identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
FC3787BD6E03901FFE41FE30FE33FA41.text	FC3787BD6E03901FFE41FE30FE33FA41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metapenaeopsis difficilis Crosnier 1991	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metapenaeopsis difficilis Crosnier, 1991</p>
            <p>(Figures 2, 3)</p>
            <p> Metapenaeopsis di ffi cilis Crosnier, 1991, p. 167 (key), p. 170 (key), p. 255, figs 65 – 67 – Crosnier 1994a, p. 340 –, Crosnier 1994b, p. 370 –, Crosnier 2007, p. 302 (list). </p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p> 1 ♀, Andaman Sea, FORVSS stn.  33402B, 10°42 ʹ 23 ” N, 93°13 ʹ 29 ” E, 124 m depth, CL (15.0 mm) (IO /SS/DEN/00055) . </p>
            <p>Geographic and bathymetric distributions</p>
            <p>Western Pacific: 21 – 200 m depth from the Philippines, Indonesia, Coral Sea, New Caledonia, Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) (Crosnier 1991), and 105 – 440 m depth off the Wallis and Futuna Islands (Crosnier 1994 a, 1994b). Indian Ocean: 124 m depth in the Andaman Sea, India (present study).</p>
            <p>Diagnosis</p>
            <p>(modified from Crosnier 1991)</p>
            <p>Rostrum short, reaching middle of second segment of antennule (CL:RL 1.00:0.53), distal end directed slightly upwards, dorsal margin with seven teeth, ventral margin nearly straight, edentulate, bearing long setae.</p>
            <p>Carapace short (TL:CL 1.00:0.28), covered with short setae; epigastric tooth at anterior one-fourths of CL; antennal spine small; hepatic spine slightly larger, pterygostomian spine prominent; stridulating ridge absent (Figure 2 (a)).</p>
            <p>Eyes large, pigmentation prominent, eyestalk without tubercle on inner margin.</p>
            <p>Inner antennular flagellum 0.5 times as long as peduncle, prosartema well developed. Antennal scaphocerite long, with prominent spine.</p>
            <p>Maxillipeds II – III with long exopods.</p>
            <p>All pereiopods with exopods and epipods; PI – III missing; PIV – V long (CL:TPLIV 1.00:1.20; CL:TPLV 1.00:1.47), dactyli shorter than propodi (PPLIV:PDLIV 1.00:0.50; PPLV:PDLV 1.00:0.40).</p>
            <p>Abdomen long (TL:AL 1.00:0.43), covered with short setae, somites I – II rounded dorsally, somite III – VI not rounded, and with prominent broad, mid-dorsal carina, flattened dorsally, with split ends posteriorly; carina on somite 4 splitting widely with median deep notch (Figure 2 (b)); somite VI long, (AL:somite VI length 1.00:0.27; somite V length:somite VI length 1.00:1.86). Uropodal exopod with disto-lateral spine.</p>
            <p>Telson slender, reaching distal end of spine on uropodal exopod, with one pair of large sub-apical fixed spines and three pairs of movable spines laterally.</p>
            <p>Thelycum with a low lobe between bases of PIII; thelycal plate between bases of PIV transversely oval, bearing minute median spine anteriorly, flanked by convex margins; intermediate zone comprising a median ramp flanked by a pair of apertures of seminal receptacles; transverse plate between bases of PV sinuous, with straight ends; posterior plate divided into one broad, low central lobe with median denticle, and two high lateral lobes (Figure 2 (c)).</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Metapenaeopsis di ffi cilis is a small-sized species [CL 4.8 – 17.2 mm (Crosnier 1991); CL 8.0 mm (Crosnier 1994 a, 1994b); CL 15.0 mm (present study)], widely distributed in the Western Pacific region (Crosnier 1991, 1994a) (Figure 3). This species was described from a female specimen (MNHN-Na 12577) collected from depths of 92 – 95 m in the Sibuyan Sea, Philippines, during the MUSORSTOM 3 expedition (Crosnier 1991). The present observation is the first record from Indian waters, indicating westward extension of its geographical range (Figure 3). </p>
