identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0A10034B295B0D4E7DC7FE376861FBD5.text	0A10034B295B0D4E7DC7FE376861FBD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chalinula Schmidt 1868	<div><p>Genus Chalinula Schmidt, 1868</p> <p>Definition. Choanosomal skeleton with secondary lines one or more spicules long. The skeleton might also be more isotropic, however it always has a few discernible primary and secondary lines. No ectosomal skeleton. Spongin scarce to abundant (modified from de Weerdt 2002).</p> <p>Remarks. The definition of Chalinula is based on the number of spicules in the secondary lines of the choanosomal skeleton. Nevertheless, the skeletal architecture in the species of this genus is remarkably variable, as well as the amount of spongin (de Weerdt 2000).</p> <p>For instance, the type species C. renieroides Schmidt, 1868 might bear secondary lines 1–4 spicules long, though in type material they have predominantly 1–2 spicules (de Weerdt 2000). In turn, C. zeae de Weerdt, 2000 also has secondary lines 1–2 spicules long. On the other hand, variability in the skeleton of C. molitba (de Laubenfels, 1949) is extreme, a species that can develop (1) isotropic reticulation of spongin fibres cored by oxeas, (2) anisotropic reticulation with secondary lines 1–3 spicules long and intermediate amounts of spongin, (3) isotropic and unispicular reticulation of oxeas with scarce spongin (de Weerdt 2000). The presence of several intermediate forms between these distinct skeletal arrangements of C. molitba preclude their designation as different species (de Weerdt 2000). Thus, in order to cover the variability in skeletal features, including the number of spicules in secondary lines and amount of spongin, we made a small amendment on the definition of Chalinula.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B295B0D4E7DC7FE376861FBD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B295B0D4D7DC7FB686DEDFD96.text	0A10034B295B0D4D7DC7FB686DEDFD96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chalinula chelysa Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Chalinula chelysa sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 2, Table 2, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 11272 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32239 - POR 11272, MHNG 85274)—near <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.42528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.367361" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.42528/lat -9.367361)">Playa Tina</a>, Tortugas, Ancash Region (09º22’02.50” S, 78º25’31.00” W), 8 m, coll. Ph. Willenz &amp; Y. Hooker (23/IX/2007). Paratypes. MNRJ 12075 (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.35919&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.653723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.35919/lat -17.653723)">Vouchers</a>: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12075, MHNG 85517)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.35919&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.653723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.35919/lat -17.653723)">Mocho Tres Hermanos</a>, Ilo, Moquega Region (17º39’13.40” S, 71º21’33.10” W), depth 15 m, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; M. Rios (08/XI/2008); MNRJ 12080 (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.35919&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.653723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.35919/lat -17.653723)">Vouchers</a>: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12080, MHNG 85522)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.35919&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.653723" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.35919/lat -17.653723)">Mocho Tres Hermanos</a>, Ilo, Moquega Region (17º39’13.40” S, 71º21’33.10” W), depth 14 m, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; M. Rios (08/XI/2008); MNRJ 12145 (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.29119&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.837029" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.29119/lat -16.837029)">Vouchers</a>: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12145, MHNG 85588)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.29119&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.837029" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.29119/lat -16.837029)">Bahía Ancupita</a>, Matarani, Arequipa Region (16º50’13.30” S, 72º17’28.30” W), depth ca. 9 m, coll. Y. Hooker &amp; U. Zanabria (27/XI/2008); MNRJ 12837 (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.15836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.319805" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.15836/lat -14.319805)">Vouchers</a>: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12837, MHNG 85670)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.15836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.319805" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.15836/lat -14.319805)">Unnamed Locality</a> #1, Isla <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.15836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.319805" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.15836/lat -14.319805)">Santa Rosa</a>, Reserva Nacional de Paracas, Ica Region (14º19’11.30” S, 76º09’30.10” W), depth ca. 1 m, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; F. Azevedo (10/XII/2008).</p> <p>Comparative material. Acervochalina variabilis Thiele, 1905: ZMB POR 3331 – syntype (slides), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Chalinula in the Eastern Pacific with the combination of encrusting to cushion-shaped habit, light-yellow colour alive, anisotropic to isotropic skeleton with only few discernible primary and secondary lines, oxeas 73–169 µm, scarce spongin that never encloses the spicule tracts, and oscula mostly flat on the surface.