identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
7D4FE0AD08A45A36BE76477444A171BA.text	7D4FE0AD08A45A36BE76477444A171BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aphanostephanus Ge and Tan 2023	<div><p>Genus † Aphanostephanus Ge and Tan gen. nov.</p> <p>Type species.</p> <p>† Electrostephanus janzeni Engel, 2005.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Head globose, compound eyes comparatively small, occupying less than half portion of lateral surface. Pronotum elongated with neck differentiated. Forewing with vein 2Rs+M rather short, directly connecting to veins 2-Rs and apical abscissa of vein M without incisions; vein 2Cua pigmented and vein 2Cub absent. Metasoma with tergum I and sternum I not fused laterally, tergite I short and robust, about as long as tergite II. Ovipositor almost as long as body length.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>From “Aphanes” (Greek for “vague”) and the generic name Stephanus Jurine. The name refers to the puzzling position of the genus within a family. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p>In the original description by Engel (2005), the type species was indicated to be similar to † Neurastephanus neovenatus comb. nov. which is a species here considered to belong to † Lagenostephaninae subf. nov. However, it differs from † N. neovenatus in having vein 1-M straight; vein 2Rs + M short, directly connected to vein 2-Rs, and the apical abscissa of vein M. In addition, the paratype female also showed its ovipositor sheath about as long as the body length (in † Lagenostephaninae as long as the metasoma). Combining our phylogenetic results, this taxa showed its lineage sister to † Lagenostephaninae + Schlettereriinae, however, there is no synapomorphies or characteristics with significant evolutionary significance that can define it as a distinct group; thus, we prudently treated the genus as incertae sedis in the Stephanidae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D4FE0AD08A45A36BE76477444A171BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
46F94C5C82B0540880DE3C8046DBDBCF.text	46F94C5C82B0540880DE3C8046DBDBCF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Denaeostephanus chaofeng Ge & Jiang & Ren & van Achterberg & Tan 2023	<div><p>† Denaeostephanus chaofeng sp. nov.</p> <p>Figures 14, 15</p> <p>Holotype.</p> <p>♀; BFU, Baltic amber, Eocene. Part of Si-Xun Ge’s collection</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The new species was named after the third son of the Loong in Chinese mythology as the third species of † Denaeostephanus.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Pronotum comparatively robust, neck without distinct pronotal fold; anterior, middle and posterior part of pronotum almost at the same level in lateral view; mesonotum at the same level of pronotum; forewing with vein 1-M arched; vein 2Rs+M extremely short; vein 2Cua and 2Cub nebulous; hind femur relatively slender (Fig. 15D), minor teeth between basal and distal large tooth rather weakly developed; tergum I and sternum I fused (Fig. 14C; Fig. 15C), tergite I elongated as about 0.5 × as long as remainder of metasoma.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Description: Female. Total body length (without ovipositor sheath) 3.6 mm; forewing length ca. 2.4 mm; ovipositor sheath 2.9 mm. - Head: Antenna with 19 flagellomeres; the first flagellomere short and robust while the second is elongated and slender; Head sub-globular (probably more or less traverse in dorsal view), with compound eyes occupying most part of lateral surface; vertex with five acute and triangular tubercles; temple comparatively flat, coriaceous; occipital carina distinctly developed and connected to hypostomal flange; hypostomal flange strong, without distinct rugae. Maxillary palpus 5-segmented, elbowed between MP II (maxillary palpomere II) and MP III; MP I and MP II distinctly short and strong, MP III-V long and slender; MP III slightly less than twice length of MP IV and MP V. - Mesosoma: Pronotum robust; neck without distinct pronotal fold; neck at almost same level of middle part of pronotum postero-dorsally; middle and posterior part of pronotum coriaceous, with slightly transverse carinae; middle part of