identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DEFD71E4292651AE9AA766FA23FC33.text	03DEFD71E4292651AE9AA766FA23FC33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonolobus Michaux 1803	<div><p>Key to the Gonolobus of the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province</p> <p>1. Leaves elliptic, shortly and abruptly cordate at the base; adaxial surface glabrous, restricted to the Guatemalan Petén............................................................................................................................................................................................ Gonolobus glaberrimus</p> <p>1. Leaves ovate, ovate elliptic, or oblong-ovate, always sharply and conspicuously cordate basally; abaxial surface variously pubescent at least over the nerves; plants from several areas of the YPBP........................................................................................2</p> <p>2(1). Corolla lobes very narrow, narrowly to linear triangular, at least 10 times longer than wide; leaves essentially glabrous or with scattered trichomes applicate on the nerves, base lobate, sinus between basal lobes shallow and broad; plants usually from seasonally flooded forests or mangrove associations................................................................................... Gonolobus cteniophorus</p> <p>2. Corolla lobes broader, usually elliptical or oblong elliptical, no more than 5–6 times longer than wide; leaves always conspicuously pubescent, sinus between basal lobes from deep with lobes overlapping or parallel to shallow; plants usually from non-flooded areas (usually seasonally dry forests to tropical dry forests)..............................................................................................................3</p> <p>3(2). Corolla abaxially pubescent with trichomes 0.05–1.5 mm long........................................................................................................4</p> <p>3. Corolla abaxially glabrous or rarely with a few trichomes at the apex of the lobes..........................................................................6</p> <p>4(3). Corolla conspicuously reticulate on the adaxial surface, with conspicuously barbate lobes along the right margin, trichomes 2–3 mm long, yellow; leaves fundamentally glabrous; plants from disturbed environments growing and flowering in the sun; internodes in the flowering branches or stems relatively short (petioles as long or longer) with several nodes and flowers blooming simultaneously..................................................................................................................................................... Gonolobus barbatus</p> <p>4. Corolla concolorous or inconspicuously reticulate, right margin with a pubescence similar to that of the corolla blade, trichomes 0.05–0.1 mm long, green, whitish or translucent; leaves pubescent; plants from mature or secondary forests in seasonally dry to humid areas, flowering exposed or in the shade; internodes in the flowering branches or stems longer than the petioles with only a few nodes and flowers blooming simultaneously..............................................................................................................................5</p> <p>5(4). Leaves with deeply cordate bases, basal lobes deep, subparallel to often overlapping; corolla flat; corolla lobes 15–18 × 4.7–6 mm oblong triangular to oblong, acute to narrowly acute, lobes dextrogyrously angled at the distal half forming an angle of 30–35° to the general axis of the flower, with a dark-purple to almost black longitudinal, callose band along the proximal 2/3 on the right side of the lobes; faucal corona almost black, conspicuous; dorsal anther appendages simple................................. Gonolobus caamalii</p> <p>5. Leaves with shallowly cordate bases, basal lobes never overlapping; corolla shortly campanulate proximally; corolla lobes 6.9– 10.7 × 4–5.1 mm, ovate to elliptic with obliquely acute to obtuse, not conspicuously angled, lacking a longitudinal, callose, black band; faucal corona white, inconspicuous; dorsal anther appendages with two conspicuous lobes.................. Gonolobus fraternus</p> <p>6(3). Calyx lobes patent, broadly triangular, 8.1–19 × 5.8–11 mm; corolla lobes asymmetrically elliptic, 18–34 × 6–12 mm, acuminate; leaf abaxially conspicuously pale-yellow-green with brownish nerves, noticeable even on dry material......... Gonolobus leianthus</p> <p>6. Calyx lobes conspicuously reflexed in anthesis (noticeable in live and herbarium material), triangular to triangular-elliptic, 11–14 × 3.8–5.5 mm; corolla lobes oblong, 14.7–20.3 × 3–3.5 mm, acute; leaf abaxially slightly paler green that adaxial surface, nerves not conspicuous..................................................................................................................................................................................7</p> <p>7(6). Corolla green; plants from the south of the YPBP (southern Campeche and Quintana Roo, Northern Belize and the Guatemalan Petén)................................................................................................................................... Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. stenanthus</p> <p>7. Corolla very dark brown, almost black; plants from the northeastern portion of the YPBP (Yucatán state, NE Quintana Roo)................................................................................................................................................. Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. yucatanensis</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEFD71E4292651AE9AA766FA23FC33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Romero-González, Gustavo A.;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J.;Cetzal-Ix, William;Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De;Romero-Soler, Katya J.	Carnevali, Germán, Romero-González, Gustavo A., Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J., Cetzal-Ix, William, Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De, Romero-Soler, Katya J. (2022): Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province. Phytotaxa 530 (2): 141-162, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.2
03DEFD71E42E2650AE9AA4DEFA87FBF6.text	03DEFD71E42E2650AE9AA4DEFA87FBF6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonolobus barbatus Kunth 1819	<div><p>Gonolobus barbatus Kunth (1818 [1819]: 3)</p> <p>≡ Vincetoxicum barbatum (Kunth) Standley (1924: 1192).</p> <p>Type:— MEXICO. Campeche: “Crescit in litore Mexicano, prope Campeche ”, Humboldt &amp; Bonpland s.n. (Lectotype, here designated: P-P00670906!).</p> <p>Notes:— Stevens (2005b) proposed as lectotype the plate that accompanies the protologue (Humb., Bonpl. Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1819; Fig. 2a). However, there is a specimen at P that is part of the original material (Figure 2A), which has priority over and supersedes the lectotype proposed by Stevens. The P specimen bears the annotation TYPE, a label with the legend “4 Gonolobus barbatus, Campeche ”. It also has the customary label identifying the collections of the H.B.K. team (“Herb. Mus. Paris. HERBIER HUMBOLDT &amp; BONPLAND, AMERIQUE EQUATORIALE”. In the protologue, the species is identified as “4. Gonolobus barbatus ” and it states “ Crescit in litore Mexicano, prope Campeche?” Furthermore, plate XXCCCIX apparently depicts one of the three stems in this P specimen. However, the protologue of the species does not say where the type was deposited, and it is impossible to say if duplicates were (or still are) present anywhere else. Distribution of duplicates may have happened post 1818 and therefore the material examined by Kunth might have been more extensive. Thus, we have decided to designate this specimen as lectotype.</p> <p>Gonolobus barbatus is locally common and widespread from Veracruz and the drier portions of the Yucatan Peninsula on the Atlantic slope and on the dry forests of Megamexico from Oaxaca and Chiapas south to Nicaragua and also in neighboring Guanacaste in NW Costa Rica. It is the only Gonolobus in the YPBP that routinely occurs in strongly seasonal, disturbed tropical dry forests and even into urban areas. The species is easily diagnosed by its conspicuously barbate petals (Figs. 1B, 2A, 3A).</p> <p>Specimens examined:— MEXICO. Campeche: Campeche, Edzná, en las ruinas, approx. 