            <p>This species is defined by a combination of the following morphological characters (following Crosnier 1991): rostrum bearing 7 or 8 dorsal teeth, except epigastric tooth; outgrowth on the sternum, between PIII, low, unarmed; thelycal plate anterior margin slightly convex; petasma with left valve lacking terminal tip, distoventral element reduced, spiral element with distal part of last turn with wing bearing large rib ventrally; left distodorsal element of petasma with quadrangular distal portion visible in ventral view, distal lobule well developed, slightly curved dorsally; thoracic somite VII completely lacking, or bearing weakly developed posterior-thoracic arthrobranch, lower arthrobranch rudimentary, pleurobranch variable. The present confirmation of the species was on the basis of morphological characters (thelycum and accessory structures), and herein agrees with the original description and illustrations of the holotype female of M. di ffi cilis (voucher number MNHN-Na 12577) as emphasised by Crosnier (1991, p. 255, figs 65 – 66). The specimen is characterised by an upper rostrum with 6 teeth [vs 8 dorsal teeth in the holotype (Crosnier 1991, fig. 65a)], third pleonal somite with flattened middorsal carina having split wider posteriorly (vs third pleonal somite with mid-dorsal carina slightly split posteriorly in the holotype (Crosnier 1991, fig. 65b – c), and an oval-shaped thelycal plate with convex margins flanked by a pair of wide apertures of the seminal receptacle (vs thelycal plate flanked by a pair of small apertures of the seminal receptacle in the holotype (Crosnier 1991, fig. 66).</p>
            <p> The present specimen also shows affinity with  M. quinquedentata (De Man, 1907) in the number of dorsal rostral teeth, and the presence of a wide notch separating the split ends of the dorsal carina on pleonal somite III (Crosnier 1991). </p>
            <p> Metapenaeopsis di ffi cilis is very similar to  M. quinquedentata (De Man, 1907) in the posterior splitting of the dorsal carina of the third pleonal somite with a notch separating the split ends, and the presence of a protuberance on the sternum between the bases of pereopods III. However, M. di ffi cilis differs from  M. quinquedentata in having 8 rostral teeth [vs 6 rostral teeth in  M. quinquedentata (Crosnier 1991, fig. 62a)]. Secondly, M. di ffi cilis lacks a well-developed outgrowth on the sternum between the third pair of pereopods (vs the presence of a well-developed outgrowth, with an apical spine, on the sternum between the third pair of pereopods in  M. quinquedentata (Crosnier 1991, fig. 63a). It is noteworthy that the above species groupings are relevant only with respect to female genital morphology (Crosnier 1991). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC3787BD6E03901FFE41FE30FE33FA41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Padate, Vinay P.;K. A., Mary Baby;Cubelio, Sherine Sonia;Saravanane, Narayanane;Sudhakar, Maruthadu	Padate, Vinay P., K. A., Mary Baby, Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Saravanane, Narayanane, Sudhakar, Maruthadu (2020): First records of dendrobranchiate prawns (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) from the Andaman Sea, India. Journal of Natural History 54 (7 - 8): 405-418, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1765035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1765035
FC3787BD6E019013FEADF99CFC1EFE64.text	FC3787BD6E019013FEADF99CFC1EFE64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliporus taprobanensis Alcock and Anderson 1899	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Haliporus taprobanensis Alcock and Anderson, 1899a</p>
            <p>(Figures 4, 5)</p>
