identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B387DAFFF81F68FF50FF15FA528B40.text	03B387DAFFF81F68FF50FF15FA528B40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thrinax Linnaeus f. ex Swartz 1788	<div><p>Key to the genera of the Thrinax unit</p> <p>The five genera can be distinguished using the following key. This reflects the relationships of the genera as given by Cano et al. (2018).</p> <p>1. Leaf sheaths split at the base; seed surfaces smooth or shallowly lobed; seeds in longitudinal section with a basal intrusion of the hilum................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2.</p> <p>- Leaf sheaths not split at the base; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices, or lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator; seeds in longitudinal section without a basal intrusion of the hilum............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4.</p> <p>2. Leaf segments with large, scattered, brownish scales on the abaxial surface; seeds in longitudinal section intruded by the hilum more than half way, usually from base to apex; Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Yucatan Peninsula, Honduras....................................................................................................................................................................................................... Thrinax</p> <p>- Leaf segments with close rows of small, whitish dots between the veins on the abaxial surface, together with fewer, larger, scattered brownish or greenish scales; seeds in longitudinal section intruded by the hilum from base to about half way............. 3.</p> <p>3. Interfold filaments present; stamens short, forming a compact ring around the gynoecium at anthesis, the anthers extrorse; Cuba......................................................................................................................................................................................... Hemithrinax</p> <p>- Interfold filaments absent; stamens elongate, spreading irregularly at anthesis, the anthers latrorse; Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, western Lesser Antilles.................................................................................................................... Leucothrinax</p> <p>4. Leaf sheath fibers stout, woody, forming a ring of reflexed spines at the sheath apex; flowers alternately and distichously arranged; fruits white; Hispaniola......................................................................................................................................................... Zombia</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers flimsy or stout, sometimes forming erect spines at the sheath apex; flowers spirally arranged; fruits seldom white; throughout the Caribbean.................................................................................................................................. Coccothrinax</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFF81F68FF50FF15FA528B40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFF81F7EFF50FC75FE098CEB.text	03B387DAFFF81F7EFF50FC75FE098CEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thrinax Sargent 1899	<div><p>COCCOTHRINAX</p> <p>Sargent (1899) established Coccothrinax for specimens from Florida. The most important early works on the genus were those of Beccari (1907, 1913, 1931), Bailey (1939a, 1939b), and Bailey in Bailey &amp; Moore (1949). The most important work on Cuban species was that of León (1939). Here several new species were described and species were classified into two series, each again divided into two subseries. Following León, two botanists, Muñiz and Borhidi, continued work on Cuban species, culminating in their catalogue of all Cuban palms (Muñiz &amp; Borhidi 1982).This work included a key to all Cuban species. Read worked on western Caribbean species (e.g. Read 1966a, 1966b). Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a) gave a key to the species in cultivation, and Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991b) discussed the morphology of the genus in some detail and gave a preliminary classification. Most recently, Craft (2017) has given an illustrated account of the Cuban species, with descriptions and distribution maps but without a key, and Moya (2020, 2021) has brought nomenclature and typification of Cuban species up to date. Fernández &amp; Gottschalk (2017) have given an illustrated account of Hispaniolan species, also without a key. Zona et al. (2007) have assessed the conservation status of all species, and Jestrow et. al. (2018) have discussed the conservation status of endangered species.</p> <p>Currently 61 species of Coccothrinax are recognized (POWO 2023, Henderson et al. 2023). Most recent authors agree that a modern revision is needed. However, the genus is considered difficult taxonomically (e.g. Bailey in Bailey &amp; Moore 1949). León (1939, page.153) wrote: ‘las formas múltiples que occurren en muchas especies de este género, la variación considerable que se observa no sólo en la follaje, sino también en las diferentes partes de la inflorescencia y de la misma flor, por una parte dificultan grandemente el estudio de los Coccothrinaces…’ [The multiple forms that occur in many species of this genus, the considerable variation that is observed not only in the foliage, but also in the different parts of the inflorescence and of the same flower, on the one hand greatly hinder the study of Coccothrinaces]. Tomlinson et al. (2011) considered Coccothrinax to be the most variable genus anatomically of any genus of subfamily Coryphoideae, and one of the most variable in the whole family.</p> <p>Morphology</p> <p>In the following discussion, morphology is treated in detail and several attributes of Coccothrinax not used in delimiting species are discussed. A detailed discussion of morphology is given in Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a) and a detailed generic description can be found in Dransfield et al. (2008).</p> <p>Stems are recorded as 0.03–20.0 m long and 2.9–50.0 cm diameter. The shortest stems are found in the mainland Florida population of C. argentata and the tallest in Hispaniola populations of C. argentea. Stem diameter is remarkably variable. Stems of C. argentea may be slender and flexible (Fig. 1A) while those of C. spissa maybe swollen (Fig. 1B). Within species, stems of C. spissa may be swollen or not swollen within the same population. Stems are usually solitary and only four species (C. fagildei, C. jimenezii, C. pseudorigida, C. pumila) are recorded as having clustered stems. Specimens of C. argentata from mainland Florida are scored as having solitary stems, but according to Presley (1934) they can have shoots at the base or on the stems. Rarely, specimens of C. argentea are recorded as having clustered stems. In three species (C. borhidiana, C. garciana, C. pseudorigida), stems are covered with persistent dead leaves, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves (Fig. 1C). Other species may have such skirts, for example C. fagildei illustrated in Moya (2021), but this cannot be scored from specimens.</p> <p>The central, solid part of the leaf sheath of Coccothrinax is not split at the base (Fig. 1D) (rarely specimens appear to have a short split, but this may be an artefact of pressing and drying). Apart from the central, solid part, leaf sheaths are fibrous, and here fibers are scored as seven different states: thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices (Fig. 2A); thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, not forming persistent ligules and soon disintegrating at the apices; thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices (Fig. 2B); stout (usually&gt; 1 mm diameter), woody, loosely (rarely closely) woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices (Fig. 2C); stout (usually&gt; 1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers (Fig. 2D); stout (usually 0.3–0.5 mm diameter), loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices; and thin (usually ca. 0.4 mm diameter), curled toward the apex, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, truncate at the apex.</p> <p>Leaf sheath fibers are usually arranged in two layers, one perpendicular to the other, but in a few species three layers are present. However, this does not appear consistent within species. In C. miraguama individuals can have either two or three layers. Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a) considered that C. miraguama specimens can have three layers nearer the base of the sheath and two layers nearer the apex. This variable is therefore not used here to delimit species.</p> <p>Petiole width ranges from 2 mm wide, on a specimen from the mainland Florida population of C. argentata, to 26.4 mm wide from a specimen of C. spissa. At the apex of the petiole is a hastula. As noted above in the general morphology section, hastulas are too variable to be useful taxonomically. The shape of the adaxial hastula varies from rounded to acuminate to cuspidate (Fig. 3A), and sometimes may be briefly bifid at the apex. The abaxial hastula is much less developed, usually forming a low ridge (Fig. 3B). Palman length ranges from 1.0–43.0 cm. As noted by Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a), occasionally the central adaxial vein is abnormally long, and then the palman length is measured along the adjacent adaxial vein. Palmans may be relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a distinct pulvinus (Fig. 3A). In this case, palmans appear somewhat sunken in relation to the rest of the leaf. Alternatively, palmans may be relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins, and not lower than the rest of the leaf. Rarely, a short costa is present abaxially (Fig. 3C).</p> <p>Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a), based on living plants, described the outline of the leaf blade as a series of fractions, i.e. 4/4 orbicular, 3/4 orbicular, etc. However this has been found to be somewhat impractical and difficult to score from specimens. Here, leaf blades are described as either wedge-shaped (Fig. 3D) or not wedge-shaped. Nine species, from Cuba and Hispaniola, are scored as having wedge-shaped leaf blades. In these species, it is only the adults that have wedge-shaped blades, especially those in more exposed places. Species with wedge-shaped blades tend to have fewer segments per leaf, a mean of 23, as opposed to 36 in non-wedge-shaped blades.</p> <p>Segment shape, taken from those segments from the middle of the leaf, is described by four states. In the first state, the segments are relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, with a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, and the apices are thin, deeply splitting and breaking off. The mean size of this type of segment is 56.3 cm long and 2.6 cm wide. In the second state, found in several Cuban species, the segments are relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting. The mean size of this type of segment is 42.9 cm long and 2.6 cm wide. However, two, somewhat different apices occur in this type of segment, short and elongate, and these can appear quite distinct. In fact, León (1939) used them to distinguish species, for example C. miraguama from C. yuraguana. However, the distinction between these two types of apex is more complex and may also be influenced by habitat. Moya (2020) illustrated this in C. acuminata, with plants with short segment apices (his Fig. 1) growing in open habitats and those with long apices (his Fig. 2) growing in shaded habitats. In the third leaf segment state, segments are tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, and with the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting. The mean size of this type of segment is 41.8 cm long and 3.5 cm wide. In the fourth leaf segment state, found only in C. crinita, middle leaf segments are relatively long and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) about the middle, stiff and leathery, and the apices are elongate beyond the shoulder and briefly split. Mean size is 77.4 cm long and 3.9 cm wide.</p> <p>In a few species (C. orientalis, C. yunquensis), the middle leaf segments are blunt and rounded at the apices and only briefly splitting. However, this is difficult to score. In some species it appears that leaves from younger plants may have blunt segment apices, while adults have normal attenuate apices. Leaf segments may not be waxy adaxially or may have a deciduous, thin layer of wax abaxially. Rarely segments may have a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially. This is a difficult variable to score and the amount of wax varies within species, and presumably also with the age of the leaves, with wax wearing off from older leaves. Some specimens of C. miraguama appear to have little or no wax abaxially, others appear to have more wax. Craft (2017) wrote that some forms of C. salvatoris have a layer of wax abaxially. Only four species are scored as having a dense, persistent layer of wax.</p> <p>Leaf segments are usually indumentose abaxially. This is scored as four states. Segments may be densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center (e.g. C. argentata, Fig. 4A); densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center (e.g. C. miraguama, Fig. 4B); densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center (e.g. C. argentea, Fig. 4C); or segments may be without indumentum abaxially (e.g. C. bonettiana). However, indumentum is often difficult to score. There may be intermediate states or indumentum may wear off from older leaves. Leaf segments in most species are ribbed abaxially as a result of their anatomy, although one species, C. ekmanii, appears not to be ribbed (Tomlinson et al. 2011).</p> <p>In several species leaf segments have well-developed transverse veinlets (Fig. 4D). However, these are often difficult to see unless the leaf segments are illuminated from behind. It seems possible that transverse veinlets are more obvious in juvenile and younger leaves and obscure in older leaves, more obvious in fresh rather than dried leaves, and more obvious at the apices of the segments.</p> <p>Inflorescences are scored either as erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (Fig. 5A), or as erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence (Fig. 5B), or as curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (Fig. 5C). Inflorescences are usually branched to two orders, rarely some individuals have inflorescences branched to three orders (e.g. C torrida, Zona 842; C. barbadensis, Broadway 3067). In both these specimens, relatively well-developed bracts subtend proximal rachillae. Rachis bracts are either narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex (e.g. C. boschiana, C. ekmanii), or as somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex (e.g. C. argentata, C. argentea). Rarely they are scored as swollen, woody, and not or sparsely tomentose. The number of partial inflorescences on an inflorescence ranges from 2–7. Coccothrinax scoparia consistently has two partial inflorescences. In species with elongate inflorescences, such as C. garciana and C. pseudorigida, there are two to four partials. On the other hand, species such as C. argentata may have up to seven partial inflorescences. The longest rachillae are found in C. spissa, with a mean length of 13.6 cm, and the shortest in C. scoparia, with a mean length of 4.0 cm. Rachillae are usually straight, rarely recurved. They may be more or less evenly spaced, seldom in pairs, or unevenly spaced, some in groups. In the latter case, usually in species with larger inflorescences, rachises are often somewhat flattened in cross-section. Rachillae at or near anthesis may be glabrous, or uneven, with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop.</p> <p>Flowers are solitary, spirally arranged along the rachillae, and are borne on pedicels (Fig. 5D). Pedicel length, in fruiting specimens, ranges from 0.1–6.2 mm long. Pedicels are subtended by bracteoles, and these bracteoles are borne either at the base of the pedicel or sometimes on the pedicel itself (e.g. C. barbadensis). The flowers themselves appear quite variable. Perianth lobes vary from small and narrow (e.g. C. garciana) to large and broad (e.g. C. spissa). In one species, C. scoparia, the lobes may be laciniate (illustrated in Beccari 1931, plate 31 IV). Perhaps most distinctive are the perianths of C. torrida which have a narrow base and deeply split lobes. Stamens are elongate and spread irregularly at anthesis, with latrorse anthers. Stamen number ranges from 5–13. Filaments are usually wider at the base and there fused into a shallow to deep cupule. The amount of basal fusion in filaments has sometimes been used to distinguish species (e.g. León 1939) but it does not appear to have any taxonomic significance.Anthers are often coiled and twisted (Fig. 5D).</p> <p>Fruits of Coccothrinax range in size from 3.0– 16.4 mm long and 3.8–15.4 mm diameter and are typically globose or nearly so. The largest fruits are found in C. montana and the smallest in C. samanensis. Fruit color is not discernible from herbarium specimens and is taken from specimen labels. Quite a range is found but usually fruits are described as black or various shades of purple. A few species (e.g. C. montana) are reported to have white fruits. Fruit surfaces are usually smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers (Fig. 6A), or rarely are densely muricate (Fig. 6B). The latter kind of fruits are usually smaller than others and dry light brown. Some species (e.g. C. montgomeryana) have small and nearly muricate fruits, apparently an intermediate state.</p> <p>Seed surfaces of Coccothrinax are either deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices, or lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator. Rarely seed surfaces appear almost smooth or scarcely lobed (C. samanensis). Embryos are apical or subapical (but note that both Bailey in Bailey &amp; Moore (1949) and Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981) erroneously considered embryos to be basal).</p> <p>Seeds from herbarium specimens can be divided into two states. In the first, seeds are light brown, with irregular, shallow lobes radiating from the base but not reaching the apex of the seed and not separating (Fig. 6C). In the second state, seeds are dark brown, with the deep lobes separating almost to the apex (Fig. 6D). Mayté Pernús Alvarez (pers. comm.) believes these states are based on differences in moisture content, and the separating lobes are caused by dehydration of the seeds. This variable is thus not used here to delimit species.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 61 preliminary species examined, 39 phylogenetic species are recognized. However, numerous difficulties in delimiting species and subspecies using the methods in the Materials and Methods section were found, as follows.</p> <p>Two phylogenetic species are widespread— Coccothrinax argentata in the western Caribbean and C. barbadensis in the eastern Caribbean. Previous authors have recognized several different species within these two areas, each endemic to a particular island, or group of islands, or mainland area. Here, the two species are considered to comprise numerous, disjunct populations, with each island/mainland area having its own population. Coccothrinax argentata occurs on approximately 40 different islands as well as mainland Florida and Mexico, and C. barbadensis occurs on approximately 25 different islands as well as the larger islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, and mainland Venezuela. Generally there are too few specimens from each island/mainland area to test for quantitative differences but it seems likely that each island has its own distinct population, and mainland areas may have more than one population. For example, Zona et al. (2018) showed that there were two distinct populations of C. argentata in mainland Florida. Furthermore, it appears that widespread species on larger islands (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Trinidad) are also made up of several, distinct, disjunct populations, each occurring in a different habitat or on a different substrate. Such areas may themselves be thought of as islands, in this case islands of some distinct substrate such as serpentine soils or limestone mogotes. Examples are C. miraguama, C. clarensis, and C. salvatoris in Cuba, as noted by León (1939), and C. argentea in Hispaniola, as discussed later under that species. Finally, even within species considered to be narrow endemics there may be distinct populations, such as in C. boschiana and C. jimenezii.</p> <p>In summary, two Coccothrinax species (C. argentata, C. barbadensis) are widespread and made up of numerous, disjunct, different, usually insular populations. A few other species are widespread in Cuba and Hispaniola. This is a problem at the subspecies level. In the Materials and Methods section it was stated that if subgroups of phylogenetic species could be delimited by geographic/elevation disjunctions, and these subgroups differed in quantitative variables, then a phylogenetic subspecies concept could be applied. But as noted above, just within C. argentata and C. argentea there are dozens of disjunct, potentially different populations. The majority are represented by few specimens, too few to test for differences, and recognition of such populations as subspecies would lead to an unwieldly number of subspecies.</p> <p>Further complications result from hybridization. There is evidence for extensive hybridization between species. Craft (2017) reported that Coccothrinax species commonly hybridize in cultivation and noted several naturally occurring hybrids in Cuba. These can occur between apparently unrelated species. For example, Suárez (2015) reported a naturally occurring hybrid between C. crinita and C. miraguama. Even intergeneric hybrids between Coccothrinax and Leucothrinax (as Thrinax) have been reported (Nauman 1989, 1990). Hybrids cause taxonomic problems because they are difficult to detect from specimens and may be part of the reason that several qualitative variables are difficult to score and consequently species difficult to delimit.</p> <p>Another complication results from dispersal. The wide distribution of Coccothrinax species on almost every island in the Caribbean is evidence of successful dispersal, including long distance dispersal to such isolated islands as San Andrés, Providencia, and Islas del Cisne. The relatively small seeds are dispersed by birds, bats, deer, and turtles (Zona &amp; Henderson 1989, Davis et al. 2007). Dispersal causes taxonomic problems if plants from one population have dispersed to another. For example, Zona et al. (2018) found that an aberrant specimen from mainland Florida appeared similar to specimens from the Florida Keys and considered that it could be explained as a result of dispersal from the Florida Keys to the mainland.</p> <p>Thus it can be seen that population structure, hybridization, and dispersal complicate the taxonomy of Coccothrinax. This means that qualitative variables are difficult to define and score from specimens and relatively few variables have been found in this study. Several potential qualitative variables were not used because of their infraspecific variability (e.g., hastula shape, pedicel shape). Some qualitative variables that were used are difficult to score because of intermediate states. There is also the problem of changes during development or aging. Indumentum, for example, can wear off as leaves age, and transverse veinlets may be most easily scored from younger leaves. Other variables, such as those based on stem branching are problematic because they can only be scored from labels, where such data are usually lacking. Other authors have experienced the same problem. Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991b) scored 22 morphological variables for their study of Coccothrinax phylogeny, and noted that most were highly homoplasious and only four were reliable for classificatory purposes at the infrageneric level (elongate sheath fibers, spine-like sheath fibers, transverse veinlets, muricate fruits). In the present study, only about seven of 22 qualitative variables used are unambiguously scoreable.</p> <p>These problems are compounded by the limitations of the available specimens.As in many palm genera, specimens are relatively few and often fragmentary because the plants are large in size and difficult to collect. Type specimens of some species are either non-existent or fragmentary. Some areas are poorly collected. In consequence there are many missing data.</p> <p>In summary, population structure, dispersal, hybridization, and the limitations of herbarium specimens means that relatively few qualitative variables have been found, their states are difficult to define, they are often difficult to score because of intermediates between states, and there are many missing data. All these problems mean that a specimenbased revision using morphology and employing the Phylogenetic Species Concept is problematic. Molecular data are needed to understand Coccothrinax, not only to delimit species and identify hybrids but to resolve species relationships. Two studies, Cano et al. (2018) and Roncal et al. (2008), have begun to understand relationships based on molecular data, but included rather few species. Nevertheless, the present study will at least provide hypotheses of species that can be tested by molecular data.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFF81F7EFF50FC75FE098CEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFEE1F7AFF50FA2DFA5388F5.text	03B387DAFFEE1F7AFF50FA2DFA5388F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax Sargent 1899	<div><p>1. Coccothrinax Sargent (1899: 87).</p> <p>Type:— Coccothrinax jucunda Sargent (= Coccothrinax argentata (Jacquin) Bailey)</p> <p>Thrincoma Cook (1901: 539).</p> <p>Type:— Thrincoma alta Cook (= Coccothrinax barbadensis (Loddiges ex Martius) Beccari)</p> <p>Thringis Cook (1901: 544).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moore 1963):— Thringis latifrons Cook (= Coccothrinax barbadensis (Loddiges ex Martius) Beccari)</p> <p>Haitiella Bailey (1947a: 7).</p> <p>Type:— Haitiella ekmanii (Burret) Bailey (= Coccothrinax ekmanii Burret)</p> <p>Coccothrinax subgen. Eucoccothrinax Beccari (1931: 336). Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Coccothrinax series Brevispadicae León (1939: 110). Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Coccothrinax series Brevispadicae subseries Cernuae León (1939: 110). Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Coccothrinax series Brevispadicae subseries Curvatae León (1939: 110). Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Coccothrinax series Longispadicae León (1939: 110). Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Coccothrinax series Longispadicae subseries Pauciramosae León (1939: 110). Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Coccothrinax series Longispadicae subseries Multiramosae León (1939: 110). Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Coccothrinax section Coccothrinax subsection Haitiella (Bailey) Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982: 319).</p> <p>Type:— Coccothrinax ekmanii Burret</p> <p>Coccothrinax section Longispadicae (León) Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982: 316).</p> <p>Type:— Coccothrinax rigida (Grisebach &amp; Wendland) Beccari</p> <p>Coccothrinax section Longispadicae subsection Multiramosae León ex Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982: 316).</p> <p>Type:— Coccothrinax gundlachii León</p> <p>Coccothrinax section Longispadicae subsection Pauciramosae León ex Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982: 317).</p> <p>Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Stems 4.5(0.03–20.0) m long and 9.2(2.9–50.0) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaves persistent, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves covering the stem, or more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheaths not split at the base; leaf sheath fibers 1.0(0.1–7.5) mm diameter, thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices, or thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, not forming persistent ligules and soon disintegrating at the apices, or thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices, or stout (usually&gt; 1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices, or stout (usually&gt; 1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers, or stout (usually 0.3–0.5 mm diameter), loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices, or thin (usually ca. 0.4 mm diameter), curled toward the apex, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, truncate at the apex; petioles 10.7(2.0–26.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 12.1(1.0–43.0) cm long and relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus, or relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; interfold filaments absent; leaf blades wedge-shaped, or not wedge-shaped; segments 35(12–71) per leaf, the middle ones 49.3(17.2–102.5) cm long and 2.9(0.8–6.5) cm wide; segments pendulous at the apices, giving a three-dimensional appearance to the leaf, or not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off, or relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting, or tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting, or relatively long and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) about the middle, stiff and leathery, the apices elongate beyond the shoulder, briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices blunt and rounded, or attenuate; leaf segments with a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially, or not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially; leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center, or densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center, or densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, or with a thin layer of wax abaxially, or without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially; leaf segments without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets, or with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences, or erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence, or curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex, or somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4(2–9); proximalmost rachillae straight or recurved, 8.0(2.5–22.0) cm long and 1.2(0.4–2.4) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis, or uneven with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; flowers spirally arranged; stamens 8(5–13), elongate, spreading irregularly at anthesis, the anthers latrorse; fruit pedicels 1.7(0.1–6.2) mm long; fruits 7.7(3.0–16.4) mm long and 7.8(3.8–15.4) mm diameter, black, blackish, brown, rusty-brown, grayish-brown, blue-black, purple-black, dark purple, deep purple, purplish, purple, red-purple, burgundy, red-pink, rose-red, wine color, magenta, reddish, dark red, red-black, orange-yellow, yellowish, yellow-white, tan, cream, or white; fruit surfaces densely muricate, or smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices, or lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator, rarely smooth or scarcely lobed; seeds in longitudinal section not intruded by the hilum.