform setae. Vinculum narrow, U-shaped, subquadrangular. Aedeagus exceeding length of valva; thickest at midlength; base broadly rounded; apex ca. half width of middle section, ending in concave oblique aperture, subapical thumb-like process absent. Female genitalia (Fig. 41) (n = 2). Papillae anales ca. 4 x longer than broad with dorsal sclerotized rim fused with posterior apophyses. Ductus bursae with 6 - 8 coils; coil diameter gradually increasing to corpus bursae; anteriormost coil 2 x diameter of posteriormost coil, and subequal to diameter of bursa. Corpus bursae longer than broad with large four-lobed signa; without anterior accessory pouch.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
13FDFFC1090D2F57EE6EF85CD91300E0.taxon	description	Description of living final instar. (Fig. 46) Glossy pale green with broad cinnamon-brown middorsal stripe outwardly edged with black that runs through the D 1 pinacula; white dorsal / subdorsal stripe running through yellow D 2 warts; two, wavy-edged, pale supraspiracular stripes, subequal in width to subdorsal stripe, that extend from T 1 - A 8. Larger primary setae borne from minute white spots (~ pinacula). Dorsum with vague, black, transverse intersegmental lines. White D 1 pinacula borne from apex of otherwise black warts. D 2 seta from white pinaculum at apex of yellow wart with yellow extending down to SD seta. Thin, vague, wavy, pale spiracular stripe immediately ventral to light-orange spiracles, as well as single, white, straight-edged subventral stripe equal in width to supraspiracular stripes.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
13FDFFC1090D2F57EE6EF85CD91300E0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and biology. Lactura rubritegula is known from the Hill Country around San Antonio, Texas, westward to Edwards and Uvalde counties, but its range remains unclarified due to previous taxonomic confusion with L. basistriga and other Lactura (Fig. 52). Its range likely extends into Mexico. Delmar Cain has found larvae feeding on Sideroxylon lanuginosum (this is the only Sideroxylon that occurs at the three known localities for the species). Peak flight of L. rubritegula appears to be tied to spring rains and the availability of new foliage. The moth begins flying, late for a Lactura, i. e., in the second half of April into May, following the flights of L. subfervens and L. pupula at the type locality (Fig. 62).	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
82F0E6884A1794C8F285DCD734882F68.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lactura subfervens sapeloensis is most easily identified by its Florida / Georgia distribution. We have not found consistent diagnostic characters that will distinguish it from L. subfervens in adult pattern or male genitalia. Female genitalia do show modest differentiation: there are 12 or 13 coils in the ductus bursae of L. subfervens and nine or ten coils in our preparations of L. subfervens sapeloensis.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
82F0E6884A1794C8F285DCD734882F68.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We derived this trinomen from Sapelo Island, Georgia, where the moth is particularly common, and from which most of the paratype series was collected.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
82F0E6884A1794C8F285DCD734882F68.taxon	distribution	Distribution and biology. Lactura subfervens sapeloensis is found in coastal strand communities, mesic woodlands, thickets, flatwoods, scrublands, and edges of wetlands from central Florida, north into southeast Georgia (Fig. 53). The moth has been collected south to the Archbold Biological Station in Highlands Co., Florida, although recent collections from this area are modest in number. Its range overlaps with southeastern populations of L. pupula. We suspect that a primary hostplant for the larva will prove to be Sideroxylon tenax (a dominant Sideroxylon in Florida) instead of the more widely distributed Sideroxylon lanuginosum, which is used by L. pupula, L. rubritegula, and L. subfervens to the west. As far as known, there is one principle spring brood (Fig. 59).	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
3E158680A7A88BB06B1FABBB37970667.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Lactura subfervens adults can be immediately distinguished by the presence of scattered smoky red scales (although highly variable in density) over the forewing. The forewing lacks the basal subcostal red or black dash usually present in L. atrolinea, L. basistriga, and L. nalli. This species can also be separated from L. basistriga, L. nalli, and L. rubritegula by the absence of red scaling at the base of the patagium. Female genitalia differ from those of other Lactura in having 11 or 12 coils along the ductus bursae. The caterpillar is among the most distinct of the North America Lactura: it is the only species whose ground color is predominately white; seven pairs of pale stripes run the length of the body, giving the larva a frosted appearance. The darker stripes are due to the larva's internal coloration showing through its transparent body wall; with the exception of the prothoracic shield, there is essentially no black pigmentation dorsally or laterally along the trunk.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
