identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D1A92AFFADFFCD30851547FD1DEB4D.text	03D1A92AFFADFFCD30851547FD1DEB4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectamenogonus Buysson 1893	<div><p>Genus Ectamenogonus Buysson, 1893</p> <p>Ectamenogonus Buysson, 1893: cccxiv (original description); Hyslop, 1921: 642 (subsequent designation of type species: Ludius montandoni Buysson, 1888).</p> <p>Penthelater Ôhira, 1970: 9 (original description; type species: Ludius plebejus Candéze, 1873; by original designation); Platia and Cate, 1990: 111 (synonymized with Ectamenogonus).</p> <p>Rhodopenthes Gurjeva, 1973: 450 (original description; type species: Ludius plebejus Candéze, 1873; by original designation); Gurjeva, 1974: 111 (synonymized with Penthelater).</p> <p>Diagnostic description. Adults. Head convex in profile, without median depression. Supra-antennal carina complete, in anterior view broadly rounded, in profile not projecting beyond frontoclypeal region. Frontoclypeal region in ventral view narrowed medially. Antennae serrate from antennomere IV, without median longitudinal carina; antennomeres I and III–XI longer than wide; II globular, shortest; III obconical; IV longer than II–III combined but shorter than II–III combined in some females. Mandible bidentate. Prothorax laterally rounded and abruptly narrowed anteriorly. Pronotum posteriorly with or without a median longitudinal depression, without sublateral incisions near hind angles; hind angles bicarinate. Hypomeron: mesial edge with elevated impunctate ridge next to pronotosternal suture; posterior margin with two large emarginations. Procoxal cavity partly closed behind by mesial projection of hypomeron. Prosternal process depressed or not between procoxae, without subapical tooth. Pronotosternal sutures not grooved. Mesepisternum not reaching mesocoxal cavity. Mesosternum separated by suture from metasternum. Metasternum sulcate medially just behind mesosternum. Elytra elevated around each puncture; apex rounded, emarginate or truncate; apical internal and outer edges with or without thorn. Tarsomeres and claws simple. Parameres distinctly notched between apical parts and preapical expansions. Bursa copulatrix with sclerotized spines.</p> <p>Distribution. Oriental region (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Japan): 12 species; Palearctic region (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Bulgaria, China, Cyprus, Czech, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Italy, Japan, Korea, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Syria, Turkey): four species (Schimmel, 2005; Cate, 2007; this study).</p> <p>Ecology. Larvae are carnivorous and develop in dead wood and soil in hollows of deciduous trees (Coache and Delnatte, 2007). Adults appear from May to October from tropical rainforests, lowland laurel forests, and temperate broad-leaf forests (Miwa, 1929; Ôhira, 1999; Schimmel, 1999, 2003; Coache and Delnatte, 2007) and in March and April in uplands of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo (Schimmel, 1998, 2003). In Japan, most adults are attracted to lights at night (Ôhira, 1999; Arimoto, 2017). Ectamenogonus plebejus was attracted to broad-leaved trees attacked by pests.</p> <p>Included species from Japan. Four species: E. matobai (Kishii, 1973) in the Yaeyama Islands; E. miyakoensis Arimoto sp. n. in the Miyako Islands; E. plebejus (Candèze, 1873) from Hokkaido to the Okinawa Islands; E. robustus (Kishii, 1966) from Hokkaido to Kyushu.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1A92AFFADFFCD30851547FD1DEB4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Arimoto, Kôichi	Arimoto, Kôichi (2022): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ectamenognonus Buysson (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Elaterinae) from Japan. Zootaxa 5087 (2): 306-334, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.4
03D1A92AFFADFFCC3085105AFA51EE03.text	03D1A92AFFADFFCC3085105AFA51EE03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectamenogonus Buysson 1893	<div><p>Key to species of the genus Ectamenogonus from Japan</p> <p>1. Body slender (EI:&gt;2.3, BI:&gt;1.9) (Fig. 1A). Spiculum ventrale 3.6–4.2 x longer than sternite VIII. Ovipositor 1.2–1.3 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites............................................................... 2</p> <p>- Body robust (EI: &lt;2.3, BI: &lt;1.9) (Fig. 1B–G). Spiculum ventrale 2.5 x longer than sternite VIII. Ovipositor 0.9 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites................................................ E. matobai (Kishii, 1973)</p> <p>2. Antennomere IV 1.1–1.5 x longer than II–III combined (Figs. 5D, 8D). Prothorax somewhat slender (PI: 109–121) (Fig. 1B–E). Aedeagus slender (3.6–4.3 times longer than wide) (Figs. 6E, F, 11E, F). Median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/4 to 1/3 (Figs. 6E, F, 11E, F). Paramere apex length 1.9–2.2 x width of parameres at expansions (Figs. 6G, 11G). Bursa copulatrix long (1.7–2.7 times length of uterus), with two clusters of sclerotized spines (Figs. 7A, 13A)........... 3</p> <p>- Antennomere IV 0.9–1.1 x longer than II–III combined (Fig. 14D). Prothorax somewhat robust (PI: 101–111) (Fig. 1F, G). Aedeagus robust (3.3 times longer than wide) (Fig. 16E, F). Median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/5 to 1/4 (Fig. 16E, F). Paramere apex length 1.3–1.8 x width of parameres at expansions (Fig. 16G). Bursa copulatrix short (1.0–1.1 times length of uterus), with a cluster of sclerotized spines (Fig. 18E)........................ E. robustus (Kishii, 1966)</p> <p>3. Antennae just reaching or extending beyond pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere in male (Fig. 10B–D). Posterior edge of scutellar shield rounded but truncate in some (Fig. 8G). Elytra 2.0–2.2 times longer than pronotum length (BI: 202–229) (Fig. 1D, E). Bursa copulatrix shorter (1.7–2.3 times length of uterus) (Fig. 13A)..... E. plebejus (Candèze, 1873)</p> <p>- Antennae not reaching pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere in male (Fig. 10A). Posterior edge of scutellar shield emarginate medially (Fig. 5G: arrow). Elytra 1.9–2.0 times longer than pronotum length (BI: 191–199) (Fig. 1B, C). Bursa copulatrix longer (2.4–2.7 times length of uterus) (Fig. 7A)........................ E. miyakoensis Arimoto sp. n.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1A92AFFADFFCC3085105AFA51EE03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Arimoto, Kôichi	Arimoto, Kôichi (2022): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ectamenognonus Buysson (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Elaterinae) from Japan. Zootaxa 5087 (2): 306-334, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.4