            <p> Haliporus taprobanensis Alcock and Anderson, 1899a, p. 280 – Alcock and Anderson 1899b, pl. XLI, fig. 3 – Alcock 1901: p. 25 – Bouvier 1906: p. 4, 5, 6 – Bouvier 1908: p. 80, 81, 82 – De Man 1911: p. 7, 31 (list) – Pérez Farfante 1977: p. 263 – Crosnier 1978: p. 97, figs 34, 35, 39a, 40a, 42a –, Crosnier 1984: p. 23 –, Crosnier 1986: p. 865 (discussion) – Crosnier 1988: p. 576, figs 1c, 2b, 2g, 3b, 6d – f, 7, 8, 9c, 10c – d, 11 d – f – Dall 1999: p. 564, fig. 7. </p>
            <p> Hymenopenaeus taprobanensis: Burkenroad 1936: p. 104 – Anderson and Lindner 1945: p. 290 (key) – Burukovsky 1974: p. 45 (key) – Burukovsky 1983: p. 60 (key). </p>
            <p> Hymenopenaeus kannemeyeri Kensley, 1977, p. 27 , fig. 7. </p>
            <p>Material examined</p>
            <p> 2 ♀, Andaman Sea, FORVSS stn.  36708, 13°15 ʹ 54 ” N, 93°15 ʹ 50 ” E, 635 m depth, CL (46.0 mm) (IO /SS/DEN/00076), CL (51.0 mm) (IO /SS/DEN/00077) . </p>
            <p>Geographic and bathymetric distributions</p>
            <p>Indian Ocean: 1006 m depth off Sri Lanka (Alcock and Anderson 1899a), 775 – 825 m off South Africa (Kensley 1977), 528 – 582 m and 675 m off Indonesia (Crosnier 1984), 700 – 1200 m off Madagascar, 520 – 550 m and 1650 m off the Philippines (Crosnier 1988), and northern Australia (Dall 1999). The present study reports this species from a depth of 635 m in the Andaman Sea.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis (modified from Crosnier 1988)</p>
            <p>Rostrum moderately long (CL:RL 1.00:0.34), reaching as far as the distal end of second segment of antennular peduncle, dorsal margin nearly straight with 7 dorsal teeth, of which 3 are on carapace, ventral margin convex in nature.</p>
            <p>Carapace short (TL:CL 1.00:0.30), post-rostral carina elevated, extending to posterior margin, epigastric tooth on anterior half, adrostral carina prominent, cervical groove deep, continuous across dorsal margin and terminating above hepatic groove (Figure 4 (a)). Antennal, hepatic, pterygostomian spines present; hepatic groove commencing at base of orbital region and extending to its junction with branchio-cardiac groove. Branchio-cardiac carina and groove curve towards dorsal surface. A feeble post-hepatic carina commences behind hepatic spine and extends parallel to branchio-cardiac groove (Figure 4 (a)).</p>
            <p>Eyes moderately long, almost reaching distal end of basal segment of antennular peduncle, cornea wider than eyestalk; eyestalk with prominent tubercle characteristic of the species on inner margin (Figure 4 (b)).</p>
            <p>Upper and lower antennular flagellae sub-cylindrical, about as long as the entire body, first antennular segment with antero-median spine, prosartema well developed. Scaphocerite long, distally rounded, maximum width at base, median ridges usual (Figure 4 (c)).</p>
            <p>Maxilliped II – III with long filamentous exopods.</p>
            <p>Pereiopods I – IV bear exopods and epipods, exopod in PV reduced, epipod absent. PI – III chelate, PI – II short (CL:TPLI 1.00:0.71; CL:TPLII 1.00:1.06), PIII long (CL:TPLIII 1.00:1.46). PI ischium and merus with 1 distal spine each; meri of PII – IV with 1 distal meral spine. PIV simple, long (CL:TPLIV 1.00:1.35), dactylus more than half as long as propodus (PPLIV:PDLIV 1.00:0.57). PV missing.</p>
            <p>Abdomen long (TL:AL 1.00:0.46), all somites with mid-dorsal carina but without pits dorsally, somite I with low carina on posterior half, somites IV – VI with postero-dorsal spines (Figure 4 (a)), somite V with depressed lateral carina; uropodal exopod with distolateral spine.</p>
            <p>Telson with 1 pair of sub-apical fixed spines and 3 pairs of movable lateral spines.</p>