18°34’ N, 90°14’ W, 8 m, 11 August 1983, E. Góngora 1090 (CICY, MEXU); Palmas, Cd. de Campeche, 19°52’10” N, 90°30’ W, 7 September 1998, C. Gutiérrez B. 5933 (MEXU, UCAM); 2 km noroeste de Chiná, 19°45’ N, 90°31’ W, 8 m, 13 September 1999, C. Gutiérrez B. 6680 (MEXU, UCAM); Zona Arqueológica de Edzná, 19°35’49” N, 90°13’52” W, 11 August 1983, A. Puch T. 1289 (CICY, MEXU, XAL); Unidad de evaluación y Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad de Hampolol, 19°56’30” N, 90°22’40” W, 24 April 1996, P. Zamora &amp; D. Méndez D. 4999 (CICY, UCAM). Quintana Roo: Mun. F. Carrillo Puerto, X-Hazil, a orilla de carretera Chetumal-Felipe Carrillo Puerto en km 107, 19°21’51” N, 88° 4’ 6” W, 10–15 m, 6 August 2001, P. Macario &amp; L. Sánchez 576 (CICY, CIQR). Yucatán: Mun. Celestún, a 10.2 km al N del hotel Ecoparaíso, 21° 0’59” N, 90°19’36” W, 14 July 2010, M. Ferrer, A. Dorantes, F. Chi &amp; C. Pérez 178 (CICY); 5 km al N del hotel Ecoparaíso, 20°58’39” N, 90°21’23” W, 8 July 2010, M. Ferrer, A. Dorantes, F. Chi &amp; C. Pérez 155 (CICY); 6 km al N del centro del puerto de Celestún, 20°54’48” N, 90°22’55” W, 24 June 2010, M. Ferrer, A. Dorantes, F. Chi &amp; C. Pérez 97 (CICY); Mun. Chankom, Chankom, Casa del Sr. Mariano Caamal, 20°32’ N, 88°31’ W, 20 m, 2 March 1981, E. Ucán Ek 712 (XAL); Mun. Izamal, Izamal, 20°55’48” N, 89°00’36” W, 10–20 m, 1985, G.F. Gaumer 15699 (WIS); G.F. Gaumer 803 (BM, CAS, EAP, F, GH, K, MO, NY, P, WIS); Chiceh, 20°54’ N, 88°58’12” W, August 1916, G.F. Gaumer &amp; et al. 23403 (F, G, GH, MO); Mun. Mérida, Jardín Botánico Regional [Roger Orellana], approx. 21°1’30” N, 89°38’30” W, 10 m, 17 September 1998, P. Simá 2243 (CICY, F, MEXU, MO); 8 December 1995, J.C. Trejo 537 (CICY); Sector NW de la Ciudad de Mérida, Colonia Montealbán, ca. 1.5 km al sur del Periférico, 21°1’20” N, 89°36’10” W, 24 September 2001, G. Carnevali 6414 (CICY, MEXU, MO); 18 August 2003, R. Duno de Stefano &amp; G. Carnevali 1659 (CICY, MO); Mérida, Cordemex, Jardín Botánico Regional [Roger Orellana], 21°1’30” N, 89°38’30” W, 10 m, 17 September 1996, G. Carnevali, R. Durán García &amp; P. Simá 4274 (CICY, MO); Mun. Muna, near Muna in second growth, approx. 20°29’5” N, 89°42’47” W, May-August 1938, C.L. Lundell &amp; A.A. Lundell 8160 (CAS, F, LL, MEXU, MICH); Dzityá, 16 August 2021, G. Carnevali 8584 (CICY); Mun. Oxkutzcab, Xul, 20° 6’8”N, 89°27’36”W, 60 m, 28 September 1983, O. L. Sanabria &amp; P. Simá 286 (CICY, MEXU, XAL); Mun. Santa Elena, Uxmal, Misión Uxmal Hotel, 21°06’00” N, 87°54’ W, 30 September 1982, S.P. Darwin 2355 (CICY, MEXU, MO, NO, NY); Hacienda Uxmal, 20°22’ N, 89°44’ W, 29 August 1981, M. Narváez S. &amp; A. Puch T. 681 (CICY, XAL); vicinity of Sayil, 20°10’48” N, 89°39’ W, 69 m, 6 January 1982, S.P. Darwin, E. Sundell &amp; D.A. White 2165 (MO, NO); Mun. San Felipe, 1 km al norte del rancho “Chinalco”, reserva ecológica de Dzilam, 21°31’ N, 88°17’ W, 3 m, 28 September 1991, J.C. Tun 367 (MEXU, UADY); Mun. [Tinúm], camino a las grutas de Balancanché, 20°39’30” N, 88°32’15” W, 8 m, 7 September 1983, C. Chan V. 2900 (CICY, XAL); Mun. Tizimín, en el ejido del Santa Clara el cual se encuentra a 38 km de Tizimín, approx. 21°22’20” N, 88° 3’56” W, 27 August 1986, J.A. Aguilar Z. &amp; S. Diez Martínez y Day 365 (MEXU); Mun. Ucú, 7 km al W de Sierra Papacal, 400 m antes de la curva hacia Chuburná Puerto, 21° 8’20” N, 89°47’30” W, 5 m, 26 November 1988, F. Tun, J.A. González-Iturbe &amp; I. Olmsted 407 (CICY, MEXU).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEFD71E42E2650AE9AA4DEFA87FBF6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Romero-González, Gustavo A.;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J.;Cetzal-Ix, William;Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De;Romero-Soler, Katya J.	Carnevali, Germán, Romero-González, Gustavo A., Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J., Cetzal-Ix, William, Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De, Romero-Soler, Katya J. (2022): Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province. Phytotaxa 530 (2): 141-162, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.2
03DEFD71E42F2658AE9AA420FDA9FECB.text	03DEFD71E42F2658AE9AA420FDA9FECB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonolobus caamali Carnevali & R. Duno 2022	<div><p>Gonolobus caamali Carnevali &amp; R. Duno, sp. nov. (Figs. 1B, 4, 5).</p> <p>A species of Gonolobus phenetically similar and probably related to G. erianthus Decaisne (1844: 592), a taxon that grows at higher elevations of (200–)900–1300(–1600) m in central Mexico south to Nicaragua in cloud forests, whereas the new species grows in lowland, seasonally dry forests at 10– 100 m. Furthermore, G. caamalii has oblong to oblong elliptic, narrower (3.0–3.2 times longer than wide) corolla lobes whereas they are proportionally wider (1.7–1.9 times longer than wide) in G. erianthus. Live flowers have strikingly different color patterns as G. caamalii has dark yellow green corolla lobes with a dark purple (almost black) longitudinal, callose band along the proximal 2/3 on the right side of the lobes whereas this band is absent or pale yellow, slightly evident in G. erianthus. The new species exhibits a 1.1–1.3 mm broad, annular, continuous dark purple-black band, the faucal annulus, surrounding the gynostemium and corona at the base of the corolla lobes. This band is narrower and either absent or pale green in G. erianthus.</p> <p>Type:— MEXICO. Yucatán: Mun. Valladolid, 680–700 m al E del poblado de Chan Yokdzonot 2, unos 1380–1400 m al este del desvío <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.18985&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.737595" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.18985/lat 20.737595)">Valladolid-Chan Yokdzonot</a>, unos 3.7–4 km al norte en línea recta de Valladolid, 20°44’15.34”N, 88°11’23.46”W, 25 m, 24 November 2020; selva mediana subcaducifolia muy húmeda en esta época del año, G. Carnevali, R. Duno &amp; M.A. Caamal Dzul 8573 (Holotype, CICY; isotypes, GH, MEXU, MO).</p> <p>Herbaceous perennial vines, growth more of less monopodial, rarely branching. Latex white. Stems pubescent,with short and long, pale brown yellow, retrorsely spreading hairs up to 0.5 mm long, glandular capitate trichomes absent, pubescence dense throughout, not arranged in lines, denser distally and at the internodes, nodes densely pubescent, internodal colleters 3, 0.1 mm long. Leaf blades ovate, elliptic-ovate to oblong-ovate, 5.5–8.5(–11.6) × (3.0–)3.5– 6.0(–7.3) cm, apex acute to abruptly acuminate, acumen narrowly obtuse, 1.5–2.1 cm, bases always deeply cordate, lobes (0.7–)1.0–1.2(–1.5) cm long, convergent or more rarely somewhat parallel, often overlapping, sinus 1.0– 1.5 cm, adaxial surface very sparsely strigose, glandular capitate trichomes absent, eglandular trichomes scattered along the major and minor veins, margins entire with glandular capitate, hairs, 0.3 mm long, colleters 5, borne on each side of the petiole base, two in the base, two distal, and one in the apical, the basal one 0.5 mm long, the smaller one 0.1 mm long, eventually deciduous, abaxial surface paler than the adaxial surface, laxly pubescent throughout, nerving of 5–6 pairs of primary, the proximal retrorse and innerving the basal lobe, the rest at a 45° degree to the midnerve, not reaching the margin, nerves raised with a line of hairs; petioles (3.5–)4.0– 5.5 cm long, densely strigose with very short hairs throughout, more dense distally, becoming glabrescent proximally, glandular capitate trichomes absent; stipular colleters 2(–4), ca. 0.3 mm long, 1-2 borne on each side of the petiole base. Inflorescence subcapituliform, 1–3(–5)-flowered, the distal flowers maturing first; peduncles (1.5–)1.7–2.0 cm long, indument as on the stems but hairs shorter; rachis very short, 0.3–0.5 cm; pedicels 2.5–2.7(–3) cm long, indument as in the peduncle; floral bracts ca. 3 × 0.4 mm, eventually deciduous, pubescent as in the peduncles on both surfaces. Flowers showy, flat, presented vertically. Calyx lobes 5, 10–11 × 3–4 mm, ovate- elliptic to triangular elliptic, abruptly acuminate, margins pubescent, both surfaces strigose throughout, margin with longer hairs, glandular capitate trichomes absent, colleters 1-2 per sinus. Corolla 5-lobed, lobes green or yellowish green, with slightly darker, inconspicuous, reticulate nerving, and a dark-purple to almost black longitudinal, callose band along the proximal 2/3 on the right side of the lobes, the apex of the corolla lobes tinged in the same hue, the base of the corolla, surrounding the corona and the gynostemium, provided with a 1.1–1.3 mm broad, annular, continuous dark purple-black band of irregular width but wider opposite the anthers, strigose proximally with 0.02 mm long hairs; corolla lobes oblong-triangular to oblong, acute to narrowly acute, lobes 15–18 × 4.7–6 mm, wider proximally (5.8–6.0 mm wide), dextrogyrous at the distal half forming an angle of 30–35° to the general axis of the flower, lobes slightly overlapping proximally, glandular swelling absent in the sinus; adaxial surface glabrescent but densely hairy on the dark band, the pubescence mostly of eglandular trichomes to 0.4–0.9 mm long, abaxial surface moderately pubescent with eglandular trichomes 1.0 mm long, but conspicuously more pubescent near the apex, glabrescent on the underside of the callose, dark-colored band. Faucal annulus a distinctly raised ridge opposite each corolla lobe sinus, inconspicuously 5-lobed, 0.5–0.6 mm tall, with upper margins strigose with 1.2 mm long hairs. Gynostegial corona of fused staminal (Cs) and interstaminal parts, single, 5-lobed, 5 mm diameter, adnate to the ring, corona lobes 2 × 1.2 mm, pale green yellow, subquadrate reniform, somewhat bowl shaped, fleshy, smooth; gynostegium with stipe 2.5 mm high × 1.2 mm diameter, 5-winged, each wing with a small, fleshy projection distally; dorsal anther appendages 1.6–1.8 × 2.2–2.3 mm, deflexed, reniform-subquadrangular, wider proximally, shallowly bilobed at apex, thinly fleshy, concave, shiny wine-red; style head 3.2–3.8 mm wide, terminal appendages appressed to margin of style apex, guide rails +/- indistinct, 0.2–0.3 mm. Pollinarium with an ovoid corpusculum, 0.35–0.36 x 0.05–0.36 mm, dark brown, caudicle 0.5–0.6 × 0.3.0- 0.31 mm, flat, pollinia 1.6–1.7 x 0.6–0.7 mm, ovoid-ellipsoid apically rounded, translucent proximally, somewhat excavated ellipsoid, complanate. Follicles known only from a photograph, ovoid, sharply 5-winged, peduncles recurved.