identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B9BA0AFFB1FFF1FCC03C45FAB31C14.text	03B9BA0AFFB1FFF1FCC03C45FAB31C14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuronema elegans Pan & Huang & Fan & Ma & Al-Rasheid & Miao & Gao 2015	<div><p>Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. (Fig. 2, Table 1)</p><p>Diagnosis: Size in vivo 90–115 × 45–60 µm with a distinctly pointed posterior end; contractile vacuole located dorsally near posterior end; about 10 prolonged caudal cilia; consistently two preoral and 18 or 19 somatic kineties; membranelle 1 with a length about 50% that of the anterior part of membranelle 2 which is double-rowed with its posterior end straight but not hook-shaped; marine habitat.</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.53333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.53333/lat 36.1)">Swimming</a> beach, Qingdao, northern China (36°06′N; 120°32′E)  .</p><p>Type slides:   The holotype slide (registration number: PXM-20120515) and one paratype slide (registration number: NHMUK 2013.8.15.1) with protargol stained-specimens are deposited in the  Laboratory of Protozoology,  Ocean University of China (OUC) and the Natural History Museum, London, respectively  .</p><p>Etymology: This new form named ‘  elegans ’ refers to its elegant body shape.</p><p>Description: The body is about 100 × 50 µm in vivo, slender oval in outline, with a distinctly pointed posterior end (Figs 2A, H, I). Buccal field cavity is about 70% of body length with a conspicuous, saillike, undulating membrane (Fig. 2I). Pellicle is rigid and slightly notched with closely arranged extrusomes, which is about 3 µm long (Fig. 2B). Cytoplasm is colourless to slightly grayish, packed with large amounts of green ingested algae and shining globules of varying size, food vacuoles which are usually large and filled with bacteria, and blue irregularly-shaped crystals (&lt;6 μm in diameter) (Figs 2A, H, I). One spherical ma- cronucleus, about 32 × 32 µm, located in anterior half of cell. No micronucleus is observed (Fig. 2P). Single contractile vacuole is about 10 µm in diameter, located slightly dorsally near posterior end of cell (Fig. 2A). Somatic cilia is about 12 µm long (Figs 2A, L). There are about ten prolonged caudal cilia, each is about 30 µm in length (Fig. 2K).</p><p>The cell swims moderately fast while rotating about main body axis, sometimes lying motionless along substrate such as bottom of Petri dish or detritus (Fig. 2D).</p><p>There are eighteen or 19 somatic kineties, which are composed of dikinetids in anterior 60% of body and monokinetids in posterior third, extending almost the entire length of the cell, terminating anteriorly at a small glabrous apical plate (Figs 2E, F). There are consistently two preoral kineties to the left of the buccal field (Figs 2G, N).</p><p>Oral apparatus is typical for genus: M1 comprises two longitudinal rows of basal bodies, the length of which is about 50% that of the anterior part of M2a (Figs 2G, M, O). M2a is double-rowed with its posterior end straight; posterior part of M2b is V-shaped, and is distinctly separated from M2a (Figs 2G, N). M3 is three-rowed with a similar length to that of M1 (Figs 2G, Q). Length of paroral membrane is about 70% of body length. Silverline system is typical for the genus with a near-hexagonal honeycomb pattern (Fig. 2C).</p><p>SSU rRNA gene sequence: The SSU rRNA gene sequence of  Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. has been deposited in the GenBank database with the accession number, length and G+C content as follows: KF840518, 1661 bp, 42.75%.</p><p>Remarks and comparison: Based on its conspicuously pointed posterior end and marine habitat,  Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. most resembles two nominal species:  P. czapikae Wang et al., 2008 and  P. tardum Czapik &amp; Jordan, 1977 and can be readily separated from other congeners.</p><p>Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. can be clearly distinguished from  P. czapikae Wang et al., 2008 through its different body shape (slender oval in outline, with a distinctly pointed posterior end in  P. elegans vs. elongate-elliptical in outline, almost parallel-sided with both ends slightly pointed in  P. czapikae), fewer somatic kineties (18–19 vs. 29–35 in  P. czapikae) and M2a double-rowed with its posterior end straight (vs. mostly two-rowed but with a short section that is single-rowed, posterior end invariably hook-shaped in  P. czapikae) (Wang et al. 2008b).