            <p>Thelycum comprising small-sized tubercle between the bases of PIII and PIV, and a larger ovate tubercle between the bases of PV (Figure 4 (d)).</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Haliporus taprobanensis is a large-sized species [maximum CL + RL 64 mm (Alcock 1901); CL + RL 39.8 – 43.5 mm (Kensley 1977); CL 34.2 – 57.5 mm (Crosnier 1984); CL 15.3 – 49.5 mm (Crosnier 1988); 41.5 – 56.0 mm (Dall 1999); CL 46.0 – 51.0 mm (present study)] distributed across the Indo-West Pacific regions (Dall 1999) (Figure 5). This species was described from a female specimen (Indian Museum voucher number 3805/10) collected from 1006 m depth in the Gulf of Mannar off Sri Lanka during the deep-sea expedition of the RIMSS  Investigator (Alcock and Anderson 1899a) . The present observation is the first record from the Andaman Sea (Figure 5). </p>
            <p>This species is defined by a combination of the following morphological characters (following Crosnier 1988): integument firm; eye almost reaching the distal end of segment I of the antennal peduncle, cornea distinctly wider than the base of ocular peduncle, darkly pigmented; mid-dorsal ridge of abdominal somite I extending over half the space between transverse groove and posterior edge of somite; somite IV with tooth at the distal end of mid-dorsal ridge. The present confirmation of the species was on the basis of morphological characters such as dimensions of the eye, pleonal armature and shape of the thelycum following Crosnier (1988). The present specimens are characterised by: an elevated rostrum with 5 dorsal teeth; a distinct pterygostomian spine; the mid-dorsal ridge on pleonal somite I extending only half the distance between the transverse groove and posterior edge; the lack of pits and longitudinal grooves on the pleonal somites; pleonal somite IV with distinct tooth distally on the mid-dorsal ridge; and a relatively shorter somite VI. The morphology of the present specimens agrees with the original description of the holotype female, described by Alcock and Anderson (1899a) and depicted in pl. XVI, fig. 3 (Alcock and Anderson 1899b).</p>
            <p> The present specimens also show affinity with  H. thetis Faxon, 1893 in having a firm integument, and a longer eye almost reaching segment I of the antennal peduncle with the cornea distinctly wider than the ocular peduncle. </p>
            <p> According to Crosnier (1988),  H. taprobanensis differs from  H. curvirostris Spence Bate, 1881 in having a firm integument (vs soft integument in  H. curvirostris ); secondly,  H. taprobanensis possesses a longer eye almost reaching segment I of the antennal peduncle with cornea distinctly wider than the basal part of the ocular peduncle [vs shorter eye reaching only up to half the length of segment I of the antennal peduncle with cornea as wide as the ocular peduncle in  H. curvirostris (Crosnier 1988, fig. 1a)]. </p>
            <p> On the other hand,  H. taprobanensis differs from  H. thetis in lacking a pitted surface on pleonal somites I – IV [vs presence of pitted surface on pleonal somites I – IV in  H. thetis (Crosnier 1988, fig. 6g)]; secondly, in  H. taprobanensis , the mid-dorsal ridge on pleonal somite I is restricted to the posterior half [vs the mid-dorsal ridge extending along the entire distance between the transverse groove and posterior edge in  H. thetis (Crosnier 1988, fig. 6g)]; thirdly,  H. taprobanensis possesses a distinct distal tooth on the mid-dorsal ridge of pleonal somite IV [vs absent in  H. thetis (Crosnier 1988, fig. 6g)]. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC3787BD6E019013FEADF99CFC1EFE64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Padate, Vinay P.;K. A., Mary Baby;Cubelio, Sherine Sonia;Saravanane, Narayanane;Sudhakar, Maruthadu	Padate, Vinay P., K. A., Mary Baby, Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Saravanane, Narayanane, Sudhakar, Maruthadu (2020): First records of dendrobranchiate prawns (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) from the Andaman Sea, India. Journal of Natural History 54 (7 - 8): 405-418, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1765035, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2020.1765035