</p> <p>Paratypes:— MEXICO. Yucatán: Mun. Abalá: 15 km al S del poblado de Yaxcopoil, a lo largo de la carretera <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.71461&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.609982" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.71461/lat 20.609982)">Mérida-Muna</a>, 20°36’30”N, 89°42’50”W (correctly 20°36’35.93”N, 89°42’52.60”W), approx. 12 m, “selva baja caducifolia, aguada o cenote de unos 200 m de diámetro; trepadora herbácea, rara localmente; látex blanco; flores verdes”, 7 November 2001, G. Carnevali, J.L. Tapia &amp; F. May &amp; M. Gómez 6438 (CICY); same locality, cultivated at Jardín Botánico Regional Roger Orellana, at the Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, flowering 15 July 2015, G. Carnevali 8579 (CICY, spirits). Mun. Oxkcutzcab, Helen Moyers Biocultural Reserve at <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.551&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.0965" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.551/lat 20.0965)">Rancho Kiuic</a> (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.551&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.0965" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.551/lat 20.0965)">Kaxil Kiuic</a>), approx. 20°5.79’N, 89° 33.06’W, [90–100 m], “on the trail to Santa Rita, near the first haltun. Herbaceous liana; corolla green, contorted; gynostegium deep maroon”, 20 October 2005, W.J. Hayden 4923 (URV). Mun. Tinum: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.38333/lat 20.783333)">Rancho San Pedro</a>, 20°47´N, 88°23’W, 22 m, 24 November 1980 “flor verde negra”, E. Ucán Ek 569 (CICY, XAL). Mun. Valladolid, same locality as type, 28 August 2020, G. Carnevali, R. Duno &amp; M.A. Caamal Dzul 8550 (CICY, SEL).</p> <p>IUCN Conservation assessment:—EN. Gonolobus caamalii meets criterion B1 a, b (i, ii, iii, iv) for a Vulnerable species (V) and B2 a, b (i, ii, iii. iv) for Endangered species (EN). It is known from only four localities all in the state of Yucatán; its extent of occurrence is of 5,324.757 km 2, and the area of occupancy is of 16.0 km 2. EN B2 ab (i, ii, iii. iv).</p> <p>Apparently, Gonolobus caamalii is an extremely rare species, having been found only four times at four different localities. At the type locality in northern Yucatán, we were able to record about 20 individuals on a dirt road along a span of 3–4 kilometers. Only a few specimens were in flower at any given time during the two visits we made at the locality. This population is severely threatened because of the imminent urban expansion of Valladolid, a medium sized city that is about 4 km south, and which is growing fast. The population SW of Abalá is severely threatened because of the expansion of cattle pastures and it is expected to disappear in the near future. The same applies to the Tinum locality. The population at the Helen Moyers Biocultural Reserve at Rancho Kiuic is protected and it is at this locality where the best survival expectations for the species are met. Because the species is rare, both its EOO and AOO are small, only occurs naturally in nearly undisturbed vegetation, and most of its known populations occur in areas where the original vegetation is currently being or is likely to be substituted by anthropogenic ecosystems during the next few years, we propose the species to be treated as Endangered (EN).</p> <p>Eponymy: Named after Miguel Ángel Caamal Dzul, of Chan Yokdzonot 2, Yucatán, who collected for the second time this interesting species. He has a keen eye for rare plants and enthusiastically collects, cultivates, and photographs the native flora.</p> <p>Notes:— Gonolobus caamalii is similar and putatively related to G. erianthus, yet both taxa are amply different in several relevant aspects. Both species have green corollas with reticulate nerving of relatively similar shapes and with one of the margins crenulate, a yellow corona, and reddish anther appendages. However, our new taxon is a lowland species occurring at elevations of 10–100 m in tropical dry forests whereas G. erianthus grows at higher elevations of (200–)900–1300(–1600) m in central Mexico south to Nicaragua in tropical humid to cloud forests. The corollas of both species, albeit relatively similar, are readily diagnosed. In G. caamalii, the corolla lobes are asymmetrically oblong to oblong elliptic, 15–18 × 4.7–6 mm and relatively narrow (3.0–3.2 times longer than wide). On the other hand, G. erianthus features asymmetrically elliptic corolla lobes 15–23 × 9–12 mm that are proportionally wider (1.67–1.9 times longer than wide). Moreover, the color patterns of live flowers (even somewhat noticeable in pressed material) are unmistakable. Gonolobus caamalii has dark yellow green corolla lobes that feature a dark purple (almost black) longitudinal, callose band along the proximal 2/3 on the right side of the lobes; this band is absent, or it is yellow and only slightly evident in G. erianthus. In addition, there is 1.1–1.3 mm broad, annular, continuous dark purpleblack band surrounding the gynostemium and corona at the base of the corolla lobes. This band is narrower and either absent or dark green in G. erianthus. Gonolobus caamalii is fairly distinctive in possessing a very dark, almost black brownish purple, callose longitudinal band parallel to the right margin of the petals and in the fact that the petals are sharply tilted dextrogyrously forming an angle of 30–35° to the general axis of the flower. In Stevens (2010) useful key to the Mesoamerican Gonolobus, G. caamalii would key out to couplet 36b because of its abaxially moderately pubescent corolla of 15–18 mm long, its uniformly pubescent internodes, and the anther appendages lacking 2 distinct lobes or “arms”. Then, it would key out to G. erianthus in couplet 37a. However, G. caamalii is sharply distinct from G. erianthus (a species ranging widely from Nuevo León and Nayarit, Mexico, to Nicaragua) in several respects as discussed above. In the YPBP, it is difficult to confuse it with any other species.</p> <p>The species is known only from a narrow, arch-like band of seasonally dry forests under Ax(Wo) climate according to the Köppen system (as modified by García, 2004). Here, rains occur mostly in the summer and precipitation is in the 1000–1200 mm range. The vegetation is locally called “selva mediana subcaducifolia” (“medium height semideciduous forest”)and is structurally dominated by several species of woody deciduous species such as Jatropha gaumeri Greenman (1907: 256), Margaritaria nobilis Linnaeus (1781: 428) (Euphorbiaceae), Bursera simaruba (Linnaeus 1753a: 1026) Sargent (1890: 260) (Burseraceae), Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck 1783: 12) de Wit (1961: 54) subsp. leucocephala, Caesalpinia gaumeri Greenman (1912: 330), Bauhinia ungulata Linnaeus (1753b: 374), Gliricidia maculata (Kunth 1823: 393) Kunth ex Walpers (1842: 679) (Fabaceae), Cedrela odorata Linnaeus (1759: 940) (Meliaceae), Ceiba aesculifolia (Kunth 1821: 298) Britten &amp; Baker (1896: 175), Hampea trilobata Standley (1923: 787) (Malvaceae), and Gymnopodium floribundum Rolfe (1901: t. 2699) (Polygonaceae). The area is particularly rich in scandent members of the Apocynaceae with species such as Matelea stenosepala Lundell (1942: 398), Dictyanthus yucatanensis Standley (1930: 37), Cynanchum rensonii Woodson (1941a: 210), Macroscepis diademata (Ker Gawl. in Edwards 1817: 3, t. 252) Stevens (1983: 405), Echites yucatanensis Millspaugh ex Standley (1930: 35), and Mandevilla subsagittata (Ruiz &amp; Pavón 1799: 19) Woodson (1932: 60-70). Herbs on the forest floor include Agave petskinil (Orellana et al., in Hernández et al. 2008: 173) Thiede (2012: 94) (Asparagaceae), Oeceoclades maculata (Lindley 1821: pl. 15) Lindley (1833: 237), Sarcoglottis sceptrodes (Reichenbach f. 1855: 214) Schlechter (1920: 421) (Orchidaceae), and Hybanthus thiemei (Donnell Smith 1905: 1) Morton (1944: 81) (Violaceae).