</p><p>Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. differs from  P. tardum in having more preoral kineties (two vs. one in  P. tardum), less somatic kineties (18–19 vs. 40–50) and a different ratio of M1 and M3 to the anterior part of M2a (50% vs. M1 and M3 very short and M2a extreme- ly long in  P. tardum) (Czapik and Jordan 1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9BA0AFFB1FFF1FCC03C45FAB31C14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pan, Xuming;Huang, Jie;Fan, Xinpeng;Ma, Honggang;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Miao, Miao;Gao, Feng	Pan, Xuming, Huang, Jie, Fan, Xinpeng, Ma, Honggang, Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Miao, Miao, Gao, Feng (2015): Morphology and Phylogeny of Four Marine Scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora), with Descriptions of Two New Species: Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. and Uronema orientalis spec. nov. Acta Protozoologica 54 (1): 31-43, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.15.003.2190, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/322bdcf8-809d-3b96-97f8-c8858a43d243/
03B9BA0AFFB5FFF3FCC03A77FD261C8C.text	03B9BA0AFFB5FFF3FCC03A77FD261C8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuronema setigerum Calkins 1902	<div><p>Pleuronema setigerum Calkins, 1902 (Figs 3 I–M;</p><p>Table 1)</p><p>Since first reported, this species has been rede- scribed on four occasions (Kahl 1931, Noland 1937, Borror 1963, Pan et al. 2010). Some new characters were found in the Shenzhen population and hence an improved diagnosis of this species is supplied here based on both previous and present studies.</p><p>Improved diagnosis: In vivo 25–50 × 10–30 μm in size, slender oval in outline; buccal field occupying four-fifths of body length; about 9–13 prolonged caudal cilia; three to five preoral kineties and 12–22 somatic kineties; M1 about 20% of the anterior part of M2a in length, consisting of three longitudinal rows of basal bodies; posterior end of M2a ring-like; contractile vacuole subcaudally positioned; one macronucleus; marine habitat.</p><p>Description of the Shenzhen population: In vivo 25–40 × 10–20 µm, slender oval in outline, widest at mid-body (Fig. 3I). Ventral side almost flat, dorsal side convex. Buccal field cavity about four-fifths of body length (Fig. 3I). Extrusomes 3 μm long, lying beneath notched pellicle and closely arranged between ciliary rows (Fig. 3J). Cytoplasm colourless to slightly grayish, containing many shining globules of varying size (3–5 μm across), food vacuoles (4–6 μm across) and irregularly-shaped crystals (mostly 3–4 μm across) (Fig. 3I, J). One spherical macronucleus, about 16 × 15 µm, located in anterior 1/3 of cell, usually with many globular nucleoli. Single contractile vacuole about 10 µm in diameter, located subcaudally near dorsal cell margin (Fig. 3K). Somatic cilia about 8 µm long (Fig. 3I). About thirteen prolonged caudal cilia, each about 20 µm in length (Fig. 3K).</p><p>Swims moderately fast while rotating about main body axis, sometimes drifting or lying motionless on debris for short periods (Fig. 3M).</p><p>Twelve to 14 somatic kineties, composed of paired basal bodies in anterior three-quarters of the body and monokinetids in the posterior quarter, extending almost the entire length of the cell (Fig. 3M). Five or six preoral kineties to left of buccal field.</p><p>Oral apparatus typical for genus: M1 with one short and two longer rows of basal bodies; M2a mostly two-rowed but with a middle section that is single-rowed in a ‘zigzag’ pattern, with its posterior end characteristically ring-like (Fig. 3L). M2b V-shaped, distinctly separated from M2a; M3 three-rowed (Fig. 3M). Paroral membrane about 80% of cell length.</p><p>Comparison and remarks:  Pleuronema setigerum was first reported by Calkins in 1902 and then rede- scribed by Kahl (1931) who cited Calkins’s drawing. Borror (1963) described its infraciliatrue but gave only a diagram of the buccal morphology, then Small (1964) provided a detailed line drawing based on Borror’s protargol stained specimen. Pan et al. (2010) redescribed this form and provided an improved diagnosis based both on the Qingdao population and the previous studies. The Shenzhen population is very similar to the previous ones in both living and infraciliature data, except for having a smaller body size (25–40 × 10–20 µm vs. 30–50 × 15–30 µm), fewer somatic kineties (12–14 vs. 14–22) and more preoral kineties (five or six vs. three or five). We consider these variations to be populationdependent, and thus treat the Shenzhen population as conspecific with other populations of  P. setigerum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9BA0AFFB5FFF3FCC03A77FD261C8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pan, Xuming;Huang, Jie;Fan, Xinpeng;Ma, Honggang;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Miao, Miao;Gao, Feng	Pan, Xuming, Huang, Jie, Fan, Xinpeng, Ma, Honggang, Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Miao, Miao, Gao, Feng (2015): Morphology and Phylogeny of Four Marine Scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora), with Descriptions of Two New Species: Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. and Uronema orientalis spec. nov. Acta Protozoologica 54 (1): 31-43, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.15.003.2190, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/322bdcf8-809d-3b96-97f8-c8858a43d243/