pronotum not distinctly differentiated from posterior part; mesonotum at the same level of pronotum, without setosity; propleuron and mesopleuron coriaceous or imbricate; propodeum with its lateral view micro-sculptured; scutellum invisible. - Wings: Forewing with vein 1-M distinctly curved, 2.9 × as long as vein 1-Rs and 1.7 × vein 1m-cu; vein 2-Rs long, ca. 3.8 × as long as vein r-rs; vein r-rs ends inner side of pterostigma behind the level of apex of pterostigma; parastigmal vein (pv) ca 0.4 × as long as pterostigma; vein 2Rs+M (= Rs+Mb) extremely short, with its apical slightly incision at the origin of veins 2-Rs and apical abscissa of vein M; vein 2Cua and 2Cub nebulous. - Legs: Hind coxa comparatively slender, coriaceous, spindle shaped without transversely striate; hind femur coriaceous, relatively slender; ventral surface of hind femur bidentate, with its widest tooth developed at near 0.35 × as its basal part; a more acute triangular tooth developed near 0.3 × as its distal part with two small teeth behind, only one minor tooth weakly developed behind the basal large tooth; hind tibia about 1.2 × as long as hind femur, with its basal narrow part as equal length as apical widened part, inner side of widened part basally moderately depressed; hind tarsus with five tarsomeres; basitarsus rather elongate, slightly longer than the length of all other tarsomeres. - Metasoma: Tergite I elongated and about 0.5 × as long as the remainder of metasoma; tergite I with its ventral length 3.0 × its maximum width; pygidial area not protruding apically; ovipositor sheath ca 0.8 × as long as total body length and 1.2 × as long as forewing length. Ovipositor tip laterally compressed, without distinct teeth apically.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p>Two † Denaeostephanus species, † D. sulcatus (Aguiar and Jazen, 1999) and † D. tridentatus (Brues, 1933), have been recognized before and only males have been described. This is also the first discovery of a female belonging to the genus, and thus we could supplement key characteristics of † Denaeostephanus in phylogenetic research, such as the 5-segmented hind tarsus. Obviously, the single voucher specimen corrected the speculation of the 3-segmented hind tarsus by van Achterberg (2002). According to our phylogenetic analysis, † Denaeostephanus belongs to the subfamily Stephaninae and is a sister to all extant genera of the subfamily.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/46F94C5C82B0540880DE3C8046DBDBCF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
409364D839E05C2DA2FDC00B574F54C6.text	409364D839E05C2DA2FDC00B574F54C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Denaeostephanus Engel and Grimaldi 2004	<div><p>Genus † Denaeostephanus Engel and Grimaldi, 2004</p> <p>Type species.</p> <p>† Electrostephanus sulcatus Aguiar and Janzen, 1999.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Tergite I with tergum I and sternum I fused, distinctly longer than tergite II. Forewing with free abscissa of vein M curved, distinctly longer than 1m-cu; vein 2Rs+M absent or extremely short; vein 2Cua and 2Cub nebulous. Hind coxa smooth and without dorsal tooth; metafemur bidentate or tridentate; hind tarsus of female with five tarsomeres. Ovipositor about as long as body length.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/409364D839E05C2DA2FDC00B574F54C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
B5CB91C7698557DAB900FAC5BBD1B7C1.text	B5CB91C7698557DAB900FAC5BBD1B7C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Electrostephanus brevicornis Brues 1933	<div><p>† Electrostephanus brevicornis Brues, 1933</p> <p>Figures 11, 12, 13</p> <p>Electrostephanus brevicornis † Electrostephanus brevicornis Brues, 1933:14 [holotype male, deposited in Königsberg Collection and presumed to be destroyed]; Aguiar and Janzen, 1999: 444-451 [keyed and discussed]; van Achterberg, 2002:11 [mentioned]; Aguiar, 2004:14 [catalog]; Engel, 2005:320 [discussed]; Engel and Ortega-Blanco, 2008:62 [keyed]; Li et al., (2017):196 [listed].</p> <p>Type material.</p> <p>Neotype (designated here) ♀; BFU, Baltic amber; Eocene. Labeled as "Neotype: † Electrostephanus brevicornis Brues designator: Ge and Tan." Part of the Si-Xun Ge collection.