03D1A92AFFACFFCA3085159AFD70EA94.text	03D1A92AFFACFFCA3085159AFD70EA94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectamenogonus matobai (Kishii 1973)	<div><p>Ectamenogonus matobai (Kishii, 1973)</p> <p>(Figures 1A, 3, 4)</p> <p>Penthelater matobai Kishii, 1973: 12 (original description; type locality: Japan, Okinawa Prefecture, Ishigaki City (Ishigaki Island)).</p> <p>Ectamenogonus matobai (Kishii, 1973); Kishii, 1999: 56 (change generic status) [partim].</p> <p>Type material. Holotype. Female [5636], Japan, Okinawa Prefecture, Ishigaki City (Ishigaki Island), 14 VI 1971, Isao Matoba leg. Verbatim label data (Fig. 4A). “ HOLOTYPE ”; “ ♀ ”; “5636”; “ISHIGAKI City/ Ishigaki Is./ 14- VII-1971 / Leg. I. Matoba ”; “ Penthelater / matobai/ Kishii (Ms)/ Det. T. KISHII. 1972”.</p> <p>Female. Diagnosis. Antennomere IV 1.3 x longer than II– III combined. Prothorax 1.2 x longer than wide. Posterior edge of scutellar shield almost truncate but slight emarginate medially. Elytra 2.2 x longer than wide, 1.8 x longer than pronotum length. Spiculum ventrale 2.5 x longer than sternite VIII. Ovipositor 0.9 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites. Bursa copulatrix 2.1 x length of uterus, with two clusters of sclerotized spines.</p> <p>Measurements. BL: 12.9, BW: 3.79, MAE: 2.14, MBE: 1.32; OI: 162, PL: 4.44, PML: 3.72, PW: 3.79, PI: 117, EL: 8.10, EW: 3.65, EI: 222, BI: 183.</p> <p>Redescription. Body widest near pronotum hind angles; surface with microstructures; interspaces between punctures generally as long as puncture diameter but partly smaller than puncture diameter; frons, hypomeron, scutellar shield and abdomen interspaces between punctures larger than puncture diameter (Fig. 3A, B, G, H). Color. Body brown (Fig. 1A). Labrum red-brown (Fig. 3C). Antennae orange (Fig. 1A). Mandible red-brown (Fig. 3C). Maxillary palpomeres orange (Fig. 3C). Prosternum and hypomeron red-brown (Fig. 3A). Elytra around striae blackish (Fig. 1A). Legs orange (Fig. 3A). Abdomen becoming paler apicad (Fig. 3A). Tergites and sternites VIII red-brown (Fig. 4C). Body covered with orange to red-brown setae (Figs. 1A, 3A).</p> <p>Head. Frons beyond eyes 0.3 x longer than wide (Fig. 3B); supra-antennal carina in ventral view weakly emarginate but almost straight medially (Fig. 3C). Antennae not reaching pronotum posterior margin excluding posterior angles by apical antennomere (Fig. 1A); II 1.1 x longer than wide; III 1.2 x longer than wide; IV 2.2 x longer than wide, 1.3 x longer than II–III combined (Fig. 3D), 1.1 x longer than V; V 1.9 x longer than wide; XI 2.7 x longer than wide (Fig. 3E).</p> <p>Prothorax 1.2 x longer than wide, widening posteriad, widest behind hind angles (Fig. 1A); sides rounded in anterior half, straight in posterior half. Pronotum without median longitudinal depression. Prosternum: ventral margin roundly inclined in anterior 1/3 (Fig. 3F); anterior lobe just reaching anterior angles of prothorax (Fig. 3F). Prosternal process without depression between procoxae (Fig. 3H); side of dorsal lobe widening posteriad, widest near anterior half and then concavely narrowed (Fig. 3A); ventral margin of ventral lobe in profile straightly inclined and then broadly convex in posterior half (Fig. 3F); apex in ventral and lateral views rounded (Fig. 3A, F). Hypomeron slightly grooved next to impunctate ridge (Fig. 3H: white arrow); posterior margin with angle near mesial projection (Fig. 3H: black arrow). Pronotosternal sutures moderately opened anteriorly (Fig. 3H). Scutellar shield 1.6 x longer than wide (Fig. 3G), widest near anterior half, convex, strongly inclined anterior-downwards, not visible in profile (Fig. 3F); anterior edge broadly rounded; sides broadly rounded anteriorly; posterior edge almost truncate but slight emarginate medially (Fig. 3G: arrow). Mesosternum: posterior edge 0.1 x wider than mesosternum width, triangularly emarginate (Fig. 3I: arrow), with widely rounded angles; borders of mesosternal cavity in profile horizontal and then abruptly inclined (Fig. 3F). Elytra 2.2 x longer than wide, 1.8 x longer than pronotum length; apex emarginate; apical outer edge of each elytron rounded; apical internal edges of each elytron slightly pointed or rounded (likely due to damage) (Fig. 3J).</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite V 0.6 x longer than wide (Fig. 3A). Tergite VIII 1.3 x longer than wide (Fig. 4D). Sternite VIII 1.0 x longer than wide (Fig. 4E); spiculum ventrale 2.5 x longer than sternite VIII (Fig. 4C). Ovipositor 0.9 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites; coxites two segmented at ventral side (Fig. 4H; indistinct due to press of glass), with some setae; stylus with setae around apex (Fig. 4G). Vagina long; uterus globular (Fig. 4C); bursa copulatrix U-shaped, long, 2.1 x length of uterus, with 78 sclerotized spines, of which 29 spines forming cluster in first half and 49 spines forming rows in latter half (Fig. 4F); long thin sac extending from apex of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 4C), with coiled sac near apex of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 4F).</p> <p>Male. Unknown.</p> <p>Comparative notes. Ectamenogonus matobai is distinguished from the Japanese congeners by the robust body (the other species in parentheses): elytra&gt;2.3 x longer than wide, EI: 222 (elytra &lt;2.3 x longer than wide, EI: 235– 260); elytra&gt;1.9 x length of pronotum, BI: 182 (elytra &lt;1.9 x length of pronotum, BI: 191–255); spiculum ventrale 2.5 x longer than sternite VIII (spiculum ventrale 3.6–4.1 x longer than sternite VIII); ovipositor 0.9 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites (ovipositor 1.2–1.3 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites).</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 20B). Japan: Yaeyama Islands of the Ryukyu Islands (Ishigaki Island). Taiwan (Schimmel, 2003).</p> <p>Kishii (1999) included the Kume, Ishigaki, and Iriomote Islands in the range of E. matobai. Kishii (2004a) stated that the species from Kume and Ishigaki islands is not E. matobai, but he did not give detailed information on the specimens mentioned; this study did not find the specimens that were evidence of the distribution in Kishii (1999, 2004a). In this study, E. matobai is treated to be only from the holotype from Ishigaki Island, and the species from Kume Island was determined to be E. plebejus (see discussion of E. plebejus).</p> <p>Ecology. There is no ecological information.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1A92AFFACFFCA3085159AFD70EA94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Arimoto, Kôichi	Arimoto, Kôichi (2022): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ectamenognonus Buysson (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Elaterinae) from Japan. Zootaxa 5087 (2): 306-334, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.4
03D1A92AFFAAFFC430851014FCCFE871.text	03D1A92AFFAAFFC430851014FCCFE871.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectamenogonus miyakoensis Arimoto 2022	<div><p>Ectamenogonus miyakoensis Arimoto, sp. n.</p> <p>(Figures 1B, 1C, 5, 6, 7, 10A)</p> <p>Homotechnes plebejus (Candèze, 1873); Kishii, 1961: 42 (comment about distribution) [partim].</p> <p>Ectamenogonus plebejus (Candèze, 1873); Kishii, 1999: 56 (comment about distribution) [partim].</p> <p>Etymology. Specific epithet derived from Miyako Island, the type locality.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype. Male [EMM01], Japan, Ryukyu, Okinawa Prefecture, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.3174&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.8013" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.3174/lat 24.8013)">Miyakojima City</a> (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.3174&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.8013" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.3174/lat 24.8013)">Miyako Island</a>), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.3174&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.8013" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.3174/lat 24.8013)">Hirara-higashinakasonezoe</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.3174&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.8013" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.3174/lat 24.8013)">Mt. Ôno-yama</a>, 24.8013°N, 125.3174°E, 4 m, 6 VII 2015, Kôichi Arimoto leg., by simple light trap. Paratypes. 2 females [EMF01, EMF02], same data as the holotype.