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat: — Coccothrinax species are widely distributed throughout the Caribbean and adjacent mainland areas, from 26°40’N (Bahamas) to 10°03’S (Trinidad) and from 89°32’W (Mexico) to 59°34’W (Barbados) (Fig. 7). The island with the highest number of species, 24, is Cuba followed by Hispaniola with 16. Species occur from sea level to 1,850 m elevation (C. montana in the Dominican Republic). However, most specimens are from low elevations. Of the 246 specimens with elevation data, 128 (52%) occur at or below 200 m. Only 13% of specimens occur at or above 1,000 m — nearly all either C. montana or C. scoparia in Hispaniola. Species occur in a variety of habitats. In general they are found in areas of low rainfall and often in arid areas. On smaller islands and adjacent mainland areas they occur at low elevations near the sea, often in open forest or scrub forest on sandy or coralline soils. On both Hispaniola and Cuba, several local endemics are confined to serpentine or limestone soils, often on savannas or more open areas with low forest.</p> <p>Key to the species of Coccothrinax</p> <p>1. USA (Florida), Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, Haiti (Tortuga island), Dominican Republic (Morro de Monte Cristi), Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Mexico (Quintana Roo, Yucatán), Belize, Colombia (San Andrés, Providencia) and Honduras (Islas del Cisne).......................................................................................................................................................................................... C. argentata</p> <p>- All other areas.................................................................................................................................................................................. 2.</p> <p>2. Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, and northeastern Venezuela............................. C. barbadensis</p> <p>- Cuba and Hispaniola........................................................................................................................................................................ 3.</p> <p>3. Cuba................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4.</p> <p>- Hispaniola...................................................................................................................................................................................... 27.</p> <p>4. Leaf segments pendulous at the apices, giving a three-dimensional appearance to the leaf; leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center; widespread in coastal areas..................................................................................... C. argentata</p> <p>- Leaf segments not as above............................................................................................................................................................. 5.</p> <p>5. Leaf sheath fibers thin, closely woven, not forming persistent ligules and soon disintegrating at the apices; leaf segments with poorly developed transverse veinlets; Guantánamo........................................................................................................ C. hioramii</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers not as above; leaf segments without transverse veinlets.................................................................................... 6.</p> <p>6. Leaf sheath fibers thin, curled toward the apex, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, truncate at the apex; Santiago de Cuba............................................................................................................................................................................ C. fragrans</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers not as above....................................................................................................................................................... 7.</p> <p>7. Fruit surfaces densely muricate; Guantánamo.................................................................................................................. C. munizii</p> <p>- Fruit surfaces not densely muricate................................................................................................................................................. 8.</p> <p>8. Leaf sheath fibers thin, flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices.................................................................. 9.</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers not as above..................................................................................................................................................... 10.</p> <p>9. Leaves persistent, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves covering the stem; Matanzas......................................................... C. borhidiana</p> <p>- Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; Cienfuegos, Pinar del Río, Sancti Spíritus........... C. crinita</p> <p>10. Leaf sheath fibers with the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers.................................. 11.</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers ± joined or briefly free at the apices................................................................................................................ 17.</p> <p>11. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences, or erect amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence.............................................................................. 12.</p> <p>- Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences...................... 15.</p> <p>12. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Ciego de Ávila, Camagüey............................................................................................................................... C. clarensis</p> <p>- Inflorescences erect amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence............................... 13.</p> <p>13. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; Holguín, Santiago de Cuba........................ C. pauciramosa</p> <p>- Leaves persistent, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves covering the stem............................................................................................. 14.</p> <p>14. Stems solitary; Holguín................................................................................................................................................... C. garciana</p> <p>- Stems clustered; Camagüey...................................................................................................................................... C. pseudorigida</p> <p>15. Middle leaf segments attenuate; Camagüey, Holguín, Las Tunas................................................................................. C. salvatoris</p> <p>- Middle leaf segment apices blunt and rounded; Guantánamo....................................................................................................... 16.</p> <p>16. Leaf blades not wedge-shaped..................................................................................................................................... C. yunquensis</p> <p>- Leaf blades wedge-shaped.......................................................................................................................................... C. microphylla</p> <p>17. Middle leaf segment apices blunt and rounded; Guantánamo, Holguín........................................................................ C. orientalis</p> <p>- Middle leaf segment apices attenuate............................................................................................................................................ 18.</p> <p>18. Inflorescences erect amongst or above the leaves......................................................................................................................... 19.</p> <p>- Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves............................................................................................... 21.</p> <p>19. Leaf segments with a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially; Guantánamo...................................................... C. torrida</p> <p>- Leaf segments without a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially.................................................................................. 20.</p> <p>20. Rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; Granma, Santiago de Cuba.......................................................................................................................................................... C. gundlachii</p> <p>- Rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; Guantánamo........ C. baracoensis</p> <p>21. Leaf segments with a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially; Sancti Spíritus.............................................. C. spirituana</p> <p>- Leaf segments without a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially.................................................................................. 22.</p> <p>22. Leaf segments without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially; Holguín............................................................................ C. rigida</p> <p>- Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center...................................................................................... 23.</p> <p>23. Stems solitary; throughout Cuba................................................................................................................................................... 24.</p> <p>- Stems clustered; Guantánamo....................................................................................................................................................... 26.</p> <p>24. Proximalmost rachillae recurved; Guantánamo............................................................................................................. C. alexandri</p> <p>- Proximalmost rachillae straight..................................................................................................................................................... 25.</p> <p>25. Fruits 4.8(4.0–5.4) mm long and 4.8(4.0–5.7) mm diameter; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator; Granma, Guantánamo, Santiago de Cuba...................................................................................................... C. saxicola</p> <p>- Fruits 7.4(6.2–10.6) mm long and 7.7(6.2–11.2) mm diameter; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices; western and central Cuba................................................................................................................. C. miraguama</p> <p>26. Leaf blades wedge-shaped; Santiago de Cuba.................................................................................................................. C. fagildei</p> <p>- Leaf blades not wedge-shaped; Guantánamo..................................................................................................................... C. pumila</p> <p>27. Leaf sheath fibers closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices; throughout Hispaniola............. C. argentea</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers not forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices.................................................................................... 28.</p> <p>28. Leaf sheath fibers thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), closely woven, not forming persistent ligules and soon disintegrating at the apices............................................................................................................................................................................................. 29.</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers stout (usually&gt; 1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices, or stout (usually&gt; 1 mm diameter), woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers, or stout (usually 0.3–0.5 mm diameter), loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices... 30.</p> <p>29. Stems 4.4–15.0 cm diameter, not swollen; at 10–26 m elevation in southeastern Dominican Republic (La Altagracia, San Pedro de Macoris)..................................................................................................................................................................... C. barbadensis</p> <p>- Stems 11.0–50.0 cm diameter, sometimes swollen; throughout Hispaniola....................................................................... C. spissa</p> <p>30. Fruits 8.3–16.4 mm long; at higher elevations.............................................................................................................................. 31.</p> <p>- Fruits 3.9–7.9 mm long; at lower elevations................................................................................................................................. 32.</p> <p>31. Palmans 8.3(3.5–15.3) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; Dominican Republic (Sierra Martín García and Sierra de Baoruco) and Haiti (Massif de la Hotte and probably Massif de la Selle)........................................................................................................................................................... C. scoparia</p> <p>- Palmans 20.1(12.0–26.50) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; Dominican Republic (Cordillera Central, Cordillera Septentrional, Sierra de Neiva)...................................................................................................................... C. montana</p> <p>32. Fruit surfaces densely muricate..................................................................................................................................................... 33.</p> <p>- Fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers.............................................................................................................35.</p> <p>33. Leaf sheath fibers combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers; southeastern Haiti (Sud-Est) and southwestern Dominican Republic (Barahona, Pedernales)..................................................................................................................................... C. ekmanii</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers ± joined or briefly free at the apices................................................................................................................ 34.</p> <p>34. Leaf blades not wedge-shaped; Dominican Republic (Azua)....................................................................................... C. boschiana</p> <p>- Leaf blades wedge-shaped; northeastern Dominican Republic (Samaná).................................................................. C. samanensis</p> <p>35. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves; north-central Dominican Republic (Espaillat).. C. bonettiana</p> <p>- Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves............................................................................................... 36.</p> <p>36. Leaf blades not wedge-shaped....................................................................................................................................................... 37.</p> <p>- Leaf blades wedge-shaped............................................................................................................................................................. 39.</p> <p>37. Leaf segments without indumentum abaxially; southern Haiti (Department Sud-Est)................................................... C. concolor</p> <p>- Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially.............................................................................................................................. 38.</p> <p>38. Fruits 3.8–4.7 mm diameter; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator; northeastern Dominican Republic (El Seibo, Hato Mayor)..................................................................................................... C. montgomeryana</p> <p>- Fruits 7.1–7.2 mm diameter; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices; northwestern Haiti (Nord-Ouest)...................................................................................................................................................................... C. gracilis</p> <p>39. Leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially; Haiti (Artibonite)............................................................................ C. gonaivensis</p> <p>- Leaf segments without indumentum abaxially.............................................................................................................................. 40.</p> <p>40. Leaf sheath fibers 0.3(0.2–0.4) mm diameter, forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices; Dominican Republic (Independencia)................................................................................................................................................ C. jimenezii</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers 1.3(1.1–1.5) mm diameter, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; Dominican Republic (Azua)... C. landestoyii</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFEE1F7AFF50FA2DFA5388F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFEA1F78FF50FEA4FE058A96.text	03B387DAFFEA1F78FF50FEA4FE058A96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax alexandri Leon 1939	<div><p>1.1. Coccothrinax alexandri León (1939: 122).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, Baracoa, Pedegrales de Maisí, October 1934, A. López &amp; P. Bermúdez 16191 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, GH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!). Plate 1</p> <p>Coccothrinax alexandri var. nitida León (1939: 123). Coccothrinax alexandri subsp. nitida (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 175). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, Baracoa, Circanias de Imías, July 1932, J. Pérez 15822 (holotype HAC!, isotypes BH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax bermudezii León (1939: 124). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, S. E. de Baracoa, Paso de Cuba, July 1935, P. Bermúdez &amp; A. López 16290 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, FTG!, GH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, MT n.v., US!).</p> <p>Stems length and diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.3(1.0–2.0) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 13.5(8.7–19.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 11.8(5.0–21.0) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 33(25–44) per leaf, the middle ones 42.1(29.0–54.5) cm long and 3.7(2.6–5.0) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 3; proximalmost rachillae recurved, 6.2(4.7–9.5) cm long and 1.4(1.2–1.7) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 7(6–8); fruit pedicels 0.9(0.6–1.7) mm long; fruits 8.2(7.2–9.1) mm long and 8.1(7.2–9.0) mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Guantánamo) (Fig. 8) on limestone rocks at 470(100–840) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Two preliminary species (C. alexandri, C. bermudezii) share a unique combination of character states and are recognized as a single, phylogenetic species, for which the name C. alexandri is here chosen. It is similar to C. miraguama, differing only in its recurved proximalmost rachillae. While recurved rachillae are obvious on the type specimen, they are not so clear on other specimens. León described the type as having leaf sheaths with 3-layered fibers, but it appears to have both 2-layered and 3-layered fibers; another specimen (León 18120) from the same locality has 2-layered fibers. Plants are reported to have exceptionally tall stems (León 1939, Craft 2017). León compared C. alexandri var. nitida to C. montana from Hispaniola.</p> <p>León (1939) described C. bermudezii and compared it to C. alexandri, from which he considered it differed by its shorter stems and larger fruits. However, it appears little different. One specimen (León 18597) was determined, apparently by León, as C. bermudezii, but occurs at or near the type locality of C. alexandrii. One other specimen (Schultes 413), tentatively determined as preliminary species C. bermudezii, has leaf segments with the same reddish-brown centers to the hairs as the type of C. bermudezii, but has larger leaves and is said to occur at an elevation of 2,500 –3,000 ft. León (1939) considered that C. bermudezii and C. alexandri marked a transition between his subseries Cernuae and subseries Curvatae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFEA1F78FF50FEA4FE058A96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFE81F74FF50FD03FDAC8D23.text	03B387DAFFE81F74FF50FD03FDAC8D23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax argentata (Jacquin) Bailey 1939	<div><p>1.2. Coccothrinax argentata (Jacquin) Bailey (1939a: 223).</p> <p>Palma argentata Jacquin (1803: 38).</p> <p>Type:— Jacquin 1803, tab. 43, fig. 1. Epitype (designated here):— BAHAMAS. Great Exuma, near George Town airport, 9 July 1978, D. Correll 49994 (epitype NY!). Plate 2</p> <p>Coccothrinax garberi (Chapman) Sargent (1899: 90). Thrinax garberi Chapman (1878: 12). Thrinax argentea var. garberi (Chapman) Chapman (1897: 462). Coccothrinax argentata subsp. garberi (Chapman) Zona, Francisco-Ortega &amp; Jestrow in Zona et al. (2018: 160).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated here):— USA. Miami, June–August 1877, A. Garber s.n. (lectotype NY!, isolectotypes FLAS!, GH!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax jucunda Sargent (1899: 89). Lectotype (designated here):— USA. Florida, between Bay Biscayne and the Everglades, May, A. Curtiss 2679 (lectotype NY!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax jucunda var. macrosperma Beccari (1907: 312). Type:— BAHAMAS. Fortune Island, 5 February 1888, H. Eggers 3872 (holotype B, destroyed).</p> <p>Coccothrinax jucunda var. marquesensis Beccari (1907: 313). Lectotype (designated here):— USA. Florida, Marquesas Keys, November 1887, C. Sargent s.n. (lectotype A!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax litoralis León (1939: 138). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, Bahia de Manatí, Playa de Muertos, 29 December 1933, Fr. León 16017 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotype MT n.v., MT image!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax victorinii León (1939: 139). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, entre las 2 bocas del río Tana, Media Luna, 29 December 1938, Fr. León 18604 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax inaguensis Read (1966a: 30). Type:— Cultivated plant from seed collected on Great Inagua, USDA Plant Introduction Station, Miami, Florida, 24 February 1965, R. Read 1377 (holotype BH!, isotypes FTG!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax jamaicensis Read (1966b: 133). Type:— JAMAICA. St.Ann, Queen’s Highway, sea level, 15 November 1965, R. Read 1563 (holotype BH!, isotypes FTG n.v., FTG image!, GH!, S n.v., S image!, UCWI n.v., US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax readii Quero (1980: 118). Type:— MEXICO. Quintana Roo, ½ km al norte de Xel-ha, 10 m, 26 May 1979, H. Quero 2755 (holotype MEXU n.v., MEXU image!, isotypes BH!, F n.v., F image!, GH!, NY!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax proctorii Read (1980: 285). Type:— CAYMAN ISLANDS. Grand Cayman, east of Savannah village, 9 June 1967, G. Proctor 27991 (holotype IJ n.v., isotypes FTG!, US n.v.).</p> <p>Stems 2.5(0.03–6.0) m long and 8.2(2.9–15.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.3(0.1–0.5) mm diameter, closely woven, not forming persistent ligules and soon disintegrating at the apices; petioles 8.6(2.0–17.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 11.8(1.3–30.5) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 31(12–49) per leaf, the middle ones 49.5(17.2–90.0) cm long and 2.1(0.8–4.2) cm wide; segments pendulous at the apices, giving a three-dimensional appearance to the leaf; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, pale brown, or greenish elliptic center, or without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4(2–7); proximalmost rachillae straight, 7.1(2.5–15.0) cm long and 1.1(0.6–1.8) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 9(8–10); fruit pedicels 2.3(0.8–6.2) mm long; fruits 7.8(5.3–10.6) mm long and 7.5(5.1–10.0) mm diameter, black, purple, purple-black, red-black, reddish-black, red-purple, or burgundy; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— USA (Florida), Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, Hispaniola, Cuba, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Mexico (Quintana Roo, Yucatán), Colombia (San Andrés, Providencia) and Honduras (Islas del Cisne) (Fig. 8) in pine woods, shrubby areas, coastal coppices, thickets, on limestone soils or sand dunes usually near the sea, at 89(0–488) m elevation. Duno de Stefano &amp; Moya (2014) reported that C. argentata also occurs in Belize but no specimens from there have been seen.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Seven preliminary species (Coccothrinax argentata, C. inaguensis, C. jamaicensis, C. litoralis, C. proctorii, C. readii, C. victorinii) share a unique combination of qualitative character states (with one exception, as discussed below) and are recognized as a single phylogenetic species, the earliest name for which is C. argentata. Jacquin (1803) described Palma argentata from a cultivated plant said to come from the Bahamas, and illustrated it with a figure of a single leaf. Because the illustration is equivocal, an epitype is designated. Coccothrinax argentata is widespread in the western Caribbean and occurs in several different areas.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—In the USA, in mainland Florida, plants occur in southern Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade counties, where they grow in coastal pinelands or open areas at low elevations (Small 1924). Specimens have been identified as Coccothrinax argentata. Two other names have been applied to specimens from this area, C. garberi and C. jucunda, but these are included as synonyms of C. argentata (POWO 2023) and their types share all character states with other specimens. Specimens are notable for their leaf segments that are densely indumentose abaxially, each hair with a conspicuous, reddish-brown, elliptic center. Davis et al. (2007) and Zona et al. (2018) reported that plants from Palm Beach and Broward counties, growing on sand dunes, had stems up to 2 m tall. On the other hand, plants from Miami-Dade county, growing in pine rock land over oolitic limestone, were smaller with stems usually less than 1 m tall. Differences in several variables were found, with plants from Palm Beach and Broward counties being larger than those from Miami-Dade county. In the present study, although there are not enough data to test for stem length, specimens from Palm Beach and Broward counties differ from those of Miami-Dade county in eight variables (petiole width, palman length, number of segments, segment length, segment width, number of partial inflorescences, fruit length, fruit diameter) (t -test, P &lt;0.05), with specimens from Palm Beach and Broward counties having higher values for all variables.</p> <p>In the Florida Keys, plants occur on Bahia Honda Key, Boot Key, Big Pine Key, No Name Key, Big Munson Island, and Marquesas Key and grow in open pinelands at low elevations, and have stems a mean of 1.7 m long. Specimens have been identified as Coccothrinax argentata. One other name has been applied to specimens from this area, C. jucunda var. marquesensis from Marquesas Key, but this is included as a synonym of C. argentata (POWO 2023) and the type shares all character states with other specimens. Specimens have the same distinctive abaxial segment indumentum as those from mainland Florida. Quantitatively, specimens from the Florida Keys differ from those of the Florida mainland in eight variables (stem diameter, petiole width, palman length, number of segments, segment length, segment width, rachilla length, pedicel length) (t -test, P &lt;0.05), with specimens from the Florida Keys having higher values for all variables. Davis et al. (2007) considered that the mainland and Keys plants were both part of a single, polymorphic species. On the other hand, Zona et al. (2018) considered that the two should be recognized as two separate subspecies (subspp. argentata and garberi), based on both morphological and molecular data.</p> <p>Nauman (1989, 1990) reported intergeneric hybrids between Coccothrinax argentata and Leucothrinax morrisii (as Thrinax morrisii) on No Name Key and Big Pine Key.</p> <p>In the Bahamas (excluding San Salvador, Rum Cay, Great Inagua, and Little Inagua) plants are widely distributed and occur in scrubby vegetation on sandy soils near the sea. Specimens have been identified as Coccothrinax argentata and the type is from the Bahamas. One other name has been applied to specimens from this area, C. jucunda var. macrosperma, but this is included as a synonym of C. argentata (POWO 2023) and, judging from the protologue, it shares all character states with other specimens. Leaves of specimens from the Bahamas are indumentose abaxially, but the hairs lack the distinctive reddish-brown center of the Florida ones, except for a few specimens (e.g. Bailey 1025, 1048, Goldman 2468, Jestrow 62, Langlois s.n.) from Andros and Nassau. These specimens have hairs with exactly the same reddish-brown centers as the Florida ones. Leaf segment number of these Andros and Nassau specimens is also more similar to that of Florida Keys ones, rather than to other Bahamas ones, possibly indicating dispersal from the Florida Keys to Andros and Nassau. Some other specimens have leaves that are scarcely indumentose abaxially, although this may be a function of age of the leaves, because older leaves may loose their indumentum. Zona et al. (2018) considered that the Bahamas plants were similar to the Florida Keys ones. Quantitatively, specimens from the Bahamas differ from those of the Florida Keys in eight variables (petiole width, palman length, number of segments, segment length, segment width, rachilla width, pedicel length, fruit length) (t -test, P &lt;0.05), with specimens from the Bahamas having higher values for all variables.