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Forewing with vein R and vein A with setae at least along basal half of their length; vein r-rs distinctly shorter than 2-Rs (Fig. 12B); vein 2-Rs with its sub-median part slightly angled; vein 2Rs+M extremely short, slightly incision at the origin of veins 2-Rs and apical abscissa of vein M; vein 2Cub present. Metasoma tergum I and sternum I not fused (Fig. 11C; Fig. 12C). Tergite I about as long as Tergite II. Hind coxa strong, largely smooth and spindle shaped without striate. Hind femur tridentate; hind tarsus with five tarsomeres.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Female. Total body length (from head anterior to metasoma distal margin, without ovipositor sheath) 6.5 mm; forewing length 4.3 mm; remaining part of ovipositor sheath 2.9mm. - Head: Antenna with 21 flagellomeres; the first flagellomere short and robust, and second flagellomere slender; Head globular, with compound eyes occupying about half portion of lateral surface; vertex with five tubercles; temple slightly bulging, smooth and shiny; occipital carina distinctly developed but not connected to hypostomal carina; hypostomal carina large. Maxillary palpus 5-segmented, elongate, elbowed between MP II (the second maxillary palpomere) and MP III. - Mesosoma: Pronotum robust with neck distinctly differentiated; neck at almost same level than middle part of pronotum postero-dorsally; middle and posterior part of pronotum with transverse carinae (as laterally) and with distinct oblique lateral groove; middle part of pronotum weakly differentiated from posterior part; posterior part of pronotum and mesonotum with sparse setosity; propleuron coriaceous; scutellum invisible. - Wings: Forewing with vein 1-M distinctly curved, 2.5 × as long as vein 1-Rs and 1.3 × vein 1m-cu; vein R with setae along all its length, while vein A only on the basal half; Four short, erect, equidistant spiny setae distinctly developed on the basal part of vein 1Cu; vein 2-Rs 2.2 × as long as vein r-rs; vein r-rs ends inner side of pterostigma behind the level of apex of pterostigma; parastigmal vein (pv) elongated, ca 0.3 × as long as pterostigma; vein 2-Rs with its sub-median part slightly upcurve angled; vein 2Rs+M extremely short 0.2 × as long as vein 2-Rs, slightly incision at the origin of veins 2-Rs and apical abscissa of vein M; vein 2Cua distinct and curved apically with 2Cub distinctly developed. - Legs: Hind coxa robust, smooth and shiny, spindle shaped without transversely striate; hind femur coriaceous, fusiform with its widest part near mid-point; ventral surface of hind femur with its basal tooth relatively small and blunt, a more acute triangular tooth developed near mid-length, and a widest tooth at the distal part; ca. four minor teeth or protuberances between medial tooth and distal tooth; hind tibia elongate and 1.1 × longer than hind femur, with its basal narrow part 1.15 × as long as apical widened part, inner side of widened part basally shallowly depressed; hind tarsus with five tarsomeres; basitarsus 6.4 × as long as wide. - Metasoma: Tergite I finely imbricate, 2.7 × as long as its widest part, with tergum I and sternum I not fused; tergite I at least 1.2 × as tergite II. Remainder of metasoma largely not preserved; pygidial area distinctly protruding apically. Basal half of ovipositor sheath missing, remaining parts of ovipositor sheath ca 0.9 × as long as metasoma. Ovipositor tip laterally compressed, without distinct teeth apically.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p>The holotype of † Electrostephanus brevicornis Brues, 1933, has been lost (Aguiar and Janzen 1999; Engel 2008). Since there are few figures for this species to date, the only basis of species designation is the original description by Brues (1933). Our neotype fits well with the original description except for a few characteristics as follows: 1) in the original description of Brues (1933), the vein 2Rs+M (= Rs+Mb) is absent and there is no incision at the origin of vein 2+3Rs (= 2-Rs) and/or 2+3M (= M), while in the neotype, an extremely short vein 2Rs+M (= Rs+Mb) and slight incision between the origin of veins 2-Rs and apical abscissa of vein M; 2) in the original description, the veins 2Cua and 2Cub