3E158680A7A88BB06B1FABBB37970667.taxon	description	Description adult (Figs 15 - 17). Forewing length: 9 - 13 mm (n = 495). Head. Shiny, white decumbent scales over vertex and frons. Labial palpus slightly porrect to straight, brick red, subequal to diameter of eye. Antenna filiform, 2 / 3 length of forewing; shiny, white above, fuscous below. Thorax. Predominantly white. Patagium white; tegula with conspicuous basal band of red scales, similar to L. rubritegula. Medial mesothoracic red spot flanked posterolaterally by red ellipsoid to bar-like spots. Coxae, femora, and tibiae with red dorsal surface, and white or admixture of white- and red-scaled ventral surface; tarsi fuscous to red. Forewing. Mostly white, variable. Typically with seven crimson- to russet-red spots in antemedial and postmedial oblique series. Spotting sometimes reduced, but generally antemedial series with three spots and postmedial series with four spots. Varying degrees of scattered red to brown scales throughout. Some individuals with speckling so thick as to obscure antemedial and postmedial spots; other forms with only a few red or fuscous scales. Basal red scaling along costa narrows and then ends before antemedial spots. Fringe scales usually matching white forewing, although some individuals with red fringe. Underside light red with matching or slightly paler fringe scales. Hindwing. Uniformly light red above and below. Abdomen. Dorsum and sides brick red; venter rusty white. Ventral intersegmental hairpencils (with 40 - 60 androconial scales) inserted between A 7 and A 8. A second set of brushes between A 6 and A 7 was found in three preparations (Figs 33, 36). Male Genitalia (Figs 24, 27) (n = 6). Uncus strongly down-curved; medially constricted in basal third; distal part cylindrical and tapered (usually longer than congeners), terminating in reduced thorn-like apical spine. Valva elongate-oval, 2.5 x longer than wide, costa slightly concave along distal third; apex broadly rounded; lateral lobe of juxta with 15 - 20 + thickened spiniform setae. Vinculum narrow, U-shaped, subquadrangular. Aedeagus cylindrical, exceeding length of valva; base broadly rounded, gradually narrowing to apex; apex with concave oblique aperture; subapical thumb-like process absent. Female genitalia (Figs 42, 43) (n = 3). Papillae anales ca. 4 x longer than broad with dorsal sclerotized rim fused with posterior apophyses. Ductus bursae with 11 or 12 coils, posterior two coils more open; coil diameters more or less uniform with anteriormost coil slightly larger than others. Corpus bursae longer than broad with quadrate signa reduced; arms fused; lightly sclerotized in one preparation (USNM 76686). Corpus bursae without anterior accessory pouch.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
3E158680A7A88BB06B1FABBB37970667.taxon	description	Description of living final instar (Fig. 45). Appearing frosty or pale green or exceptionally yellowish; seven pairs of whitish stripes run length of body; without black pigment dorsally or laterally. D 2 on elevated yellow verrucae connected by thick yellow to white subdorsal stripe. Prothoracic shield well differentiated, medially divided, with much less black dorsal pigmentation relative to congeners. Head brown, partially retracted into prothorax.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
3E158680A7A88BB06B1FABBB37970667.taxon	distribution	Distribution and biology. Lactura subfervens is found in woodlands, bottomlands, and thickets of central Texas northward to southeast Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois, and east through Gulf States to coastal Georgia (Fig. 53). Its range is largely sympatric with L. pupula, with both species mirroring the distribution of one of their shared host plants, Sideroxylon lanuginosum. Lactura subfervens is not found in southern Florida, unlike L. pupula. The species is essentially univoltine, typically flying very early in season (January to April) (Figs 58, 59), when Sideroxylon is producing new leaves, although there are smaller, facultative broods across the southern portions of its range, with captures into June and occasionally into the fall. We suspect that larvae from these adults commonly fail due to lack of appropriate foliage. From at least the Dallas area west into the Hill Country region of Texas, L. subfervens can reach larval densities high enough to severely damage or completely defoliate Sideroxylon lanuginosum.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
D22AF8277D5EE4AFEA384B09A4AF92B3.taxon	description	Generic description for adult Nearctic Lactura. Medium-sized (wingspan 17 - 26 mm) with respect to other members of the family. Body salmon red. Head. Antenna filiform in both sexes; labial palpus porrect, maxillary palpus small. Thorax. Adult forewing elongate and subquadrangular, widest at 2 / 3, and typically satin white or white with speckled brown or red maculation. Oblique antemedial and postmedial rows of red or black spots often present. Apex broadly rounded and little differentiated from outer margin, bounded within R 4 and R 5; likewise, tornus poorly differentiated. Forewing discal cell with areole; R, M, and Cu veins sessile; CuA veins running to tornus; A 1 and A 2 fused from basal quarter to inner margin; A 3 absent. Hindwing oval quadrate and uniformly pink-red or red-orange