</p> <p>Read (1966a) described specimens from San Salvador and Great Inagua as Coccothrinax inaguensis, and later included specimens from Providenciales (the Turks and Caicos Islands) and Rum Cay. Here, all specimens from San Salvador, Rum Cay, Great Inagua, Little Inagua, and the Turks and Caicos Islands were determined as preliminary species C. inaguanensis. Plants occur in similar habitats to those of the Bahamas. Read (1966a) distinguished C. inaguanensis from C. argentata by its leaf segments abaxially without indumentum. However, indumentum is difficult to score as present or absent. Specimens from Great Inagua seem to be without indumentum, but those from Little Inagua and the Turks and Caicos Islands have a thin layer of indumentum, and one (Gillis 13139) has dense indumentum. Specimens from San Salvador have either a normal layer of indumentum or a thin layer or absent layer (e.g. Brooks 414). Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a) noted that on San Salvador intermediate states of indumentum occurred. Presence or absence of indumentum is here treated as a trait. Quantitatively, Read (1966a) distinguished C. inaguensis from C. argentata (from Florida and Bahamas) by its thinner stems, more segments, longer pedicels, and larger fruits. Here, C. inaguensis differs significantly from C. argentata from Florida and Bahamas in 10 variables (petiole width, palman length, number of segments, middle segment width, number of partial inflorescences, rachilla length, rachilla width, pedicel length, fruit length, fruit diameter), with C. inaguensis having higher values for all variables, but differs from C. argentata from Bahamas in only three variables (petiole width, middle segment length, fruit diameter) (t -test, P &lt;0.05), with C. inaguensis having lower values for leaf variables and higher for the fruit variable. However, even within the area of C. inaguensis specimens are not uniform. As noted above, specimens from the Turks and Caicos Islands (Providenciales, South Caicos, North Caicos; excluding the single specimen from West Caicos) have a thin layer of indumentum on the leaves abaxially. They also have significantly thinner fibers and shorter pedicels (t -test, P &lt;0.05) than other specimens determined as C. inaguensis. In summary, within the area of preliminary species C. inaguensis variation is quite complex and there may be at least three distinct populations: San Salvador; Great and Little Inagua (including West Caicos); and the Turks and Caicos Islands. There are too few specimens from other areas (Rum Cay) to test for differences. Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991b) stated that C. inaguensis had “lorica remnants generally present” but it is not clear to what they were referring.</p> <p>Two isolated populations occur on the north coast of Hispaniola. Several specimens from the Morro de Monte Cristi on the northwest coast of the Dominican Republic are somewhat tentatively included here. A similar specimen (Ekman 4144) from Tortuga island (just off the north coast of Haiti) is also tentatively included here. The US duplicate of this specimen was determined as C. inaguensis by Read, and in their long pedicels the specimens do resemble preliminary species C. inaguensis. However, the segments are indumentose abaxially and this appears more like that of C. argentea, although the indumentum appears to have worn off in many places. The north coast of Hispaniola is just over 100 km from the Inagua Islands.</p> <p>In Cuba, plants occur all along the north coast from Matanzas to Las Tunas, and along the south coast in Sancti Spíritus and Granma, in sandy soils at low elevations near the sea. Craft (2017) indicated that plants occurred on the south coast from Matanzas to Sancti Spíritus and in extreme western Cuba in Pinar del Río, but no specimens from these areas have been seen in the present study. Craft (2017) also noted that plants from the south coast appeared more robust than the ones on the north coast. Cuban specimens have been identified as C. litoralis or C. victorinii. León (1939) compared C. litoralis to Florida and Bahamas plants but considered they differed in their leaf segments, inflorescences, and seeds. Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a) and Craft (2017) considered these Cuban plants to be close to Florida and Bahamas ones. Most specimens have leaf hairs with the same distinctive reddish-brown, elliptic center as found in those from Florida, but in two specimens (Ekman 18555, Shafer 2603) the centers are lighter colored and difficult to distinguish. Quantitatively, specimens of C. litoralis differ from those of Florida and Bahamas in six variables (fiber width, palman length, segment length, segment width, number of partial inflorescences, rachilla length) (t -test, P &lt;0.05), with specimens of C. litoralis having higher values for all variables. The specimen from eastern Cuba in Granma was described as C. victorinii, but this is included here as a synonym of C. argentata because the type shares all character states with other specimens. It does, however, have an unusually long ligule.</p> <p>In Jamaica plants occur in coastal areas but in various habitats such as on sand dunes or dog’s tooth limestone, at 236(0–488) m elevation. Jamaican specimens have been identified as C. jamaicensis. Read (1966b) compared this with the Cuban C. fragrans, from which it was said to differ in its longer palmans, conspicuous silvery versus inconspicuous whitish abaxial leaf segment surfaces, more partial inflorescences, whitish versus yellowish flowers, and shorter hastulas. Read considered plants to be highly variable and gave a detailed discussion of variation in the island. As a preliminary species, C. jamaicensis is notable for the wide range in elevation.</p> <p>Along the coast of Mexico, in Quintana Roo and Yucatán, plants occur in low forest on karst limestone at 7(4–10) m elevation. This population also extends into northern Belize (Duno de Stefano &amp; Moya 2014) but no specimens from there have been seen in the present study. Specimens from Mexico and Belize have been identified as C. readii. Quero (1980) distinguished C. readii from C. argentata by its bifid hastulas, and gave a detailed discussion of variation. However, Quero apparently did not see specimens (e.g. Kiem 403, Moore 8088) from Puerto Juárez in Quintana Roo that have apiculate hastulas like those of other specimens of C. argentata. Nor did Quero (1980) take into account specimens from the Cayman Islands with bifid hastulas (see below). As pointed out by Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a), hastula shape is too variable to be useful taxonomically. Most specimens from Mexico have the same distinctive reddish-brown elliptic center to the scales on the abaxial leaf surface as those from Florida, but in others this center is greenish and difficult to distinguish.</p> <p>In the Cayman Islands, on both Grand Cayman and Little Cayman, plants occur on sandy soils at low elevations near the sea. Specimens have been identified as C. proctorii. Read (1980), in describing C. proctorii, compared it with C. jamaicensis and distinguished it by its longer fruiting pedicels and leaf anatomical characters. Fruiting pedicels are known from only two specimens of C. proctorii, and these are 3.6–4.6 mm long versus 2.5–4.0 mm long in C. jamaicensis. Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a) noted that some specimens had “two toothed hastulas” (like the Mexican populations). They considered C. proctorii to be intermediate between C. jamaicensis and Mexican populations “in usually having one or more leaves per plant with two-toothed hastulas”. Leaf segments abaxially are similar to those of the Bahamas population.</p> <p>Specimens are known from the Colombian islands of San Andrés and Providencia, where they have been identified as C. argentata (Galeano-Garcés 1986), and from the Honduran Islas del Cisne, where they have been identified as C. jamaicensis.</p> <p>According to the methods used in this study, subspecies may be recognized if subgroups within a species can be delimited by geographic/elevation disjunctions, and these subgroups differ in quantitative variables. In the case of the C. argentata, there are numerous potential subspecies based on geographic disjunction, as discussed above. In fact, subspecies based on one such disjunction have already been proposed (subspp. garberi and argentata, Zona et al. 2018). However, subspecies are not recognized here for the following reasons. First, there are too few specimens from most islands to test for differences in quantitative variables. Second, there are approximately 40 different, disjunct populations of C. argentata, most of them on islands, each a potential subspecies. Recognizing these would give an unwieldly number of subspecies. Third, as outlined at the beginning of the Results section, there are problems based on dispersal and hybridization. For example, some Bahamas specimens are exactly like the mainland Florida ones, and some Cayman specimens have hastulas like the Mexican ones. In summary, C. argentata occurs in approximately 40, disjunct, island and mainland populations, several of which differ quantitatively but with evidence of dispersal and hybridization amongst these populations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFE81F74FF50FD03FDAC8D23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFE41F71FF50FADFFD748CEA.text	03B387DAFFE41F71FF50FADFFD748CEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax argentea (Loddiges ex Schultes & Schultes) Sargent ex Schumann 1901	<div><p>1.3. Coccothrinax argentea (Loddiges ex Schultes &amp; Schultes) Sargent ex Schumann (1901: 469).</p> <p>Thrinax argentea Loddiges ex Schultes &amp; Schultes (1830: 1300).</p> <p>Acanthorriza argentea (Loddiges ex Schultes &amp; Schultes) Cook (1941: 50).</p> <p>Neotype (designated here):— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Haina, 26 July 1939, L. Bailey 269 (neotype BH!). Plate 3</p> <p>Thrinax longistyla Beccari in Urban (1912: 170). Lectotype (designated here):— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Barahona, 0 m, June 1910, M. Fuertes 415 (holotype GH!, isotypes FI!, K!, the holotype at B was destroyed).</p> <p>Stems 5.0(1.5–20.0) m long and 5.2(4.5–6.5) cm diameter, solitary or rarely clustered. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.3(0.1–0.5) mm diameter, closely woven, forming persistent, triangular ligules at the apices; petioles 10.5(5.3–17.9) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 14.8(4.3–32.0) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 42(25–58) per leaf, the middle ones 53.1(32.0–75.0) cm long and 2.9(1.5–5.5) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4(2–5); proximalmost rachillae straight, 9.2(5.2–15.0) cm long and 1.3(0.9–1.9) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 8(6–10); fruit pedicels 0.8(0.3–2.5) mm long; fruits 7.7(5.6–9.1) mm long and 7.9(5.5–9.5) mm diameter, purple, dark purple, red-purple, reddish-purple, purple-black, red-pink, red-black, grayish-brown, blackish, or black; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic) (Fig. 9) in deciduous or semi-deciduous forest, xeromorphic forest, pine forest, broad leaf forest, dry forest, or secondary forest, and persisting in disturbed areas, on limestone or serpentine soils, at 259(0–1,000) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species Coccothrinax argentea was polymorphic for one variable (stem branching). However, splitting it into two species such that variables were consistent within each one led to improbable species that could not be justified morphologically or geographically. Therefore the polymorphic variable was treated as a trait and C. argentea is recognized as a phylogenetic species. Bailey (1939b) gave a discussion of the taxonomic history of C. argentea, and a detailed description based on a specimen (Bailey 269) that he had collected near Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. This specimen is designated here as the neotype. One other name has been applied to specimens from this area, Thrinax longistyla. Read (1975) considered this to be a Coccothrinax rather than a Thrinax, and it was included as a synonym of C. argentea by POWO (2023) and its type share all character states with other specimens.</p> <p>Coccothrinax argentea is widespread in Hispaniola and appears to be a complicated and confusingly variable species.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—Specimens from several, different areas have relatively short palmans with prominent adaxial veins, approaching those of C. gracilis. For example, two specimens (Liogier 14587, 16128) from the north coast of the Dominican Republic, from limestone cliffs, have this kind of short palman. Other specimens from scattered localities, often on serpentine soils, also have short palmans, for example those from the Loma la Peguera, the site of a nickel mine with serpentine soils.</p> <p>One specimen (Montero 436) has clustered stems. It is from near Puerto Plata in northern Dominican Republic, near an area with other unusual palms, including an unidentified Pseudophoenix (Rodríguez-Peña et al. 2014).</p> <p>In the south-central part of the Dominican Republic specimens have fruits with projecting fibers (illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk 2017, page 102), somewhat different from fruit surfaces of other specimens. The neotype has fruits with projecting fibers. The Botanical Garden in Santo Domingo is situated within this south-central part of the Dominican Republic and here, in an area presumed to be part of the original vegetation, plants have tall, slender stems that often curve or bend, and a small, compact crown of leaves. Such plants have not been seen in other parts of Hispaniola.</p> <p>There are two unusual populations in the peninsula part of southwestern Haiti. One specimen (Zanoni 26116) from the central part of the peninsula has obvious transverse veinlets and long pedicels (like C. barbadensis). In the extreme southwestern part of the peninsula there are five specimens. Three have long pedicels but two (Bartlett 17491, Henderson 1030) have short pedicels like those of most specimens of C. argentea from Hispaniola. All specimens of this extreme southwestern population are from roadsides or disturbed, hilly areas, mostly between Cavaillon and St. Louis-du-Sud.</p> <p>According to several specimen labels, C. argentea and C. spissa occur together in mixed populations in some areas in Hispaniola. These two species can sometimes be difficult to distinguish and it seems likely that there are hybrids between them. Apart from its smaller size, C. argentea can usually be distinguished by its shorter, thinner, regularly arranged rachillae, It also usually has a persistent, triangular ligule (Fig. 2A). Specimens of C. argentea differ significantly from those of C. spissa in 10 variables (stem diameter, petiole width, palman length, number of segments, segment length, segment width, rachilla length, rachillae width, fruit length, fruit diameter), with C. argentea having lower values for all variables (t- test, P &lt;0.05).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFE41F71FF50FADFFD748CEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFE11F4FFF50FAA7FE568F25.text	03B387DAFFE11F4FFF50FAA7FE568F25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax baracoensis Borhidi & Muniz	<div><p>1.4. Coccothrinax baracoensis Borhidi &amp; Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 440).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2021):— CUBA. Guantánamo, Arroyo Blanco, Baracoa, 19 February 1978, B. Muñoz &amp; R. Fleites 105 (holotype HAC!). Plate 4</p> <p>Stems length not recorded, 20.0 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.3 mm diameter, stout, woody, closely woven, ± joined at the apices; petioles 18.0 mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 14.0 cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 30 per leaf, the middle ones 50.0 cm long and 6.5 cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4; proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.8 cm long and 1.4 mm diameter; rachillae not recorded at or near anthesis; flowers spirally arranged; stamens 7; fruit pedicels 0.8 mm long; fruits 9.8 mm long and 11.0 mm diameter, deep purple; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Guantánamo) (Fig. 10), habitat and elevation not recorded. Craft (2017) wrote that it occurs on serpentine rocks.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax baracoensis has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. The type collection label gives the collectors as B. Muñoz &amp; R. Fleites 105, although the protologue gives O. Muñiz 15105. Coccothrinax baracoensis is known from one specimen and remains poorly known, and appears somewhat unusual among Cuban species. The leaf sheath fibers were described in the protologue as being densely woven and forming a ligule at the apex. They are here scored as stout, woody, closely woven, and ± joined at the apices. Inflorescences were described as erect and to 85 cm long. The embryo was described as basal but it is clearly apical. Coccothrinax baracoensis has unusually thick stems, wide segments, and large fruits.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFE11F4FFF50FAA7FE568F25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFDF1F4CFF50F8D5FE248D59.text	03B387DAFFDF1F4CFF50F8D5FE248D59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax barbadensis (Loddiges ex Martius) Beccari 1907	<div><p>1.5. Coccothrinax barbadensis (Loddiges ex Martius) Beccari (1907: 328).</p> <p>Thrinax barbadensis Loddiges ex Martius (1853: 320).</p> <p>Copernicia barbadensis (Loddiges ex Martius) de la Devansaye (1875: 35).</p> <p>Neotype (designated here):— BARBADOS. Rim of Welshman Hall Gully, 19 June 1974, R. Read 74-214 (neotpye US!). Plate 5</p> <p>Coccothrinax alta (Cook) Beccari (1907: 331). Thrincoma alta Cook (1901: 540).</p> <p>Type:— PUERTO RICO. Road from Utuado to Arecibo, 14 June–22 July 1901, L. Underwood &amp; R. Griggs 848 (holotype NY!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax laxa (Cook) Beccari (1907: 333). Thringis laxa Cook (1901: 545).</p> <p>Type:— PUERTO RICO. Punas Afuerto, Veja Baja, 8 December 1899, O. Cook &amp; G. Collins 1041 (holotype US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax latifrons (Cook) Beccari (1907: 326). Thringis latifrons Cook (1901: 545).</p> <p>Type:— PUERTO RICO. Propre Coamo in monte Calabaro, 30 December 1885, P. Sintenis 3278 (holotype NY!, isotypes G n.v., G image!, GH!, LE n.v., LE image!, M, n.v., M image!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax sanctae-thomae (“ sancti-thomae ”) Beccari (1907: 303).</p> <p>Type:— US VIRGIN ISLANDS. Saint Thomas, 1905, Boergsen s.n. (holotype C n.v., C image!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax eggersiana Beccari (1907: 321).</p> <p>Type:— US VIRGIN ISLANDS. St. Jan ad Kings Hill, 900’, 26 December 1887, H. Eggers 3117 (holotype C n.v., C image!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax eggersiana var. sanctae-crucis Beccari (1907: 323). Type:— US VIRGIN ISLANDS. St. Croix, no date, O. Benzon s.n. (holotype C n.v., C image!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax martinicaensis Beccari (1907: 324). Lectotype (designated here):— MARTINIQUE. Vallée de St. Pierre, September 1873, L. Hahn 1531 (lectotype G n.v., G image!, isolectotype FI!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax australis Bailey (1947b: 365). Type:— TRINIDAD. St. Patrick, Quinam Bay, no date, L. Bailey 118 (holotype BH!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax discreta Bailey in Bailey &amp; Moore (1949: 104). Lectotype (designated by Reveal &amp; Nixon 2013):— PUERTO RICO. Vieques, near Isabel II, May 1932, L. Bailey 671 (lectotype BH!, isolectotype MO n.v., MO image!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax dussiana Bailey in Bailey &amp; Moore (1949: 109). Lectotype (designated here):— GUADELOUPE. Grands Fonds du Morne á l’Eau de Sainte Anne, 1894, Père Duss 3798 (lectotype NY!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax sabana Bailey in Bailey &amp; Moore (1949: 110). Type:— SABA. Bottom, 7 February 1948, L. Bailey 406 (holotype BH!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax boxii Bailey in Bailey &amp; Moore (1949: 113). Lectotype (designated by Reveal &amp; Nixon 2013):— ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA. Barbuda, The Highlands, 15 May 1937, H. Box 669 (lectotype BH!).</p> <p>Stems 5.5(1.2–15.2) m long and 9.0(4.4–15.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.4(0.1–0.6) mm diameter, closely woven, not forming persistent ligules and soon disintegrating at the apices; petioles 12.9(8.5–19.7) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 26.7(13.3–43.0) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 54(37–62) per leaf, the middle ones 74.7(50.5–102.5) cm long and 3.4(2.1–4.7) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 5(3–6); proximalmost rachillae straight, 10.8(5.0–17.0) cm long and 1.4(0.9–1.9) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 10(8–12); fruit pedicels 2.4(0.6–4.5) mm long; fruits 8.1(6.3–10.1) mm long and 8.2(6.5–10.8) mm diameter, purple, dark purple, red-purple, reddish-purple, purple-black, red-pink, red-black, grayish-brown, blackish, or black; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Southeastern Dominican Republic (La Altagracia, San Pedro de Macoris), Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, and northeastern Venezuela (Fig. 9) in deciduous or semi-deciduous forest, xeromorphic forest, dry forest, or secondary forest, on limestone soils, at 120(8–325) m elevation. No specimens from St. Vincent or Granada have been seen, nor are these two islands listed in Read (1979). However, Read noted that many populations had been eliminated after the arrival of humans on the islands. Coccothrinax barbadensis also occurs on Margarita Island, Venezuela (Braun 1984), although no specimens from there have been seen.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Two preliminary species (Coccothrinax alta, C. barbadensis) share a unique combination of qualitative character states and are recognized as a single phylogenetic species, the earliest name for which is C. barbadensis. Type specimens of C. australis, C. boxii, C. discreta, C. dussiana, C. eggersiana, C. eggersiana var. sanctae-crucis, C. latifrons, C. laxa, C. martinicaensis, C. sabana, and C. sanctae-thomae share the same combination of character states and are treated as synonyms of C. barbadensis. Bailey (1949) gave C. dussiana as new name for C. barbadensis but according to POWO (2023) it is a heterotypic synonym of C. barbadensis.</p> <p>The protologue of C. barbadensis consists of a single, short sentence “258. Th. barbadensis Lodd. 257 n. 6. Insula Barbadensis”, and there is no description, nor illustration, nor type. According to Bailey (1949) the name was based on a young, cultivated palm of uncertain genus. Given that Coccothrinax does occur on Barbados and Thrinax does not, it is assumed that the protologue referred to a Coccothrinax, and a neotype from Barbados is designated.</p> <p>Coccothrinax barbadensis is a widespread and variable species occurring throughout the eastern Caribbean.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—From the west, the status of specimens from southeastern Hispaniola is still unclear. Mejía et al. (1998) identified these as C. barbadensis (illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk 2017). However, these specimens appear to have short pedicels, unlike C. barbadensis and more like C. argentea. There may be some hybridization here between C. barbadensis and C. argentea.</p> <p>In the remainder of the range, two preliminary species were recognized, C. alta from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and C. barbadensis from the Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, and northeastern Venezuela. Specimens of C. alta differ significantly from those of C. barbadensis in four variables (petiole length, number of segments, proximalmost rachillae length, pedicel length) with specimens of C. barbadensis having higher values for all variables (t- test, P &lt;0.05). There are other differences. Specimens of C. barbadensis appear to have more conspicuous transverse veinlets. They have longer pedicels and usually the bracteole of the pedicel is situated on the pedicel itself, whereas specimens of C. alta have shorter pedicels and usually the bracteole is situated at the base of the pedicel. However, within these two areas (Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands; Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago, and northeastern Venezuela) there is evidence for numerous, local populations rather than two large populations. For example, even within Puerto Rico there appear to be two populations, a northern and a southern one (with the specimens from extreme eastern Puerto Rico included in the southern population). Specimens from the northern population occur on “moist/wet northern limestone”, while specimens from the southern and eastern population occur on “dry-volcanic limestone” (Helmer et al. 2002). Specimens from the southern population appear to be more similar to specimens from the Lesser Antilles, often having conspicuous transverse veinlets and longer pedicels with the bracteole of the pedicel situated on the pedicel itself. Specimens from St. Croix appear to be similar (although there is some doubt whether some of these specimens are from cultivated plants). For the smaller islands of the Lesser Antilles, both Beccari (1907) and Bailey in Bailey &amp; Moore (1949) pointed out inter-island differences. Bailey in Bailey &amp; Moore (1949) wrote “There is strong indication that differences of specific value inherent to various islands and that the species are endemic”. Beccari (1907) noted on that on the island of St. Thomas specimens appeared to have indistinct transverse veinlets, and this is confirmed by examination of the specimens known from there.</p> <p>In summary, rather than comprising various subspecies, C. barbadensis appears to comprise two populations in Puerto Rico and numerous, disjunct, island populations in the Lesser Antilles. Subspecies are not recognized for the same reasons discussed under C. argentata; too few specimens from most of the smaller islands to test for differences in quantitative variables, dozens of populations and thus a potentially unwieldly number of subspecies, and evidence of dispersal and hybridization.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFDF1F4CFF50F8D5FE248D59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFDC1F4AFF50FAD7FC07895E.text	03B387DAFFDC1F4AFF50FAD7FC07895E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax bonettiana Henderson, Fernandez & Bacon	<div><p>1.6. Coccothrinax bonettiana Henderson, Fernández &amp; Bacon in Henderson et al. (2023: 102).</p> <p>Type:— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia Espaillat, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.21667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.21667/lat 19.616667)">Municipio Gaspar Hernández</a>, saliendo del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.21667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.21667/lat 19.616667)">Poblado Río Piedras</a> a 2 km a lo largo de la carretera, en una finca privada, 19º37’N 70º13’W, 22 m, 19 December 2021, O. Montero, T. Clase, C. Bacon &amp; E. Fernández 435 (holotype JBSD!, isotype NY!). Plate 6</p> <p>Stems 4.1(2.8–6.5) m long, diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.2(0.8–2.0) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 8.3(6.9–9.9) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 8.5(6.4–10.8) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 33(30–39) per leaf, the middle ones 62.6(58.0–70.0) cm long and 2.9(2.3–3.7) cm wide; segments pendulous at the apices, giving a three-dimensional appearance to the leaf; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially; leaf segments without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially, with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4(3–5); proximalmost rachillae straight, 7.7(6.6–10.3) cm long and 1.2–1.3 mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 7; fruit pedicels 0.4(0.2–0.7) mm long; fruits 7.5(7.1–7.9) mm long and 8.2(7.5–8.8) mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— North-central Dominican Republic (Espaillat) (Fig. 10) in broadleaf forest on serpentine soils at 80(22–230) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax bonettiana has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is notable for its stout, woody, loosely woven leaf sheath fibers and segments without any indumentum abaxially, and serpentine habitat.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFDC1F4AFF50FAD7FC07895E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFDA1F49FF50FEC8FD368977.text	03B387DAFFDA1F49FF50FEC8FD368977.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax borhidiana Muniz	<div><p>1.7. Coccothrinax borhidiana Muñiz in Borhidi, Imchanitskaya &amp; Muñiz (1978: 437). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2021):— CUBA. Matanzas, Punta Seburoco inter Jibacoa y Matanzas, 14 May 1970, O. Muñiz 27118 (holotype HAC!, isotype BP n.v., BP image!). Plate 7</p> <p>Stems length not recorded, 14.0 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves persistent, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves covering the stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.5(0.4–0.6) mm diameter, thin, flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices; petioles 16.4(15.2–18.2) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 19.8(18.0–21.5) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 34–35 per leaf, the middle ones 58.6(52.0–62.5) cm long and 3.7(3.0–4.5) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially; leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 5; proximalmost rachillae straight, 9.2(7.0–15.0) cm long and 1.1(1.0–1.2) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae at or near anthesis not recorded; stamens 8; fruit pedicels 2.8(2.2–3.2) mm long; fruits 6.2(5.8–6.5) mm long and 7.1(6.3–8.0) mm diameter, black; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seeds not recorded.