are absent while in the neotype they are distinctly developed. However, we noticed that researchers may differ in describing the same characteristic. For instance, when the vein 2Rs+M (= Rs+Mb) is relatively short, it has often been considered absent, even in the original description of † Protostephanus ashmeadi Cockerell, 1906. Aguiar and Janzen (1999) pointed out that Brues did not regularly differentiate between nebulous and tubular veins, and merely chose to indicate their presence or absence. Furthermore, there were inevitably few morphological differences between the sexes (the holotype was male and the neotype is female). The missing type specimen and superficial original description greatly impede the understanding of the phylogeny of Stephanidae. Therefore, we ignore the subtle differences and designate this female as neotype of † E. brevicornis (Brues, 1933).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B5CB91C7698557DAB900FAC5BBD1B7C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
F61193C36BA354198CE5225AB82E037F.text	F61193C36BA354198CE5225AB82E037F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Electrostephanus Brues 1933	<div><p>Genus † Electrostephanus Brues, 1933</p> <p>Type species.</p> <p>† Electrostephanus brevicornis Brues, 1933.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Hind coxa without dorsal tooth; metafemur bidentate or tridentate; hind tarsus of female with five tarsomeres; Forewing with vein 1-M arched, and distinctly longer than 1m-cu; veins Rs+M and 1Cu parallel; vein 1Cu with spiny setae basally; vein 2Rs+M short, with slightly incisions between 2-RS and apical abscissa of vein M; 2Cua and 2Cub mostly present and tubular; hind wing with all veins absent except Sc+R present. Tergite I with tergum I and sternum I not fused. Tergite I nearly as long as Tergite II. Ovipositor sheath about as long as body length.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F61193C36BA354198CE5225AB82E037F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
8F85EE450C7F5ECBBDFD514C3F4DCBAD.text	8F85EE450C7F5ECBBDFD514C3F4DCBAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lagenostephaninae Ge and Tan 2023	<div><p>Subfamily † Lagenostephaninae Ge and Tan subf. nov.</p> <p>Type genus.</p> <p>† Lagenostephanus Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih and Ren, 2017</p> <p>Diagnosis (see also Table 1).</p> <p>Pronotum elongated with neck differentiated. Pronotal fold present. Forewing with vein 1-M arched; vein r-rs as long as 1-Rs; vein Rs+M and 1Cu nonparallel; vein 2Rs + M differentiated, not connect with free abscissa of vein M and vein 2-Rs. Hind coxa largely smooth, without transverse rugose. Hind femur robust and coriaceous. Tergite I almost as long as tergite II. Ovipositor sheath about as long as metasoma.</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The phylogenetic results indicated that the new subfamily forms a monophyletic group that sister to Schlettereriinae. When the characters are mapped on the tree, the new subfamily does not possess any unique synapomorphy, while its sister relationship to Schlettereriinae is supported by a synapomorphy (character 34: 0). This is caused by the male † Neurastephanus neovenatus which is revealed as member of † Lagenostephaninae based on forewing with vein 1-M 1.4-1.7 × as long as vein 1m-cu (character 38: 1), the largely smooth hind coxa (character 45: 0),the forewing with vein 2Rs+M non-connecting to 2-Rs (character 34: 0), the apical abscissa of vein M (character 23: 1), and vein Rs+M of fore wing converging to vein 1Cu distally (character 36: 1). All above characters are homoplastic within Stephanidae. The length of ovipositor (characters 64), which is short in † Lagenostephaninae and represents the unique synapomorphy of the subfamily, cannot be coded for † Neurastephanus neovenatus and hence cannot be mapped in Fig. 6. Intriguingly, based on the comparatively short ovipositor and small body sizes of † Lagenostephaninae, we speculate that these may reflect a unique ecological niche of the lineage (e.g. possible parasitism of bark beetles) different from Schlettereriinae that are parasitoids of xylem borers. We believe it is hence reasonable to establish this lineage as a new subfamily rather than combine it with Schlettereriinae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8F85EE450C7F5ECBBDFD514C3F4DCBAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