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Antennae not reaching pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere in male.Antennomere IV 1.2–1.3 x longer than II–III combined. Prothorax 1.2 x longer than wide. Posterior edge of scutellar shield shallowly emarginate medially. Elytra 2.4–2.5 x longer than wide, 1.9–2.0 x longer than pronotum length. Aedeagus 4.0 x longer than wide. Median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/3. Paramere apex length 1.9–2.1 x width of parameres at expansions. Spiculum ventrale 4.0–4.1 x longer than sternite VIII. Ovipositor 1.3 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites. Bursa copulatrix 2.4–2.7 x length of uterus, with two clusters of sclerotized spines.</p> <p>Measurements. Male. BL: 11.2, BW: 3.16, MAE: 1.88, MBE: 1.18; OI: 159, PL: 3.87, PML: 3.18, PW: 3.16, PI: 122, EL: 7.39, EW: 3.07, EI: 241, BI: 191. Female. BL: 11.5–11.6, BW: 3.10–3.35, MAE: 1.84–1.85, MBE: 1.19–1.13; OI: 155–165, PL: 3.82–3.97, PML: 3.21–3.30, PW: 3.10–3.35, PI: 119–123, EL: 7.59–7,65, EW: 3.05–3.16, EI: 242–249, BI: 193–199.</p> <p>Description. Body widest around pronotum hind angles; surface with microstructures; interspaces between punctures generally as long as puncture diameter but partially smaller than puncture diameter; frons, hypomeron, scutellar shield and abdomen interspaces between punctures larger than puncture diameter (Fig. 5A, B, G). Color. Body brown to black-brown (Fig. 1B, C). Labrum reddish (Fig. 5C). Antennae orange (Fig. 5A). Mandible reddish but apical parts black (Fig. 5C). Maxillary palpomeres orange (Fig. 5C). Posterior edge of pronotum, anterior lobe of prosternum and mesial margin and posterior part of hypomeron reddish (Figs. 1B, 1C, 5C, 5H). Elytra around striae blackish, orange in posterior margin (Fig. 1B, C). Legs orange (Fig. 5A). Posterior margin of abdominal ventrite V orange (Fig. 5A). Male. Tergites and sternites VIII‒X and aedeagus yellow (Fig. 6). Female. Tergites and sternites VIII red-brown (Fig. 7A). Body covered with orange to red-brown setae.</p> <p>Head. Frons beyond eyes 0.3 x longer than wide (Fig. 5B); supra-antennal carina in ventral view emarginate medially (Fig. 5C). Antennae not reaching pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere (Fig. 1B, C). Male. Antennae extending beyond pronotum posterior margin excluding posterior angles by apical antennomere (Fig. 10A); antennomere II 0.8 x longer than wide; III 1.1 x longer than wide; IV 1.8 x longer than wide, 1.4 x longer than II–III combined (Fig. 5D), 1.1 x longer than V; V 1.7 x longer than wide; XI 2.8 x longer than wide (Fig. 5E). Female. Antennae not reaching pronotum posterior margin excluding posterior angles by apical antennomere (Fig. 1C); antennomere II 0.9–1.1 x longer than wide; III 1.2–1.3 x longer than wide; IV 2.0 x longer than wide, 1.2–1.3 x longer than II–III combined, 1.0–1.1 x longer than V; V 1.8 x longer than wide; XI 2.5–2.7 x longer than wide.</p> <p>Prothorax 1.2 x longer than wide, widening posteriad, widest behind hind angles in holotype and at posterior lateral apices in paratypes; sides rounded in anterior 1/3, straight in posterior 2/3. Pronotum posteriorly with slight median longitudinal depression. Prosternum: ventral margin weakly inclined in anterior half (at 8–15 degrees against prosternal horizontal line, Fig. 5F); anterior lobe exceeding anterior angles of prothorax (Fig. 1F). Prosternal process depressed between procoxae (Fig. 5H), in profile strongly inclined and then almost horizontal behind procoxae (Fig. 5F); sides of dorsal lobe almost straight and parallel anteriorly and then roundly narrowed; ventral margin of ventral lobe in profile straight anteriorly and rounded posteriorly; apex in ventral and lateral views rounded (Fig. 5A, F). Hypomeron slightly grooved next to impunctate ridge (Fig. 5H: white arrow). Pronotosternal sutures moderately opened anteriorly (Fig. 5H). Scutellar shield 1.5–1.7 x longer than wide (Fig. 5G), widest anteriorly, convex, strongly inclined anterior-downwards, not visible in profile (Fig. 5F); anterior edge broadly rounded; sides almost straight or broadly rounded anteriorly; posterior edge shallowly emarginate medially (Fig. 5G: arrow). Mesosternum: posterior edge 0.1 x wider than mesosternum width, triangularly emarginate (Fig. 5I: arrow), with narrowly rounded angles; borders of mesosternal cavity in profile horizontal anteriorly and then roundly and abruptly inclined (Fig. 5F). Elytra 2.4–2.5 x longer than wide, 1.9–2.0 x longer than pronotum length; apex emarginate; apical outer edge of each elytron rounded; apical internal edge of each elytron slightly pointed or rounded (likely due to damage) (Fig. 5J).</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite V 0.6–0.7 x longer than wide (Fig. 5A). Male. Tergite VIII 1.3 x longer than wide, rounded apically (Fig. 6A). Sternite VIII with deep and rounded median notch (Fig. 6B). Tergite IX 0.9 x length of tergite X, with median notch rounded (Fig. 6C). Tergite X 1.5 x longer than wide, rounded apically (Fig. 6C). Sternite IX 3.5 x longer than wide, rounded apically (Fig. 6D). Aedeagus 4.0 x longer than wide (Fig. 6E, F). Phallobase 0.5 x total length of aedeagus, 2.0 x longer than wide. Median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/3; basal struts 0.4 x total length of median lobe. Parameres fused ventrally; preapical expansions not projecting laterally beyond side of apex; apex beyond preapical expansions blade-like shaped (Fig. 6G), rounded laterally, with two setae dorsally, with three setae ventrally; apex length 1.9–2.1 x width of parameres at expansions in ventral side. Female. Terigite VIII 1.5 x longer than wide (Fig. 7B). Sternite VIII 1.2–1.3 x longer than wide (Fig. 7C); spiculum ventrale 4.0–4.1 x longer than sternite VIII (Fig. 7A). Ovipositor 1.3 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites; coxites two segmented at ventral side (Fig. 7H), with some setae; stylus with setae around apex (Fig. 7H). Vagina long; uterus globular (Fig. 7A); bursa copulatrix U-shaped (Fig. 7A), long, 2.4–2.7 x length of uterus, with 61–71 sclerotized spines, of which 25–26 spines forming cluster in first half (Fig. 7D) and 35–46 spines forming rows in latter half (Fig. 7E); long thin sac extending from apex of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 7F), with thin coiled sac near apex of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 7F, G).</p> <p>Comparative note. Ectamenogonus miyakoensis is similar to E. plebejus in the proportions of the prothorax and elytra and shape of the aedeagus, but it is distinguished from E. plebejus by the following contrasting characters (E. plebejus in parentheses): antennae not reaching pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere in male (antennae just reaching or extending beyond pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere in male); posterior edge of scutellar shield shallowly emarginate medially (posterior edge of scutellar shield rounded but truncate in some); elytra 1.9–2.0 x longer than pronotum length, BI: 191–199 (elytra 2.0–2.3 x longer than pronotum length, BI: 202–229); bursa copulatrix 2.4–2.7 x length of uterus (bursa copulatrix 1.7–2.3 x length of uterus).</p> <p>Discussion. Kishii (1961) included Miyako Island in the distribution of E. plebejus, but he did not give specimen information. This study did not find specimens that served as evidence of the distribution information in Kishii (1961). Specimens newly collected from Miyako Island (EMM01 and EMF01–02) are distinguished from E. plebejus by the antenna length, proportion of body, shape of the scutellar shield, and length of the bursa copulatrix (see comparative note of E. miyakoensis). Therefore, the specimens from Miyako Island were determined to be a new species, E. miyakoensis, and removed E. plebejus from Miyako Island.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 20B). Japan: Miyako Islands of the Ryukyu Islands (Miyako Island).</p> <p>Ecology. The type specimens were collected at night using simple light traps made by combining a flight interception trap with a 4 W chemical fluorescent light.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1A92AFFAAFFC430851014FCCFE871	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Arimoto, Kôichi	Arimoto, Kôichi (2022): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ectamenognonus Buysson (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Elaterinae) from Japan. Zootaxa 5087 (2): 306-334, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.4