</p> <p>The northern portion of the YPBP seems to be a center of endemism for the Gonolobinae with at least 10 species restricted to this area, including Gonolobus caamalii and the recently described Matelea falcata Juárez-Jaimes et al. (2021: 113). It seems likely that several other novelties are yet to be discovered in this area. Most of these endemic Gonolobinae consist of small populations, most likely threatened, surviving in remnants of the once extensive semideciduous forests that covered the Yucatan Peninsula before pervasive “slash and burn” agriculture removed most of them.</p> <p>Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. yucatanensis has been collected near and at the type locality of G. caamalii. For example, G. Carnevali et al. 8377 (CICY, CHIP, CIQR, F, FCME, G, GH, MEXU, MO, SEL, UADY, UCAM, UJAT, XAL; Fig. 3I) was collected less than 4.5 km to the NW whereas C.L. Lundell &amp; A.A. Lundell 7577 (GH, MEXU, MICH) was collected 41 km E of the type collection of G. caamalii. More recently, M.A. Caamal 01 (CICY; Fig. 3H) was collected a few hundred meters for the type locality. Thus, it is evident that both species are sympatric or parapatric in the area. However, there is no morphological evidence of gene flow between the two very distinct Gonolobus species. Aside from possible morphological or genetic barriers to gene flow between both taxa, G. stenanthus subsp. yucatanensis flowers at the end of the dry season or beginning of the rainy season (April-July) whereas G. caamalii, at least under natural conditions, blooms toward the end of the rainy season (October-November) providing an additional prezygotic barrier to gene exchange.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEFD71E42F2658AE9AA420FDA9FECB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Romero-González, Gustavo A.;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J.;Cetzal-Ix, William;Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De;Romero-Soler, Katya J.	Carnevali, Germán, Romero-González, Gustavo A., Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J., Cetzal-Ix, William, Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De, Romero-Soler, Katya J. (2022): Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province. Phytotaxa 530 (2): 141-162, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.2
03DEFD71E427265BAE9AA164FE31FD7B.text	03DEFD71E427265BAE9AA164FE31FD7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonolobus cteniophorus (S. F. Blake 1917) Woodson 1941	<div><p>Gonolobus cteniophorus (S.F.Blake) Woodson (1941: 243)</p> <p>≡ Vincetoxicum cteniophorum Blake (1917: 84) ≡ Matelea cteniophora (S.F.Blake) Shinners (1964: 366).</p> <p>Type: — Belize, Toledo: “a low climber in thicket, Toledo, 5 April 1907 ”, M.E. Peck 821 (Holotype, GH!; isotype K, n.v.).</p> <p>= Vincetoxicum lundellii Standley (1930: 148). Type: British Honduras. Honey Camp, October 1929, C.L. Lundell 540 (Holotype, F-603593, photo!; isotypes K, n.v., CAS, n.v., GH!, G, n.v, NY, n.v.)</p> <p>= Vincetoxicum tortum Brandegee (1924: 414). Type: Mexico. Veracruz, Santa Lucrecia, C.A. Purpus 9012 (Holotype, UC-220312, photo!; isotype, MO, photo!).</p> <p>Notes:—This species is widespread in the YPBP, usually in flooded areas and mangrove associations. Outside of the YPBP, it has been collected in Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, Guatemala, Belize, and northern Honduras. The species is easily diagnosed in by its extremely narrow corolla lobes with a longitudinal line of trichomes 0.2–0.5 mm long along its right margin. The sinus of the leaf base is relatively shallow and broad, which makes it distinctive even vegetatively (Figs. 1B, 3B).</p> <p>Specimens examined:— MEXICO. Campeche: Mun. Calakmul, a 7.9 km al N del poblado <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.299164&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.996944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.299164/lat 18.996944)">Bel-ha</a>, 18°59’49” N, 89°17’57” W, 136 m, 7 July 2003, D. Álvarez 5964 (MEXU); a 1.6 km al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.36139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.984167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.36139/lat 17.984167)">NO de Dos Naciones</a>, 17°59’ 3” N, 89°21’41” W, 205 m, 12 August 2003, D. Álvarez 6187 (MEXU); 5 km al S de Constitución, a 70 km al E de <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.13638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.13638/lat 18.6)">Escárcega</a>, approx. 18°36’ N, 90° 8’11” W, 10 July 1983, E. Cabrera &amp; O. Canul 5072 (MEXU); a 55 km al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.30039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.996334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.30039/lat 18.996334)">N de Xpujil</a>, 18°59’46.8” N, 89°18’1.4”W, 147 m, 22 August 2002, D. Álvarez, C. H. Ramos, E. Martínez S. &amp; J. P. Abascal 1983 (MEXU); a 2 km al E del poblado “Unión 20 de Junio” camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.27556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.809444" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.27556/lat 18.809444)">Flores Magón</a>, 18°48’34” N, 89°16’32” W, 205 m, 17 March 2003, D. Álvarez &amp; C. Jiménez J. 4284 (MEXU); a 7.6 km al E del poblado “Unión 20 de Junio” (antes la <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.23&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.748611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.23/lat 18.748611)">Mancolona</a>), 18°44’55” N, 89°13’48” W, 160 m, 18 August 2002, D. Álvarez, C. H. Ramos, E. Martínez S., F. Chiang &amp; J.P. Abascal 1851 (MEXU); a 16 km al N de Xpujil, camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.40806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.654999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.40806/lat 18.654999)">Dzibalchén</a>, 18°39’18” N, 89°24’29” W, 260 m, 12 October 1997, E. Martínez S., D. Álvarez, S. Ramírez, E. Lira &amp; E. Madrid 28826 (MEXU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.41334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.594168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.41334/lat 18.594168)">Zoh-Laguna</a>, por la laguna del pueblo, 18°35’39” N, 89°24’48” W, 290 m, 5 September 1997, G. Bacab W. 61 (MEXU, TEX); a 65 km al N de Xpujil, camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.30167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.045" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.30167/lat 19.045)">Dzibalchén</a>, 19°2’42”N, 89°18’06”W, 140 m, 29 October 1997, E. Martínez S., D. Álvarez &amp; S. Ramírez 29677-A (MEXU); km 20 de la carretera <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.40361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.691666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.40361/lat 18.691666)">Xpujil-Campeche</a>, 18°41’30” N, 89°24’13” W, 270 m, 12 October 1997, E.M. Lira C., E. Martínez, D. Álvarez, S. Ramírez &amp; E. Madrid 83 (MEXU); a 15 km al N de Xpujil, camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.4075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.661667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.4075/lat 18.661667)">Dzibalchén</a>, 18°39’42” N, 89°24’27” W, 330 m, 11 August 1997, E. Martínez S., D. Álvarez &amp; S. Ramírez 28366 (MEXU); Mun. [Calakmul], a 4 km al N de Zoh-Laguna, sobre el camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.433334/lat 18.666666)">Dzibalchén</a>, 18°40’ N, 89°26’ W, 200 m, 3 September 1996, P. Álvaro M. 534 (MEXU); a 10 km al S de Xcan-ha, camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.29389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.024445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.29389/lat 19.024445)">Xpujil</a>, 19°1’28”N, 89°17’38”W, 82 m, 25 June 1997, E. Martínez S. &amp; D. Álvarez M. 27410 (MEXU); Mun. Calkiní, 11 km al W de Tankuché hacia <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.34583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.530556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.34583/lat 20.530556)">Isla Arena</a>, al sur de la carretera, 20°31’50” N, 90°20’45” W, 31 October 1993, F. Tun, J.C. Trejo &amp; R. Durán 62 (CICY); Mun. Campeche, 3 km al E de Castamay carretera <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.41111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.823612" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.41111/lat 19.823612)">Castamay-Hopelchén</a>, 19°49’25” N, 90°24’40” W, 25 February 1992, M. Méndez, R. Durán &amp; G. Campos-Ríos 515 (CICY, MEXU); Mun. Carmen, en Finca Mamantel, sobre el <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.68611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.340279" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.68611/lat 18.340279)">río Las Cruces</a>, en el sistema pluvio-lagunar del <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.68611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.340279" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.68611/lat 18.340279)">Río Palizada</a>, approx. 