DF2706B095275254994AB75585804178.text	DF2706B095275254994AB75585804178.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stephaninae Leach 1815	<div><p>Subfamily Stephaninae Leach, 1815</p> <p>Electrostephanus = † Electrostephaninae Engel, 2005; Type genus: † Electrostephanus Brues, 1933</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF2706B095275254994AB75585804178	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
3CCD897B64A55BA98222B59F324EDBEB.text	3CCD897B64A55BA98222B59F324EDBEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neurastephanus Ge and Tan 2023	<div><p>Genus † Neurastephanus Ge and Tan gen. nov.</p> <p>Type species.</p> <p>† Electrostephanus neovenatus Aguiar and Janzen, 1999.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>From “neura” (Latin for “vein”) and the generic name, Stephanus Jurine. The name refers to the peculiar venation of the type specimen. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Pronotum elongated, transversely rugose dorsally. Pronotal fold weakly developed with neck differentiated. Hind coxa strong, spindle shaped with its largely part smooth and shiny without transversely striate. Hind tibia with its median part moderately depressed. Hind tarsi 5-segmented. Forewing with vein 1-Rs shorter than 1-M; vein 2Rs+M distinct and elongate, non-connecting to 2-Rs and apical abscissa of vein M. Pterostigma comparatively wide, obtuse apically; vein 2Cub absent; vein A incomplete, only up to 1cu-a. Tergite I with tergum I and sternum I not fused, about 0.9 x as long as tergite II.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p>Being a complex taxon that encompasses most Eocene crown wasps, the genus † Electrostephanus, presents challenges regarding its monophyly. van Achterberg (2002) claimed that the genus "is difficult to characterize and is mixed. Some species of the genus † Electrostephanus may belong to the subfamily Stephaninae." Engel and Grimaldi (2004) separated the genus † Denaeostephanus from † Electrostephanus but Engel and Ortega-Blanco (2008) indicated that the remaining † Electrostephanus species are still heterogeneous in lineages, with † E. neovenatus being enigmatic. We found that the species † E. neovenatus (Aguiar and Janzen, 1999) differed distinctly from all its congeners. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that it is reasonable to include this species in a new genus † Neurastephanus Ge and Tan, gen. nov. under the subfamily † Lagenostephaninae Ge and Tan, subf. nov. with only its type species † N. neovenatus (Aguiar and Janzen, 1999) comb. nov.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3CCD897B64A55BA98222B59F324EDBEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
4C7F2022F6D05F3E8F1DABA36738B70F.text	4C7F2022F6D05F3E8F1DABA36738B70F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phoriostephanus Engel and Huang 2016	<div><p>Genus † Phoriostephanus Engel and Huang, 2016</p> <p>Type species.</p> <p>† Phoriostephanus exilis Engel and Huang, 2016.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Head globose, ocelli gathered closely on vertex. Front tibia with distinct dentition and not compressed medially. Pronotum elongated with neck differentiated. Forewing with vein 2Rs+M distinctly developed, about as long as vein Rs+M. Hind femur comparatively slender, edentulous. Hind tibia slender, without concavity medially.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p>In the original description by Engel and Huang (2016), the monotypic genus † Phoriostephanus was assigned to the subfamily Schlettereriinae, as the type species with a mediodorsal swelling on its hind coxa, as well as a non-petiolate hind tibia. However, according to the type specimen, it also showed many unique characteristics that separate it from all known Stephanidae (e.g., a globose head without tubercles on the vertex, an edentulous hind femur, and a venation with the discal cell I distinctly shorter than sub-discal cell I). Notably, Engel and Huang (2016) also thought that † P. exilis stands out disparately among Stephanoidea. It may represent a more basal lineage sister to Schlettereriinae or may even be given family rank and placed as sister to Stephanidae. Based on the results of our phylogenetic analysis, † Phoriostephanus is excluded from Schlettereriinae. Considering that the known specimen is male (lacking many important morphological information of females in phylogeny) and only contain one species in its lineage, we prudently treated Schlettereriinae as incertae sedis within the family.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C7F2022F6D05F3E8F1DABA36738B70F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