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Matanzas) (Fig. 10), open areas on sandy or rocky soils near the sea at 7 m elevation. Craft (2017) described the habitat as littoral scrub forest on dog’s tooth limestone.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax borhidiana has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It appears similar to C. crinita in its elongate sheath fibers, differing in its persistent leaves, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves covering the stem and smaller fruits. Petioles are relatively short, hence the compact crown of leaves.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFDA1F49FF50FEC8FD368977	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFD91F49FF50FE23FB0F8F62.text	03B387DAFFD91F49FF50FE23FB0F8F62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax boschiana Mejia & Garcia 1997	<div><p>1.8. Coccothrinax boschiana Mejía &amp; García (1997: 1). Type:— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Prov. Azua, Sierra Martín García, 5 km al sureste de Barrero, 18˚17’ N 70 ˚54’ W, 50 m, 15 November 1995, R. García, M. Mejía &amp; S. Rodríguez 6059 (holotype JBSD!, isotypes B n.v., MAPR n.v., NY!, S n.v., S image!, US!). Plate 8</p> <p>Stems 6.5(4.0–10.0) m long and 6.8(6.5–7.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.5(1.1–1.9) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 11.4(7.0–15.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 17.2(3.6–29.0) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 28(19–37) per leaf, the middle ones 54.7(34.0–67.5) cm long and 3.3(1.9–4.2) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments with a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4(2–5); proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.9(3.3–7.7) cm long and 0.9(0.4–1.2) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae uneven at or near anthesis with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; stamens 7–8; fruit pedicels 0.1 mm long; fruits 5.5(5.0–6.2) mm long and 5.5(4.7–5.8) mm diameter, rose-red or red-purple; fruit surfaces densely muricate; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Dominican Republic (Azua) on the Sierra Martín García (Fig. 10) in dry forest on dog’s tooth limestone at 89(30–200) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax boschiana has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It appears similar to a group of eight other species (C. concolor, C. ekmanii, C. gonaivensis, C. gracilis, C. jimenezii, C. landestoyii, C. montgomeryana, C. samanensis) all endemic to Hispaniola. The Cuban C. munizii may also belong to this group. All these species are narrow endemics and often occur in arid, exposed, coastal areas on mogotes and/or dog’s tooth limestone. They usually have narrow, often flexible stems, stout leaf sheath fibers, relatively small leaves, short palmans with prominent adaxial veins and pulvini, relatively few segments, small inflorescences with short rachillae, and small fruits that are often depressed globose in shape. The small seeds are usually only shallowly lobed. Several of these species are very similar to one another and difficult to distinguish. However, since they all have narrow distributions with non-overlapping ranges they can easily be identified from locality alone.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—There appear to be two populations of Coccothrinax boschiana. Two specimens (Zanoni 32201, Veloz 816) are from a slightly different locality and a higher elevation (175–200 m) than the others, and have markedly smaller leaves than other specimens. The other five specimens known, including the type, are from lower elevations (30–77 m) near the sea and have markedly larger leaves. This population is also illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk (2017, pages 118–119). There are too few specimens to test for differences between the two populations.</p> <p>Apart from variation between populations, there is also variation within populations. Some plants have tall, thin, flexible stems, without a covering of persistent leaf bases, and these stems curve or twist. In the same population are plants with noticeably thicker, shorter, straight stems covered with persistent leaf sheath bases. These two stem types may be a result of age and/or exposure to prevailing winds. The thin, curved or twisted stems, in this and other species, may be caused by hurricanes. They are illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk (2017, pages 114–115).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFD91F49FF50FE23FB0F8F62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFD71F47FF50FF27FC198FDB.text	03B387DAFFD71F47FF50FF27FC198FDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax clarensis Leon 1939	<div><p>1.9. Coccothrinax clarensis León (1939: 147).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Las Villas, orillas del río Primero, este de Santa Clara city, 27 March 1934, Fr. León 16080 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, FTG!, GH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, MT n.v., US!). Plate 9</p> <p>Coccothrinax clarensis var. brevifolia León (1939: 148). Coccothrinax clarensis subsp. brevifolia (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 176). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Camagüey, Cerro de Jobosí, no lejos del limite de Santa Clara, 2 July 1937, Fr. León 16928 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax clarensis var. perrigida León (1939: 149). Coccothrinax clarensis subsp. perrigida (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 176). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. (Camagüey), près la route central, entre Jatibonico y Ciego de Ávila, 28 December 1938, Fr. León &amp; M. Victorin 18603 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!).</p> <p>Stems length and diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.8(1.1–3.6) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers; petioles 9.5(6.4–14.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 6.3(4.7–11.0) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 25(20–28) per leaf, the middle ones 45.9(34.6–59.0) cm long and 2.9(2.7–3.2) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially; leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4–5; proximalmost rachillae straight, 7.5(5.5–10.5) cm long and 1.1(1.0–1.3) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae at or near anthesis not recorded; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 2.2(1.5–3.3) mm long; fruits 9.0(7.8–10.5) mm long and 10.0(8.4–11.7) mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Central Cuba (Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Ciego de Ávila, Camagüey) (Fig. 11) in savannas and xeromorphic matorral on serpentine soils at 180 m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax clarensis has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. The isotype at FTG may be a mixed specimen. Stems are scored from the image in León (1939). Leaf sheath fibers are scored as combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers, but these are not well-developed in some specimens and could just as well be scored as not forming spine-like fibers. León’s (1939) varieties, var. brevifolia and var. perrigida, are not recognized here; C. clarensis is a widespread and variable species with several local populations, as discussed below.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:— Coccothrinax clarensis is patchily distributed in central Cuba, with six disjunct populations.</p> <p>From the west, there is a population in Villa Clara province near Santa Clara city, occurring in dry areas on serpentine soils. Specimens of this population, including the type, have less well-developed sheath spines and elongate leaf segment apices. The fruits of three specimens (Howard 319, 5015, León 5280) have slight ridges.</p> <p>Further to the east, in Camagüey province on the Cerro de Jobosí on serpentine hills there is a population represented by two specimens. One, the type of var. brevifolia, has longer sheath spines and shorter segment apices. León (1939) considered that the second specimen (León 16139) was intermediate between var. brevifolia and var. clarensis.</p> <p>Further to the east there is a population in Sancti Spíritus province at Jatibonico in dry shrubland on serpentine soils represented by one specimen (Calonje 1707). Sheath fibers are hardly separate at the apices, and segments have elongate apices.</p> <p>The population in Camagüey province between Jatibonico and Ciego de Ávila is represented by a single specimen, the type of var. perrigida. This has exceptionally stout sheath fiber spines and an exceptionally large inflorescence.</p> <p>The easternmost population comprises two specimens from Caobilla in Camagüey province.</p> <p>Finally, the southernmost population comprises one specimen (León 14918) from Tayabacoa in coastal thickets. The specimen is rather incomplete and thus difficult to compare with others.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFD71F47FF50FF27FC198FDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFD51F44FF50F99CFBD689C3.text	03B387DAFFD51F44FF50F99CFBD689C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax concolor Burret 1929	<div><p>1.10. Coccothrinax concolor Burret (1929: 13). Lectotype (designated here):— HAITI. Massif de la Selle, Jacmel, propre Etang-Bossier, ca. 150 m, 25 April 1926, E. Ekman 5958 (lectotype S n.v., S image!, isolectotypes BH!, EHH n.v., EHH image!, US!, the holotype at B was destroyed)</p> <p>Stems not recorded. Leaves not recorded; leaf sheath fibers not recorded; petioles 5.4 mm diameter just below the apex; palmans length not recorded, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments number not recorded, the middle ones 29.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially, without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4; proximalmost rachillae straight, 6.6 cm long and 0.5 mm diameter in fruit; rachillae uneven at or near anthesis with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 0.4 mm long; fruits 6.1 mm long and 6.6 mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Southern Haiti (Department Sud-Est) (Fig. 11) in forest at 150 m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax concolor has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is known only from the type specimen and may be extinct in the wild (Fernández &amp; Gottschalk 2017). It is a member of a group of nine Hispaniolan species (see notes under C. boschiana), appearing most similar to C. gracilis but differing from that species in its absence of indumentum abaxially. It has an unusually elongate inflorescence and, for the group, large fruits.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFD51F44FF50F99CFBD689C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFD41F44FF50FDBFFD0B8F4F.text	03B387DAFFD41F44FF50FDBFFD0B8F4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax crinita (Hoyt) Beccari 1907	<div><p>1.11. Coccothrinax crinita (Hoyt) Beccari (1907: 334).</p> <p>Thrinax crinita Hoyt (1894: 369).</p> <p>Holotype:—Third palm from left in photograph “Palms in Florida ” in Hoyt (1894, page 369). Plate 10</p> <p>Coccothrinax crinita subsp. brevicrinis Borhidi &amp; Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 448). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2021):— CUBA. Santa Clara, La Sierra, San Blas, 600–1,000 ft., 26 April 1930, Jack 7963 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes BH!, US!).</p> <p>Stems 3.5(3.3–3.6) m long, diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.3(0.1–0.7) mm diameter, thin, flimsy, loosely woven, free and greatly elongate at the apices; petioles 12.5(9.7–16.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 21.3(16.0–30.5) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 40(36–42) per leaf, the middle ones 77.4(66.0–95.0) cm long and 3.8(3.2–4.5) cm wide; segments pendulous at the apices, giving a three-dimensional appearance to the leaf; middle leaf segments relatively long and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) about the middle, stiff and leathery, the apices elongate beyond the shoulder, briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially; leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, above the leaves, with numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts swollen, woody, not or sparsely tomentose; partial inflorescences 9; proximalmost rachillae straight, 8.9(6.2–11.5) cm long and 1.3(1.0–1.6) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae at or near anthesis not recorded; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 1.5 mm long; fruits 11.4 (10.2–12.5) mm long and 14.2(12.9–15.4) mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Pinar del Río, Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus) (Fig. 11) in thickets on hills or in disturbed areas at 243 m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax crinita has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. Moya (2020, 2021) has given a discussion of the nomenclature and typification of this species. Stem branching is scored from Craft (2017). Coccothrinax crinita is notable for its greatly elongate leaf sheath fibers and erect inflorescences projecting well above the leaves (Plate 10). The large fruits are also notable and the correspondingly large seeds are more lobed than other species.</p> <p>Coccothrinax crinita subsp. brevicrinis is included here. There are too few specimens to test for differences between subsp. crinita and subsp. brevicrinis, even though the two have a disjunct distribution. Craft (2017) considered that the leaf sheath fibers of subsp. crinita were considerably longer than those of subsp. brevicrinis. Moya (2021) has given notes on the type of C. crinita subsp. brevicrinis and Moya et al. (2016) reported its rediscovery in Sancti Spíritus.</p> <p>A hybrid between Coccothrinax crinita subsp. brevicrinis and C. miraguama has been described from Cienfuegos, and has recently also been found in Sancti Spíritus province (Moya et al. 2018):</p> <p>Coccothrinax × angelae Suárez (2015: 10). Type:— CUBA. Cienfuegos, La Yaba, costa sur, 13 December 2005, D. Suárez &amp; P. Oriol JBC-12500 (holotype AJBC n.v.).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFD41F44FF50FDBFFD0B8F4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFD21F42FF50FF27FBA68D9B.text	03B387DAFFD21F42FF50FF27FBA68D9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax ekmanii Burret 1929	<div><p>1.12. Coccothrinax ekmanii Burret (1929: 11).</p> <p>Haitiella ekmanii (Burret) Bailey (1947a: 7)</p> <p>Lectotype (designated here):— HAITI. Massif de la Selle, Gros Morne des Commissaries, Anses-a-Pitre, 18 September 1926, E. Ekman 6991 (lectotype S n.v., S image!, isolectotypes EHH n.v., EHH image!, K!, US!, the holotype at B was destroyed). Plate 11.</p> <p>Stems 6.5(3.0–12.0) m long and 3.9(3.0–5.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 2.0(1.2–3.1) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers; petioles 7.1(5.2–9.2) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 3.7(1.3–5.8) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades wedge-shaped; segments 25(21–28) per leaf, the middle ones 33.0(28.0–41.5) cm long and 2.0(1.2–2.8) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially, without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 3(2–4); proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.6(3.1–6.0) cm long and 0.9(0.6–1.3) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae uneven at or near anthesis with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; stamens 7–8; fruit pedicels 0.1(0.1–0.3) mm long; fruits 4.9(4.2–5.9) mm long and 5.3(4.4–6.3) mm diameter, brown or rusty brown; fruit surfaces densely muricate; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Southeastern Haiti (Sud-Est) and southwestern Dominican Republic (Barahona, Pedernales) (Fig. 11) in dry, open areas on dog’s tooth limestone at 76(15–222) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax ekmanii has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is a member of a group of nine Hispaniolan species (see notes under C. boschiana). It differs from all species in this group by its leaf sheaths with erect, spine-like fibers. Tomlinson et al. (2011) considered C. ekmanii to be notable anatomically because of its small vascular bundles attached to the abaxial leaf surface.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:— Coccothrinax ekmanii appears to show the same kind of variation in stems and leaves as seen in C. boschiana and C. samanensis. The label of a specimen (Loomis 15) from Beata Island in Haiti, an area completely exposed to prevailing winds, described the stems as being “twisted into grotesque shapes” and one stem reported to be 8.2 m long and only 1.4 cm diameter just below the leaves. The label described the leaves on younger, more sheltered plants as being orbicular but becoming wedge-shaped on older, more exposed plants. On the other hand, stems from more sheltered sites in the Dominican Republic, illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk (2017, pages 122–123), show thicker, shorter, erect, straight stems covered with persistent leaf bases.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFD21F42FF50FF27FBA68D9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFD21F40FF50FA17FBFC89AF.text	03B387DAFFD21F40FF50FA17FBFC89AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax fagildei Borhidi & Muniz 1985	<div><p>1.13. Coccothrinax fagildei Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1985: 227). Type:— CUBA. Santiago de Cuba, oeste del Río Verraco, 25 April 1984, O. Muñiz, J. Fagilde &amp; B. González 15021 (holotype HAC n.v.)</p> <p>Stems length not recorded, 5.3 cm diameter, clustered. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.9(0.8–1.0) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 8.5(6.9–10.0) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 6.0 cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades wedge-shaped; segments 20(18– 22) per leaf, the middle ones 29.5(29.0–30.0) cm long and 2.1(1.9–2.3) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 3; proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.7 cm long and 0.9 mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 9; fruit pedicels 3.3 mm long; fruits 9.0 mm long and 9.0 mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Santiago de Cuba) (Fig. 12) in scrubby woodland on marine terraces and dog’s tooth limestone at 100 m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax fagildei has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is notable for its clustered stems and wedge-shaped leaves. Moya (2021) reported that the type of C. fagildei is not present at HAC. The only other specimen (Salzman 505) known is from the type locality. The abaxial surface of the segments of this specimen is unusual — it could almost be scored as C. argentata -like. Fruits have not been seen (fruit size is scored from the protologue) but are described in the protologue as covered with “puntos prominulos dense dispuestos ruguloso”.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFD21F40FF50FA17FBFC89AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFD01F5FFF50F88CFB408BB7.text	03B387DAFFD01F5FFF50F88CFB408BB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax fragrans Burret 1929	<div><p>1.14. Coccothrinax fragrans Burret (1929: 15). Type:— CUBA. Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, ad Santiago Bay, 21 October 1916, E. Ekman 8031 (holotype S n.v., S image!, isotype BH!)</p> <p>Stems length and diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.4(0.3–0.7) mm diameter, thin, curled toward the apex, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, truncate at the apex; petioles 12.7(9.7–17.0) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 16.5(14.5– 22.3) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 40(36–44) per leaf, the middle ones 58.0 cm long and 2.8(2.3–3.0) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 5; proximalmost rachillae straight, 8.4(6.7–11.0) cm long and 1.1(0.8–1.3) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens number not recorded; fruit pedicels 2.7(2.0–3.2) mm long; fruits 7.6 mm long and 7.5 mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Santiago de Cuba) (Fig. 12) in xeromorphic, coastal scrub, at low elevations.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax fragrans has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. León (1939) included C. fragrans in his section Curvatae and contrasted it with C. litoralis (here C. argentata). He considered it differed from that species by its inconspicuous abaxial leaf indumentum with pale, scarce centers. Indumentum is certainly difficult to score. It is here scored as having irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green center. However, the centers are difficult to see, as pointed out by León.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—One specimen (Bailey 15090) has somewhat stiff and leathery leaf segments, and Bailey wrote on the label “trees vary in cut of lvs. and apparent blueness underneath”. Paul Craft (pers. comm.) reports that there are two populations of C. fragrans and one has much larger diameter stems than the other.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFD01F5FFF50F88CFB408BB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFCF1F5FFF50FC63FEBD8037.text	03B387DAFFCF1F5FFF50FC63FEBD8037.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax garciana Leon 1939	<div><p>1.15. Coccothrinax garciana León (1939: 143).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Holguín (Oriente), Cerrito del Fraile, 17 March 1932, Fr. León 15476 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, GH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, MT n.v., US!). Plate 12</p> <p>Stems length and diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves persistent, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves covering the stem; leaf sheath fibers 2.2(1.8–2.7) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers; petioles 8.6(6.6–11.2) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 4.0(2.0–7.2) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 24(21–27) per leaf, the middle ones 29.1(23.0–34.0) cm long and 3.1(2.0–4.0) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, reddish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 3(2–4); proximalmost rachillae straight, 6.6(4.4–9.0) cm long and 1.2(0.9–1.4) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 6; fruit pedicels 1.4(1.0–1.9) mm long; fruits 7.0(6.1–9.3) mm long and 7.4(6.1–8.7) mm diameter, purple; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Eastern Cuba (Holguín) (Fig. 12) in dry shrublands, dry hills, or barrens on serpentine soils at 140(120–160) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax garciana has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is notable for its abaxial leaf segment surfaces with the hairs with reddish-brown centers. The presence of a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves persisting on the stem is scored from an image of plants from the type locality in Moya (2020). Coccothrinax garciana appears similar to C. pseudorigida. Both species also have exceptionally large spine-like leaf sheath fibers, relatively small leaves, erect, projecting inflorescences with few, distal partial inflorescences, and relatively short rachillae and large fruits. Coccothrinax garciana differs from C. pseudorigida in its solitary stems and reddish-brown centers to the hairs on the abaxial surface of the leaves. Its sheath spines tend to dry almost black and its leaves tend to dry flat, as opposed to brown and curled, respectively, in C. pseudorigida.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFCF1F5FFF50FC63FEBD8037	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFCD1F5DFF50FF27FC168C7B.text	03B387DAFFCD1F5DFF50FF27FC168C7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax gonaivensis Henderson, Fernandez & Bacon	<div><p>1.16. Coccothrinax gonaivensis Henderson, Fernández &amp; Bacon in Henderson et al. (2023: 108). Type:— HAITI. Dept. Artibonite, Presqu’ile du Nord-Ouest, 5.6 km al oeste de Gonaives en la carretera costera a Anse Rouge, 19°28’N 72°43’W, 100 m, 11 June 1985, T. Zanoni, M. Mejía &amp; R. García 35154 (holotype JBSD!). Plate 13</p> <p>Stems 5.0(2.0–8.0) m long and 3.8 cm diameter,branching not recorded. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.4(0.2–0.5) mm diameter, stout, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices; petioles 7.1(6.6–7.6) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 2.2 cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades wedge-shaped; segments 22(21–23) per leaf, the middle ones 51.8(46.5–57.0) cm long and 1.9(1.8–2.0) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments with not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4; proximalmost rachillae straight, 3.8 cm long and 0.9 mm diameter in fruit; rachillae uneven at or near anthesis with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 0.1 mm long; fruits 3.9 mm long and 4.0 mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Haiti (Artibonite) (Fig. 12) on limestone scree at 86(72–100) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax gonaivensis has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is a member of a group of nine Hispaniolan species (see notes under C. boschiana). In this group it is similar to C. jimenezii but differs in its leaf segments that are densely indumentose abaxially. Specimens were previously included in C. jimenezii, but Jestrow et al. (2016) showed that the two represented different taxa. Inflorescences of the type are branched to three orders. Peguero et al. (2015) noted that the small population consisted mostly of juveniles that were not reproductive.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFCD1F5DFF50FF27FC168C7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFCD1F5BFF50FB37FF1C8F9E.text	03B387DAFFCD1F5BFF50FB37FF1C8F9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax gracilis Burret 1929	<div><p>1.17. Coccothrinax gracilis Burret (1929: 14). Lectotype (designated here):— HAITI. Vallée des Trois Rivières, Port de Paix, 26 March 1925, E. Ekman 3586 (lectotype S n.v., S image!, isolectotypes EHH n.v., EHH image!, US!, the holotype at B was destroyed)</p> <p>Stems length not recorded, 7.6 cm diameter, branching not recorded. Leaves not recorded; leaf sheath fibers 1.1(1.0– 1.3) mm diameter, stout, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices; petioles 5.4(4.3–6.5) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 4.6(2.7–5.5) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 25(24–26) per leaf, the middle ones 33.8(27.0–42.5) cm long and 2.1(2.0–2.3) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences number not recorded; proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.7(3.8–5.5) cm long and 1.0(0.6–1.3) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae uneven at or near anthesis with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 0.6–0.7 mm long; fruits 6.2(5.8–6.6) mm long and 7.2(7.1–7.2) mm diameter, wine color; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Northwestern Haiti (Nord-Ouest) (Fig. 13) on limestone terraces near the sea at low elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax gracilis has a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is a member of a group of nine Hispaniolan species, differing in its leaf shape, leaf segment shape and indumentum, and seed surfaces (see notes under C. boschiana). For the group, it has unusually large fruits. It is known only from the type locality and does not now occur there (Eladio Fernández, pers. comm.).</p> <p>A few unidentified specimens may also belong here. Two specimens (Zanoni 28372, 33498), both from Presqu’ile du St. Nicolas from northwestern Haiti, from arid areas on limestone terraces near the sea, bear some resemblance to C. gracilis and occur about 60 km west of its locality. They lack fruits and remain unidentified. Two sterile specimens (Leonard 7172, 8525), both from St. Michel de l’Atalaye in north-central Haiti, also bear some resemblance to C. gracilis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFCD1F5BFF50FB37FF1C8F9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFCB1F5AFF50F80BFCA98BEE.text	03B387DAFFCB1F5AFF50F80BFCA98BEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax gundlachii Leon 1939	<div><p>1.18. Coccothrinax gundlachii León (1939: 149).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, El Dean, costa al sur del Pico Turquino, July 1935, Roig, Acuña &amp; Bucher 6725 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, MT n.v., US!)</p> <p>Stems length, diameter, and branching not recorded. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.4(0.6–2.9) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 15.0(11.6–17.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 18.1(13.5–26.5) cm long, relatively short with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 40(33–45) per leaf, the middle ones 72.1(51.5–92.0) cm long and 3.6(2.8–4.7) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect amongst or above the leaves, with numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 5; proximalmost rachillae straight, 9.5(6.5–14.0) cm long and 1.2(1.0–1.5) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 9; fruit pedicels 2.4(1.1–3.7) mm long; fruits 9.1(6.7–10.4) mm long and 9.0(7.1–10.3) mm diameter, reddish-purple or black; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Southeastern Cuba (Granma, Santiago de Cuba) (Fig. 13) on dry, rocky slopes at 188(75–300) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax gundlachii has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. In the protologue, inflorescences were described as ascending, 160 cm long, and with 8–10 partial inflorescences. No specimen with a complete inflorescence has been seen in the present study, but inflorescences are here scored as erect amongst or above the leaves, with numerous partial inflorescences. Otherwise, all character states are the same as those of C. miraguama. León (1939) placed C. gundlachii in his series Longispadicae subseries Multiramosae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFCB1F5AFF50F80BFCA98BEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFCA1F58FF50FB9BFD4D8A73.text	03B387DAFFCA1F58FF50FB9BFD4D8A73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax hioramii Leon 1939	<div><p>1.19. Coccothrinax hioramii León (1939: 135).