03D1A92AFFA4FFDC3085137BFDC1E855.text	03D1A92AFFA4FFDC3085137BFDC1E855.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectamenogonus plebejus (Candeze 1873)	<div><p>Ectamenogonus plebejus (Candèze, 1873)</p> <p>(Figures 8, 9, 10B–D, 11–13, 19G–K)</p> <p>Ludis plebejus Candèze, 1873: 28 (original description; type locality: Japan).</p> <p>Crigmus plebejus; Lewis, 1894: 266 (changed generic status).</p> <p>Trichophorus plebejus; Schwarz, 1907: 259 (changed generic status).</p> <p>Neotrichophorus plebejus; Schenkling, 1927: 432 (changed generic status).</p> <p>Homotechnes plebejus; Baba and Ôhira, 1956: 14 (changed generic status); Kishii and Ôhira, 1956: 76.</p> <p>Penthelater plebejus; Ôhira, 1970: 24 (changed generic status).</p> <p>Ectamenogonus plebejus; Kishii, 1998: 4 (used following treatment of Platia and Cate (1990)).</p> <p>Caledonelater plebejus; Jiang, 1993: 149 (treated as belonging to Caledonelater).</p> <p>Megapenthes fusconiger Kolbe, 1886: 199 (original description; type locality: Seoul, Korea); Miwa, 1934: 164 (suggested as junior synonym); Kishii, 1999: 56 (treated as synonym).</p> <p>Penthelater yakuensis Ôhira, 1970: 9 (original description; type locality: Japan, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kumage District, Yakushima Town (Yaku Island), Miyanoura). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Ectamonogonus yakuensis; Kishii, 1999: 56 (changed generic status).</p> <p>Ectamenogonus takumii Kishii, 2006: (original description; type locality: Japan, off Kyushu, Nagasaki Prefecture, Tsushima City (Tsushima Island), Mine Town, Mine, Nakazato) [partim].</p> <p>Notes. No details of the collection sites of the type specimens were given in the original description or on the collection labels (Candèze, 1873). Lewis (1894) indicated that the collection sites of the types are Nagasaki, Ashiwo, and Sapporo. Ôhira (1999) examined the lectotype and thought that it was collected in Nagasaki, but there is no clear evidence of this.</p> <p>Type material. Holotype of Penthelater yakuensis. Male [GN. 1435], Japan, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kumage District, Yakushima Town (Yaku Island), Miyanoura, 11 VII 1968, K. Suga leg. Verbatim label data (Fig. 2E). “ HOLOTYPE ”; “ 宮ノ浦 / 11 VII 1968 / K. Suga ”; “ fl真 ”; “ Penthelater / yakuensis/ Ôhira, 1970 / H. Ohira Det. 1970”. Paratype of Ectamenogonus takumii. Female, Japan, Nagasaki Prefecture, Tsushima City (Tsushima Island), Izuhara Town, Sasu Pass, 22–28 VII 1959, Takashi Kishii leg. Verbatim label data (Fig. 18G). “female symbol”; “3055”; “ PARATYPE ”; “ SASU Pass/ Is. Tsushima / 22-28. VII, 1959”; “ Ectamenogonus / takumii/ Kishii, nov./ Det. T. KISHII, 2003”.</p> <p>Non-type material. Japan. Honshu. Chiba Prefecture. 1 male [KEP01], Chiba City, Miyako Town, 19 VIII 1993, J. Naito leg. Fukui Prefecture. 1 female [KEP03], Takada-Betsuin, 8 VIII 1961, T. Hori leg. Shiga Prefecture. 1 female [KEP04], Ôtsu City, Ômimaiko, 29 VIII 1959, I. K. leg.; 1 female [KEP05], Ôtsu City, 10 VIII 1963, Shimizu leg. Kyoto Prefecture. 1 female [KEP06], Kyoto City, VIII 1957, collector unknown; 1 female [KEP07], Kyoto City, 1 IX 1957, Y. Tanaka leg.; 1 male [GN. 2124], Kyoto City, 19 VIII 1957, S. Yoshida leg.; 1 female [KEP08], Kyoto City, Sakyô Ward, 27 VIII 1961, collector unknown; 1 female [KEP09], Kyoto City, Sakyô Ward, Syûgakuin, 27 VIII 1964, Shinzô Yoshida leg.; 1 female [KEP10], Kyoto City, Sakyô Ward, Shimogamo, VIII 1951, Y. Kakemi leg.; 1 female [KEP11], Kyoto City, Sakyô Ward, Ginkaku-ji Temple, 29 VIII1952, H. Ishida leg.; 1 female [KEP13], Kyoto City, Kita Ward, Murasakino, 16 VIII 1962, M. Hori leg.; 1 female [KEP14], Kyoto City, Nakagyô Ward, Nishinokyô, 3 VIII 1964, Masami Ogawa leg.; 1 female [KEP15], Kyoto City, Nakakyo Ward, Mibu, 23 VIII 1960, T. Koiike leg.; 1 female [KEP16], Kyoto City, Higashiyama, 27 VIII 1962, T. Arai leg.; 1 male [KEP17], Kyoto City, Higashiyama, 7 VIII 1963, H. Kawashima leg.; 1 female [3056], Kyoto City, Higashiyama Ward, Izumiyama, 20 VIII 1956, O. Nimura leg.; 1 male [3057], Kyoto City, Shimogyô Ward, 14 VIII 1964, Masao Inoue leg.; 1 female [KEP18], Kyoto City, Shimogyô Ward, Sichijô-Ômiya, 2 VIII 1963, Syôichi Kobayashi leg.; 1 female [KEP19], Kyoto City, Arashiyama, 10 VIII 1960, K. Ueda leg.; 1 male [KEP20], Kyoto City, Nishikyô Ward, Matsuo, 9 VIII 1962, H. Kojima leg.; 1 female [KEP21], Kyoto City, Nishikyô Ward, Katsura, 20 V 1946, T. Kishii leg.; 1 female [KEP22], Kyoto City, Fushimi Ward, Mt. Inari-yama, 20 VIII 1962, Imanishi leg.; 1 female [KEP23], Kyoto City, Fushimi Ward, Momoyama, 31 VII 1960, Y. Higuchi leg.; 1 female [KEP24], Uji City, 21 VIII 1962, H. Koyama leg.; 1 male [EPM01], Yawata City, Mt. Otoko-yama, 16 VIII 2013, Tateo Itô leg.; 1 female [EPF01], same place as the former, 5 VII 2012, Tateo Itô leg.; 2 males, 4 females [EPM02, EPM03, EPF02–05], same place as the former, 15 VIII 2015, by PET bottle traps containing ethanol; 3 females [EPF06–08], same place as the former, 29 VIII 2015, by PET bottle traps containing ethanol. Osaka Prefecture. 1 female [KEP25], Hirakata City, 1 VIII 1957, T. Nakamura leg. (Nakamu in label); 1 female [KEP26], Mishima District, Yamazaki, 17 VIII 1965, Hirofumi Ôta leg.; 1 male [KEP27], Kadoma City (once Kadoma Town), 3 VIII 1958, Sasaki leg. Hyôgo Prefecture. 1 female [EPF09], Takaraduka City, Mefu, 26 VIII 1986, K. Odanaka leg.; 1 female [KEP28], Kobe City, Tarumi, VIII 1951, M. Ishida leg.; 1 female [KEP29], Kobe City, Karasuhara, 30 VIII 1952, T. Takajashi leg. Hiroshima Prefecture. 1 male [KEP30], Hatsukaichi City, Yoshiwa (once Saiki District, Yoshiwa Village), Kanmuri Highland, 4 X 1997, Hiroaki Mukunoki leg. Kyushu. Miyazaki Prefecture. 1 male [EPM04], Nobeoka City, Kitagawa Town, Nagai-Honmura (Motomura in label), 26 VII 2000, Masato Mori leg. Gotô Islands. 1 male [KEP31], Nagasaki Prefecture, Hira-shima Island, 3 VIII 1978, N. Koga leg. Koshiki Islands. 1 male [3052], Kagoshima Prefecture, Satsumasendai City, Kamikoshiki Town (Kamikoshiki Island), Satochôsato (once Sato), 28 VII–VIII 1967, Hirayasu leg.; 1 female [3053], Kagoshima Prefecture, Satsumasendai City, Kamikoshiki Town (Nakakoshiki Island), Taira, 1–4 VIII 1967, Hirayasu leg.; 1 male [3054], Kagoshima Prefecture, Satsumasendai City, Shimokoshiki Town (Shimokoshiki Island), Aose, 4–14 VIII 1967, Hirayasu leg. Ryukyu. Yaku Island. 1 male [EPM05], Kagoshima Prefecture, Kumage District, Yakushima Town, Anbô, 15–19 VII 1985, Isao Tanaka leg.; 1 female [KEP32], same place, 24 VII 1950, T. Shirozu leg. Okinawa Island. 