18°20’25” N, 91°41’10” W, 25 November 1987, E. Cabrera &amp; H. de Cabrera 14965 (MEXU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.83889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.401667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.83889/lat 18.401667)">Vapor</a>, approx. 18°24’ 6” N, 91°50’20” W, 25-28 July 1939, E. Matuda 3903 (F, GH, MEXU); Mun. Champotón, a 2 km al N de Seybaplaya. camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.70555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.651112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.70555/lat 19.651112)">Payacán Punta Morritos</a>, 19°39’ 4” N, 90°42’20” W, 10 m, 3 May 1998, E. Martínez S. 30741-A (MEXU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.22278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.220278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.22278/lat 19.220278)">Mun. Hopelchén</a>, a 4.61 km. al ENE de Chan-Chen, 19°13’13” N, 89°13’22”W, 112 m, 5 August 2004, D. Álvarez, A. Ramírez &amp; E. Sosa 1032bis (MEXU); a 3 km al S de Xcan-ha, camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.32166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.073334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.32166/lat 19.073334)">Xpujil</a>, 19° 4’24” N, 89°19’18” W, 80 m, 29 June 1997, E. Martínez S. &amp; D. Álvarez M. 27457 (MEXU); 19° 4’23” N, 89°19’18” W, 120 m, 17 November 1997, E. Martínez S., D. Álvarez &amp; S. Ramírez 29795 (MEXU); 12 November 1997, E. Madrid N., D. Olguera, D. Álvarez, E. Martínez &amp; E. Lira 362 (MEXU); a 5.3 km al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.22389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.239166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.22389/lat 19.239166)">NO de Chan-Chen</a>, 19°14’21” N, 89°13’26” W, 106 m, 11 June 2004, D. Álvarez, A. Ramírez, C. H. Ramos, E. Martínez S. &amp; F. Sosa M. 8855 (MEXU); Mun. Palizada, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.03833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.097778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.03833/lat 18.097778)">Santa Elena-Palizada</a>, 18° 5’52” N, 92° 2’18” W, 6 m, 17 January 1982, C. Chan 1164 (CICY). Quintana Roo: Mun. [Bacalar], 4 km from Margarita Maza to <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.62862&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.085278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.62862/lat 19.085278)">Nuevo Progreso</a>, approx. 19° 5’ 7” N, 88°37’43” W, approx. 32 m, 3 July 2002, P. Acevedo &amp; F. May Pat 12258 (CICY, MEXU, US); 3–4 km al oeste de Nuevo Progreso, unos 24 km al oeste de Graciano Sánchez (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.702774&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.075" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.702774/lat 19.075)">La Pantera</a>), 19°04’30” N, 88°42’10” W, 2 July 1997, G. Carnevali, F. May &amp; D.L. Benzing 4502 (CICY); Mun. Felipe Carrillo Puerto, a 38 km. al E de F. Carrillo Puerto, rumbo a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.74444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.768055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.74444/lat 19.768055)">Vigía Chico</a>, approx. 19°46’ 5” N, 87°44’40” W, 15 October 1980, O. Téllez, M. García &amp; E. Cabrera 3737 (MEXU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.833336/lat 19.833334)">Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve</a>, 30 km NE of Carrillo Puerto, 19°50’ N, 87°50’ W, 2 November 1984, D.A. Neill, T.L. Wendt, I. Olmsted, R. Durán G. &amp; F. Chiang C. 5771 (MO); Mun. José María Morelos, a 4.15 km. al E del poblado <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.74833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.307499" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.74833/lat 19.307499)">Plan de la Noria</a>, 19°18’27” N, 88°44’54” W, 96 m, 16 March 2004, D. Álvarez &amp; A. Ramírez 8209 (MEXU); a 2.78 km. al N del poblado <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.873055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.537222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.873055/lat 19.537222)">Zafarrancho</a>, 19°32’14” N, 88°52’23” W, 88 m, 19 March 2004, D. Álvarez &amp; A. Ramírez 8462 (MEXU); a 0.8 km. al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.95777&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.95777/lat 19.36)">O de San Isidro Poniente</a>, 19°21’36” N, 88°57’28” W, 111 m, 18 June 2005, E. Martínez, A. Castañeda, A. Ramírez, C.H. Ramos &amp; D. Álvarez 37879 (MEXU); Mun. Othón P. Blanco, a 15 km. al NO de Tomás Garrido, sobre el camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.09056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.106112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.09056/lat 18.106112)">Dos Aguadas</a>, approx. 18°6’22”N, 89°5’26”W, 2 July 1984, E. Cabrera &amp; H. de Cabrera 6591 (MEXU). Yucatán: Mun. Hunucmá, a 12 km. al NO de Hunucmá, sobre el camino a Sisal, approx. 21°6’N, 89°68’10”W, 26 December 1985, E. Cabrera &amp; H. de Cabrera 10411 (MEXU); Hunucmá, 5 km de la carretera que va de Hunucmá a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.915276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.041666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.915276/lat 21.041666)">Sisal</a>, 21° 2’30” N, 89°54’55” W, 4 October 1999, I. Ramírez, F. Chi &amp; F. May 852 (CICY); Mun. Kinchil, 23 km al E de Celestún, 15 August 1985, E. Estrada 298 (CICY); Mun. Progreso, km. 33, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.66167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.276388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.66167/lat 21.276388)">Mérida</a> road, approx. 21°16’35” N, 89°39’42” W, 23 July 1938, C.L. Lundell &amp; A.A. Lundell 8065 (GH, MEXU, MICH, TEX). BELIZE. Orange Walk: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.433334/lat 18.033333)">Honey Camp</a>, 18°02’ N, 88°26’ W, October 1929, C.L. Lundell 540 (F, GH, SMU). GUATEMALA. Petén: Puerto Chimino, Laguna Petexbatún, 20 km S of Sayaxché, 16°25’53” N, 90°11’28” W, October-December 1989, H. Zomer 114 (F); Tikal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.61305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.61305/lat 17.225)">Tikal National Park</a>, 17°13’30” N, 89°36’47” W, 13 May 1959, C.L. Lundell 15990 (TEX).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEFD71E427265BAE9AA164FE31FD7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Romero-González, Gustavo A.;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J.;Cetzal-Ix, William;Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De;Romero-Soler, Katya J.	Carnevali, Germán, Romero-González, Gustavo A., Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J., Cetzal-Ix, William, Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De, Romero-Soler, Katya J. (2022): Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province. Phytotaxa 530 (2): 141-162, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.2
03DEFD71E424265BAE9AA29DFABAF8C5.text	03DEFD71E424265BAE9AA29DFABAF8C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonolobus fraternus Schlechtendal 1833	<div><p>Gonolobus fraternus Schlechtendal (1833: 521).</p> <p>Type:— MEXICO. Veracruz: Hacienda de la Laguna, August 1829, C.J.W. Schiede 162 (Holotype, HAL-98553, photo!; isotypes MO /BC: MO-078171, photo!, MO /A:2760903, photo!)</p> <p>Notes:—This is a species from tropical to premontane humid forests at elevations of 50–1000(–1900) m. It is widespread in Mexico, particularly on the Atlantic slope from Tamaulipas southward to the Guatemalan Petén. It is much more uncommon on the Pacific drainage, with records in coastal Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Michoacán. It is relatively common in the southern, more humid portions of the YPBP, particularly in the Guatemalan Petén and northern Belize.</p> <p>The species is distinctive in its anther appendages, which are distally bilobed (hence the name). They are white and also relatively large as compared with other local Gonolobus. The petals are elliptic, not obviously bent dextrogyrously, rounded to obtuse at apex and the corolla is shortly cup-like at the base (Figs. 1C, 3C).