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, Caimanera, Guantánamo, 31 March 1934, Fr. Hioram 16099 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, AJBC n.v., BH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!). Plate 14</p> <p>Coccothrinax argentea var. guantanamensis León (1939: 134). Coccothrinax argentea subsp. guantanamensis (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 176). Coccothrinax guantanamensis (León) Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 449). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, no lejos de la boca del río Guantánamo, 31 March 1934, Fr. Hioram 16100 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, AJBC n.v., GH!, BH!, NY!, MICH n.v., US!).</p> <p>Stems length not recorded, 11.2 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.4(0.2–0.6) mm diameter, closely woven, not forming persistent ligules and soon disintegrating at the apices; petioles 12.0(7.8–17.5) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 13.6(8.0–17.0) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 45(39–50) per leaf, the middle ones 60.9(49.5–75.5) cm long and 2.4(2.0–2.9) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 5(4–6); proximalmost rachillae straight, 9.6(7.2–11.0) cm long and 1.3(0.7–1.9) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 10(9–11); fruit pedicels 1.5(0.7–2.4) mm long; fruits 7.0(5.7–8.7) mm long and 7.3(6.4–9.3) mm diameter, dark purple, reddish-purple, or black; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Guantánamo) (Fig. 13) in savannas and hills at 65(30–100) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Two preliminary species (C. guantanamensis, C. hioramii) share a unique combination of character states and are recognized as a phylogenetic species, the earliest name for which is C. hioramii. León (1939) distinguished C. hioramii from C. guantanamensis by its leaf segments striate abaxially only (versus striate on both surfaces), globose ovaries (versus ovoid-globose), and seeds split to one third their diameter (versus split to three quarters of their diameter). These differences are difficult to observe and are not considered to have any taxonomic significance. Specimens appear to have obscure transverse veinlets, as noted by León, indicating a relationship with C. argentea from Hispaniola (and León first described C. guantanamensis as a variety of C. argentea).</p> <p>Subspecific variation:— A specimen (León 16768) from the Loma de la Canasta in Guantánamo was determined by León as C. hioramii, but has larger leaves and inflorescences than other specimens and is outside their range. The label of one specimen (Zona 849) states “stems slightly ventricose or fusiform”. The label of another specimen (Loomis 96) states “the trunks of some are thicker for 10–12 ft. at the base and then narrow rather suddenly thus forming a slender bottle-like trunk which may be 6 inches diameter at the thickest part and 2 to 2½ inches above at the thinnest part. Only young palms retain the old leaf bases”.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFCA1F58FF50FB9BFD4D8A73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFC81F58FF50FD2FFC138F4F.text	03B387DAFFC81F58FF50FD2FFC138F4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax jimenezii Mejia & Garcia 2013	<div><p>1.20. Coccothrinax jimenezii Mejía &amp; García (2013: 9). Type:— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Province Independencia, Sierra de Neiba, 9 km al oeste de Postrer Río, carrertera hacia La Descubierta, lado norte del Lago Enriquillo, 18˚34’ N 71 ˚42’ W, 50 m, 24 July 2010, R. García &amp; M. Mejía 7640 (holotype JBSD!). Plate 15</p> <p>Stems 4.0(2.5–5.5) m long, diameter not recorded, solitary or clustered. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.4(0.2–0.7) mm diameter, stout, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices; petioles 7.6(6.2–10.0) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 4.4(1.5–8.0) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades wedge-shaped; segments 23(16–29) per leaf, the middle ones 36.1(30.0–45.0) cm long and 1.9(1.7–2.2) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially, without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4; proximalmost rachillae straight, 5.2(3.0–7.7) cm long and 0.8(0.5–1.0) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae uneven at or near anthesis with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 0.6(0.3–1.1) mm long; fruits 5.1 mm long and 5.6 mm diameter, yellowish; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Dominican Republic (Independencia) (Fig. 13) in dry forest on limestone rocks and coral sediments, or dry, broad leaf forest, at 161(0–500) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax jimenezii has a unique combination of character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is a member of a group of nine Hispaniolan species (see notes under C. boschiana). An unidentified specimen (Zanoni 33375) from near Pestel in southwestern Haiti shares all character states (although lacking fruits) with C. jimenezii. However, it occurs almost 250 km west of the type locality of C. jimenezii and on biogeographic grounds it seems likely to represent a different taxon.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—There is some local variation and there appear to be three populations. Five of the seven known specimens are from 0–50 m elevation on the margins of Lago Enriquillo, the type locality, in dry forest on limestone. Here the population is very small, and plants appear to have clustered stems. Another specimen (Zanoni 39724) occurs in a nearby locality at 500 m elevation and is said to grow in “bosque latifoliado medio seco”. This specimen has a longer palman, more, longer segments, and longer pedicels than the specimens from the type locality. One other specimen (Montero s.n.) has been collected from a large population approximately 20 km due west of the type locality. This specimen has a solitary stem and thicker leaf sheath fibers.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFC81F58FF50FD2FFC138F4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFC61F56FF50FF27FCD18C7A.text	03B387DAFFC61F56FF50FF27FCD18C7A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax landestoyii Henderson, Fernandez & Bacon	<div><p>1.21. Coccothrinax landestoyii Henderson, Fernández &amp; Bacon in Henderson et al. (2023: 108). Type:— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Cordillera Central, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.566666/lat 18.466667)">Parque Nacional Francisco Alberto Caamaño</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.566666/lat 18.466667)">Provincia</a> Azua, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.566666/lat 18.466667)">Municipio Las Charcas</a>, 18°28’N 70°34’W, 243 m, 26 January 2022, T. Clase, M. Landestoy &amp; E. Fernández 12637 (holotype JBSD!, isotype NY!). Plate 16.</p> <p>Stems 3.7(3.0–4.0) m long, diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.3(1.1–1.5) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 7.4(6.7–8.7) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 2.6(1.4–3.3) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades wedge-shaped; segments 27(25–30) per leaf, the middle ones 42.2(37.5–51.0) cm long and 2.0(1.6–2.4) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially, without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences number not recorded; proximalmost rachillae straight, 6.0(5.0–7.0) cm long and 1.0(0.8–1.1) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae at or near anthesis not recorded; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 0.3(0.1–0.4) mm long; fruits 6.0(5.6–6.3) mm long, 6.0(5.8–6.1) mm diameter, yellowish-green; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Dominican Republic (Azua) (Fig. 14) in dry forest on limestone rocks at 268(243– 317) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax landestoyii has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is a member of a group of nine Hispaniola species (see notes under C. boschiana). In this group it appears most similar to C. boschiana in its stout, woody leaf sheath fibers, differing from that species in its non-muricate fruits. The fruits appear to be yellowish-green when ripe, and the lobes of the seeds run from the base approximately to the equator.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFC61F56FF50FF27FCD18C7A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFC61F56FF50FB37FA5C8013.text	03B387DAFFC61F56FF50FB37FA5C8013.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax microphylla Borhidi & Muniz	<div><p>1.22. Coccothrinax microphylla Borhidi &amp; Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 444). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2021):— CUBA. Guantánamo, ladera oeste del Abra de Mariana, 17 February 1978, B. Muñoz &amp; R. Fleites 104 (lectotype HAC!)</p> <p>Stems length not recorded, 6.0 cm diameter, branching not recorded. Leaves not recorded; leaf sheath fibers 1.5 mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers; petioles 5.8(5.2–6.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 7.4 cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades wedge-shaped; segments 18(17–19) per leaf, the middle ones 19.4(18.3–20.5) cm long and 1.9(1.8–2.0) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate or blunt and rounded; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, reddish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts not recorded; partial inflorescences 3(2–4); proximalmost rachillae straight, 8.0(6.0–10.0) cm long and 0.9 mm diameter; rachillae not recorded at or near anthesis; stamens 7; fruit pedicels 1.1 mm long; fruits 6.0 mm long and 7.0 mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces not recorded; seed surfaces not recorded.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Southeastern Cuba (Guantánamo) (Fig. 14) in dry areas on limestone rocks at low elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax microphylla was found to be polymorphic for segment apices. There are only two specimens known, both from the same locality, one with attenuate apices and one with blunt apices. Splitting the specimens into two species such that variables were consistent within each one would lead to improbable species, and so the variable is treated as a trait. Otherwise, specimens have a unique combination of qualitative character states and are recognized as a phylogenetic species. Coccothrinax microphylla is poorly known.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFC61F56FF50FB37FA5C8013	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFC41F50FF50F99FFB3D89AE.text	03B387DAFFC41F50FF50F99FFB3D89AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax miraguama (Kunth) Beccari 1907	<div><p>1.23. Coccothrinax miraguama (Kunth) Beccari (1907: 295).</p> <p>Corypha miraguama Kunth in Humboldt, Bonpland &amp; Kunth (1816: 298). Copernicia miraguama (Kunth) Kunth (1841: 244). Thrinax miraguama (Kunth) Martius (1853: 320).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Stauffer &amp; Stauffer 2017):— CUBA. Inter urbem la Trinidad, Puerto Casilda et ostia fluminis Guaurabo, no date, A. Humboldt &amp; A. Bonpland 1356 (holotype P n.v., P image!). Plate 17</p> <p>Coccothrinax acuminata Sargent ex Beccari (1907: 313). Lectotype (designated by Moya &amp; Méndez 2018a):— CUBA. No locality, no date, C. Wright 3966 (lectotype K!, isolectotypes BRU n.v., FI!, GH!, NY!, P n.v., P image!, US!, V n.v.).</p> <p>Coccothrinax miraguama var. novogeronensis Beccari (1931: 336). Lectotype (designated by Moya &amp; Méndez 2018a):— CUBA. Isla de Pinos, 1904, A. Curtiss 423 (lectotype FI!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, CM n.v., G n.v., GH!, HAC!, K!, LE n.v., M n.v., M image!, MO n.v., MT n.v., NY!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax miraguama var. arenicola León (1939: 115). Coccothrinax miraguama subsp. arenicola (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 175). Lectotype (designated by Moya &amp; Méndez 2018a):— CUBA. Pinar del Río, Sabanalamar, El Sábalo, 20 August 1934, Fr. León 16146 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax miraguama var. havanensis León (1939: 116). Coccothrinax miraguama subsp. havanensis (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 175). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. (Habana), Playa de Jibacoa, 13 May 1937, Fr. León 16834 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, GH!, HAJB!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax miraguama var. roseocarpa León (1939: 117). Coccothrinax miraguama subsp. roseocarpa (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 175). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. (Matanzas), Loma de los Botinos, 27 August 1937, Fr. León 16958 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, GH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax miraguama var. cupularis León (1939: 117). Coccothrinax miraguama subsp. cupularis (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 175). Coccothrinax cupularis (León) Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 449). Type:— CUBA. Cienfuegos, Santa Clara, Monte de la Playa de Patado, Castillo de Jagua, 21 June 1932, Fr. León 15595 (holotype HAC!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax miraguama var. macroglossa León (1939: 118). Coccothrinax macroglossa (León) Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 450). Coccothrinax miraguama subsp. macroglossa (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 175). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, Cerro de Dumañuecos, Manatí, 23 July 1937, Fr. León 16869 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotype US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax yuraguana León (1939: 119). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2018):— CUBA. Pinar del Río, entre le Pan de Guajaibon et Las Pozas, April 1934, G. Nateson 16103 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, AJBC n.v., US n.v.).</p> <p>Coccothrinax camagueyana Borhidi &amp; Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 441). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2021):— CUBA. Camagüey, Tuabaquey, 28 October 1977, O. Muñiz &amp; A. Borhidi 106 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotype BP n.v.).</p> <p>Coccothrinax trinitensis Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1985: 228). Type:— CUBA. Sierra de Escambray, falda norte del Pico Potrerillo, 8 July 1984, O. Muñiz &amp; M. Fernández 15061 (holotype HAC n.v.).</p> <p>Stems 4.5(3.0–7.0) m long and 6.5 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.2(0.4–3.1) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 12.4(6.3–20.8) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 11.6(2.4–28.5) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 34(22–49) per leaf, the middle ones 44.6(20.5–78.5) cm long and 3.8(2.0–6.5) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 3(2–7); proximalmost rachillae straight, 8.9(4.7–15.0) cm long and 1.2(0.8–1.8) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 9(7–10); fruit pedicels 2.1(0.5–6.0) mm long; fruits 7.4(6.2–10.6) mm long and 7.7(6.2–11.2) mm diameter, black, purplish, reddish, orange-yellow, or yellow-white; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Fig. 14) in pinelands, savannas, shrubby areas, on serpentine or limestone soils, and persisting in disturbed areas, at 694(200–900) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Seven preliminary species (C. acuminata, C. camagueyana, C. cupularis, C. macroglossa, C. miraguama, C. trinitensis, C. yuraguana) share a unique combination of qualitative character states and are recognized as a single phylogenetic species, the earliest name for which is C. miraguama.</p> <p>Coccothrinax miraguama is widespread and variable in Cuba and appears to exist in numerous disjunct populations in a variety of habitats, each slightly different from the others.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—From the west, there is a population in western Pinar del Río, growing in savannas or on limestone rocks. The type of Coccothrinax miraguama var. arenicola is from this population (placed as a synonym of C. acuminata by Moya &amp; Méndez 2018a). It was said to differ by its leaves with shorter sheath apices and segments with pale reddish scales abaxially. This population has 3-layered sheath fibers and larger leaves. However, as pointed out by Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a), the distinction between 2- and 3-layered fibers breaks down in C. miraguama and this variable is not used here to distinguish species.</p> <p>Slightly further east, there is a population in southeastern Pinar del Río growing in pinelands or savannas. This population has 2-layered fibers and smaller leaves.</p> <p>Further to the east, at or near the border between Pinar del Río and Artemesia provinces, there is a population represented by a single specimen (Wright 3966), the type of Coccothrinax acuminata. This specimen has 3-layered sheath fibers, and exceptionally large leaves and inflorescences. Moya &amp; Méndez (2018a) considered that the type locality of C. acuminata could be at Balestena in Artemesia.</p> <p>On the Isla de la Juventud there is a population growing in savannas or pinelands. This population has 2-layered sheath fibers, smaller leaves, and shorter pedicels. The type of Coccothrinax miraguama var. novogeronensis is from this population (placed as a synonym of C. acuminata by Moya &amp; Méndez 2018a). It was said to differ by its sessile flowers.</p> <p>Specimens determined as preliminary species C. acuminata differ from other specimens of C. miraguama from western Cuba in only one variable (leaf segment length) with specimens of C. acuminata having a lower value (t- test, P &lt;0.05).</p> <p>On the north coast of Pinar del Río, and just reaching Artemesia, there is a population growing in xeromorphic woodland on serpentine soils. The type of Coccothrinax yuraguana is from this population. León (1939) considered that it differed from C. miraguama by its smaller leaves with fewer segments, shorter palmans, and shorter apices (see also Moya 2018). Leaf sheaths have 2- or 3-layered fibers. Two fertile specimens from exactly the same locality differ greatly in size; one (Verdecia 1232) is reported as being 3.5 m tall and has much larger leaves than the other (Verdecia 1231), which is reported as being 5 m tall. This perhaps an example of ontogenetic changes, with smaller plants having larger leaves. Coccothrinax yuraguana is somewhat tentatively included here. In some specimens, leaf segment apices could almost be scored as rounded and as such are somewhat similar to C. orientalis (and both C. orientalis and its synonym C. moaensis were originally described as varieties or subspecies of C. yuraguana). However, the type locality of C. yuraguana is approximately 800 km from the nearest occurrence of C. orientalis. The problem is unresolved.</p> <p>Specimens of preliminary species C. yuraguana do not differ from specimens of preliminary species C. acuminata in any variable, but do differ from other specimens of C. miraguama from western Cuba in four variables (fiber width, number of segments, leaf segment length, rachillae length) with specimens of C. yuraguana having lower values (ttest, P &lt;0.05).</p> <p>Around Havanna there is a population growing on hill slopes on serpentine soils. The type of C. miraguama var. havanensis is from this population. León (1939) considered that it differed by its longer segment apices. Leaves of this variety are noticeably larger than those of the following, var. roseocarpa. According to Craft (2017), var. havanensis occurs on alkaline soils and var. roseocarpa occurs on serpentine soils.</p> <p>To the east of Havanna, on the north coast of Matanzas, there is a population growing on serpentine hills. The type of C. miraguama var. roseocarpa is from this population. This was said to differ by its rose-purple fruits. Given the range in fruit color in Coccothrinax, and the range in color during ripening, this is not considered to have any taxonomic significance.</p> <p>There is a large population of C. miraguama in Cienfuegos, Villa Clara, and Sancti Spíritus provinces, growing in savannas or serpentine barrens, or at higher elevations on dry hills or rocky hillsides. Specimens have 2-layered or 3-layered leaf sheath fibers. The type of C. miraguama is from this population. León (1939) wrote that he travelled to the exact locality where Humboldt and Bonpland collected the type specimen near Trinidad. The specimen (León 16932) that León collected has an exceptionally large leaf and inflorescence. Craft (2017) wrote that the species no longer occurs at the type locality.</p> <p>Two other specimens have been named from this population. A specimen from the coast near Cienfuegos was described as C. miraguama var. cupularis, and was said to differ in its “filamentos….. unidos comúnmente en la mitad de su longitud ±, formando una cúpula“ (León 1939). However, the amount of connation of the filaments at the base is quite variable and does not appear to have any taxonomic significance. Two other specimens (Britton 4589, Jack 7691) from at or near the type locality have filaments only briefly united at the base, and another specimen (Britton 5476), determined as C. miraguama and from the Trinidad mountains has the filaments forming a short cupule. Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991a) reported that the filaments of C. miraguama subsp. havanensis also form a cupule. A specimen from the Sierra de Escambray was described as Coccothrinax trinitensis. Moya (2021) wrote that the type specimen has not been found at HAC. However, based on the protologue, it does not appear not to differ from C. miraguama.</p> <p>There is a gap in the distribution of C. miraguama in the central part of Cuba, and it reappears in Camagüey, Las Tunas, and Holguín provinces. Two names have been applied to this population, C. camagueyana and C. macroglossa. Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981) described C. camagueyana as having seeds with a basal embryo, which is not the case, and compared it with C. gundlachii, presumably because of its large size. Moya (2021) reported that only one specimen of C. camagueyana is known, the type, and it has not been collected again. Quantitatively, C. camagueyana is similar to preliminary species C. macroglossa, and the type locality is within the range of C. macroglossa.</p> <p>León (1939) distinguished C. macroglossa (as C. miraguama var. macroglossa) by its larger hastulas and leaves. Risco Villalobos et al. (2017) determined three specimens (León 16802, Shafer 946, 2859) from the vicinity of Nuevitas in Camagüey as C. macroglossa. León 16802 appears to be C. macroglossa, Shafer 2859 appears to be C. salvatoris, and Shafer 946, although lacking leaf sheath fibers, is also included there. Risco Villalobos et al. (2017) determined three specimens (León 18422, Shafer 500, 2922) from north of Camagüey as C. miraguama. They were here determined as preliminary species C. macroglossa. Craft (2017) wrote that C. macroglossa has an early deciduous waxy layer on the adaxial surface of the leaves. He also reported hybrids between C. macroglossa and C. pseudorigida in Camagüey.</p> <p>Specimens of preliminary species C. macroglossa differ significantly from those of C. miraguama in only three variables (palman length, leaf segment length, pedicel length), with C. macroglossa having higher values for all variables (t- test, P &lt;0.05). In particular, specimens of preliminary species C. macroglossa approach those of C. miraguama var. havanensis in size, differing only in the longer leaf segments of C. macroglossa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFC41F50FF50F99FFB3D89AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFC01F50FF50FE5BFC368EDF.text	03B387DAFFC01F50FF50FE5BFC368EDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax montana Burret 1929	<div><p>1.24. Coccothrinax montana Burret (1929: 17). Lectotype (designated here):— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Cord. Central, Prov. de Azua, Loma Nalga de Maco, 1,700 m, 8 June 1925, E. Ekman 6297 (lectotype S n.v., S image!, the holotype at B was destroyed). Plate 18</p> <p>Stems 2.8(2.5–3.0) m long and 10.0 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.4(1.1–1.6) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 15.6(8.1–21.8) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 20.1(12.0–26.50) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 43(29–48), the middle ones 67.8(50.0– 75.5) cm long and 3.7(2.7–4.6) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially, with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 2; proximalmost rachillae straight, 6.0(5.0–7.0) cm long and 0.9(0.6–1.2) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 0.8(0.6–1.0) mm long; fruits 13.4 (10.3–16.4) mm long and 12.2(9.2–15.2) mm diameter, white; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Dominican Republic (Bahoruco, Duarte, Elías Piña, Santiago de los Cabelleros) (Fig. 14) in dwarf forest or cloud forest on steep slopes on limestone at 1,285(480–1,850) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax montana has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. However, leaf indumentum is difficult to score. It seems that some indumentum is present on young leaves, and sometimes persists on parts of older leaves, but is mostly early deciduous leaving leaves green abaxially. In its small inflorescences and relatively large fruits (and usual high elevation habitat) it resembles C. scoparia (see notes under that species). It differs from that species in its relatively long palman without prominent adaxial veins. Burret (1929) cited two specimens (Ekman 6297, 1673) in the protologue. The former is the type of C. montana, the latter is here considered to represent C. scoparia. Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991b) scored C. montana as having muricate ovary surfaces. Fruits, however, are not muricate.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:— Coccothrinax montana is known from five, widely separate localities— Loma Nalga de Maco in the Cordillera Central (type locality); Pico Duarte in the Cordillera Central; Loma Diego de Ocampo in the Cordillera Septentrional; Loma La Canela in the Cordillera Septentrional; and the Sierra de Neiva. There are only a few specimens from each locality, too few to test for differences. However, there appears to be some local variation. For example, specimens from Loma Diego de Ocampo have considerably larger fruits than other specimens.</p> <p>Two sterile specimens may also belong here; Zanoni 22369 from 900 m on the Río El Canal, Peravia province, and Zanoni 14979 from 600 m at Fuerte de Resoli, San Cristóbal province.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFC01F50FF50FE5BFC368EDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFBE1F2EFF50FF27FE828E0B.text	03B387DAFFBE1F2EFF50FF27FE828E0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax montgomeryana Henderson, Fernandez & Bacon	<div><p>1.25. Coccothrinax montgomeryana Henderson, Fernández &amp; Bacon in Henderson et al. (2023: 109).</p> <p>Type:— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia Hato Mayor del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.476&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.079" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.476/lat 19.079)">Rey</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.476&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.079" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.476/lat 19.079)">Municipio</a> Sabana de la Mar, Parque Nacional Los Haitises, 19.079N 69.476W, 16 March 2022, O. Montero, B. Cabrera, O. Peréz, N. Premlonska, E. Fernández, C. Bacon &amp; P. Toribio 475 (holotype JBSD!, isotype NY!). Plate 19</p> <p>Stems 4.2(2.5–7.0) m long and 4.2 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.5 mm diameter, stout, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices; petioles 6.0(3.8–7.7) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 1.6(1.0–2.4) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 23(21–25) per leaf, the middle ones 41.6(33.5–53.0) cm long and 2.2(1.8–2.7) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices blunt and rounded or attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 3–4; proximalmost rachillae straight, 5.6(4.5–7.7) cm long and 0.9(0.7–1.2) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae uneven at or near anthesis with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; stamens 6(5–7); fruit pedicels 0.5(0.2–0.9) mm long; fruits 3.9(3.7–4.1) mm long and 4.3(3.8–4.7) mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Northeastern Dominican Republic (El Seibo, Hato Mayor) (Fig. 15) in open areas on dog’s tooth limestone at 38(1–225) m elevation. It may occur as far west as Rincon Claro in Duarte province (M. Landestoy, pers. comm.).</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax montgomeryana was found to be polymorphic for segment apices. However, splitting the specimens into two species such that variables were consistent within each one led to improbable species that could not be justified morphologically or geographically. Otherwise, specimens had a unique combination of qualitative character states and are recognized as a phylogenetic species. Coccothrinax montgomeryana is a member of a group of nine Hispaniola species (see notes under C. boschiana). It is most similar to C. gonaivensis, differing from that species in its non-wedge-shaped leaves (although leaf shape is somewhat difficult to score).</p> <p>Coccothrinax montgomeryana occurs on the south side of Samaná bay on dog’s tooth limestone in Haitises National Park, in a relatively wet and humid habitat. Plants are illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk (2017, page 137, as C. gracilis), showing the slender, curved stems.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—One specimen (Zanoni 35472) has two leaves, one with the segments blunt and rounded at the apices and the other with attenuate apices, and inflorescences branched to three orders. This specimen is from further inland than the other specimens, and is reported to occur at 225 m elevation. The specimen appears to represent a disjunct population.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFBE1F2EFF50FF27FE828E0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFBE1F2CFF50F987FC1B8A5F.text	03B387DAFFBE1F2CFF50F987FC1B8A5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax munizii Borhidi	<div><p>1.26. Coccothrinax munizii Borhidi in Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971b publ. 1972: 2).</p> <p>Haitiella munizii (Borhidi) Borhidi in Borhidi &amp; Kereszty (1979: 2).</p> <p>Type:— CUBA. Prov. Oriente, ad Macambo inter San Antonio del Sur et Imias, 16 March 1970, A. Borhidi, O Muñiz &amp; S. Vázquez 27117 (holotype HAC!, isotype BP n.v., BP image!)