1 female [OEP01], Okinawa Prefecture, Kunigami District, Motobu Town, Nobaru (Nohara in label), 31 VII 1975, Yoshihisa Kusui leg.; 1 male [EPM06], Okinawa Prefecture, Nakagami District, Nakagusuku Village, Deegusuku, 10 VIII 2011, Yoshihisa Kusui leg.; 1 female [EPF10], Okinawa Prefecture, Naha City, Syuri, 10 VII 1992, Masafumi Matsumura leg; 1 male [OEP02], same place, 6 VIII 1959, collector unknown; 1 male [OEP03], same place, 15 VII 1960, collector unknown; 1 male [EPM07], Okinawa Prefecture, Naha City, Syuri, Sakiyama, 10 VII 1992, Masafumi Matsumura leg. Tokashiki Island. 1 male [EPM08], Okinawa Prefecture, Shimajiri District, Tokashiki Village, Tokashiki, 18 VI 2013, Yoshihisa Kusui leg. Kume Island. 1 male [2169], Okinawa Prefecture, Shimajiri District, Kumejima Town, Kanegusuku, 6 V 1973, K. Sugino leg.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Antennae just reaching or extending beyond pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere in male. Antennomere IV 1.1–1.5 x longer than II–III combined. Prothorax 1.1–1.2 x longer than wide. Posterior edge of scutellar shield rounded but truncate in some. Elytra 2.4–2.6 x longer than wide, 2.0–2.3 x longer than pronotum length. Aedeagus 3.6–4.3 x longer than wide. Median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/4 to 1/3. Paramere apex length 1.9–2.2 x width of parameres at expansions. Spiculum ventrale 3.6–4.2 x longer than sternite VIII. Ovipositor 1.2–1.3 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites. Bursa copulatrix 1.7–2.3 x length of uterus, with two clusters of sclerotized spines.</p> <p>Measurements. Holotype of P. yakuensis. BL: 9.44, BW: 2.53, MAE: 1.60, MBE: 0.962; OI: 166, PL: 2.90, PML: 2.49, PW: 2.53, PI: 115, EL: 6.39, EW: 2.45, EI: 260, BI: 220. Paratype of E. takumii. BL: 13.41, BW: 3.43, MAE: 2.01, MBE: 1.24; OI: 162, PL: 4.08, PML: 3.46, PW: 3.43, PI: 119, EL: 8.59, EW: 3.42, EI: 251, BI: 210. Non-type specimens. Male (21 specimens). BL: 9.18–12.3, BW: 2.44–3.35, MAE: 1.54–2.04, MBE: 0.93–1.22; OI: 163–179, PL: 2.95–3.79, PML: 2.50–3.20, PW: 2.44–3.31, PI: 110–121, EL: 6.04–8.12, EW: 2.42–3.35, EI: 242–254, BI: 204–224. Female (37 specimens). BL: 11.3–14.5, BW: 3.05–3.98, MAE: 1.81–2.29, MBE: 1.09– 1.43; OI: 152–170, PL: 3.49–4.51, PML: 3.00–3.74, PW: 2.94–3.94, PI: 109–120, EL: 7.44–9.71, EW: 3.05–3.98, EI: 239–255, BI: 202–229.</p> <p>Redescription. Body widest near pronotum hind angles but posterior half of elytra in some; surface with microstructures; interspaces between punctures generally larger than puncture diameter but partly smaller than puncture diameter. Color. Body black-brown to red-brown (Figs. 1D, 1E, 2C). Labrum reddish (Figs. 8C, 9C). Antennae red-brown to orange (Figs. 1D, 1E, 2C). Mandible orange but apical parts black (Fig. 8C). Maxillary palpomeres orange (Fig. 4C). Posterior edge of pronotum, anterior lobe of prosternum and mesial margin and posterior part of hypomeron reddish (Figs. 1D, 1E, 2C, 8C, 8H, 9C, 9H). Elytra around striae blackish, reddish in posterior margin (Figs. 1D, 1E, 2C). Legs red-brown to orange (Fig. 8A). Posterior margin of abdominal ventrites I‒V orange (Fig. 8A). Male. Tergites and sternites VIII‒X and aedeagus yellow (Fig. 11). Female. Tergites and sternites VIII yellow to red-brown (Fig. 13A). Body covered with yellow-brown to red-brown setae.</p> <p>Head. Frons beyond eyes in anterior view 0.3 x longer than wide (Figs. 8B, 9B); supra-antennal carina in ventral view emarginate medially (Fig. 4D). Male. Antennae just reaching (Fig. 10B) or extending beyond (Fig. 10C, D) pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere, extending beyond pronotum posterior margin excluding posterior angles by apical antennomere; antennomere II 0.9–1.1 x longer than wide; III 1.2–1.7 x longer than wide; IV 1.8–2.2 x longer than wide, 1.1–1.5 x longer than II–III combined (Fig. 5D), 1.0–1.1 x longer than V; V 1.7–2.2 x longer than wide; XI 2.7–3.2 x longer than wide (Fig. 5E). Female. Antennae not reaching pronotum posterior margin excluding posterior angles by apical antennomere (Fig. 1F); antennomere II 0.9–1.3 x longer than wide; III 1.2–1.6 x longer than wide; IV 1.9–2.2 x longer than wide, 1.1–1.3 x longer than II–III combined, 1.0–1.2 x longer than V; V 1.7–2.0 x longer than wide; XI 2.3–2.6 x longer than wide.</p> <p>Prothorax 1.1–1.2 x longer than wide, widening posteriad, widest just behind posterior lateral apices but at posterior lateral apices in few; side rounded in anterior 1/3, straight in posterior 2/3. Pronotum posteriorly without median longitudinal depression. Prosternum: ventral margin distinctly inclined in anterior 1/5 (at 17–23 degrees against prosternal horizontal line, Figs. 8F, 9F); exceeding anterior angles of prothorax (Figs. 8F, 9F). Prosternal process depressed between procoxae (Figs. 8F, 9F), in profile distinctly inclined and then almost horizontal behind procoxae (Figs. 8F, 9F); sides of dorsal lobe almost straight and parallel (Fig. 8A) or broadly rounded (Fig. 9A) anteriorly and then narrowed to apex; ventral margin of ventral lobe in profile broadly rounded posteriorly; apex in ventral and lateral views rounded (Fig. 8A, F). Hypomeron slightly grooved next to impunctate ridge (Fig. 5H: white arrow). Pronotosternal sutures moderately opened anteriorly (Figs. 8H, 9H). Scutellar shield 1.4–1.7 x longer than wide (Figs. 8G, 9G), widest before anterior half, convex, strongly inclined anterior-downwards, not visible in profile (Figs. 8F, 9F); anterior edge almost straight; sides almost straight or broadly rounded anteriorly; posterior edge rounded but truncate in some. Mesosternum: posterior edge 0.1 x longer than mesosternum width, triangularly emarginate (Figs. 8I, 9I: arrow), with widely rounded angles; borders of mesosternal cavity in profile horizontal anteriorly and then roundly and gently inclined (Figs. 8F, 9F). Elytra 2.4–2.6 x longer than wide, 2.0–2.3 x longer than pronotum length; apex emarginate; apical outer edge of each elytron rounded; apical internal edge of each elytron slightly pointed or rounded (likely due to damage) (Figs. 8J, 9J).</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite V 0.6–0.7 x longer than wide (Fig. 10A). Male. Tergite VIII 1.1–1.3 x longer than wide, rounded apically (Fig. 11A). Sternite VIII with posterior edge shallowly emarginate (Fig. 11B). Tergite IX 1.1–1.2 x length of tergite X, with median notch rounded (Fig. 11C). Tergite X 1.1–1.3 x longer than wide, rounded apically (Fig. 11C). Sternite IX 2.8–3.3 x longer than wide, rounded apically (Fig. 11D). Aedeagus 3.6–4.3 x longer than wide (Fig. 11E, F). Phallobase 0.5 x total length of aedeagus, 1.8–2.2 x longer than wide. Median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/4 to 1/3; basal struts 0.4 x total length of median lobe. Parameres fused ventrally; preapical expansions gently projecting laterally beyond side of apex; apex beyond preapical expansions blade-like shaped (Fig. 11G), rounded laterally, with one to three setae dorsally and one or two setae and three to five sensilla ventrally; apex length 1.9–2.2 x width of parameres at expansions. Female. Tergite VIII 1.4–1.5 x longer than wide (Fig. 12B). Sternite VIII 1.1–1.2 x longer than wide (Fig. 12C); spiculum ventrale 3.6–4.2 x length of sternite VIII (Fig. 12A). Ovipositor 1.2–1.3 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites; coxites two segmented at ventral side (Fig. 12H), with some setae; stylus with setae around apex (Fig. 12H). Vagina long; uterus globular (Fig. 12A); bursa copulatrix U-shaped (Fig. 12A), long, 1.7–2.3 x length of uterus, with 56–86 or 117 sclerotized spines, of which 24–39 spines forming a cluster in first half (Fig. 12D) and 23–53 or 88 spines forming rows in latter half (Fig. 12E); long thin sac extending from apex of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 12F), with thin coiled sac near apex of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 12F, G).