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 2A, B). Thinly encrusting, only a few centimetres wide (MNRJ 11272, 12075 and 12145), or more cushion-shaped, with occasional irregular lobate projections (MNRJ 12080, 12837). Surface smooth, punctate. Oscula, 1–2 mm wide, circular, mostly scattered, occasionally aligned on the top of short irregular ridges, flush with the surface or on the top of little bumps. Consistency soft. Colour in life beige to light-yellow.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 2C, D). No specialized ectosomal skeleton. Choanosome a relatively regular anisotropic reticulation, with ascending, somewhat sinuously, primary uni-, to paucispicular tracts, 1–3 spicules thick, mostly orthogonally connected by unispicular secondary tracts, and 1–2 spicules long; overall construction quite loose, with large lacunae, up to 0.8 mm in diameter, and few younger spicules scattered all around. There is a tendency of the skeleton to become isotropic in some areas. Spongin, if any, very scarce, nodal.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 2E, F). Oxeas, fusiform, straight, or more frequently subtly bent at centre, long acerate points, 73– 129 –169 x 1.0– 5. 5–9.0 µm (Table 2).</p> <p>Ecology. Specimens were found on shallow, 7–15 m deep, rocky substrates (MNRJ 11272, 12145, and 12837), or epibiotic over mytillids (MNRJ 12075, 12080); MNRJ 11272 occurred in a rich association with barnacles, brachiopods, ophiuroids, anemones, crabs, polychaetes, molluscs and other sponges. The water temperature during collections varied from 11 to 18° C.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3A). Known from Bahía Tortuga (Ancash Region), Isla La Vieja and Isla Santa Rosa (Ica Region), Matarani (Arequipa Region), Ilo (Moquegua Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name, “ chelysa ” is used as a noun in apposition, derived from the Gr. chelys (= En. turtle, Sp. tortuga), referring to the type locality (near Playa Tina, Tortugas).</p> <p>Remarks. In Chalinidae, the presence of an anisotropic skeleton with uni- to paucispicular primary lines is shared by Chalinula, Haliclona (Haliclona), H. (Soestella) and H. (Rhizoniera) (de Weerdt 2002). Nevertheless, only in Chalinula secondary lines can be more than one spicule long. Chalinula chelysa sp. nov. exhibits a skeleton varying from anisotropic to subanisotropic, with secondary lines one or two spicules long, thus falling in Chalinula ’s side of the spectrum and justifying our generic assignment.</p> <p>There are only four species of Chalinula previously registered along the Eastern Pacific: C. ecbasis (de Laubenfels, 1930), from California (USA); C. ignobilis (Thiele, 1905), from Punta Arenas (Chile); C. cf. molitba, from Galápagos (Ecuador); C. nematifera (de Laubenfels, 1954), from Isla Isabel and Cabo Pulmo (Mexico); and C. variabilis (Thiele, 1905), from Punta Arenas and Juan Fernandez Archipelago (Chile).</p> <p>The new species is distinct from C. ecbasis, C. ignobilis and C. variabilis based on shape, colour and skeleton features (Table 3). Chalinula ecbasis is a digitate or ramose species, up to 10 cm high, with a wide variability in colour (brown, tan, purple, or lavender in life), and has a stout reticulation of spongin fibres, cored by 4–7 spicules in both primary and secondary lines (de Laubenfels 1932; Lee et al. 2007), unlike typical Chalinula spp. In turn, C. ignobilis has a thickly encrusting habit, pinkish brown colour alive with yellowish coloured base and abundant spongin enclosing the spicule tracts (Thiele 1905; Hajdu et al. 2013). On the other hand, C. variabilis is ovate to finger-shaped, reaching up to 6 cm in length, pale brown to greyish purple colour, with an irregular and dense reticulation of spongin fibres cored by oxeas up to 115 µm long (Thiele 1905). We could examine a slide of one of the syntypes of C. variabilis (ZMB POR 3331, from Juan Fernandez Archipelago), confirming its distinct skeletal organization in comparison with the new species.</p> <p>In spite of sharing a similar shape, C. chelysa sp. nov. is quite unlike the species described as C. cf. molitba from Galápagos (Sim-Smith et al. 2021). The latter has a lilac colour alive and a mainly isotropic reticulation of spongin fibres cored by oxeas that are slightly smaller (103– 113 –129 µm) than in C. chelysa sp. nov (73– 129 –169µm).</p> <p>Chalinula nematifera is an Indo-Pacific sponge that has recently been introduced in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (de Laubenfels 1954; Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo 2008; Ávila &amp; Carballo 2009). Chalinula chelysa sp. nov. and C. nematifera are conspicuously distinct both in ecological and morphological terms. The latter is a coral-killing species so far found exclusively in coralline areas, mostly overgrowing live corals (Ávila &amp; Carballo 2009; Rossi et al. 2015). Such ecological preference is not present in C. chelysa sp. nov. In addition, C. nematifera has a vibrant purple colour also showing white threads standing out at the surface (de Laubenfels 1954; Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo 2008; Rossi et al. 2015), contrasting with the off light-yellow colour without any threads at the surface of the new species. Their skeletons are also distinct, with a more regular anisotropic reticulation of spongin fibres in C. nematifera (Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo 2008) vs. a more irregular anisotropic to subanisotropic reticulation of spicules with scarce spongin in C. chelysa sp. nov.</p> <p>It is important to highlight that when Sim-Smith et al. (2021) questioned the presence of C. nematifera in the Eastern Pacific, they inadvertently missed the description provided in Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo (2008). These latter authors sustained the identity of their specimens as C. nematifera based on similar dimensions of oxeas, similar skeletal features, presence of mucous and presence of the characteristic white threads in the surface of some specimens. Therefore, until further taxonomic revision, the record of this species in the Tropical Eastern Pacific is to be considered valid.