</p> <p>Specimens examined — MEXICO. Campeche: Mun. Calakmul, a 11 km al S de Ley de Fomento Agropecuario, camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.38694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.997778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.38694/lat 17.997778)">Dos Naciones</a>, 17°59’52” N, 89°23’13” W, 300 m, 21 May 1997, E. Martínez S., D. Álvarez &amp; P. Álvaro M. 27372 (MEXU); a 7.9 km al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.23944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.94222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.23944/lat 17.94222)">NO de El Civalito</a>, 17°56’32” N, 89°14’22” W, 81 m, 18 May 2002, D. Álvarez &amp; J. Calónico S. 1276bis (MEXU); a 7.3 km al S del poblado <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.41195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.999166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.41195/lat 17.999166)">Ley de Fomento Agropecuario</a>, 17°59’57” N, 89°24’43” W, 247 m, 12 August 2003, D. Álvarez 6177 (MEXU); a 10 km al SE de Ley de Fomento Agropecuario, camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.71139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.71139/lat 18.0)">Dos Naciones</a>, 18°N, 89°42’41” W, 205 m, 23 October 1997, E. Martínez S., D. Álvarez, S. Ramírez, E. Lira &amp; E. Madrid 29136 (MEXU). Quintana Roo: Mun. Othón P. Blanco, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.15/lat 17.75)">Civalito</a>, L. Ibarra-González s.n. (unvouchered). BELIZE. Orange Walk: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.15/lat 17.75)">3.3 km S of Program</a> for <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.15/lat 17.75)">Belize Camp</a>, 17°45’ N, 89°09’ W, 15 May 1991, R. Arvigo, P. Cocom, R. Cocom, N. Romero, G. Shropshire &amp; J. Woodland 529 (MO); 0.5 m N of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.683334/lat 18.133333)">San Antonio village</a>, 18°08’ N, 88°41’ W, 29 June 1974, P.W. Leino 306 (MO); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.65/lat 17.766666)">Indian Church</a>, 17°46’ N, 88°39’ W, 15 May 1977, T. Arnason &amp; J. Lambert 17543 (MO). GUATEMALA. Petén: East of km 179, on <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.23028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.903889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.23028/lat 15.903889)">Cadenas Road</a>, 15°54’14” N, 89°13’49” W, 14 June 1970, E. Contreras 10065 (MEXU, MO); [Sitio arqueológico], en el camino que conduce al caserío La Llorona, 2.0– 3.5 km [SO] de la aldea de <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.65639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.3775" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.65639/lat 17.3775)">Uaxactún</a>, 17°22’39” N, 89°39’23” W, 30 May 1973, R. Tun Ortíz 2667 (F); Laguna Yaxja, collection from banks of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.39166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.06361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.39166/lat 17.06361)">Laguna Yaxja</a>, 17°03’49” N, 89°23’30” W, 28 June 1970, W.E. Harmon &amp; J.D. Dwyer 2743 (MO); Parque Nacional Tikal, alrededor del <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.61305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.61305/lat 17.225)">Grupo</a> E, lado N, 17°13’30” N, 89°36’47” W, 28 May 1971, R. Tun Ortíz 1795 (F, MO, NY); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.406944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.704445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.406944/lat 17.704445)">Dos Lagunas</a>, El Cedro, km 8, 17°42’16” N, 89°24’25” W, 21 April 1969, E. Contreras 8367 (DS, MO, NY); Dos Lagunas, Ixcanrio, bordering <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.30334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.74889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.30334/lat 17.74889)">Ixcanrio River</a>, 17°44’56” N, 89°18’12” W, 24 May 1969, E. Contreras 8636 (DS, F, MO); Tikal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.61305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.61305/lat 17.225)">Tikal National Park</a>, bordering airfield, 17°13’30” N, 89°36’47” W, 5 June 1959, C.L. Lundell 16052 (F, MO, TEX); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.716385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.99611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.716385/lat 16.99611)">Cerro Cauhui</a> [Cahui], 16°59’46” N, 89°42’59” W, 20 May 1986, R.L. Walker 1429 (MO); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-90.11472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.788055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -90.11472/lat 16.788055)">La Libertad</a> and vicinity, 16°47’17” N, 90°06’53” W, 18 June 1934, M. Aguilar H. 307 (MO, WIS).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEFD71E424265BAE9AA29DFABAF8C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Romero-González, Gustavo A.;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J.;Cetzal-Ix, William;Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De;Romero-Soler, Katya J.	Carnevali, Germán, Romero-González, Gustavo A., Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J., Cetzal-Ix, William, Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De, Romero-Soler, Katya J. (2022): Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province. Phytotaxa 530 (2): 141-162, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.2
03DEFD71E424265AAE9AA77FFC15FBF7.text	03DEFD71E424265AAE9AA77FFC15FBF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonolobus glaberrimus (Woodson 1941) Stevens 2005	<div><p>Gonolobus glaberrimus (Woodson) Stevens (2005: 603)</p> <p>≡ Matelea glaberrima Woodson (1941: 281) ≡ Atrostemma glaberrimum (Woodson) Morillo (2016: 91).</p> <p>Type: — GUATEMALA, H. Bartlett 12300 (Holotype, MO /BC: MO-078253 /A:1041429, photo! (Fig. 2D); isotypes, MICH-1111617, photo!, MO-1041473 (Fig. 2C), photo!, US-00111087, photo!).</p> <p>= Matelea tikalana Lundell (1968a: 446) ≡ Marsdenia tikalana (Lundell) Lundell (1968b: 49). Type: Guatemala: Dept. Petén: Tikal National Park, Tikal, “in ramonal bordering hotel, March 20, 1959 ”, C.L. Lundell 15763 (Holotype LL-00372545, photo!, isotype, MO-344433, photo!).</p> <p>Notes:—A distinctive species whose generic position has been long disputed. The glabrous, lanceolate foliar blades, at least three times longer than wide are unusual in Gonolobus and unique in the YPBP among members of the genus. The foliar blades are only shallowly cordate at the base; all other Gonolobus in the area have predominantly ovate, ovateelliptic, or ovate-oblong foliar blades that are sharply cordate at base and only about 2–2.5 times longer than wide. The flowers of this species are relatively small with white corolla lobes 7–8 × 3.5–4 mm. This species is closely related to the extralimital G. hammelii W.D. Stevens (2005b: 235) (from Costa Rica), G. hadrostemma Stevens (2005b: 233-235) (Nicaragua and Costa Rica), Matelea manarae Morillo (in Steyermark 1978: 48-49) (from coastal Venezuela) and a few others. All feature similar foliage and are atypical in Gonolobus in having a massive corona adnate to the faucal annulus. Furthermore, the anthers lack the free appendages that characterize the genus (Stevens 2005b). These species have been transferred to Atrostemma Morillo (2015b: 198), a taxonomic decision that may have some merit.</p> <p>Gonolobus glaberrimus is known from two collections, both from the Guatemalan Petén, where it grows in tropical rain forest at elevations of 175–190 m. It is probably a rare, inconspicuous species and probably difficult to spot even in flower or fruits. There is a collection at MO (I Inbio 159, photo!) from Estación Biológica Maritza, Guanacaste, Costa Rica identified as this species by a specialist (J.F. Morales). However, the specimen is poor, the leaves are all folded-up and the shape looks somewhat different.Also, it does not have mature flowers (“immature fruits”), which are necessary for positive identification. Furthermore, it is isolated from the other three localities by more than 850 km. Because of all these arguments, we have decided to consider G. glaberrimus as endemic to the southern portion of the YPBP until more conclusive evidence proves otherwise (Figs. 1C, 2 C-D).</p> <p>IUCN Conservation assessment.—EN. Gonolobus glaberrimus is known from only two localities and three collections. Thus, AOE cannot be estimated at this time and the AOO is of 8 km 2. The two localities are 18–19 km apart. It is likely that the species is restricted to the area of the Guatemalan Petén and that when further localities are recorded, we will be able to reassess its conservation status probably as EN (Endangered). Although the species is rare, its known populations are located the Tikal National Park, which affords them some degree of protection for the foreseeable future.</p> <p>Specimens examined: — GUATEMALA. Petén: Tikal National Park, on [along] <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.61305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.61305/lat 17.225)">Remate Road</a>, 17°13’30” N, 89°36’47” W, 190 m, 15 January 1962, C.L. Lundell 17103 (LL, MO).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEFD71E424265AAE9AA77FFC15FBF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Romero-González, Gustavo A.;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J.;Cetzal-Ix, William;Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De;Romero-Soler, Katya J.	Carnevali, Germán, Romero-González, Gustavo A., Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J., Cetzal-Ix, William, Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De, Romero-Soler, Katya J. (2022): Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province. Phytotaxa 530 (2): 141-162, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.2