2451638C1D6A58018C65F4DD03EF8C20.text	2451638C1D6A58018C65F4DD03EF8C20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tichostephanus Engel 2019	<div><p>Genera Incertae sedis Genus † Tichostephanus Engel, 2019</p> <p>Type species.</p> <p>† Tichostephanus hui Engel, 2019</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Male, antenna relatively short with 12 robust flagellomeres. Head globose with about seven distinct coronal teeth on upper frons and vertex around ocelli; veins of forewing strongly reduced; pterostigma subparallel-sided, distinct elongate and acute apically; vein 1Rs/1M straight, few veins indistinguishable; vein Rs+M absent, vein 2Rs+M and 1m-cu continuous, forming straight elongated vein between anterior apex of subdiscal cell to origin of 2-Rs, thus forming massive submarginal cell owing to merging of submarginal and discal cells; apical abscissa of vein M absent; vein 2Cub absent, vein A elongated beyond 1cu-a and almost reach 2Cua; Hind wing with cu-a absent. Hind femur slender, edentulous. Hind tibia with its basal part petiolate while apical half distinctly flattened, without depression at inner side.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p>In our phylogenetic analysis, the monotypic genus † Tichostephanus showed a unique lineage that was sister to all other Stephanidae species. † Tichostephanus has many peculiar characteristics, like a short and robust antenna, absence of vein Rs+M, massive submarginal cell, edentulous hind femur, and strongly extended metasomal apex, which is not found in all other Stephaninae or even Stephanidae species. Combined with the phylogenetic analysis results, † Tichostephanus is excluded from Stephaninae. Considering that the known specimen is male (lacking many important morphological information of females in phylogeny) and only contain one species in its lineage, we prudently treated † Tichostephanus as incertae sedis within the family.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2451638C1D6A58018C65F4DD03EF8C20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
A9AABE3BAFFB522CB8576C75B172A691.text	A9AABE3BAFFB522CB8576C75B172A691.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tumidistephanus Ge and Tan 2023	<div><p>Genus † Tumidistephanus Ge and Tan gen. nov.</p> <p>Type species.</p> <p>† Tumidistephanus prometheus Ge and Tan, sp. nov.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>From “tumidi” (Latin for “swollen”) and the generic name, Stephanus Jurine. The name is an allusion to the robust hind femur and tibia of the type specimen. The gender of the name is masculine.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Head elliptical (Fig. 8A). Mesosoma robust, pronotum with distinct U-shaped pronotal fold. Hind coxa rather strong with distinct lateral groove. Hind femur rather robust with its median part extremely swollen as nearly oval shaped (Fig. 8E). Hind femur with 2 large teeth and 10 medium sized teeth (4 of them between large teeth and 6 behind the apical large teeth). Hind tibia with two spurs and with its apical half rather dilated, almost as wide as hind femur. Hind tarsus of female 5-segmented. Forewing with Rs + M and 1Cu non-parallel (Fig. 8B); 2Rs + M rather elongated, almost as long as 1-Rs. Metasomal T1 and S1 not fused laterally. Ovipositor length almost as long as the metasoma.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A9AABE3BAFFB522CB8576C75B172A691	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