</p> <p>Comparative notes. Two Ectamenogonus species, E. plebejus and E. robustus, are distributed in mainland Japan and might be confused with each other (Ôhira, 1999). Ectamenogonus plebejus is distinguished from E. robustus by the following contrasting characters (E. robustus in parentheses): antennae just reaching or extending beyond pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere in male (antennae just or not reaching pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere in male); antennomere IV 1.1–1.5 x longer than II–III combined (antennomere IV 1.8–2.1 x longer than II–III combined); prothorax 1.1–1.2 x longer than wide, PI: 109–121 (prothorax 1.0–1.1 x longer than wide, PI: 101–111); aedeagus 3.6–4.3 x longer than wide (aedeagus 3.3 x longer than wide); median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/4 to 1/3 (median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/5 to 1/4); paramere apex length 1.9–2.2 x width of parameres at expansions (paramere apex length 1.3–1.8 x width of parameres at expansions); bursa copulatrix long, 1.7–2.3 x length of uterus (bursa copulatrix short, 1.0–1.1 x length of uterus); bursa copulatrix with two clusters of sclerotized spines (bursa copulatrix with a cluster of sclerotized spines).</p> <p>Discussion. Kishii (2006) separated the Tsushima Island population from E. plebejus by the width of the aedeagus and number of the sclerotized spines in the bursa copulatrix, and described the endemic species E. takumii, removing the record of E. plebejus by Miwa (1933) from the island. From my observations, the male holotype of E. takumii shares diagnostic characters with E. robustus in the proportions of the antennae, prothorax, and elytra and width of the aedeagus (see diagnosis of E. robustus). The holotype is characterized only by preapical expansions of the parameres distinctly projecting laterally beyond the side of the apex (Fig. 19F). However, it is though that this is within the variation found in E. robustus, which has variable preapical expansions of the parameres, ranging from not projecting (Fig. 17F) to slightly projecting laterally beyond the side of apex (Figs. 16G). This study found that the holotype is not distinguished from E. robustus only by the preapical expansions of the parameres and concluded that E. takumii should be a junior synonym of E. robustus. The female paratype of E. takumii shares diagnostic characters of E. plebejus in the proportions of the antennae, prothorax, and elytra and the length of the bursa copulatrix (see diagnosis of E. plebejus) and is not distinguished from female E. plebejus. The number of the sclerotized spines of the paratype is also within the range of the variation in that of E. plebejus. The paratype was concluded to belong to E. robustus. Accordingly, the type specimens of E. takumii include a male E. robustus and female E. plebejus. Female of E. robustus from Tsushima Island was also collected (ERF14 and ERF15). The two Ectamenogonus species are distributed sympatrically on Tsushima Island.</p> <p>Ectamenogonus yakuensis and E. plebejus are very similar to each other in the proportions of the antennomeres, prothorax, and elytra, and shape of the scutellar shield. Ectamenogonus yakuensis is known only from the male holotype from Yaku Island, which is characterized by a smaller body (Fig. 2D) and antennae extending beyond the pronotum posterior lateral apices by the apical antennomere (Fig. 10D). This study found that the antennae of male E. plebejus are variable, ranging from just reaching (Fig. 10B) to extending beyond (Fig. 10C) the pronotum posterior lateral apices by one apical antennomere. The antenna length versus pronotum length of the holotype is slightly longer than that of the other specimens of E. plebejus examined, although E. yakuensis is difficult to distinguish from E. plebejus by the slight difference in antenna length. The general structure of the aedeagus of the holotype is similar to that of E. plebejus, while the paramera apices of its aedeagus are lost (Fig. 12E, G). The aedeagus of an additional specimen from Yaku Island (EPM05) is similar to that of E. plebejus, with paramera apices. Therefore, E. yakuensis was determined to be within the range of variation found in E. plebejus and should be a junior synonym of E. plebejus.</p> <p>Newly collected specimens from the Okinawa Islands were examined: Okinawa (OEP01–03, EPM06, EPM07, and EPF10), Tokashiki Island (EPM08), which is between Okinawa and Kume Islands, and the specimen recorded by Kishii (1974) from Kume Island (2169). These specimens are similar to specimens from mainland Japan in antenna length, proportions of antennomeres and body, shape of scutellum and aedeagus, and length of the bursa copulatrix (see diagnosis of E. plebejus) and is difficult to distinguish from E. plebejus from mainland Japan. The two populations were determined to belong to the same species, E. plebejus.</p> <p>Species recorded as E. plebejus from Miyako Island belongs to E. miyakoensis (see discussion of E. miyakoensis).</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 20). Japan: Hokkaido, Honshu, Awa Island (off Honshu), Sado Island (off Honshu), Miyake Island (off Honshu), Oki Islands (off Honshu), Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima Island (off Kyushu), Gotô Islands (off Kyushu), Koshiki Islands (off Kyushu), Ryukyu Islands (Yaku, Nakano, Okinawa, Tokashiki and Kume Islands); Korea: mainland, Cheju Island, Ulleung Island; Taiwan (doubtful) (Kishii, 1999, 2006; Suzuki, 1999; Platia and Han, 2010; this study).</p> <p>Ectamenogonus plebejus was recorded from many sites in Taiwan (Miwa, 1930, 1931), but subsequent authors stated that they did not find E. plebejus in Taiwan (Suzuki, 1999; Kishii, 2004) and suggested that the past records were based on misidentification (Ôhira, 1994, 1999).</p> <p>Ecology. This species is often collected by light traps at night (Ôhira, 1994, 1999). Specimens (EPM02, EPM03, and EPF02–08) were attracted to trees with Platypus quercivorus (Curculionidae, Coleoptera) and collected by interception traps in laurel forest.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1A92AFFA4FFDC3085137BFDC1E855	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Arimoto, Kôichi	Arimoto, Kôichi (2022): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ectamenognonus Buysson (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Elaterinae) from Japan. Zootaxa 5087 (2): 306-334, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.4