03B9BA0AFFB7FFF3FF943AD8FB2F1E4E.text	03B9BA0AFFB7FFF3FF943AD8FB2F1E4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuronema grolierei Wang 2008	<div><p>Pleuronema grolierei Wang et al., 2008 (Figs 3A–H; Table 1)</p><p>Pleuronema grolierei was originally described by Wang et al. (2008b), but the molecular information of this form was absent in his study. Based on the current study, an improved diagnosis of this species is provided, with new characters and SSU rRNA gene sequence data.</p><p>Improved diagnosis: Size in vivo 60–80 × 20–40 µm with an oval to elliptical body shape; buccal field occupying two-thirds of body length; single contractile vacuole located slightly ventrally in the posterior fourth; ten to fifteen prolonged caudal cilia in posterior half of body; cilia in PM uniquely short and inconspicuous; one preoral and 18 to 32 somatic kineties; all membranelles consisting of two rows of basal bodies; the posterior end of the anterior fragment of M2a straight; M2a about twice as long as M3; PM about two-thirds of cell length; single spherical macronucleus and marine habitat.</p><p>Description of the Qingdao population: In vivo about 60–70 × 25–35 µm, elongate oval to elliptical in outline, both ends broadly rounded (Fig. 3A). Buccal field large with shallow buccal cavity, occupying about two-thirds of body length and almost one-third of body width (Fig. 3A). Cilia in both PM and membranelles obviously short (about 20 µm long) (Fig. 3B). Pellicle rigid and slightly notched with extrusomes about 3 µm long, closely arranged beneath. Cytoplasm colourless to slightly grayish, packed with many shining globules of varying size, food vacuoles which are usually large and filled with indefinable contents (Fig. 3D). Single spherical macronucleus, about 15 µm in diameter (Fig. 3H). Contractile vacuole about 20 µm in diameter, located slightly ventrally in posterior quarter of the cell (Fig. 3A). Somatic cilia usually about 10 µm long; about ten caudal cilia, approximately 20 µm long (Fig. 3C). Movement moderately fast, rotating about main body axis, somewhat drifting and wobbling and then motionless for short periods.</p><p>Eighteen to 22 somatic kineties, extending over the entire length of the cell and terminating at the apical end around a large glabrous apical plate. All kineties composed of dikinetids in anterior half of the body and monokinetids in posterior half. One preoral kinety to the left of the buccal field. Oral apparatus as shown in</p><p>Figs 3E–G; the anterior M1 about the same length as M3; M2a double-rowed with its posterior end straight (Figs 3E, G). All the membranelles composed of two longitudinal rows of basal bodies. PM about two-thirds of cell length with its posterior end strongly curved around the posterior margin of buccal area.</p><p>SSU rRNA gene sequence: The SSU rRNA gene sequence of  Pleuronema grolierei Wang et al., 2008 has been deposited in the GenBank database with the accession number, length and G+C content as follows: KF840519, 1738 bp, 43.44%.</p><p>Comparison and remarks: Our population is very similar to previous populations (Wang et al. 2008a) in both living and infraciliature data, except for minor differences in the number of somatic kineties (18–22 in the present study vs. 24–32) and the number of caudal cilia (ten in the present population vs. 15). Consequently, these two forms are conspecific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9BA0AFFB7FFF3FF943AD8FB2F1E4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pan, Xuming;Huang, Jie;Fan, Xinpeng;Ma, Honggang;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Miao, Miao;Gao, Feng	Pan, Xuming, Huang, Jie, Fan, Xinpeng, Ma, Honggang, Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Miao, Miao, Gao, Feng (2015): Morphology and Phylogeny of Four Marine Scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora), with Descriptions of Two New Species: Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. and Uronema orientalis spec. nov. Acta Protozoologica 54 (1): 31-43, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.15.003.2190, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/322bdcf8-809d-3b96-97f8-c8858a43d243/