</p> <p>Stems 4.3(3.5–5.0) m long and 5.3 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 2.3(1.3–3.1) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 7.3(6.7–8.0) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 7.5(6.3–8.7) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades wedge-shaped; segments 19(16–21) per leaf, the middle ones 28.1(26.5–31.5) cm long and 2.7(1.8–3.5) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially; leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 5–6; proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.6(4.0–5.2) cm long and 1.0(0.9–1.2) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae uneven at or near anthesis with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; stamens 8; fruit pedicels 0.2–0.3 mm long; fruits 3.9(3.7–4.2) mm long and 4.3(4.0–4.7) mm diameter, tan; fruit surfaces densely muricate; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Guantánamo) (Fig. 15) in dry, scrub forest on limestone cliffs near the sea at 163(25–300) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax munizii has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is one of only four species with small, muricate fruits, the other three (C. boschiana, C. ekmanii, C. samanensis) are endemic to Hispaniola. Coccothrinax munizii appears most similar morphologically to C. boschiana (see notes under that species).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFBE1F2CFF50F987FC1B8A5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFBB1F2BFF50FF27FDF88DD3.text	03B387DAFFBB1F2BFF50FF27FDF88DD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax orientalis (Leon)	<div><p>1.27. Coccothrinax orientalis (León) Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 451).</p> <p>Coccothrinax yuraguana var. orientalis León (1939: 121).</p> <p>Coccothrinax yuraguana subsp. orientalis (León) Borhidi in Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971b publ. 1972: 2).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, Sierra de Nipe, cerca de Woodfred, 500-650 m, 18 December 1909, J. Shafer 3217 (lectotype NY!, isolectotype US!)</p> <p>Coccothrinax moaensis (Borhidi &amp; Muñiz) Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 451). Coccothrinax yuraguana subsp. moaensis Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971b publ. 1972: 1). Type:— CUBA. Oriente, Guantánamo, El Pino sur de la Reserva Cupeyal del Norte, 11 February 1970, A. Borhidi &amp; O. Muñiz 27934 (holotype HAC!, isotype BP n.v., BP image!).</p> <p>Stems length not recorded, 9.0(2.9–15.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.2(0.6–1.8) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 7.9(5.5–11.8) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 4.6(3.0–7.3) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 24(16–38) per leaf, the middle ones 33.8(24.4–42.0) cm long and 3.3(2.4–4.6) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices blunt and rounded; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially; leaf segments densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center, sometimes without indumentum abaxially, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences number not recorded; proximalmost rachillae straight, 6.3(4.5–9.5) cm long and 1.2(0.8–1.6) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 8; fruit pedicels 1.9(1.1–2.6) mm long; fruits 7.0(6.2–7.7) mm long and 7.3(6.6–8.3) mm diameter, purple or purplish; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Holguín, Guantánamo) (Fig. 15) in pine forest on serpentine soils at 701(500– 944) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Two preliminary species (C. moaensis, C. orientalis) have a unique combination of qualitative character states except that C. orientalis is polymorphic for abaxial segment indument. However, splitting the specimens into two species such that variables were consistent within each one led to improbable species that could not be justified morphologically or geographically. Therefore, specimens are recognized as a phylogenetic species, with one variable polymorphic. The earliest name for this species is C. orientalis.</p> <p>Craft (2017) noted that Coccothrinax orientalis could hybridize with C. pauciramosa, and this may be the origin of the polymorphism in abaxial segment indument.</p> <p>There are two separate populations of Coccothrinax orientalis. There are no differences between them, but only enough data to test five variables.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFBB1F2BFF50FF27FDF88DD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFBB1F2AFF50FA4FFE3C8B92.text	03B387DAFFBB1F2AFF50FA4FFE3C8B92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax pauciramosa Burret 1929	<div><p>1.28. Coccothrinax pauciramosa Burret (1929: 12).</p> <p>Type:— CUBA. Prov. Oriente, Sierra de Nipe in Sabana Risueña, propre Bayate, 18 July 1914, E. Ekman 2021 (holotype S n.v., S image!; isotype B destroyed)</p> <p>Coccothrinax nipensis Borhidi &amp; Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 446). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2021):— CUBA. Oriente, S. de Nipe, Mayari, Loma de la Bandera, 19 April 1960, Alaín, Acuña &amp; Ramos 7758 (lectotype HAC!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax savannarum (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 452). Coccothrinax muricata var. savannarum León (1939: 130). Coccothrinax muricata subsp. savannarum (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 176). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Oriente, Sabana Risueña, Bayate, January 1933, O. Heimer &amp; V. Held 15910 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, AJBC n.v., BH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!).</p> <p>Stems length and diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.9(1.3–3.2) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers; petioles 7.4(5.8–9.6) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 3.0(1.7–4.3) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 21(17–30) per leaf, the middle ones 31.6(30.3–35.5) cm long and 2.6(1.8–3.5) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 3(2–4); proximalmost rachillae straight, 6.6(5.5–7.5) cm long and 1.1(0.9–1.3) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae not recorded at or near anthesis; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 1.2(0.5–2.1) mm long; fruits 5.5 mm long and 5.6(5.3–5.9) mm diameter, black; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Holguín, Santiago de Cuba) (Fig. 15) on or near the Altiplanicie de Nipe, in savannas, pine forests, or hills on limestone or serpentine soils at 450 m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Three preliminary species (C. nipensis, C. pauciramosa, C. savannarum) share a unique combination of qualitative character states and are recognized as a phylogenetic species, the earliest name for which is C. pauciramosa.</p> <p>Coccothrinax savannarum is somewhat problematic. Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981), in recognizing C. muricata var. savannarum at the species level, distinguished it from C. muricata by its long, erect inflorescences. Confusingly, Craft’s (2017) and Moya’s (2020) illustrations appear to show curved inflorescences. The leaf segments of one of the isotypes appear almost rounded at the apices. Coccothrinax orientalis occurs at or near the type locality of C. savannarum and it is possible that the type specimen is a hybrid. Craft (2017) considered that C. pauciramosa may hybridize with C. orientalis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFBB1F2AFF50FA4FFE3C8B92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFBA1F2AFF50FC0FFB418012.text	03B387DAFFBA1F2AFF50FC0FFB418012.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax pseudorigida Leon 1939	<div><p>1.29. Coccothrinax pseudorigida León (1939: 145).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Cayo de monte bajo en la sabana de Santayana, este de Camagüey, 9 July 1932, Fr. León 15795 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, GH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!). Plate 20</p> <p>Coccothrinax pseudorigida var. acaulis León (1939: 146). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. N.O. de la capital del Camagüey, Sabana de la Punta, camino de Cubitas, 8 July 1932, Fr. León 15779 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, AJBC n.v., BH!, GH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, MT n.v., US!).</p> <p>Stems length and diameter not recorded, clustered. Leaves persistent, giving a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves covering the stem; leaf sheath fibers 2.1(1.2–3.6) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers; petioles 6.4(5.2–8.2) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 3.5(2.5–5.0) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 17(13–20) per leaf, the middle ones 27.7(20.0–33.5) cm long and 2.4(2.0–2.8) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 3–4; proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.2(3.0–5.3) cm long and 1.0(0.7–1.2) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 1.2(0.6–1.7) mm long; fruits 8.5 (7.8–9.1) mm long and 8.8(8.5–9.1) mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Camagüey) (Fig. 16) in savannas at low elevation. Craft (2017) reported that it occurred on serpentine soils.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax pseudorigida has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. The presence of a ‘skirt’ of dead leaves persisting on the stem is scored from an image in Moya (2020) of plants from the type locality. Var. acaulis is not recognized here, following Craft (2017). Coccothrinax pseudorigida is similar to C. garciana, differing in its clustered stems (see notes under C. garciana). Craft (2017) reported that C. pseudorigida hybridizes with C. macroglossa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFBA1F2AFF50FC0FFB418012	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFB81F27FF50F99FFA8E8A5E.text	03B387DAFFB81F27FF50F99FFA8E8A5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax pumila Borhidi & Hernandez	<div><p>1.30. Coccothrinax pumila Borhidi &amp; Hernández (1993–1994 publ. 1995: 195). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2021):— CUBA. Prov. Guantánamo, Morrillo Chico, area de Hatibonico, oeste de la Base Naval de Guantánamo, March 1994, J. Hernández s.n. (lectotype HAC!)</p> <p>Stems length not recorded, 7.0 cm diameter, clustered. Leaves not recorded; leaf sheath fibers 1.8 mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 7.6 mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 4.5 mm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 22 per leaf, the middle ones 38.0 cm long and 2.4 cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence; rachis bracts not recorded; partial inflorescences 2; proximalmost rachillae straight, 3.5 cm long and 0.8 mm diameter in fruit; rachillae not recorded at or near anthesis; stamens 9; fruit pedicels 2.5 mm long; fruits 8.5 mm long and 8.5 mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Guantánamo) (Fig. 16) on coastal savannas or hills on limestone rocks at low elevations near the sea.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax pumila has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. Only one specimen has been examined and the species remains poorly known. In the protologue, C. pumila is said to belong to section Longispadicae subsection Pauciramosae and to be similar to C. pseudorigida. It does share several character states with that species. An image in Moya (2021) of a plant from the type locality of C. pumila shows stems covered with a skirt of persistent dead leaves (as in C. pseudorigida). However, the images of C. pumila in Craft (2017) do not show skirts of dead leaves on the stems.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFB81F27FF50F99FFA8E8A5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFB71F27FF50FDCBFA558DF7.text	03B387DAFFB71F27FF50FDCBFA558DF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax rigida (Grisebach & Wendland) Beccari 1907	<div><p>1.31. Coccothrinax rigida (Grisebach &amp; Wendland) Beccari (1907: 299).</p> <p>Thrinax rigida Grisebach &amp; Wendland in Grisebach (1866: 221).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. La Catalina near Sagua de Tánamo, no date, C. Wright 3220 (lectotype G n.v., G image!, isolectotypes BH!, FI!, GH!, GOET n.v., GOET image!, HAC n.v., K!, MO n.v., MO image!, P n.v., P image!, YU n.v., YU image!)</p> <p>Stems length and diameter not recorded, branching not recorded. Leaves not recorded; leaf sheath fibers 0.7 mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 4.0 mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 2.5 cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments number not recorded, the middle ones 24.5 cm long and 1.7 cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences not recorded; proximalmost rachillae straight, 5.1 cm long and 1.7 mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 7; fruit pedicels 1.9 mm long; fruits 6.0 mm long and 6.8 mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Holguín) (Fig. 16), habitat and elevation not recorded. Craft (2017) wrote that it occurred on limestone hills.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax rigida has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is notable for its leaf segments without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially; otherwise it is similar to C. miraguama. León (1939) placed C. rigida in his series Longispadicae section Pauciramosae. However it does not appear to have elongate inflorescences, as do other species in the section.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFB71F27FF50FDCBFA558DF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFB71F25FF50F9A3FDC28E66.text	03B387DAFFB71F25FF50F9A3FDC28E66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax salvatoris Leon 1939	<div><p>1.32. Coccothrinax salvatoris León (1939: 125).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. (Oriente), entre Mon Ciego y El Faro, Bahía de Manatí, 4 January 1937, Fr. León 16800 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes BH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!). Plate 21</p> <p>Coccothrinax salvatoris var. loricata León (1939: 127). Coccothrinax salvatoris subsp. loricata (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1971a: 175). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. (Camagüey), Silla del Versalles, Cayo Romano, 4 January 1936, Fr. León 16489 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, AJBC n.v., BH!, GH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax muricata León (1939: 129). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. Camagüey, Sierra del Chorrillo, 31 December 1932, Fr. León 15892 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, GH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!).</p> <p>Stems 9.0 m long, diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 3.1(1.5–7.5) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers; petioles 13.2(8.1–16.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 10.0(3.8– 14.0) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 32(22–42) per leaf, the middle ones 38.2(21.5–51.0) cm long and 4.2(3.0–5.5) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences number not recorded; proximalmost rachillae straight, 7.8(5.6–11.0) cm long and 1.4(1.1–1.8) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 8; fruit pedicels 1.6(0.6–2.7) mm long; fruits 5.9(5.2–7.8) mm long and 6.1(5.3–7.9) mm diameter, purplish; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Eastern Cuba (Camagüey, Las Tunas, Holguín) (Fig. 16) in woods on limestone hills or mogotes at 100 m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Two preliminary species (Coccothrinax salvatoris, C. muricata) share a unique combination of qualitative character states and are recognized as a phylogenetic species, for which the earliest name is C. salvatoris.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:— León (1939) considered that Coccothrinax salvatoris was very variable and he noted in particular the thicker leaf sheath fibers of his subsp. loricata. Craft (2017) noted that there were two forms of C. salvatoris, one with a thick layer of wax on the leaves adaxially, although no such specimens have been seen in the present study. Coccothrinax salvatoris occurs in eight, widely separate populations, two of which overlap with C. miraguama. Specimens lacking leaf sheath fibers are difficult to distinguish from C. miraguama (see notes under that species).</p> <p>From the west, there is a population in Camagüey on Cayo Romano. The only specimen known from there, the type of subsp. loricata, has exceptionally thick sheath fibers and longer pedicels. The fruits have projecting fibers.</p> <p>Further to the east, in Camagüey, there is a population on Cayo Guajaba growing on hills. This population has small leaves, short segment apices, and shorter pedicels. Segment apices could almost be scored as rounded. The two specimens (Shafer 676, 2827) are somewhat tentatively included here.</p> <p>Further to the east, also in Camagüey, there is a population near Nuevitas, occurring on much exposed rocks or in dense woods and thickets. This population has shorter pedicels. The young fruits of one specimen have projecting fibers.</p> <p>Further inland in Camagüey there are two populations, previously recognized as C muricata. One population occurs on limestone rocks. On the specimens examined the fibers combine at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers, but according to the image in Craft (2017) they do not cleanly separate into spine-like fibers. León (1937) reported the abaxial surface of the segments to be non-indumentose, although this has not been found here. The fruits of the specimens examined are not muricate in the sense used here, but rather have projecting fibers, as in several other specimens of C. salvatoris.</p> <p>Further east along the coast, on the shores of Manatí bay in Las Tunas, there is a population (including the type of C. salvatoris) occurring in woods on limestone hills. Specimens have thick fibers, approaching those of subsp. loricata, and longer pedicels.</p> <p>Further inland, from around the city of Holguín, the population occurs in woods on limestone hills. Specimens from here have longer pedicels.</p> <p>One other, sterile specimen (Britton 12452) from Nipe Bay is also tentatively included here. Moya (2020) stated that C. salvatoris occurred in this area.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFB71F25FF50F9A3FDC28E66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFB51F22FF50F913FE928A44.text	03B387DAFFB51F22FF50F913FE928A44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax samanensis Henderson, Montero & Bacon	<div><p>1.33. Coccothrinax samanensis Henderson,Montero&amp;Bacon in Henderson et al. (2023: 110). Type:— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia Samaná, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.23333/lat 19.166666)">Distrito Municipal Las Galeras</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.23333/lat 19.166666)">Punta Balandra</a>, carretera <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.23333/lat 19.166666)">Samaná-Las Galeras</a>, a 3.2 km después del hotel <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.166666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.23333/lat 19.166666)">Bahía Príncipe</a>, 19º10’N 69º14’W, 30 March 2022, O. Montero, T. Clase, M. Novas, J. Huranga &amp; P. Toribio 528 (holotype JBSD!, isotype NY!). Plate 22</p> <p>Stems 2.0 m long, diameter not recorded, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.5 mm diameter, stout, loosely woven and forming a loose, hexagonal mesh, initially forming ligules at the apices; petioles 8.0(6.4–9.6) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 10.0(7.6–12.0) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades wedge-shaped; segments 26(23–29) per leaf, the middle ones 50.5(50.0–51.0) cm long and 2.5(1.9–2.9) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences number not recorded; proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.9(4.0–5.8) cm long and 1.5 mm diameter in fruit; rachillae uneven at or near anthesis with lines of warty outgrowths, these often becoming more pronounced as fruits develop; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 0.2 mm long; fruits 3.0 mm long and 4.5 mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces densely muricate; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Northeastern Dominican Republic (Samaná) on the eastern end of the Peninsula de Samaná (Fig. 17) in arid areas on limestone terraces or cliffs at 50 m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax samanensis has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is a member of a group of nine Hispaniola species (see notes under C. boschiana), sharing with other species in the group curved stems. It is distinguished from most other species in this group by its densely muricate fruit surfaces. It shares this character state with three other species, C. boschiana and C. ekmanii from Hispaniola and C. munizii from Cuba. Coccothrinax samanensis is also unusual in that its seeds are scarcely lobed and could almost be scored as smooth or shallowly lobed, and the endosperm is effectively homogeneous.</p> <p>Coccothrinax samanensis occurs in three populations (Cabo Samaná, Cabo Cabrón, Punta Balandra). No specimens from Cabo Cabrón have been seen, but this population is illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk (2017, pages 138–141, as C. gracilis). These images show taller plants with slender, clean, curved stems and apparently wedge-shaped leaves, and shorter plants with thicker, straight stems covered with leaf sheath bases and more orbicular leaves. Eladio Fernández (pers. comm.) reports that C. samanensis also occurs at La Guacima, between Cabo Samaná and Punta Balandra.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFB51F22FF50F913FE928A44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFB21F20FF50FD32FB358A3B.text	03B387DAFFB21F20FF50FD32FB358A3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax saxicola Leon 1939	<div><p>1.34. Coccothrinax saxicola León (1939: 141). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. (Oriente), Farallón del Dudoso, oeste de Pilón, 30 December 1938, Fr. León &amp; M. Victorin 18618 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, AJBC n.v., BH!, G n.v., HAJB!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, MT n.v., US!). Plate 23</p> <p>Coccothrinax acunana León (1939: 128). Lectotype (designated by Moya 2020):— CUBA. (Oriente), Cueva del Aura, no lejos del Pico Turquino, 1,000 m, June 1935, J. Carabia &amp; J. Acuña 16749 (lectotype HAC!, isolectotypes A!, BH!, MICH n.v., MICH image!, US!).</p> <p>Coccothrinax elegans Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 442). Type:— CUBA. Oriente, Sierra Maestre, mogotes de la finca Demajagua, Matías, 23 October 1969, A. Borhidi &amp; O. Muñiz 27933 (holotype HAC!, isotype BP n.v.).</p> <p>Coccothrinax leonis Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 443). Type:— CUBA. Guantánamo, al pie de Guaso, October 1939, Fr. León 17362 (holotype HAC!).</p> <p>Stems 3.5 m long and 5.0 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.4(1.2–1.7) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 9.5(6.0–12.7) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 10.6(4.6–18.0) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 30(22–42) per leaf, the middle ones 46.3(31.0–62.5) cm long and 2.6(2.0–3.4) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown or reddish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 3–4; proximalmost rachillae straight, 6.0(2.5–7.3) cm long and 1.0(0.7–1.4) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 7; fruit pedicels 1.1(0.1–2.8) mm long; fruits 4.8(4.0–5.4) mm long and 4.8(4.0–5.7) mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Granma, Guantánamo, Santiago de Cuba) (Fig. 17) on mogotes, coastal cliffs, or rocky places at 1,000 m elevation. Only one specimen gives elevation data, but others are reported occur on coastal cliffs, presumably at lower elevations.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Four preliminary species (C. acunana, C. elegans, C. leonis, C. saxicola) share a unique combination of character states and are recognized as a single, phylogenetic species, for which the name C. saxicola is here chosen. This occurs in southeastern Cuba in scattered localities and in diverse habitats, often in small populations. There are too few specimens to test quantitative differences.</p> <p>As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax saxicola was placed by León (1939) in his section Curvatae, presumably based on the large inflorescence with somewhat distant partial inflorescences. However, it does not appear related to other species he included there. Of the three specimens cited by León, one (León 18618) has a small leaf and short pedicels, and another (León 16347) has a much larger leaf and longer pedicels. Nauman &amp; Sanders (1991b) scored C. saxicola as having the leaf outline less than 1/2 orbicular (i.e. wedge-shaped) but this does not appear to be the case according to the illustrations in Craft (2017) and Moya (2020). Stems are scored from the image in León (1939).</p> <p>Coccothrinax acunana was distinguished by León (1939) from the only other species (C. muricata) in his series Brevispadicae subseries Cernuae having leaves non-indumentose abaxially by its more numerous leaf segments, united filaments, and shorter style. These are not here considered to have any taxonomic significance. Suárez et al. (2018) described the leaves as having a thin layer of indumentum abaxially, and this is confirmed by study of the type specimen.</p> <p>Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981) compared C. elegans with C. muricata (i.e., C. salvatoris), to which it does not appear closely related.</p> <p>Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981) compared C. leonis with C. miraguama but considered it differed by its lack of centers in the hairs on the abaxial leaf surface and non-pedicellate fruits. However, the abaxial indumentum of the two specimens examined appears exactly like that of C. miraguama. Only one specimen has an inflorescence and this has short pedicels. Fruits are illustrated in Craft (2017) and described as having “raised bumps and ridges”.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFB21F20FF50FD32FB358A3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFB01F3EFF50FDF7FBFF8BEF.text	03B387DAFFB01F3EFF50FDF7FBFF8BEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax scoparia Beccari 1908	<div><p>1.35. Coccothrinax scoparia Beccari (1908: 95). Type:— HAITI. Without locality, no date, W. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.566666/lat 18.133333)">Buch</a> 1908 (holotype B, destroyed). Neotype (designated here):— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Prov. Pedernales, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.566666/lat 18.133333)">Aceitillar</a>, port at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.566666/lat 18.133333)">Cabo Rojo</a>, up <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.566666/lat 18.133333)">Alcoa</a> mine road (via Las Mercedes), 18°08’N 71°34’W, 1,200 m, 15 September 1981, T. Zanoni &amp; M. Mejía 16531 (neotype JBSD!, isoneotype NY!). Plate 24</p> <p>Stems 4.8(2.5–10.0) m long and 5.7(5.0–6.6) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.3(0.8–2.7) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 9.1(5.5–14.2) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 8.3(3.5–15.3) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 33(26–44) per leaf, the middle ones 40.3(23.5–73.0) cm long and 2.8(1.6–4.2) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments tapering from base to apex, often folded, stiff and leathery, with or without scarcely developed shoulders, the apices sharply pointed and briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, sometimes without indumentum, scales, or wax abaxially, with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 2; proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.0(2.8–6.5) cm long and 1.4(1.0–1.8) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 6–7; fruit pedicels 0.2(0.1–0.7) mm long; fruits 10.7(8.3–13.2) mm long and 10.7(9.2–13.1) mm diameter, black, blue-black, or white; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Dominican Republic (Sierra Martín García and Sierra de Baoruco) and Haiti (Massif de la Hotte and probably Massif de la Selle) (Fig. 17) in open pine forest, transition forest, or broadleaf forest at 1,189(667–1,603) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax scoparia was found to be polymorphic for leaf indumentum. However, splitting the specimens into two species such that variables were consistent within each one led to improbable species that could not be justified morphologically or geographically. Otherwise, specimens have a unique combination of qualitative character states and are recognized as a phylogenetic species.</p> <p>In the protologue, the type locality of Coccothrinax scoparia in Haiti was given only as “in regione sicca calcarea”. Urban (1920), for unknown reasons, reported the type locality to be “propre Ennery”, a town in northern Haiti. Beccari (1931), who must have seen the type, considered it to be from southern Haiti. Given that Buch’s later numbers were collected in southeastern Haiti (Jiménez 1985), the type locality of C. scoparia is likely to be on or near the Massif de la Selle in southeastern Haiti. No other specimens from there are known. A specimen (Ekman 1673) was cited by Burret (1929) from the Massif de la Selle at 1,700 m, but this specimen has not been seen in the present study and is presumed destroyed (and was identified by Burret as C. montana). There are other specimens from Haiti, but from much further west on the Massif de la Hotte. A specimen from southwestern Dominican Republic, near the Massif de la Selle, is therefore designated as neotype. Beccari (1931) described and illustrated C. scoparia as having laciniate perianth segments, but these have not been seen in the present study.</p> <p>Coccothrinax scoparia is notable for its few partial inflorescences, short rachillae, and large fruits. In these it is similar to C. montana, and these two species occur at higher elevations compared to most other species of Coccothrinax. Coccothrinax scoparia differs from C. montana in its relatively short palman with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus. Coccothrinax scoparia also has markedly smaller leaves.