C5BA1FD87D105CC0A2BFFFDBD0E8CBC7.text	C5BA1FD87D105CC0A2BFFFDBD0E8CBC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tumidistephanus prometheus Ge and Tan 2023	<div><p>† Tumidistephanus prometheus Ge and Tan sp. nov.</p> <p>Figures 8, 9, 10</p> <p>Holotype. ♀;</p> <p>BFU, Myanmar Amber, Cretaceous. Part of Si-Xun Ge’s collection.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The species’ name is derived from the name Prometheus in ancient Greek mythology, who brought fire and knowledge to humans. We named the new species analogous to its discovery, bringing a new perspective on Stephanidae systematics.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>See generic diagnosis above.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Female. Total body length (from head anterior to metasoma distal margin, without ovipositor sheath) 2.8 mm; forewing length 2.2 mm; Ovipositor sheath 1.05 mm. - Head: Antenna elongate, filiform with at least 19 flagellomeres; the first flagellomere robust and elongated, and second flagellomere relatively short; Head elliptical with compound eyes sub-triangular; vertex with five tubercles; temple distinctly narrowed behind eye; Maxillary palpus 5-segmented, elbowed between MP II (maxillary palpomere II) and MP III (maxillary palpomere III) with its basal two segments relatively short and robust, while apical three segments long and slender. - Mesosoma: Pronotum robust with U-shaped pronotal fold strongly developed; middle part of pronotum protuberant weakly differentiated from posterior part and at somewhat higher level. - Wings: Forewing with vein 1-M distinctly curved, 1.7 × as long as vein 1-Rs and 2.1 × vein 1m-cu; vein A incomplete, only reach 1cu-a; vein 2-Rs 2.9 × as long as vein r-rs; vein r-rs ends middle part of pterostigma behind the level of apex of pterostigma; vein Rs + M and 1Cu non-parallel; vein 1Cu with spiny setae basally. vein 2Rs+M extremely elongated, 0.4 × as long as vein 2-Rs and 1.05 × as long as 1-Rs, the origin of veins 2-Rs and apical abscissa of vein M non-connected; vein 2Cua nebulous apically with 2Cub completely absent. - Legs: Fore and mid legs with their femur and tibia flattened and expanded. Hind coxa rather robust, mostly shiny with distinct lateral groove; hind femur coriaceous, extremely robust with its median part distinct swollen as nearly oval shaped. Hind femur dentigerous, with 2 large teeth and 10 medium sized teeth (4 of them between large teeth and 6 behind the apical large teeth); hind tibia elongate and 1.2 × longer than hind femur, with its basal narrow part 1.1 × as long as apical widened part (apical widened part rather extended with its maximum width 5.0 × as wide as minimum width of basal narrow part), inner side of widened part basally with two shallowly concave; hind tarsus with five tarsomeres; basitarsus 5.8 × as long as wide. - Metasoma: Metasoma with eight segments. First tergum and sternum not fused laterally, Tergite I rather slender, 1.2 × as long as tergite II. Pygidial impression reverse V-shaped. Ovipositor sheath 0.76 × as long as metasoma. Ovipositor tip laterally compressed, apical without distinct teeth.</p> <p>Remarks.</p> <p>This new species exhibits distinctive morphological features, such as the flattened and expanded femur and tibia of the fore and mid legs. This feature suggests that the subgenual organ of Stephanidae likely developed during the Cretaceous. Additionally, the new species has a flattened and elliptical head, which is rarely found in extant species but reminiscent of the head shape of Lagenostephanus. A similar counterpart to its extremely swollen tibia can be found in the extant genus Madegafoenus; however, the swollen and multituberculate hind femur may be considered an autapomorphy. Combining these characteristics along with the results of the phylogenetic analysis, we assigned the new species and genus to the subfamily Lagenostephaninae Ge and Tan, subf. nov.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C5BA1FD87D105CC0A2BFFFDBD0E8CBC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ge, Si-Xun;Jiang, Zhuo-Heng;Ren, Li-Li;van Achterberg, Cornelis;Tan, Jiang-Li	Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis, Tan, Jiang-Li (2023): New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species. Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81: 819-844, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e107579