03B9BA0AFFB7FFFDFCC038E6FC1D1C15.text	03B9BA0AFFB7FFFDFCC038E6FC1D1C15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Uronema orientalis Pan & Huang & Fan & Ma & Al-Rasheid & Miao & Gao 2015	<div><p>Uronema orientalis spec. nov. (Fig. 4; Table 1)</p><p>Diagnosis: In vivo about 40–55 × 20–30 μm with a truncated apical plate; buccal field about 50% of body length; consistently twenty somatic kineties; membranelle 1 (M1) one-rowed, divided into two parts: the anterior part (M1a) and the posterior part (M1b), comprising four and three basal bodies, respectively; contractile vacuole caudally positioned near ventral margin; contractile vacuole pore (CVP) positioned at end of the second somatic kinety; marine habitat.</p><p>Type locality: A beach near Sculpture Garden (36°4′N; 120°29′E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.48333/lat 36.066666)">Qingdao</a>, China  .</p><p>Type slides:   The holotype slide (registration number: PXM-2012041301) and one paratype slide (registration number: NHMUK 2013.8.15.2) with protargol stained-specimens are deposited in the  Laboratory of Protozoology, OUC and the Natural History Museum, London, respectively  .</p><p>Dedication and etymology: The species receives its name ‘  orientalis ’ from the locality where it was isolated.</p><p>Description: Size in vivo about 40–55 × 20–30 μm, elongate-elliptical in outline (Figs 4A, E). An- terior end flat, with an apical plate, dorsal posterior area broadly rounded (Figs 4A, E). Buccal field about 50% of body length (Fig. 4A). Pellicle smooth, with- out ridges (Figs 4E–G). Extrusomes bar-shaped, about 4 μm long, and sparsely arranged beneath pellicle. Cytoplasm colourless to grayish, containing several to many large (ca 5 μm across) food vacuoles and dumb- bell-shaped crystals, which are usually 4 μm long (Figs 4A, I, J). Single macronucleus oval to spherical, centrally located (Fig. 4C). Contractile vacuole moderately large, 5 μm in diameter, caudally positioned (Figs 4A, J). Somatic cilia about 10 μm long, densely arranged; single caudal cilium approximately 20 μm long (Figs 4G, H). Swimming moderately fast while rotating about main body axis, sometimes crawling on debris, or resting on the bottom.</p><p>Consistently twenty somatic kineties arranged longitudinally, which usually have monokinetids in the entire length of each row (Figs 4B, C, K). Buccal apparatus as shown in Figs 4D, K: M1 one-rowed, divided into two parts: the anterior part (M1a) and the posterior part (M1b) comprising four and three basal bodies, respectively. M2 composed of two longitudinal rows of basal bodies; M3 comprising three longitudinal rows (Figs 4D, K). Paroral membrane on right of buccal cavity terminating halfway along M2 (Figs 4D, K). Scutica consisting of four pairs of basal bodies (Figs 4D, K). Contractile vacuole pore positioned at the end of second somatic kinety (Fig. 4L).</p><p>SSU rRNA gene sequence: The SSU rRNA gene sequence of  Uronema orientalis spec. nov. has been deposited in the GenBank database with the accession number, length and G+C content as follows: KF840517, 1657 bp, 42.37%.</p><p>Remarks and comparison: Considering the morphology, infraciliature and habitat, three species have similarities with our new species:  Uronema marinum Dujardin, 1841,  U. elegans Maupas, 1883 and  U. heteromarinum Pan et al., 2010 .</p><p>Though  Uronema marinum is similar to  U. orientalis in body shape and the conspicuous extrusomes, it can be distinguished by the patterns of M1 (one row with 3–6 basal bodies in  U. marinum vs. divided into two parts and comprising four and three basal bodies, respectively in  U. orientalis), the number of somatic kineties (12–14 vs. 20 in  U. orientalis), and the location of the contractile vacuole pore (at posterior end of kinety 2 in  U. marinum vs. at posterior end of kinety 1 in  U. orientalis) (Pan et al. 2010).</p><p>Compared with  Uronema orientalis,  U. elegans is distinguished by the ratio of body length to width (1.5: 1 vs. 2.5: 1 in  U. orientalis) and more somatic kineties (23–26 vs. 20) (Song et al. 2002).</p><p>Uronema heteromarinum differs from  U. orientalis in having reticulate ridges on a notched pellicle and fewer somatic kineties (15–16 vs. 20 in  U. orientalis) (Pan et al. 2010).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B9BA0AFFB7FFFDFCC038E6FC1D1C15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pan, Xuming;Huang, Jie;Fan, Xinpeng;Ma, Honggang;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Miao, Miao;Gao, Feng	Pan, Xuming, Huang, Jie, Fan, Xinpeng, Ma, Honggang, Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Miao, Miao, Gao, Feng (2015): Morphology and Phylogeny of Four Marine Scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora), with Descriptions of Two New Species: Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. and Uronema orientalis spec. nov. Acta Protozoologica 54 (1): 31-43, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.15.003.2190, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/322bdcf8-809d-3b96-97f8-c8858a43d243/