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—There are five different populations of Coccothrinax scoparia (Sierra Martín García; Sierra de Baoruco, Barahona province; Sierra de Baoruco, Independencia province; Sierra de Baoruco, Pedernales province; Massif de la Hotte, Fig. 17). Some populations appear slightly different from others, and occur in different habitats, although in most cases there are few specimens and quantitative differences cannot be tested.</p> <p>The population from the Sierra Martín García is represented by only one specimen. It occurs in the transitional zone between dry and humid forest. It is reported to have white fruits.</p> <p>The population from the Sierra de Baoruco in Barahona province is represented by two or possibly three specimens. It occurs in broadleaf forest (illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk 2017, page 149, as C. montana). Leaves appear to lack indumentum abaxially and transverse veinlets are somewhat obscure compared to other populations. This population appears to be the same as the one mentioned by Morici &amp; Verdecia (2006) from El Maniel, and is also said to have white fruits.</p> <p>From the Sierra de Baoruco in Independencia province there are five specimens. This population occurs in broadleaf forest or pine forest, or transition forest between the two.</p> <p>From the Sierra de Baoruco population in Pedernales province there are 16 specimens. This population occurs in pine forest or pine savannas on limestone soils (illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk 2017, page 153). Fruits are recorded as blue-black or black. There are no quantitative difference between the Independencia and Pedernales populations although there are rather few data for testing.</p> <p>The population from the Massif de la Hotte in Haiti is represented by five specimens. One specimen records the habitat as wet forest on jagged limestone. This population appears to have larger leaves and longer pedicels than others. It is illustrated in Fernández &amp; Gottschalk (2017, pages 150, 151). Leaf size may be related to habitat with specimens from more open habitats having larger leaves.</p> <p>It seems possible that with more data, four taxa might be recognized: Sierra Martín García; Sierra de Baoruco, Barahona province; Sierra de Baoruco, Independencia and Pedernales provinces (and probably Massif de la Selle); and Massif de la Hotte. These four are all geographically separate from one another.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFB01F3EFF50FDF7FBFF8BEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFAE1F3EFF50FB9BFBA48FFE.text	03B387DAFFAE1F3EFF50FB9BFBA48FFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax spirituana Verdecia & Moya	<div><p>1.36. Coccothrinax spirituana Verdecia &amp; Moya in Moya, Verdecia, García-Lahera &amp; Martínez-Pentón (2017: 84). Type:— CUBA. Provincia Sancti Spíritus, Municipio Jatibonico, San Felipe, Arroyo Blanco, 22˚04’09” N 79 ˚01’07” W, 200 m, 2 July 2015, R. Verdecia &amp; J. García-Lahera RV15 /06 (holotype HMC n.v., isotype HAC n.v.). Plate 25</p> <p>Stems 5.0 m long and 15.0 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.8 mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 12.2 mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 14.5 cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 34 per leaf, the middle ones 56.0 cm long and 3.1 cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments with a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4; proximalmost rachillae straight, 9.0 cm long and 1.2 mm diameter in fruit; rachillae not recorded at or near anthesis; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels 2.1 mm long; fruits 8.0 mm long and 8.3 mm diameter, color not recorded; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Sancti Spíritus) (Fig. 17) in xeromorphic, spiny woodland on serpentine at 200 m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax spirituana has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. It is one of only three species (the others are C. boschiana and C. torrida) recorded as having the adaxial surface of the segments with a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially. Apart from this it does not differ from C. miraguama. Moya et al. (2017) compared C. spirituana with C. macroglossa and considered it differed by several quantitative variables.According to the images in Moya et al. (2017) and Craft (2017), the leaf sheath fibers could almost be scored as spine-like at the apex.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFAE1F3EFF50FB9BFBA48FFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFAC1F3CFF50FF27FF158E43.text	03B387DAFFAC1F3CFF50FF27FF158E43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax spissa Bailey 1939	<div><p>1.37. Coccothrinax spissa Bailey (1939b: 253). Lectotype (designated by Reveal &amp; Nixon 2013):— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Hispaniola, Santo Domingo, near Bani, 27 July 1939, L. Bailey 271 (lectotype BH!). Plate 26</p> <p>Stems 4.9(2.5–6.5) m long and 24.2(11.0–50.0) cm diameter, solitary, often swollen. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 0.4(0.1–0.7) mm diameter, thin, closely woven, not forming persistent ligules and soon disintegrating at the apices; petioles 16.6(11.9–26.4) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 22.4(14.0–31.5) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 60(47–71) per leaf, the middle ones 74.5(51.5–99.5) cm long and 3.3(2.5–4.4) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, deeply splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, semi-persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs without an obvious center, with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts swollen, woody, not or sparsely tomentose; partial inflorescences 5(3–6); proximalmost rachillae straight, 13.6(7.5–22.0) cm long and 1.6(0.9–2.4) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 10(9– 13); fruit pedicels 1.3(0.5–2.7) mm long; fruits 8.6(6.7–10.1) mm long and 8.6(6.5–9.9) mm diameter, purple, red-purple, white to purple, magenta, magenta to blackish; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Haiti and Dominican Republic (Fig. 18) in broad leaf forest or dry forest, and persisting in disturbed areas, at 243(7–675) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Two preliminary species (C. spissa, C. fragrans from Hispaniola) share a unique combination of qualitative character states and are recognized as a phylogenetic species, for which the earliest name is C. spissa. Note that the preliminary species C. fragrans refers here only to specimens from Hispaniola, which were mistakenly referred to by Bailey (1939b) as C. fragrans. Stems, leaves, and inflorescences of Coccothrinax spissa are the largest of any species in the genus, and stems may be swollen or columnar. Sometimes C. spissa is sympatric with C. argentea and it can be difficult to distinguish specimens. It seems likely that there are hybrids between the two.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:— Coccothrinax spissa is widely distributed throughout Hispaniola. The population in the southern part of the Dominican Republic, which includes the type locality, occurs in a dryer habitat. Stems of this population are usually considered to be consistently swollen. However, according to the label of one specimen (Moore 7592) there is considerable variation in the amount of swelling. As shown in the image in Sayers (2012, pages 26–27), some stems are swollen and some columnar. Nevertheless, specimens from this southern population seem quite similar to one another, especially in their rachillae that dry a distinctive light brown color. One specimen (Zanoni 31093) from the southern population was determined by the collector as C. argentea and said to occur in a mixed population with C. spissa. However, Zanoni 31093 is here considered to be a depauperate plant of C. spissa.</p> <p>In other areas, specimens appear much more variable. Stems within a population may be either swollen or columnar, as illustrated in Hodel (2013, fig. 43) and Fernández &amp; Gottschalk (2017, page 130). There is one unusual population in northeastern Dominican Republic. This comprises two specimens from near Cabrera. One of these (Montrero 433) has a slightly costapalmate leaf and shorter pedicels, and fruits mature from white to reddish-purple. The second specimen (Zanoni 35835) has longer pedicels. A few other specimens, from scattered localities, have unusually long pedicels.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFAC1F3CFF50FF27FF158E43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFAC1F39FF50F93FFB468AF8.text	03B387DAFFAC1F39FF50F93FFB468AF8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax torrida Morici & Verdecia 2006	<div><p>1.38. Coccothrinax torrida Morici &amp; Verdecia (2006: 190). Type:— CUBA. Guantánamo, Loma de Punta Guayacanes, 20˚03’ N 74 ˚33’ W, 45 m, 30 May 2003, C. Morici &amp; R. Verdecia 748 (holotype HMC n.v., isotypes FI n.v., HAC n.v., HAJB n.v., NY n.v., ORT n.v.). Plate 27</p> <p>Stems 4.0 m long and 4.5 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers 1.7(1.3–2.1) mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, ± joined or briefly free at the apices; petioles 6.6(5.2–7.7) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 2.0(1.5–3.0) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 17(16– 18) per leaf, the middle ones 30.6(23.0–40.5) cm long and 2.2(1.9–2.5) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments with a persistent, dense, whitish layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 4(3–5); proximalmost rachillae straight, 5.5(3.8–6.2) cm long and 0.8(0.5–0.9) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; stamens 6; fruit pedicels 0.2 mm long; fruits 4.2 mm long and 4.4 mm diameter, cream; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds approximately to equator.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Cuba (Guantánamo) (Fig. 18) in limestone scrub near the sea at 48(45–50) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— As a preliminary species, Coccothrinax torrida has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. None of the types have been seen and may not be in the herbaria cited in the protologue. Coccothrinax torrida is notable for its elongate inflorescences and small, creamcolored fruits. Morici &amp; Verdecia (2010) have given an illustrated discussion of this species.</p> <p>Leaf sheath fibers are somewhat difficult to score; the apices are scored as ± joined or briefly free, but they could almost be scored as spine-like. One specimen (Zona 842) is unusual in that the proximalmost two partial inflorescences appear to have two partial inflorescence bracts each. These two partial inflorescences are branched to two orders (i.e. three orders of branching overall), and the branches are subtended by relatively large bracteoles.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFAC1F39FF50F93FFB468AF8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFA91F37FF50FCB7FE9B8BC5.text	03B387DAFFA91F37FF50FCB7FE9B8BC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coccothrinax yunquensis Borhidi & Muniz	<div><p>1.39. Coccothrinax yunquensis Borhidi &amp; Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981 publ. 1982: 447). Type:— CUBA. Prov. Guantánamo, caliza de la cumbre del Yunque de Baracoa, 500 m, 26 November 1978, A. Borhidi &amp; P. Herrera 15279 (holotype HAC n.v., isotype BP n.v.). Plate 28</p> <p>Stems not recorded. Leaves not recorded; leaf sheath fibers 1.8 mm diameter, stout, woody, loosely woven, the inner and outer layer combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers; petioles 11.9(7.9–15.8) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 10.4(9.0–11.8) cm long, relatively short, with the adaxial veins prominent and terminating in a slight raised ridge and distinct pulvinus; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments number not recorded, the middle ones 37.7(31.5–45.0) cm long and 3.3(2.3–4.0) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively short and broad, abruptly narrowed (shoulder) toward the apex, otherwise parallel-sided, often strongly folded, stiff and leathery, the apices briefly splitting; middle leaf segment apices blunt and rounded; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, densely indumentose abaxially, with irregularly shaped, persistent, interlocking, fimbriate hairs, each one with a rounded, raised, light green to greenish-brown center, without poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose with a dense tuft of erect hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences not recorded; rachillae 4.0 cm long; flowers not recorded; fruits not recorded.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Eastern Cuba (Guantánamo) (Fig. 18), known only from El Yunque mountain, on calcareous rocks at 510(500–520) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— The type of Coccothrinax yunquensis has not been found at HAC (Moya 2021). Leaf sheath fibers are scored as stout, woody, loosely woven, the layers combining at the apices to form erect, spine-like fibers. This is, however, not easy to score from the only specimen with leaf sheaths, but seems to agree with the protologue. Thus scored, C. yunquensis has a unique combination of qualitative character states and is recognized as a phylogenetic species. Although Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1981) considered that C. yunquensis was closely related to C. salvatoris, it appears more similar to C. orientalis, differing only in its leaf sheath fibers, and possibly to C. microphylla. Morici (1996) has given an illustrated account of C. yunquensis in its native habitat.</p> <p>Imperfectly known species</p> <p>Coccothrinax viridescens Noblick &amp; Street in Noblick, Street &amp; Barros (2019: 9). Type:— UNITED STATES. Florida, Miami-Dade county, Miami, Miami Zoo (Zoo Miami), 12400 SW 152 Street, parking lot near West B parking, 25˚36’43.9” N 80 ˚23’51.16”, 3.35 m, 8 December 2017, L. Noblick, A. Street &amp; L. Danielson 5718 (holotype FTG!, isotypes F n.v., K n.v., MO n.v., NY n.v.)</p> <p>Stems 3.0 m long and 7.5 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheath fibers not recorded; petioles 10.1 mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 26.5 cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments number not recorded, the middle ones 4.0 cm long and 1.9 cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow, tapering from base to apex, scarcely folded, flexible and not leathery, a shoulder or constriction absent or poorly developed, the apices thin, splitting and breaking off; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy adaxially, without tomentum abaxially, without well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences curving, arching, or pendulous amongst the leaves, with few partial inflorescences along the rachis; rachis bracts somewhat flattened, loosely sheathing, usually tomentose; partial inflorescences 3; proximalmost rachillae straight, 8.0 cm long and 1.6 mm diameter in fruit; rachillae surface not recorded; stamens not recorded; fruit pedicels length not recorded; fruits 6.2 mm long and 6.2 mm diameter, purple-black; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Known only from cultivated plants in Miami, Florida.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Coccothrinax viridescens is here considered to be an imperfectly known species because it occurs only in cultivation. Given the propensity of cultivated Coccothrinax species to hybridize (Craft 2017), it may be of hybrid origin.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFA91F37FF50FCB7FE9B8BC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFA71F35FF50FBF5FB9F8C7B.text	03B387DAFFA71F35FF50FBF5FB9F8C7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemithrinax Hooker 1883	<div><p>HEMITHRINAX</p> <p>Hemithrinax was proposed by Hooker in Bentham &amp; Hooker (1883) to accommodate a Cuban species that had been described by Grisebach (1866) as Trithrinax compacta. Subsequently two other species were described, both from Cuba. Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982) divided the genus into two sections, Macrocarpae and Hemithrinax based on León’s (1941) earlier work. Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1985) classified Hemithrinax as a subgenus of Thrinax. However, molecular data has shown that Hemithrinax is probably more closely related to Leucothrinax than to Thrinax and should be recognized at the generic level (Asmussen et al. 2006, Lewis &amp; Zona 2008, Roncal et al. 2008, Cano et al. 2018). Moya (2019) has given a detailed account of the nomenclature of Hemithrinax species.</p> <p>Morphology</p> <p>In the following discussion, morphology is treated in detail and several attributes of Hemithrinax not used in delimiting species are discussed. A detailed generic description can be found in Dransfield et al. (2008). In complete contrast to Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax is remarkable for the distinctiveness of the species and the great amount of morphological diversity.</p> <p>There are very few records for stem length and diameter. Craft (2017) reported that the stems of H. compacta can reach 15 m tall and 30 cm diameter while those of H. rivularis are sometimes short and subterranean. All species have solitary stems.</p> <p>Leaf sheaths of Hemithrinax are split at the base. Leaf sheath fibers are scored as three states. Fibers are stout, woo dy, and separate into long, single, curled fibers (H. ekmaniana); or they are wiry and separate into curled, multi-fiber strands (H. rivularis); or leaf sheaths are not fibrous or have a few, single fibers along the margins (H. compacta). Leaf sheath apices are seldom present on specimens and thus this variable is seldom scored.</p> <p>Petioles of H. ekmaniana are relatively short so that the leaves appear crowded together in a compact crown (Fig. 19A), giving it a quite different appearance from the other species. At the apex of the petiole, and base of the blade, there is a well-developed adaxial hastula and a much less developed abaxial hastula. Pulvini in Hemithrinax are unusual; they have elongate, interfold filaments attached adaxially (Fig. 19B). These may always be present but soon fall or are broken off, and possibly are somewhat shorter in H. rivularis. Leaf blade segments of H. ekmaniana are considerably shorter than the other two species, and the apices of the middle leaf segment apices are blunt and rounded and only briefly splitting (Fig. 19C). The leaves of the other two species are considerably larger and the segments are attenuate at the apex and more deeply split. Abaxially, leaf segments are without indumentum but have close rows of small, whitish dots between the veins together with fewer, larger, scattered brownish or greenish scales. This is the same as that seen in Leucothrinax. Transverse veinlets are inconsistent. Hemithrinax ekmaniana appears to lack transverse veinlets and H. compacta and H. rivularis either have or do not have them. Zona (2021) has commented on the glossy sheen on the adaxial surface of the leaves of H. rivularis.</p> <p>Inflorescences are remarkably diverse. They are scored as erect, at least initially, above the leaves, with few to numerous partial inflorescences (H. rivularis); or erect above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of the inflorescence (H. ekmaniana. Fig. 19A); or compact amongst leaf sheath bases (H. compacta). This contrast in inflorescences in closely related taxa is quite common in palms (Henderson 2002). There are 3–9 partial inflorescences. Hemithrinax compacta has swollen, woody rachis bracts. In the other two species they are tubular, closely sheathing, membranous, and brown tomentose. Rachises of the partial inflorescences are flattened in cross-section, markedly so in H. compacta, and rachillae are unevenly spaced, with some in groups. Rachillae are glabrous at or near anthesis. The pedicels are so short that the bracteoles appear to directly subtend the flowers. Flowers are spirally arranged along the rachillae. The perianth consists of a six-lobed cupule. The 6–8 stamens are short and form a compact ring around the gynoecium at anthesis, and the anthers are extrorse. This is quite a different arrangement from the other four genera of the Thrinax unit; these have elongate stamens that spread irregularly at anthesis, and the anthers are latrorse.</p> <p>Fruits of Hemithrinax are unusually variable in size. Fruits of H. compacta and H. ekmaniana are 5.0–6.0 mm long, while those of H. rivularis are almost three times the size, at 14.3 mm long. Based on fruit size, Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982) divided the genus into two sections— Hemithrinax (H. compacta, H. ekmaniana) and Macrocarpae (H. rivularis). Fruits are recorded as yellowish (although fruit color is seldom recorded) and the surfaces are smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers.</p> <p>Seed surfaces are smooth or shallowly lobed. In longitudinal section seeds are intruded by the hilum from base to about half way (Fig. 19D) (as in Leucothrinax). Embryos are subapical to almost lateral.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFA71F35FF50FBF5FB9F8C7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFA51F34FF50FA4DFA538C08.text	03B387DAFFA51F34FF50FA4DFA538C08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemithrinax Hooker	<div><p>2. Hemithrinax Hooker in Bentham &amp; Hooker (1883: 930).</p> <p>Type:— Trithrinax compacta Grisebach &amp; Wendland in Grisebach (1866: 221) (= Hemithrinax compacta (Grisebach &amp; Wendland) Hooker ex Salomon)</p> <p>Thrinax subgenus Hemithrinax (Hooker in Bentham &amp; Hooker) Drude (1889: 34).</p> <p>Type:— Hemithrinax compacta (Grisebach &amp; Wendland) Hooker ex Salomon.</p> <p>Hemithrinax section Macrocarpae Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982: 312). Thrinax subgenus Hemithrinax section Macrocarpae (Muñiz) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1985: 226).</p> <p>Type:— Hemithrinax rivulalris León.</p> <p>Hemithrinax section Hemithrinax Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982: 312). Thrinax subgenus Hemithrinax section Hemithrinax (Muñiz) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1985: 226).</p> <p>Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Stems 1.0 m long and 8.3 cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheaths split at the base; leaf sheath fibers 1.0(0.1–2.3) mm diameter, stout, woody, separating into long, single, curled fibers, or few, single, or wiry, separating into curled, multi-fiber strands; petioles 14.8(10.3–22.6) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 30.9(10.7–51.0) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; interfold filaments present; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 41(26–53) per leaf, the middle ones 68.2(38.0–102.0) cm long and 4.2(2.3–6.2) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow with a shoulder distal to the palman apex, widest at the shoulder; middle leaf segment apices blunt and rounded or attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, without indumentum abaxially, with close rows of small, whitish dots between the veins on the abaxial surface, together with fewer, larger, scattered brownish or greenish scales, without or with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect amongst or above the leaves with few to numerous partial inflorescences, or erect amongst or above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence, or compact amongst the leaf sheath bases; rachis bracts tubular, closely sheathing, membranous, brown tomentose, or swollen, woody, not tomentose; partial inflorescences 5(3–9); proximalmost rachillae straight, 6.4(3.0–12.0) cm long and 1.1(0.7–1.4) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; flowers spirally arranged; stamens 6(6–8), short, forming a compact ring around the gynoecium at anthesis, the anthers extrorse; fruit pedicels 0.2(0.1–0.7) mm long; fruits 9.0(5.0–14.3) mm long and 8.8(4.5–13.8) mm diameter, yellowish; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces smooth or shallowly lobed; seeds in longitudinal section intruded by the hilum from base to about half way, the apex of the intrusion rounded.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Hemithrinax is endemic to Cuba. Rodríguez et al. (2020) have given a detailed account of the distribution of the species in Cuba.</p> <p>Key to the species of Hemithrinax</p> <p>1. Leaf sheath fibers 1.6(0.8–2.3) mm diameter, stout, woody, separating into long, single, curled fibers; leaf segment apices blunt and rounded, briefly splitting; middle leaf segments 44.3(38.0–50.5) cm long; western Cuba (Villa Clara)............. H. ekmaniana</p> <p>- Leaf sheath fibers 0.5(0.1–0.8) mm diameter, few, single or wiry and separating into strands; leaf segments apices attenuate; middle leaf segments 80.2(57.0–102.0) cm long............................................................................................................................ 2.</p> <p>2. Inflorescences erect amongst or above the leaves; fruits 14.2(14.0–14.3) mm long; eastern Cuba (Holguín)............... H. rivularis</p> <p>- Inflorescences compact amongst leaf sheath bases; fruits 5.7–5.8 mm long; eastern Cuba (Holguín, Santiago de Cuba)........................................................................................................................................................................................................ H. compacta</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFA51F34FF50FA4DFA538C08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFA41F34FF50FBF8FCF98E87.text	03B387DAFFA41F34FF50FBF8FCF98E87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemithrinax compacta (Grisebach & Wendland) HookerexSalomon 1887	<div><p>2.1. Hemithrinax compacta (Grisebach&amp;Wendland)HookerexSalomon(1887:158).</p> <p>Trithrinax compacta Grisebach &amp; Wendland in Grisebach (1866: 221). Thrinax compacta (Grisebach &amp; Wendland in Grisebach) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1985: 226).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2019):— CUBA. Or., Farallon at Cayo del Rey, 1 September 1860, C. Wright 3222 (lectotype G n.v., G image!, isolectotypes BH!, FI!, GH!, GOET n.v., GOET image!, HAC n.v., K!, LE n.v., MO n.v., MO image!, NY!, P n.v., P image!, YU n.v.)</p> <p>Stems length and diameter not recorded. Leaf sheath fibers 0.3(0.1–0.4) mm diameter, few, single; petioles 16.3(11.5– 22.6) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 41.8(28.5–51.0) cm long; segments 46(37–53) per leaf, the middle ones 94.6(73.5–107.0) cm long and 4.9(3.7–6.2) cm wide; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments without or with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences compact amongst the leaf sheath bases; rachis bracts swollen, woody, not or sparsely tomentose; partial inflorescences 9; proximalmost rachillae straight, 5.3(3.0–6.7) cm long and 1.1(0.8–1.4) mm diameter in fruit; stamens 7(6–8); fruit pedicels 0.2(0.1–0.7) mm long; fruits 5.7–5.8 mm long and 6.0– 6.6 mm diameter, color not recorded.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Eastern Cuba (Holguín, Santiago de Cuba) (Fig. 20) on mogotes, limestone hills, or limestone cliffs at 500(450–550) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Hemithrinax compacta is notable for its few leaf sheath fibers and short, compact inflorescences borne amongst the split leaf sheath bases.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFA41F34FF50FBF8FCF98E87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFA41F33FF50F970FAB3893E.text	03B387DAFFA41F33FF50F970FAB3893E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemithrinax ekmaniana Burret 1929	<div><p>2.2. Hemithrinax ekmaniana Burret (1929: 9).</p> <p>Thrinax ekmaniana (Burret) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1985: 227).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Rodríguez et al. 2017):— CUBA. Santa Clara, Sagua la Grande, 20 February 1924, E. Ekman 18536 (lectotype S n.v., S image!, isolectotype NY!)</p> <p>Stems length and diameter not recorded. Leaf sheath fibers 1.6(0.8–2.3) mm diameter, stout, woody, separating into long, single, curled fibers; petioles 11.3(10.3–12.8) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 14.6(10.7–22.0) cm long; segments 31(26–35) per leaf, the middle ones 44.3(38.0–50.5) cm long and 3.0(2.3–3.4) cm wide; middle leaf segment apices blunt and rounded; leaf segments without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect above the leaves, with few partial inflorescences at apex of inflorescence; rachis bracts tubular, closely sheathing, membranous, brown tomentose; partial inflorescences 3; proximalmost rachillae straight, 6.0 cm long and 0.7 mm diameter in fruit; stamens 6; fruit pedicels 0.2 mm long; fruits 5.0 mm long and 4.5 mm diameter, color not recorded.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Western Cuba (Villa Clara) (Fig. 20) on limestone mogotes at low elevations.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Rodríguez et al. (2017) have given a detailed, illustrated account of H. ekmaniana.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFA41F33FF50F970FAB3893E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFA31F33FF50FBF1FF328FD8.text	03B387DAFFA31F33FF50FBF1FF328FD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemithrinax rivularis Leon 1941	<div><p>2.3. Hemithrinax rivularis León (1941: 380).</p> <p>Thrinax rivularis (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1985: 226).</p> <p>Type:— CUBA. Oriente, oeste de Moa, Arroyo de Centeno, 23 July 1941, León &amp; Clemente 20426 (holotype HAC!, isotypes BH!, US!)</p> <p>Hemithrinax savannarum León (1941: 381). Hemithrinax rivularis var. savannarum (León) Muñiz in Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982: 312). Thrinax rivularis var. savannarum (León) Borhidi &amp; Muñiz (1985: 226).Type:— CUBA. Oriente, Moa, sabana de aeropuerto, 21 July 1941, León 20101 (holotype HAC!, isotypes BH!, US!).</p> <p>Stems 1.0 m long and 8.3 cm diameter. Leaf sh eath fibers 0.7–0.8 mm diameter wiry, separating into curled, multi-fiber strands; petioles 15.7(14.4–16.3) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 35.0(26.5–47.0) cm long; segments 41(39–42) per leaf, the middle ones 65.6(57.0–77.0) cm long and 4.4(3.6–5.6) cm wide; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments without or with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect amongst or above the leaves with few to numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts tubular, closely sheathing, membranous, brown tomentose; partial inflorescences 5(3–6); proximalmost rachillae straight, 7.8(5.5–12.0) cm long and 1.2(0.9–1.4) mm diameter in fruit; stamens 6; fruit pedicels 0.1–0.2 mm long; fruits 14.2(14.0–14.3) mm long and 13.4(13.0–13.8) mm diameter, yellowish.