03D1A92AFFBCFFD530851359FD55E8AE.text	03D1A92AFFBCFFD530851359FD55E8AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectamenogonus robustus (Kishii 1966)	<div><p>Ectamenogonus robustus (Kishii, 1966)</p> <p>(Figures 14–18, 19A–F)</p> <p>Homotechnes robustus Kishii, 1966: 28 (original description; type locality: Japan, Honshu, Gifu Prefecture, Motosu City, Nukumi Pass).</p> <p>Ectamenogonus robustus; Kishii, 1998: 4 (changed generic status).</p> <p>Ectamenogonus takumii Kishii, 2006: 121 (original description; type locality: Japan, off Kyushu, Nagasaki Prefecture, Tsushima City (Tsushima Island), Mine Town, Mine, Nakazato). Syn. nov.</p> <p>Type material. Ectamenogonus robustus. Holotype. Male [GN-1435], Japan, Honshu, Gifu Prefecture, Motosu City, Nukumi Pass, 10 VIII 1956, T. Syôji leg. Verbatim label data (Fig. 17A). “GN-1435”; “ HOLOTYPE ”; “ NUKUMI PASS / GIFU JAPAN / 10. VIII. ’56. T. SYÔJI ”; “ Homotechnes / robustus/ KISHII, 1966 / DET. T. KISHII, ’66”. Allotype. Female, Japan, Honshu, Kyoto Prefecture, Kyoto City, Shimogyô Ward, Sichijô-Ômiya, 2 IX 1959, Takashi Kishii leg. Paratypes. Japan. Honshu. Niigata Prefecture. 1 female [3069], Shibata City, Akatani Valley, 2 IX 1961, H. Koike leg.; 1 male [58-118, GN. 2123], Tainai City, Kurokawa, 11 VIII 1958, Kintarô Baba leg. Mie Prefecture. 1 male [KER01], Tanakura (unknown place), 11 VIII 1961, collector unknown. Shiga Prefecture. 1 male [KER02], Takashima City (once Mizuo Village), 29 VII 1963, J. Kawai leg. Kyoto Prefecture. 1 female [KER03], Kyoto City, Kita Ward, Kamigamo, 20 VII 1963, H. Tamada leg.; 1 female [KER04], Kyoto City, Sakyô Ward, Matsugasaki, 19 VII 1963, K. Kitagawa leg.; 1 female [KER05], Kyoto City, Sakyô Ward, Syȗgakuin, 19 IX 1957, T. Syôji leg.; 1 male [GN. 364], Kyoto City, Arashiyama, 11 VIII 1953, Takashi Kishii leg.; 2 females [KER06, KER07], Kyoto City, Nishikyô Ward, Katsura, 10 VIII 1946, Takashi Kishii leg.; 1 male [3060], same place, 19 VIII 1965, Shigeru Kazama leg.; 1 female [KER08], Kyoto City, Mt. Kinugasa-yama, 14 VIII 1963, Shirai leg.; 1 female [KER09], Kyoto City, Nishikyô Ward, Matsuo, 12 VII 1962, H. Asao leg.; 1 male [KER10], same place, 20 VIII 1959, Ishizawa leg.; 1 female [KER11], same place, 5 VIII 1965, Shigeo Umeda leg.; 1 female [3062], Nison-in, 4 VIII 1964, Kôichi Kitagawa leg.; 1 female [KER12], Kyoto City, Fushimi Ward, Takeda, 2 IX 1961, H. Nomura leg.; 1 male [KER13], same place, 26 VIII 1964, T. Yagi leg.; 1 male [KER14], Kyoto City, Fushimi Ward, Momoyama, 29 VIII 1960, Y. Toguchi leg.; 1 female [KER15], Kyoto City, Sakyô Ward, Mt. Daimonji-yama, 1 VIII 1964, Yoshito Seto leg.; 1 female [KER16], Kyoto City, Higashiyama Ward, 12 VIII 1963, S. Hirai leg.; 1 female [KER17], Kyoto City, Yamashina Ward, Mt. Ushio-san, 30 VII 1960, S. Tomimura leg.; 1 female [KER18], Kyoto City, Kamigyô Ward, Kyoto Gosyo, 28 VIII 1963, D. Mizutani leg.; 1 male [KER19], Kyoto City, Shimogyô Ward, Sichijô-Karasuma, 19 VII 1960, K. Kane leg.; 1 female [KER20], Kyoto City, Higashiyama Ward, Maruyama Park, 29 VII 1957, H. Ogura leg.; 1 female [KER21], Kyoto City, Sakyô Ward, Mt. Hiei-zan, 5 VIII 1956, K. Ôta leg.; 1 female [KER22], Mukô City, Mukô-machi, 28 VIII 1964, Takane Kinoshita leg.; 1 female [KER23], Uji City, 11 VIII 1958, K. Dôkuni leg.; 2 females [KER24, KER25], Uji City, 29 VIII 1959, T. Horiguchi leg.; 1 female [KER26], Uji City, Ôbaku, 7 VIII 1965, Sueo Yamada leg.; 1 female [KER27], Seika Town, 13 VIII 1962, Y. Nishijima leg.</p> <p>Osaka Prefecture. 1 female [KER28], Hirakata City, 1 VIII 1957, T. Nakamura leg. Hyôgo Prefecture. 1 male [3068], Tazima, Kazumi Town, VIII 1959, T. Takahashi leg.; 1 male [KER29], Inagawa Town, 12 VIII 1963, K. Kumeda leg. Shikoku. 1 female [3064], Tokushima Prefecture, Kuwadaira, 28 VII 1969, T. Shibata leg. Holotype of Ectamenogonus takumii. Male, Japan, off Kyushu, Nagasaki Prefecture, Tsushima City (Tsushima Island), Mine Town, Mine, Nakazato, 11 VIII 2001, Takumi Katô leg. Verbatim label data (Fig. 19A). “ HOLOTYPE ”; “8306”; “ ħDz県対馬峰町Ξffi / 中Ψ fi火 / 2001. 8. 11 / leg 加ü 琢Ƌ ”; “ Ectamenogonus / takumii/ Kishii, nov./ Det. T. KISHII, 2003”.</p> <p>Non-type material. Japan. Honshu. Aomori Prefecture. 1male [G.N. 363], Aomori City, Aburakawa, 29 VI 1944, Takashi Kishii leg. Miyake Island. 1 male [OER01], 9 VII 1964, Tokyo Prefecture, Miyake Village, Tsubota, K. Yamaoka leg. Yamanashi Prefecture. 1 female [ERF01], Nirasaki City, Hosaka Town, 13 VIII 1987, T. Ueno leg. Shizuoka Prefecture. 1 female [KER32], Shizuoka City, Hatanagi Dam, 1100 m, 22 VIII 1992, Koji Hosokawa leg. Ishikawa Prefecture. 1 male [KER30], Hakusan City, Mt. Haku-san, Bettôdeai, 18 VIII 2004, K. Fuji leg., at light trap. Nagano Prefecture. 1 female [ERF02], Ina City, Todai, 1 VIII 1988, Hisayuki Arimoto leg.; 1 female [ERF03], Kiso District, Nagiso Town, Azuma, Urushihata, Minamiararagi National Forest, 16 VIII 2012, Ryôji Toyoshima leg. Gifu Prefecture. 1 male, 1 female [ERM01, ERF04], Takayama City, Syokawa Town (once Ôno District, Syokawa Village), Ogamigô, 13 VIII 1995, Nobuhisa Yuzawa leg.; 1 male [ERM02], same place as the former, 12 VIII 1995, Nobuhisa Yuzawa leg.; 1 female [ERF05], Ôno District, Shirakawa Village, near Ôshira-kawa River, 15 VIII 1994, N. Yuzawa leg. Shiga Prefecture. 1 male [ERM03], Nagahama City (once Yogo Town), 28 VII 1989, Hisayuki Arimoto leg.; 1 female [MRF06], near Lake Biwa, 15 VIII 1974, T. Tanaka leg.; 1 female [ERF07], Higashiômi City (once Kanzaki District, Eigenji Town), Kiwada Town, 13 VIII 1999, Hisayuki Arimoto leg. Kyoto Prefecture. 1 female [KER33], Kyoto City, Sakyô Ward, Syôgo-in, 12 VIII 1960, K. Adachi leg. Nara Prefecture. 1 male, 3 females [ERM04, ERF08–10], Yoshino District, Kamikitayama Village, Shintyaya-dani Valley, 800–1000 m, 14 VIII 2009, Hiroshi Nozaki leg.; 1 female [ERF11], same place as the former, 800 m, 29 VII 2006, Hisayuki Arimoto leg.; 1 female [MRF12], Nara City, Nara Park, 15 VIII 2012, Tateo Itô leg. Shimane Prefecture. 1 female [3066], Unnan City, Daitô Town, 4 V 1968, H. Kadowaki leg. Yamaguchi Prefecture. 1 female [KER31], Hagi City (once Abu District, Fukuei Village), 11 IX 1998, Hiroaki Mukunoki leg. Oki Islands. 1 male [3065], Oki District, Okinoshima Town, Saigô, Ariki, 6 VIII 1966, H. Kadowaki leg. Kyushu. Ôita Prefecture. 2 males [ERM05, ERM08], Kusu District, Kokonoe Town, Mt. Kuenhira-yama, 15 VIII 1998, Seiya Ogata leg., by light traps; 1 male [ERM06], same place as the former, 23 VIII 2003, Seiya Ogata leg., by light traps; 1 male [ERM07], same place as the former, 6 VIII 2005, Seiya Ogata leg., by light traps. 1 male [ERM09], same place as the former, 17 VIII 2000, Seiya Ogata leg., by light traps; 1 female [ERF13], same place as the former, 18 VII 2004, Seiya Ogata leg., by light traps. Tsushima Island. 2 females [ERF14, ERF15], Nagasaki Prefecture, Tsushima City, Izuhara Town, Tsutsu, 7–8 VIII 2009, Kôichi Arimoto leg.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Antennae just or not reaching pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere in male. Antennomere IV 0.9–1.1 x longer than II–III combined. Prothorax 1.0–1.1 x longer than wide. Posterior edge of scutellar shield rounded but truncate in some. Elytra 2.4–2.6 x longer than wide, 2.1–2.6 x longer than pronotum length. Aedeagus 3.3 x longer than wide. Median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/5 to 1/4. Paramere apex length 1.3–1.8 x width of parameres at expansions. Spiculum ventrale 3.6–3.8 x longer than sternite VIII. Ovipositor 1.2–1.3 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites. Bursa copulatrix 1.0–1.1 x length of uterus, with a cluster of sclerotized spines.</p> <p>Measurements. Holotype of E. robustus. BL: 11.8, BW: 3.23, MAE: 1.88, MBE: 1.11; OI: 168, PL: 3.29, PML: 2.79, PW: 3.18, PI: 103, EL: 8.17, EW: 3.23, EI: 253, BI: 249. Holotype of E. takumii. BL: 12.1, BW: 3.49, MAE: 2.02, MBE: 1.19; OI: 170, PL: 3.72, PML: 3.13, PW: 3.49, PI: 107, EL: 8.08, EW: 3.37, EI: 239, BI: 217. Male (21 specimens). BL: 10.9–13.3, BW: 3.04–3.64, MAE: 1.79–2.16, MBE: 1.05–1.35; OI: 159–171, PL: 3.24–3.99, PML: 2.71–3.33, PW: 3.01–3.64, PI: 101–110, EL: 7.27–8.71, EW: 3.04–3.60, EI: 236–255, BI: 214–243. Female (42 specimens). BL: 11.7–16.2, BW: 3.22–4.63, MAE: 1.92–2.53, MBE: 1.16–1.60; OI: 152–170, PL: 3.19–4.88, PML: 2.69–4.06, PW: 3.17–4.63, PI: 101–111, EL: 8.03–10.98, EW: 3.22–4.57, EI: 235–253, BI: 214–255.