03DEFD71E4252644AE9AA420FAB4FB07.text	03DEFD71E4252644AE9AA420FAB4FB07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gonolobus leianthus Donnell Smith 1909	<div><p>Gonolobus leianthus Donnell Smith (1909: 296).</p> <p>Type: — GUATEMALA. Dept. Alta Verapaz, Cubilquitz, 350 m, October 1901, H. von Türckheim 8243 (Holotype, US-01338610, photo!).</p> <p>= Vincetoxicum schippii Standley (1930: 37). Type: British Honduras, Middlesex, in open places, alt. 60 m, 15 September 1929, W.A. Schipp S-19 (Holotype, F-602928, photo!; isotype GH-00076892, photo!).</p> <p>Notes:—This species has green, almost featureless flowers. The calyx lobes are broadly triangular, patent and conspicuous in both live and herbarium material. The corolla lobes are relatively large and conspicuous, 18–34 × 6–12 mm, asymmetrically elliptic, acuminate. They have a white callus along one of the margins and there is a conspicuous, narrow white ring around the gynostegium. Gonolobus leianthus is relatively widespread in the southern portion of Megamexico from Tabasco and Chiapas to northern Nicaragua. It occurs in tropical humid or cloud forests at elevations of 60–1400 m (Figs. 1C, 3D).</p> <p>Specimens examined: — GUATEMALA. Petén: Dolores, between km 73/72 of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.45416&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.529167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.45416/lat 16.529167)">Santo Toribio</a> road, 16°31’45” N, 89°27’15” W, 21 July 1961, E. Contreras 2637 (CAS, MEXU, MO, TEX); Dolores, bordering <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.39833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.5125" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.39833/lat 16.5125)">Río Ixcol</a>, 1 km East, 16°30’45” N, 89°23’54” W, 3 June 1961, E. Contreras 2415 (TEX); La Cumbre, km 138/137 of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.35083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.081112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.35083/lat 16.081112)">Cadenas Road</a>, 16°04’52” N, 89°21’03” W, 270 m, 26 September 1966, E. Contreras 6246 (F, LL, MEXU, MO); La Cumbre, bordering <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.35083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.081112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.35083/lat 16.081112)">Cadenas Road</a>, km 143, 16°04’52” N, 89°21’03” W, 270 m, 1 September 1969, E. Contreras 9036 (CAS, DUKE, MO, TEX); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.44195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.19972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.44195/lat 16.19972)">San Luis</a>, 16°11’59” N, 89°26’31” W, 12 July 1959, C.L. Lundell 16385 (CAS, F, MO, TEX); Tikal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.61305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.61305/lat 17.225)">Tikal National Park</a>, 17°13’30” N, 89°36’47” W, 4 July 1959, C.L. Lundell 16172 (CAS, DUKE, F, MEXU, MO, TEX); 24 September 1959, E. Contreras 168 (CAS, F, MO, TEX); Tikal, Parque Nacional, frente <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.61305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.61305/lat 17.225)">Templo No.</a> 4, 17°13’30” N, 89°36’47” W, 8 November 1969, R. Tun Ortíz 428 (DS, F, MO).</p> <p>Gonolobus stenanthus (Standley) Woodson (1941: 243) ≡ Vincetoxicum stenanthum Standley (1929: 255) ≡ Matelea stenantha (Standley) Shinners (1964: 366).</p> <p>Type: — BELIZE. Tower Hill, 1928, J. S. Karling 27 (Holotype, F-0044022F, photo!; isotype US-00112339, photo!).</p> <p>Notes:— Gonolobus stenanthus is one of the endemic species of the YPBP. It is readily diagnosed by its relatively large, conspicuously reflexed calyx lobes (11–14 × 3.8–5.5 mm), which are easily visible both in live and in herbarium material. Furthermore, the corolla lobes are triangular-lanceolate, acute, and the right margin is bright white. The corona is bright yellow, pubescent. This species is relatively widespread within the YPBP, particularly in the eastern and southern portions, covered by seasonally dry forests with precipitations in the range of 1000–1500 mm.</p> <p>Recent treatments of the Gonolobus of the YPBP (Stevens 2010; Carnevali et al. 2010) have treated G. yucatanensis as a synonym of G. stenanthus. Both entities are vegetatively indistinguishable and dry flowers look extremely alike. However, G. stenanthus comes in two color morphs. In the type collection (J.S. Karling 27, F, photograph!, type of the basionym, Vincetoxicum stenanthum Standley (1929: 255), the flowers have dried of a dull pale green, a pattern associated with the typical green corollas of the species in populations coming from northern Belize, the Guatemalan Petén, and southern Quintana Roo and Campeche. Thus, plants matching this type have bright green or yellow-green petals; the stylar head of the gynostegium as well as the anther appendages are yellow (Fig. 1D, 3 E-F). However, populations of G. stenanthus on the northern, drier edge of its distribution in eastern Yucatán and northern Quintana Roo States, typically feature extremely dark chestnut to reddish brown, almost black corollas (Fig. 1D, 3 G-I). The type of Trichostelma yucatanensis (Steere 2641, MO) is very poorly preserved, but the original diagnosis clearly states that the flowers have an “… atrocarneae …” corolla, which indicates that the name can be applied to the dark-colored populations on the northern edge of the distribution of G. stenanthus. Furthermore, while the corona is also bright yellow (as in typical plants), the stylar head of the gynostegium and the anther appendages are dark reddish maroon, creating a sharp color contrast. Photographs of both color morphs of the species are strikingly distinct, suggesting they may be reproductively isolated and could constitute different species.</p> <p>Because the dark colored populations are geographically restricted but contiguous to the typical, more common and more southernly distributed green-flowered populations, and both sets of populations are morphologically distinctive in flower color and ecologically different, we propose to treat Gonolobus yucatanensis as a subspecies of G. stenanthus.</p> <p>This decision requires the following nomenclatural change:</p> <p>Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. yucatanensis (Woodson) Carnevali &amp; R.Duno, comb. nov. ≡ Trichostelma yucatanense Woodson (1935: 691) ≡ Gonolobus yucatanensis (Woodson) Stevens (1983: 405).</p> <p>Type: — Mexico: Quintana Roo: in low forest, San Miguel, Cozumel Island, 6-8 Aug 1932, W.C. Steere 2641 (Holotype, MO /BC: MO-078214 /A:1064813, photo!; isotypes MICH- 1000055A, photo!, MICH- 1000055B, photo!).</p> <p>IUCN Conservation assessment: Here we will assess the species a as a whole and the subspecies individually.</p> <p>Gonolobus stenanthus —NT. The species meets criterion B1 a, b (i, ii, iii, iv) for a Least Concern species (LC) and B2 a, b (i, ii, iii, iv) for Endangered species (EN). It is known to us from 27 localities in the three Mexican states of the YPBP, as well as from northern Belize (Orange Walk). Its extent of occurrence is of 77,475.415 km 2 (LC) and its AOO= 96.000 km 2 (EN). Furthermore, the species does not have two of the three additional conditions to meet the requirements for neither the category of an Endangered (EN) nor a Vulnerable (V) species. For this reason, as well as the occurrence of the subspecies in two naturally protected areas (Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, and Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve), we propose the species to be treated as Near Threatened (NT).</p> <p>Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. stenanthus —NT. Occupying most of the range of the species, this subspecies is the most common and widespread with 20 collection localities, with an EOO= 59,039.2 km 2 (LC) and an AOO=72.0 km 2 (EN). All the statements for the whole species apply here.</p> <p>Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. yucatanensis —EN. This subspecies is currently known from seven localities and has an EOO of 3,565.9 km 2 (EN) and an AOO of 28.0 km 2 (EN). Most of the localities for this species are in areas where anthropic disturbances are strong and are likely to become subject to increased pressure. Several of the known localities are in the vicinities of large urban centers (Valladolid in Yucatán, Tulum in Quintana Roo) and will be most likely soon affected. However, the species has been collected near at least three protected archaeological zones (Chichén Itza, Coba, and Tulum) where at least some degree of protection for the foreseeable future is guaranteed.