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Eastern Cuba (Holguín) (Fig. 20) in wet savannas or pine woods on serpentine soils at 350(300–400) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— León (1941) recognized two species, Hemithrinax rivularis and H. savannarum. Hemithrinax rivularis was said to differ by its larger stems, longer petioles, subglobose fruits, and details of the seeds. León noted that H. rivularis occurred in wooded areas and H. savannarum in more open, savanna areas. The two species were recognized at the varietal level by Muñiz &amp; Borhidi (1982). The two varieties are not recognized here. There is no geographic separation between the two, and too few specimens to test for differences.</p> <p>Leaf segments are scored as with or without or with poorly developed transverse veinlets but this is difficult to score.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFA31F33FF50FBF1FF328FD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFA21F32FF50FF15FE758E05.text	03B387DAFFA21F32FF50FF15FE758E05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucothrinax Lewis & Zona 2008	<div><p>LEUCOTHRINAX</p> <p>Read (1975) recognized Thrinax morrisii as a distinct species, albeit somewhat different from other Thrinax in its short pedicels and distinctive abaxial leaf surface. It was not until the use of molecular data that five distinct clades were resolved in the Thrinax unit. These clades were recognized as five genera, with Leucothrinax described as a new genus to accommodate T. morrisii (Lewis &amp; Zona 2008).</p> <p>Morphology</p> <p>In the following discussion, morphology is treated in detail and several attributes of Leucothrinax not used in delimiting species are discussed. A detailed discussion of morphology is given in Read (1975, as Thrinax morrisii) and a detailed generic description can be found in Dransfield et al. (2008).</p> <p>Stems are recorded as 0.5–6.0 m long and 5.0–14.0 cm diameter.Although the maximum stem height is 6.0 m, this appears an unusual record. Mean stem height is only 2.0 m, and in some populations stems are less than 1.0 m long. Stems are always solitary.</p> <p>Leaf sheaths are split at the base. Leaf sheath fibers are scored as thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, closely woven, forming ligules at the apices. Palmans are relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins. However, there is a great range in palman length, from 7.2–49.5 cm, reflecting the great variability in leaf size. Middle leaf segments are relatively long and narrow without a shoulder distal to the palman, tapering gradually towards the apex, and are widest at palman apex. Segments have attenuate apices. Abaxially leaf segments are without indumentum but there are close rows of small, whitish dots between the veins on the abaxial surface, together with fewer, larger, scattered brownish or greenish scales. Tomlinson et al. 2011 consider that these small, whitish dots were composed of wax. Transverse veinlets are present and usually quite prominent.</p> <p>Inflorescences are scored as erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with 8–18 partial inflorescences. This number of partial inflorescences is higher than seen in most other members of the Thrinax unit, and inflorescences are considerably longer. Inflorescences are usually branched to two orders, rarely some specimens have inflorescences branched to three orders (e.g. Correll 45292). Rachis bracts are tubular, closely sheathing, membranous, and brown tomentose. Rachises of partial inflorescences are flattened in cross-section and rachillae are unevenly spaced, some in groups. Rachillae are glabrous at or near anthesis. Pedicels are relatively short and are subtended by obscure bracteoles, but the pedicels are so short that the bracteoles appear to directly subtend the flowers. Flowers in Leucothrinax are spirally arranged along the rachillae. Perianths are shallow, six-lobed cupules. There are six, elongate stamens that spread irregularly at anthesis. The filaments are connate below and the anthers are latrorse and are often coiled and twisted.</p> <p>Fruits of Leucothrinax are amongst the smallest in the Thrinax unit, and fruit length is recorded as 3.7–5.7 mm and diameter as 3.5–5.8 mm. Fruits are white and the surfaces are smooth or with short projections.</p> <p>Seeds have smooth surfaces. As seen in longitudinal section, they are intruded by the hilum from base to about half way, as in Hemithrinax. Rarely the intrusion is from the base to the apex. Seed surfaces are smooth and embryos are subapical to lateral.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFA21F32FF50FF15FE758E05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFA21F32FF50F8CDFD6C8005.text	03B387DAFFA21F32FF50F8CDFD6C8005.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucothrinax Lewis & Zona 2008	<div><p>3. Leucothrinax Lewis &amp; Zona (2008: 87).</p> <p>Type:— Leucothrinax morrisii (Wendland) Lewis &amp; Zona</p> <p>Thrinax subgenus Typhlothrinax Beccari (1907: 252). Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Genus description same as species description.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFA21F32FF50F8CDFD6C8005	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFFA11F30FF50FF27FA738D23.text	03B387DAFFA11F30FF50FF27FA738D23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leucothrinax morrisii (Wendland) Lewis & Zona 2008	<div><p>3.1. Leucothrinax morrisii (Wendland) Lewis &amp; Zona (2008: 87).</p> <p>Thrinax morrisii Wendland (1892: 104).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Moya 2019):— ANGUILLA. Without locality, January 1891, D. Morris s.n. (lectotype K!)</p> <p>Thrinax microcarpa Sargent (1896: 162). Type:— USA. Florida, No Name Key, March [no year given], A. Curtiss 2679*** (holotype NY!, isotypes A!, FI!, K!, LE n.v., LE image!, US!).</p> <p>Thrinax keyensis Sargent (1899: 86). Type:— USA. Florida, Marquesas Key, 1886, C. Sargent 3 (holotype A!, isotype NY!).</p> <p>Thrinax ponceana Cook (1901: 536). Type:— PUERTO RICO. West of Ponce, no date, O. Cook 1005 (holotype US!).</p> <p>Thrinax praeceps Cook (1901: 536). Type:— PUERTO RICO. Utuado to Arrecibo, 13 July 1901, L. Underwood &amp; R. Griggs 850 (holotype US!, isotypes BH!, NY!).</p> <p>Thrinax bahamensis Cook in Northrop (1902: 20). Type:— BAHAMAS. Andros Island, Big Cabbage Creek, June 1890, J. &amp; A. Northrop 668 (holotype US!, isotype NY!).</p> <p>Thrinax drudei Beccari (1907: 269). Lectotype (designated by Read 1975):— CUBA. No locality, 1860, C. Wright 3965 (lectotype A!, isolectotypes F n.v., F image!, FI!, GH!, K!, NY!, US!).</p> <p>Thrinax punctulata Beccari (1907: 280). Lectotype (designated by Read 1975):— CUBA. Pinar del Río, Guanajay, 10 December 1904, Baker &amp; van Hermann 4245 (lectotype NY!, isolectotypes F n.v., F image!, FI!, HAC n.v., HAJB!, the holotype at B was destroyed).</p> <p>Thrinax ekmanii Burret (1929: 27). Type:— HAITI. Inter Cuba et Haiti, Ile la Navase, at the lighthouse, 23 October 1928, E. Ekman 10839 (holotype S n.v., S image!, isotypes EHH n.v., EHH image!, US!).</p> <p>Stems 2.0(0.5–6.0) m long and 10.3(5.0–14.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheaths split at the base; leaf sheath fibers 0.2(0.1–0.4) mm diameter, thin, flimsy, closely woven, forming ligules at the apices; petioles 11.3(4.6–25.2) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 22.6(7.2– 49.5) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; interfold filaments absent; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 44(21–89) per leaf, the middle ones 59.1(28.5–99.0) cm long and 3.2(1.7–5.2) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow without a shoulder distal to the palman, tapering gradually towards the apex, widest at palman apex; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, without indumentum abaxially, with close rows of small, whitish dots between the veins on the abaxial surface, together with fewer, larger, scattered brownish or greenish scales, with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts tubular, closely sheathing, membranous, brown tomentose; partial inflorescences 12(8–18); proximalmost rachillae straight, 8.3(3.3–17.7) cm long and 0.8(0.5–1.1) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; flowers spirally arranged; stamens 6, elongate, spreading irregularly at anthesis, the anthers latrorse; fruit pedicels 0.3(0.1–0.8) mm long; fruits 4.7(3.7–5.7) mm long and 4.6(3.5–5.8) mm diameter, white, whitish, whitish-green, or gray; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces smooth; seeds in longitudinal section intruded by the hilum from base to about half way, the apex of the intrusion rounded, rarely intruded by the hilum more than half way.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— USA (Florida), Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, British Virgin Islands, Anguilla, and Barbuda (Fig. 21) in woodlands, scrublands, sand dunes, or beaches, or on mogotes or limestone cliffs, at 103(1–275) m elevation.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— In the protologue, Wendland cited two specimens, the first collected by Morris and the second by Nicholls. Read (1975) designated the Nicholls specimen as lectotype, supposedly at K but not seen by him. Moya (2019) designated the Morris specimen as lectotype.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:—There is a gap in the distribution of L. morrisii centered on Hispaniola (Fig. 21). Specimens from the western Caribbean (Bahamas, Cuba, and the Florida Keys) differ significantly from specimens from the eastern Caribbean (Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and islands to the east) in eight variables (petiole width, palman length, number of segments, segment length, segment width, rachillae length, rachillae width, pedicel length), with specimens from the western Caribbean having higher values for all variables except for pedicel length (t- test, P &lt;0.05). However, there are numerous distinct populations within these two areas, and subspecies are not recognized for the same reasons discussed under Coccothrinax argentata —too few specimens from most of the smaller islands to test for differences in quantitative variables, dozens of populations and thus a potentially unwieldly number of subspecies, and evidence of dispersal and hybridization.</p> <p>In the western Caribbean, L. morrisii occurs on numerous islands (including an isolated occurrence on Navassa Island). In Florida it occurs on the Keys, from Key Largo in the northeast to the Marquesas in the southwest. There is a gap in the distribution in the Keys, possibly related to substrate. The Lower Keys are oolitic limestone, while the Upper Keys are coral rock overlaid with sand (S. Zona pers. comm.). Plants from the Keys have a mean stem length of 1.9 m and occur at low elevations in wooded areas on sandy soils near the sea. On No Name Key and Big Pine Key, where L. morrisii overlaps with Coccothrinax argentata, putative hybrids are formed (Nauman 1989, 1990). Nauman (1990) reported that putative hybrids were known from 22 locations on Big Pine Key and occurred only in mixed populations of the parents, although the hybrids were apparently sterile. Several specimens of L. morrisii examined in this study from No Name Key and Big Pine Key have the same dense indumentum as C. argentata and may be hybrids.</p> <p>Leucothrinax morrisii occurs throughout the Bahamas (Fig. 22) and Turks and Caicos Islands, with similar stem lengths (mean 1.9 m) and similar habitats to those of the Florida Keys. The specimens appear similar to those from the Florida Keys and there are no quantitative differences between the two populations. Some specimens (e.g. Wilson 8347) from Nassau occurring with Coccothrinax argentata, appear similar to the putative hybrids from the Florida Keys.</p> <p>In Cuba there are two populations, one from western mogotes and the other from low elevations near the sea, mostly from eastern Cuba. The western mogote population occurs up to 275 m elevation, often growing in dense stands on sheer cliffs. Specimens from the western mogote population in Cuba differ from those from the Florida Keys and Bahamas in six variables (number of segments, segment length, rachillae length, rachillae width, fruit length, fruit diameter) with specimens from the western mogote population having higher values for the first three variables, and lower for the second three (t- test, P &lt;0.05).</p> <p>In the eastern Caribbean, L. morrisii occurs on Mona Island, to the east of Hispaniola. On Hispaniola itself it is known from only two, small areas in the extreme eastern part of the Dominican Republic. It then occurs on Puerto Rico and a few islands to the east (Vieques, the British Virgin Islands, Anguilla, and Barbuda).</p> <p>There are three distinct populations in Puerto Rico. Along the northern part of the island, specimens have a mean stem length of 2.7 m and occur hills or cliffs on “moist/wet northern limestone” (Helmer et al. 2002). In the southern part of the island specimens have a mean stem length of 1.6 m (Fig. 22) and are mostly from hills on “dry-volcanic limestone” (Helmer et al. 2002). This population includes the specimens from extreme southwest and extreme northeast Puerto Rico. Quantitatively, northern specimens differ from southern specimens in five variables (palman length, number of segments, segment length, segment width, rachilla length) (t -test, P &lt;0.05), with northern specimens having higher values for all variables. Cook (1901) discussed the habitat of the southern plants (as Thrinax ponceana). He noted that stunted plants of apparently great age grew in narrow fissures in the rocks, and that much larger plants occurred where conditions were more favorable.</p> <p>The third population, also from southern Puerto Rico, comprises specimens from the Susúa State Forest that are said to occur in dry forest on serpentine soils. These specimens are also small like those from southern Puerto Rico. Quantitatively, Susúa State Forest specimens differ from southern Puerto Rico specimens in only two variables (rachilla length, pedicel length) (t -test, P &lt;0.05), with Susúa State Forest specimens having higher values for both.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFFA11F30FF50FF27FA738D23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFF9F1F0DFF50FB75FC0F8A5F.text	03B387DAFF9F1F0DFF50FB75FC0F8A5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thrinax Linnaeus f. ex Swartz 1788	<div><p>THRINAX</p> <p>Thrinax Swartz(1788:57) was the first genus of the Thrinax unit to be described.Swartz described Thrinax parviflora from Jamaica, and subsequently numerous other species were described, often of obscure origin. It was not until the revision of Read (1975) that the genus became well understood. Read recognized four species, one of which, T. morrisii, was later recognized as a separate genus, Leucothrinax (Lewis &amp; Zona 2008).</p> <p>Morphology</p> <p>In the following discussion, morphology is treated in detail and several attributes of Thrinax not used in delimiting species are discussed. A detailed discussion of morphology is given in Read (1975) and a detailed generic description can be found in Dransfield et al. (2008).</p> <p>Stems are recorded as 1.5–18.0 m long and 5.0–24.0 cm diameter, and are always solitary. The 18.0 m length and 24.0 cm diameter records are from a specimen of T. excelsa, and this species has the largest stems and leaves (Fig. 23A). For T. radiata (Fig. 23B) and T. parviflora, stems are a mean of 3.3 m long and 10.1 cm diameter.</p> <p>Leaf sheaths are split at the base (Fig. 23C). Leaf sheath fibers are scored as thin (usually &lt;0.5 mm diameter), flimsy, closely woven, forming ligules at the apices. Read (1975) considered that the ligules of T. parviflora and T. excelsa were similar and Ʌ-shaped at the apex, but that the ligules of T. radiata were different and were V-shaped at the apex. This difference has not been seen in the present study, because ligules soon disintegrate into separate fibers, and are seldom present on specimens. Adaxial hastulas are well-developed, particularly in some specimens of T. parviflora. Palmans are relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins. Middle leaf segments are relatively long and narrow with a shoulder distal to the palman apex, widest at the shoulder (T. parviflora), or relatively long and narrow without a shoulder distal to the palman, tapering gradually towards the apex and widest at palman apex (T. excelsa, T. radiata). Leaf segments are without indumentum, but have large, scattered, brownish scales on the abaxial surface. Transverse veinlets are well-developed.</p> <p>Inflorescences are scored as erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with 6–15 partial inflorescences. Rachis bracts are swollen, woody, and densely reddish-brown tomentose, or closely sheathing, membranous, and brown tomentose. Rachises of the partial inflorescences are flattened in cross-section and rachillae are unevenly spaced, with some in groups. Rachillae are glabrous or granulose at or near anthesis. Pedicels are relatively well-developed and range, in fruiting specimens, from 0.6–5.0 mm long. Flowers in Thrinax are borne spirally along the rachillae. The perianth is a six-toothed cupule. There are 6–9, elongate, latrorse stamens that spread irregularly at anthesis.</p> <p>Fruits of Thrinax range in size from 4.4–7.1 mm long and 4.4–7.3 mm diameter. Fruits are white and the surfaces are smooth or with short projections.</p> <p>Seeds have smooth surfaces. As seen in longitudinal section, they are intruded by the hilum more than half way, usually from the base to the apex (Fig. 23D). Embryos are subapical to lateral.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFF9F1F0DFF50FB75FC0F8A5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFF9D1F0CFF50FC6DFA538911.text	03B387DAFF9D1F0CFF50FC6DFA538911.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thrinax Linnaeus f. ex Swartz 1788	<div><p>4. Thrinax Linnaeus f. ex Swartz (1788: 57).</p> <p>Type:— Thrinax parviflora Swartz</p> <p>Thrinax subgenus Euthrinax Drude (1889: 34). Type:—Not designated.</p> <p>Stems 4.0(1.5–18.0) m long and 10.9(5.0-24.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheaths split at the base; leaf sheath fibers 0.2(0.1–0.3) mm diameter, thin, flimsy, closely woven, forming ligules at the apices; petioles 12.6(5.7–30.2) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 21.6(11.0–41.0) cm long, relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins; interfold filaments absent; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 45(29–58) per leaf, the middle leaf ones 63.8(38.5–112.0) cm long and 3.3(2.2–4.9) cm wide; segments pendulous at the apices, giving a three-dimensional appearance to the leaf; middle leaf segments relatively long and narrow with a shoulder distal to the palman apex, widest at the shoulder, or relatively long and narrow without a shoulder distal to the palman, tapering gradually towards the apex, widest at palman apex; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy or sometimes with a deciduous, thin layer of wax adaxially, without indumentum abaxially, with large, scattered, brownish scales on the abaxial surface, with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect, at least initially, amongst or above the leaves, with numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts swollen, woody, densely reddish-brown tomentose, or tubular, closely sheathing, membranous, brown tomentose; partial inflorescences 12(6–15); proximalmost rachillae straight, 8.6(4.5–14.0) cm long and 1.0(0.5–1.7) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous or granulose at or near anthesis; flowers spirally arranged; stamens 7(6–9), elongate, spreading irregularly at anthesis; anthers latrorse; fruit pedicels 2.4(0.6–5.0) mm long; fruits 5.9(4.4–7.1) mm long and 5.8(4.4–7.3) mm diameter, white or dull white; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces smooth; seeds in longitudinal section intruded by the hilum more than half way, usually from base to apex, the apex of the intrusion narrowed.</p> <p>Key to the species of Thrinax</p> <p>1. Middle leaf segments 4.6(4.2–4.9) cm wide; rachis bracts swollen, woody, densely reddish-brown tomentose; proximalmost rachillae 11.0(9.5–14.0) cm long; eastern Jamaica............................................................................................................. T. excelsa</p> <p>- Middle leaf segments 3.2(2.2–4.3) cm wide; rachis bracts tubular, closely sheathing, membranous, brown tomentose; proximalmost rachillae 8.4(4.5–12.7) cm long....................................................................................................................................................... 2.</p> <p>2. Middle leaf segments without a shoulder distal to the palman, tapering gradually towards the apex, widest at palman apex; pedicels 3.0(1.9–5.0) mm long; USA (Florida), Bahamas (North Cat Key), Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola......................................................................................................................................................................................................... T. radiata</p> <p>- Middle leaf segments with a shoulder distal to the palman apex, widest at the shoulder; pedicels 1.5(0.6–3.3) mm long; Jamaica.......................................................................................................................................................................................... T. parviflora</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFF9D1F0CFF50FC6DFA538911	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFF9A1F08FF50FCF5FF1C893F.text	03B387DAFF9A1F08FF50FCF5FF1C893F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zombia Bailey 1939	<div><p>ZOMBIA</p> <p>Zombia is a genus of a single species known only from Hispaniola. This palm was first described by Plumier (1703), using a pre-Linnaean polynomial. Plumier also made two drawings of the palm in Haiti. The first Linnaean binomial, Chamaerops antillarum, was published by Descourtilz (1821). Bailey (1939c) erected a new genus, Zombia, and the palm thus became Zombia antillarum (Descourtilz) Bailey. One of Plumier’s drawings is designated as the lectotype.</p> <p>Morphology</p> <p>In the following discussion, morphology is treated in detail and several attributes of Zombia not used in delimiting species are discussed. A detailed generic description can be found in Dransfield et al. (2008).</p> <p>Stems are recorded as 1.0–3.0 m long and 10.0 cm diameter, and clustered (Fig. 25A). Bailey (1939c) described the habit of Zombia: “It grows in separate or isolated clumps or stools of different ages, the older ones with two or more trunks…… The trunk dies and falls apparently after two or three fruiting periods….” There are no other records of a palm with such a life history — clustered habit with stems reproducing and dying after two to three years.</p> <p>As in Coccothrinax, leaf sheaths are not split at the base. The arrangement of the leaf sheath fibers of Zombia is its most distinctive character. Fibers are 0.8–2.7 mm diameter, stout, woody, and form a ring of horizontal or reflexed spines at the sheath apex (Fig. 25C). Cook (1941) questioned how such an elaborate system of fibers could have evolved when there are no grazing animals in Hispaniola.</p> <p>Adaxial hastulas are almost trilobed in some populations. Palmans are relatively long, without prominent adaxial veins. Leaf segments are relatively long and narrow without a shoulder distal to the palman, and taper gradually towards the apex and are widest at palman apex. They are briefly bifid at the apices (Fig. 25B). Transverse veinlets are present and segments have a thin layer of wax abaxially.</p> <p>Inflorescences are scored as erect amongst the leaves, with 6–13 partial inflorescences. Rachis bracts are narrow and closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, and usually without hairs at the apex. Rachillae are glabrous at or near anthesis. Pedicels are so short that their bracteoles appear to directly subtend the flowers. Flower arrangement is unusual in Zombia, and flowers are alternately and distichously arranged along the rachillae. The perianth consists of a six-lobed cupule. Nine stamens have been recorded here, and stamens are elongate and spread irregularly at anthesis, with latrorse, relatively long anthers. The gynoecium is slightly ridged and the style relatively short.</p> <p>Fruits of Zombia are amongst the largest in the Thrinax unit and range in size from 11.5–18.2 mm long and 11.1–16.0 mm diameter. Fruits are white and the surfaces are smooth or with short projections.</p> <p>Seeds, as in Coccothrinax, have deeply lobed surfaces. However, they are slightly different from Coccothrinax in that the lobing reaches all the way to the top of the seed. Lobes are quite shallow except for a deeper, irregular lobe that divides the seed into two halves. The halves are joined by a subapical part of the endosperm containing the subapical embryo.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFF9A1F08FF50FCF5FF1C893F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFF981F08FF50FD2DFC118AED.text	03B387DAFF981F08FF50FD2DFC118AED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zombia Bailey 1939	<div><p>5. Zombia Bailey (1939c: 240).</p> <p>Type:— Zombia antillarum (Descourtilz) Bailey</p> <p>Thrinax subgenus Oothrinax Beccari (1939: 339).</p> <p>Type:— Coccothrinax anomala Beccari</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFF981F08FF50FD2DFC118AED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
03B387DAFF981F07FF50FCD5FA598D50.text	03B387DAFF981F07FF50FCD5FA598D50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zombia antillarum (Descourtilz) Bailey 1939	<div><p>5.1. Zombia antillarum (Descourtilz) Bailey (1939c: 242).</p> <p>Chamaerops antillarum Descourtilz (1821: 135).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated by Henderson 2022):—Plumier, Botanicon Americanum seu historia plantarum Americanis insulis nascentium, volume 7, plate 54</p> <p>Coccothrinax anomala Beccari (1908: 95). Oothrinax anomala (Beccari) Cook (1941: 21).</p> <p>Lectotype (designated here):— HAITI. No locality, no date, W. Buch s.n. (lectotype FI!, the holotype at B was destroyed).</p> <p>Zombia antillarum var. gonzalezii Jiménez (1960: 236). Type:— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Santiago, near Santiago Rodriguez, no date, J. Jiménez 2590- B (holotype UCMM n.v.).</p> <p>Stems 2.4(1.0–3.0) m long and 10.0 cm diameter, clustered. Leaves more or less deciduous or only leaf bases persisting on stem; leaf sheaths not split at the base; leaf sheath fibers 1.4(0.8–2.7) mm diameter, stout, woody, forming a ring of horizontal or reflexed spines at the sheath apex; petioles 6.7(4.3–9.7) mm diameter just below the apex; palmans 19.4(12.5–30.3) cm long and relatively long and without prominent adaxial veins; interfold filaments absent; leaf blades not wedge-shaped; segments 38(26–52), the middle ones 50.7(38.5–68.0) cm long and 2.6(1.6–3.8) cm wide; segments not pendulous at the apices, giving the leaf a flat appearance; middle leaf segments without a constriction distal to the palman, tapering gradually towards the apex, widest at palman apex; middle leaf segment apices attenuate; leaf segments not waxy adaxially, with a thin layer of wax abaxially, with well-developed transverse veinlets. Inflorescences erect amongst the leaves, with numerous partial inflorescences; rachis bracts narrow, closely sheathing, sparsely tomentose, usually without hairs at the apex; partial inflorescences 8(6–13); proximalmost rachillae straight, 4.3(3.0–7.5) cm long and 0.9(0.6–1.2) mm diameter in fruit; rachillae glabrous at or near anthesis; flowers alternately and distichously arranged; stamens 9, elongate, spreading irregularly at anthesis; anthers latrorse; fruit pedicels 0.3(0.2–0.8) mm long; fruits 14.1(11.5–18.2) mm long and 12.6(11.1–16.0) mm diameter, white; fruit surfaces smooth or sometimes with projecting fibers; seed surfaces deeply lobed, the lobes running from base of seeds almost to apices; seeds in longitudinal section not intruded by the hilum.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Hispaniola (Dominican Republic, Haiti) (Fig. 26) in scrub on serpentine, rocky soil, and persisting in disturbed areas, at 130(17–380) m elevation. Taylor &amp; Timyan (2004) reported that Zombia antillarum is clearly associated with serpentine soils although it may also occur on calcareous soils.</p> <p>Taxonomic notes:— Bailey (1939c) gave a detailed account of Zombia in Haiti. The lectotype is an unpublished, colored drawing by Plumier (Henderson 2022) in the library of the Muséum national d’histoire naturelle in Paris.</p> <p>Subspecific variation:— Zombia antillarum occurs in several different localities in Hispaniola, often on serpentine soils (Taylor &amp; Timyan 2004). There appears to be considerable variation in fruit size, although there are few specimens with fruits.</p> <p>In the central part of Haiti’s southern peninsula, Z. antillarum occurs within a triangle formed by Miragoane, Fond des Negres, and Fonds des Blancs, on limestone soils. Fruits in this population are 13.6 mm long and 12.6 mm diameter.</p> <p>In northern Haiti it occurs in the valley of Trois Rivières between Port-de-Paix and Gros Morne. Fruits in this population are 14.1 mm long and 12.3 mm diameter.</p> <p>On the north coast of the Dominican Republic it occurs in two populations, near Gaspar Hernández and near Puerto Plata, both on serpentine soils. Fruits from the Puerto Plata population are 18.2 mm long and 16.0 mm diameter.</p> <p>There appears to be a single population on the northern slopes of the Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic, occurring on serpentine soils. Fruits of this population are 13.7 mm long and 12.8 mm diameter. The type of Z. antillarum var. gonzalezii is from here, and fruits were described as pyriform and 15–16 mm long and 10–11 mm diameter.</p> <p>There appear to be two populations in south-central Dominican Republic. The southernmost of these, at San Cristobal just west of Santo Domingo, occurs on limestone soils and has fruits 12.5 mm long and 11.7 mm diameter.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B387DAFF981F07FF50FCD5FA598D50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Henderson, Andrew	Henderson, Andrew (2023): A revision of Coccothrinax, Hemithrinax, Leucothrinax, Thrinax, and Zombia (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 614 (1): 1-115, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.614.1.1