</p> <p>Redescription. Body widest near pronotum hind angles or posterior half of elytra; surface with microstructures; interspaces between punctures generally larger than puncture diameter but partly smaller than puncture diameter. Color. Body black-brown to red-brown (Figs. 1F, 1G, 2A, 2B). Labrum reddish (Figs. 14C, 15C).Antennae red-brown to orange (Figs. 1F, 1G, 2A, 2B). Mandible reddish but apical parts black (Figs. 14C, 15C). Maxillary palpomeres orange (Figs. 14C, 15C). Posterior edge of pronotum, anterior lobe of prosternum and mesial margin and posterior part of hypomeron reddish (Figs. 1F, 1G, 2A, 2B, 14C, 14H, 15C, 15H). Elytra around striae blackish, reddish in posterior margin (Fig. 1F, 1G, 2A, 2B). Legs red-brown to orange but partly blackish (Figs. 14A, 15A). Posterior margin of abdominal ventrite V orange (Figs. 14A, 15A). Male. Tergites and sternites VIII‒X and aedeagus yellow to yellow-brown but partly black-brown (Figs. 16, 17C–F). Female. Tergites and sternites VIII red-brown (Fig. 18A, B. Body covered with yellow-brown to red-brown setae.</p> <p>Head. Frons beyond eyes in anterior view 0.3 x longer than wide (Figs. 14B, 15B); supra-antennal carina in ventral view weakly emarginte medially (Fig. 14C). Male. Antennae just or not reaching pronotum posterior lateral apices by apical antennomere, extending beyond pronotum posterior margin excluding posterior angles by apical antennomere (Fig. 1G); antennomere II 1.0–1.2 x longer than wide; III 1.6–2.0 x longer than wide; IV 1.8–2.1 x longer than wide, 1.0–1.1 x longer than II–III combined (Figs. 14D, 15D), 1.0–1.1 x longer than V; V 1.7–2.0 x longer than wide; XI 2.4–2.6 x longer than wide (Figs.14E, 15E). Female. Antennae not reaching pronotum posterior margin excluding posterior angles by apical antennomere (Fig. 1H); antennomere II 0.9–1.4 x longer than wide; III 1.5–2.1 x longer than wide; IV 1.8–2.0 x longer than wide, 0.9–1.1 x longer than II–III combined, 1.0–1.2 x longer than V; V 1.5–1.9 x longer than wide; XI 2.0–2.4 x longer than wide.</p> <p>Prothorax 1.0–1.1 x longer than wide, widening posteriad, widest behind hind angles but at posterior lateral apices in some; sides rounded in anterior 1/3, straight in posterior 2/3. Pronotum without median longitudinal depression. Prosternum: ventral margin weakly inclined in anterior 1/5 (at 13–19 degrees against prosternal horizontal line, Figs. 14F, 15F); anterior lobe exceeding anterior angles of prothorax (Figs. 14F, 15F). Prosternal process depressed between procoxae (Figs. 14H, 15H), in profile strongly inclined and then almost horizontal behind procoxae (Figs. 14F, 15F); sides of dorsal lobe broadly rounded, widest anteriorly; ventral margin of ventral lobe in profile straight anteriorly and rounded posteriorly; apex in ventral and lateral views rounded (Figs. 14A, 15A). Hypomeron slightly grooved next to impunctate ridge (Fig. 14H: white arrow). Pronotosternal sutures moderately opened anteriorly (Figs. 14H, 15H). Scutellar shield 1.4–1.5 x longer than wide, widest anteriorly or near anterior half, broadly convex, strongly inclined anterior-downwards, not visible in profile (Figs. 14F, 15F); anterior edge straight but slightly rounded in some; sides broadly rounded anteriorly; posterior edge rounded but truncate in some. Mesosternum: posterior edge 0.1 x wider than mesosternum width, triangularly emarginate (Figs. 14I, 15I: arrow), with widely rounded angles, borders of mesosternal cavity in profile horizontal anteriorly and then roundly and gradually inclined (Figs. 14F, 15F). Elytra 2.4–2.6 x longer than wide, 2.1–2.6 x longer than pronotum length; apex emarginate; apical outer edge of each elytron rounded; apical internal edge of each elytron slightly pointed or rounded (likely due to damage) (Figs. 14J, 15J).</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite V 0.6–0.7 x longer than wide (Figs. 14A, 15A). Male. Tergite VIII 1.1–1.2 x longer than wide, rounded apically (Fig. 16A) but emarginate in a few. Sternite VIII with posterior edge almost straight (Fig. 16B). Tergite IX 1.1–1.3 x length of tergite X, with median notch rounded (Fig. 16C). Tergite X 1.0–1.1 x longer than wide, rounded apically (Fig. 16C). Sternite IX 2.5–2.9 x longer than wide, rounded apically (Fig. 16D). Aedeagus 3.3 x longer than wide (Figs. 16E, 16F, 17E). Phallobase 0.5 x total length of aedeagus, 1.5–1.7 x longer than wide. Median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/5 to 1/4; basal struts 0.4 x total length of median lobe. Parameres fused ventrally; preapical expansions not projecting, slightly projecting laterally (Figs. 16G, 17F) or distinctly projecting laterally beyond side of apex (Fig. 19F); apex beyond preapical expansions blade-like shaped (Figs. 16G, 17F), rounded laterally, with two to four setae and zero to one sensilla dorsally, with one to four setae and three to ten sensilla ventrally; apex length 1.3–1.8 x width of parameres at expansions in ventral side. Female. Tergite VIII 1.4–1.5 x longer than wide (Fig. 18C). Sternite VIII 1.2–1.3 x longer than wide (Fig. 18D); spiculum ventrale 3.6–4.0 x length of sternite VIII (Fig. 18A, B). Ovipositor 1.2–1.3 x longer than length of midline of abdominal ventrites; coxites two segmented at ventral side (Fig. 18H), with some setae; stylus with setae around apex (Fig. 18H). Vagina long; uterus globular (Fig. 18A, B); bursa copulatrix U-shaped, short, 1.0–1.1 x length of uterus (Fig. 18A, B), with 35–55 sclerotized spines forming a row (Fig. 18E); long thin sac extending from apex of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 18F), with thin coiled sac near apex of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 18F, G).</p> <p>Comparative notes. Ectamenogonus robustus is distinguished from the Japanese congeners by the following contrasting characters (the other species in parentheses): antennomere IV 0.9–1.1 x longer than II–III combined (antennomere IV 1.1–1.5 x longer than II–III combined); prothorax 1.0–1.1 x longer than wide, PI: 101–111 (prothorax 1.1–1.2 x longer than wide, PI: 113–123); aedeagus 3.3 x longer than wide (aedeagus 3.6–4.3 x longer than wide); median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/5 to 1/4 (median lobe exceeding apices of parameres by apical 1/4 to 1/3); paramere apex length 1.3–1.8 x width of parameres at expansions (paramere apex length 1.9–2.2 x width of parameres at expansions); bursa copulatrix 1.0–1.1 x length of uterus (bursa copulatrix 1.7–2.7 x length of uterus); bursa copulatrix with a cluster of sclerotized spines (bursa copulatrix with two clusters of sclerotized spines).</p> <p>Discussion. E. takumii should be a junior synonym of E. robustus. The status of E. takumii is discussed in detail under E. plebejus.</p> <p>Yaku Island was included in the range of E. robustus without specimen information (Kishii, 1987). Subsequently, Kishii (1999) excluded the island from its range. This study examined a specimen from the island to which Kishii attached the identification label E. robustus (KEP32) in OMNH and found that the specimen belongs to E. plebejus based on features of the antennomere and bursa copulatrix. Hence, E. robustus was removed from Yaku Island following the treatment of Kishii (1999).</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 20A). Japan: Hokkaido, Honshu, Miyake Island (off Honshu), Oki Islands (off Honshu), Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima Island (off Kyushu) (Kishii, 1999; this study).</p> <p>Ecology. This species is often collected by light traps at night (Ôhira, 1999; Arimoto, 2017) and sometimes found in hollows of trees (Ozaki et al., 2006).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1A92AFFBCFFD530851359FD55E8AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Arimoto, Kôichi	Arimoto, Kôichi (2022): Taxonomic revision of the genus Ectamenognonus Buysson (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Elaterinae) from Japan. Zootaxa 5087 (2): 306-334, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.4