</p> <p>Specimens examined:— Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. stenanthus. MEXICO. Campeche: Mun. Calakmul, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.41334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.594168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.41334/lat 18.594168)">Zoh-Laguna</a>, 18°35’39” N, 89°24’48” W, 290 m, 19 May 1997, P. Álvaro M. &amp; D. Álvarez 730 (MEXU); a 2 km al W de Calakmul, camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.81556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.124445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.81556/lat 18.124445)">La Laguna</a>, 18° 7’28” N, 89°48’56” W, 184 m, 12 July 1997, E. Martínez S., D. Álvarez &amp; S. Ramírez 27689 (MEXU); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.396385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.681665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.396385/lat 18.681665)">Ejido Nuevo Becal</a>, parcela 6, 18°40’54” N, 89°23’47” W, 16 August 2006, M.A. Islas Luna 1950 (CICY, CIQR); Cerro Civalito, km 4.5 carretera <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.341415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=17.87875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.341415/lat 17.87875)">Civalito-Dos Lagunas</a>, 17°52’43.5” N, 89°20’29.1” W, 200 m, 8 July 2009, L. Ibarra &amp; A. Torres C. 603 (CICY); 22 July 2009, L. Ibarra &amp; A. Torres C. 609 (CICY); Mun. [Calakmul], 6 km al O de la desviación a Calakmul, aprox. km 105 de la carr. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.956665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.543055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.956665/lat 18.543055)">Escárcega-Chetumal</a>, approx. 18°32’35” N, 89°57’24” W, approx. 159 m, 30 July 1987, E. Cabrera &amp; H. de Cabrera 14176 (MEXU); 12 km al S de Conhuas, sobre el camino al centro Ceremonial de Calakmul, entrando por el km 98 de la carretera <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.89166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.467222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.89166/lat 18.467222)">Escárcega-Chetumal</a>, 18°28’ 2” N, 89°53’30” W, 27 July 1986, E. Cabrera C. &amp; H. de Cabrera 11845 (MEXU); Mun. [Carmen], <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-91.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -91.11667/lat 18.4)">Monterrey</a>, approx. 18°23’60” N, 91° 7’ W, 23 January 1932, C.L. Lundell 1237 (DS, F, MO, NY, WIS); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.25667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.164722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.25667/lat 19.164722)">Mun. Hopelchén</a>, a 2.44 km al NO de Pachuitz, 19°9’53” N, 89°15’24” W, 143 m, 29 May 2004, D. Álvarez 8823 (MEXU); a 2.3 km al S de Chan-Chen, camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.261665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.1875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.261665/lat 19.1875)">Pachuitz</a>, 19°11’15” N, 89°15’42” W, 136 m, 16 June 2004, D. Álvarez, A. Ramírez, C.H. Ramos, E. Martínez S. &amp; F. Sosa M. 9230 (MEXU); a 3.2 km al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.240555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.188332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.240555/lat 19.188332)">SE de Chan-Chen</a>, 19°11’18” N, 89°14’26” W, 113 m, 13 June 2004, D. Álvarez, A. Ramírez, C.H. Ramos, E. Martínez S. &amp; F. Sosa M. 9032 (MEXU). Quintana Roo: Mun. Benito Juárez, a 1 km al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.808334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.330557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.808334/lat 21.330557)">Este de la Cd. Cancún</a>, approx. 21°19’50” N, 86°48’30” W, 12 September 1982, E. Cabrera &amp; H. de Cabrera 3482 (MEXU); Mun. F. Carrillo Puerto, a 44 km al <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.20944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.925" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.20944/lat 19.925)">Norte</a> de F. <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.20944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.925" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.20944/lat 19.925)">Carrillo Puerto</a>, approx. 19°55’30” N, 88°12’34” W, 9 September 1980, O. Téllez, E. Cabrera &amp; L. Rico 3509 (MEXU); 10 km al NE de F. Carrillo Puerto sobre el camino a <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.95833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.620834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.95833/lat 19.620834)">Vigía Chico</a>, approx. 19°37’15” N, 87°57’30” W, 6 July 1989, E. Cabrera 16475 (MEXU); Mun. [Tulum], <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.719444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.51111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.719444/lat 20.51111)">Cobá</a>, zona arqueológica, sacbé # 1 y # 3, 20°30’40” N, 87°43’10” W, A. Barrera 484 (CICY); Cobá, zona arqueológica, grupo <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.487501" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.73333/lat 20.487501)">Cobá</a>, 20°29’15” N, 87°44’ W, 15 May 1981, E. Ucán &amp; J.S. Flores 1120 (CICY); 22 March 1994, R.R. Sears 75 (CICY). Yucatán: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.166115&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.729168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.166115/lat 19.729168)">Mun. Tekax</a>, a 18.9 km al ESE de Nohanal, 19°43’45” N, 89° 9’58” W, 90 m, 17 June 2004, D. Álvarez, A. Ramírez, C.H. Ramos, E. Martínez S. &amp; F. Sosa M. 9293 (MEXU). BELIZE. Orange Walk: <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.51667/lat 18.016666)">Vicinity of Tower Hill</a>, 18°01’ N, 88°31’ W, 1928, J.S. Karling 27 (F, MO); <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.433334/lat 18.033333)">Honey Camp</a>, 18°02’ N, 88°26’ W, October 1929, C.L. Lundell 536 (DS, F).</p> <p>Gonolobus stenanthus subsp. yucatanensis. MEXICO. Quintana Roo: Mun. Cozumel, San Miguel in forest of <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.93222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.488333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.93222/lat 20.488333)">Cozumel Island</a>, 20°29’18” N, 86°55’56” W, 6–8 August 1932, W.C. Steere 2641 (MICH, MO); Mun. [Tulum], <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.73194&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.491667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.73194/lat 20.491667)">Ruinas de Cobá</a>, approx. 20°29’30” N, 87°43’55” W, 28 June 1986, J. Palma G. s.n. (CIQR, MEXU); 20°31’ N, 87°39’ W, June-July 1938, C.L. Lundell &amp; A.A. Lundell 7700 (A, F, GH, MICH, NY, SMU, TEX); 20°28’48” N, 87°43’48” W, June-July 1938, C.L. Lundell &amp; A.A. Lundell 7765 (MICH, TEX); C.L. Lundell &amp; A.A. Lundell 7801 (MICH); along road from Tulúm to <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.504166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.288889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.504166/lat 20.288889)">Cobá</a>, approx. 20°17’20” N, 87°30’15” W, 26 June 2002, P. Acevedo &amp; F. May Pat 12190 (CICY, NY, US). Yucatán: Mun. Tinúm, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.57222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.670834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.57222/lat 20.670834)">Chichén Itza</a>, near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.57222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.670834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.57222/lat 20.670834)">Pisté</a>, approx. 20°40’15” N, 88°34’20” W, June-July 1938, C.L. Lundell &amp; A.A. Lundell 7577 (GH, MEXU, MICH); Mun. Valladolid, La Isla, un centro de descanso y gasolinera, km 143 autopista <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-88.23138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.744339" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -88.23138/lat 20.744339)">Mérida-Cancún</a>, 20°44’39.62” N, 88°13’52.96” W, 27–30 m, 9 August 2018, G. Carnevali, R. Duno &amp; J. Márquez 8377 (CICY, CHIP, CIQR, F, FCME, G, GH, MEXU, MO, SEL, UADY, UCAM, UJAT, XAL).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEFD71E4252644AE9AA420FAB4FB07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Carnevali, Germán;Romero-González, Gustavo A.;Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis;Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M.;Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J.;Cetzal-Ix, William;Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De;Romero-Soler, Katya J.	Carnevali, Germán, Romero-González, Gustavo A., Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Ramírez-Díaz, Claudia J., Cetzal-Ix, William, Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De, Romero-Soler, Katya J. (2022): Twice lost, twice found: A new species of Gonolobus (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) with a reappraisal of the genus in the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province. Phytotaxa 530 (2): 141-162, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.2