with elongate fringe scales. Frenulum 1 / 5 the size of hindwing length; wing apex poorly defined, bounded within Rs and M 1; R, M, and Cu veins sessile; vannal area greatly enlarged; distinct fold between A 1 + A 2 and A 3. Venation as in Fig. 3. Tibial spur formula 0 - 2 - 4. Abdomen. Orange-red, midventer paler, often rusty white. One to two sets of androconial hairpencils within intersegmental folds between A 7 and A 8 (L. pupula, some L. subfervens), or A 6 and A 7 and A 7 and A 8 (L. atrolinea, L. basistriga, L. nalli, L. rubritegula, some L. subfervens). Cluster of elliptic scales anterior to spiracle and dorsad of hairpencil. At rest, the hairpencil overlays this scale cluster (presumably loading pheromone onto the hairpencil). Male genitalia (Figs 23 - 30). Uncus narrow, strongly down-curved and cylindrical, ending in apical spine. Tegumen pulmonate with strong medial crease. Valva elongate-oval (2.0 - 2.5 x longer than wide); costa covered in long setae, concave at distal third with broadly rounded apex; outer margin with shorter, thicker scales; lateral lobe of juxta with spiniform setae (more sclerotized and robust with thicker setae in L. subfervens, L. basistriga, and L. rubritegula). Vinculum narrow, U-shaped, subquadrangular. Aedeagus exceeding length of valva (~ 4.5 x longer than wide) with broadly rounded base and gaping concave aperture at apex. Aperture oblique in L. subfervens, L. basistriga, L. nalli, and L. rubritegula. Apical thumb-like process present in L. pupula and L. atrolinea. Female genitalia (Figs 37 - 43). Papillae anales ca. 4 x times longer than broad with dorsal sclerotized rim conjoined with posterior apophyses. Apophyses rod-like; posterior apophysis ca. three times longer than anterior apophysis. Antrum modestly differentiated, weakly sclerotized, hat-shaped to quadrangular. Ductus bursae distally linear and then variously drawn into series of coils (the number of which is species specific), without accessory diverticula; diameter gradually increasing to corpus bursae and coils becoming more closely drawn together anteriorly. Ductus seminalis attached proximate to antrum. Corpus bursae longer than broad with signa arranged in four hemispherical lobes with dentate interior projections. Signa positioned in two transverse groups; posterior signa half again the size of anterior signa. Accessory pouch sometimes present at anterior end of corpus bursae (L. atrolinea, L. basistriga, L. nalli).	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
D22AF8277D5EE4AFEA384B09A4AF92B3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and biology (Figs 9 - 14, 50 - 53). North American Lactura are found in woodlands, scrublands, and thicket communities from Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Kentucky, south through Texas and the Gulf States, east to coastal South Carolina, Georgia, and the whole of Florida, continuing into the Caribbean and Mexico (Figs 52, 53). All species treated here feed exclusively on Sideroxylon spp. (Sapotaceae) and overwinter as prepupae inside a tough reddish to brownish cocoon spun in leaf litter (Fig. 13). Across much of their range in the United States, Lactura are primarily univoltine, tied to new growth as larvae. Species of the Rio Grande Valley and southern Florida occur nearly year-round, at least in small numbers, if new leaves are present. In captivity larvae typically feed from leaf undersides, with the head partially retracted into the prothorax. The fecal pellets are characteristically spherical, lacking any hint of the concave depression common to the pellets of limacodids and megalopygids. Lactura are difficult to rear, often molding or desiccating as prepupae. We have had modest success rearing larvae in vials with a deep (3 - 5 cm), occasionally moistened, layer of peat or coir. Larvae secrete a tacky exudate from their integument to which feculae adhere and often remain attached until the next molt. We suspect the exudate is a deterrent to ants and other invertebrates, as such sticky secretions have been shown to be in the caterpillars of the related Dalceridae (Epstein et al. 1994). When Lactura caterpillars are threatened, they evert transparent, balloon-like vesicles from the side of their body (Figs 50, 51) that secrete a sticky, mucilaginous fluid. As far as known, these structures are present in all Nearctic species, but especially apparent in L. pupula. It is unclear how prevalent these subspiracular glands and associated behaviors are among other lacturids because the life histories for most species remain unknown. We suspect adult Lactura sometimes disperse from their natal colonies, given that several collection records appear to be out of range, e. g., a single L. rubritegula from Houston, Texas (Fig. 52) (Matson and Wagner 2017). Individuals have also been taken or photographed outside the range of their respective Sideroxylon hosts. Adults have a well-developed proboscis, but we have no records of adults feeding at flowers. Despite their bright, seemingly aposematic coloration, the adults of Nearctic species are thought to be exclusively nocturnal.	en	Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L., Miller, Scott E. (2019): A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae). ZooKeys 846: 75-116, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953