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B295B0D4D7DC7FB686DEDFD96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B294D0D5E7DC7FF5F6EEAFE06.text	0A10034B294D0D5E7DC7FF5F6EEAFE06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chalinula ramiculosa Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Chalinula ramiculosa sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 4, Table 3, Table 4)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 12889 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12889, MHNG 85722)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Islote</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Atenas</a>, Reserva Nacional de Paracas, Ica Region (13°49’38.71” S — 76°18’07.41” W), depth 3 m, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; N. Mostajo Berropsi (13/XII/2008). Paratypes. MNRJ 12820 (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.19028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.268944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.19028/lat -14.268944)">Vouchers</a>: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12820, MHNG 85652)— Isla Independencia (Isla La Vieja) (14º16’08.20” S, 76º11’25.00” W), depth 7.0 m, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; F. Azevedo (09/XII/2008); MNRJ 12887 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12887, MHNG 85720), MNRJ 12888 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12888, MHNG 85721), MNRJ 12890 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12890, MHNG 85723), MNRJ 12892 (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Vouchers</a>: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12892, MHNG 85725)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Islote</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Atenas</a>, Reserva Nacional de Paracas, Ica Region (13°49’38.71” S, 76°18’07.41” W), depth 1.6–3.3 m, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; N. Mostajo Berropsi (13/XII/2008). Additional material deposited in collections. MNRJ 12891 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12891, MHNG 85724) — <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Islote</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.30206&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.827419" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.30206/lat -13.827419)">Atenas</a>, Reserva Nacional de Paracas, Ica Region (13°49’38.71” S, 76°18’07.41” W), depth 2.9 m, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; N. Mostajo Berropsi, (13/XII/2008).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Only Chalinula in the Eastern Pacific with the combination of a massive habit and a dense mass of short, bifurcating and anastomosing branches, colour alive beige to pinkish beige, and an isotropic, unispicular skeleton of oxeas 93–157 µm long.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 4A, B). Massive, irregularly outlined (MNRJ 12820), or a dense mass of short, irregular, often bifurcating or anastomosing branches widening apically (MNRJ 12887, 12888, 12889, 12892). Specimens reached 15 cm in largest diameter, and 5 cm in thickness. Surface smooth, albeit somewhat irregular, with tangential, longitudinal subectosomal strands, and a slight reticulation, both visible upon zooming in on underwater in situ images. Oscula, 0.8–4.0 mm diam., common, circular, mostly located at the base of branches, slightly elevated on short volcaniform projections. Consistency soft, compressible. Colour in life beige to pinkish-beige, darkening to purplish-brown after exposure to the air.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 4C, D). No specialized ectosomal skeleton, but loose, even abundant tangential oxeas may be spread at the surface (holotype). Choanosomal architecture a confused unispicular, isotropic reticulation, with only seldom recognizable loose primary tracts, and even fewer connecting lines, two spicules long. Spongin very scarce, only at the nodes of the reticulation.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 4E, F). Oxeas, fusiform, straight, or more frequently subtly bent at centre, sharp acerate points, 81– 123 –150 x 1.3– 5. 5–9.0 µm. (Table 4)</p> <p>Ecology. Attached to rock, or epibiontic on bivalves or Codium -like algae in the very shallow subtidal (3–7 m depth, MNRJ 12892). The mass of sponge and algae branches houses ophiuroids and crabs, and can be markedly overlaid by fine sediment. Water temperature during collection was 13°C for MNRJ 12820 and 16°C for 12892.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3B). Only known from Paracas and Isla La Vieja (Ica Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The epithet “ ramiculosa ” is used as a noun in apposition derived from the diminutive form of the L. ramus, pl. rami (L. ramusculus = small branch + L. - osus = in abundance), and refers to the presence of short and abundant branches in this species.</p> <p>Remarks. The main pattern observed in C. ramiculosa sp nov. skeleton is a unispicular, isotropic reticulation, almost without primary and secondary lines. However, there are some areas where an anisotropic reticulation is apparent, with secondary lines more than one spicule long, bringing the new species close to Chalinula. As already pointed before in the Remarks section for Chalinula, such a variation in the skeleton is present in several species of this genus.</p> <p>The only additional Chalinula in the Peruvian coast is C. chelysa sp. nov. Howewer, the massive shape and the presence of abundant, small, irregular-anastomosed branches in C. ramiculosa sp. nov. set both species apart (Table 3). Another Eastern Pacific Chalinidae resembling somehow the habit of C. ramiculosa sp. nov. is H. (Rh.) enamela de Laubenfels, 1930. Even so, both are readily distinguished based on the mainly isotropic and unispicular skeleton with scarce spongin of the new species, in contrast to the stout reticulation of multispicular primary lines cored by 6–8 spicules, and rich in spongin. Remaining Eastern Pacific Chalinidae are all easily distinguished on the basis of tabulated comparative data shown in Table 3.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B294D0D5E7DC7FF5F6EEAFE06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B294B0D5E7DC7FD1E6E42FC2A.text	0A10034B294B0D5E7DC7FD1E6E42FC2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Gellius) Gray 1867	<div><p>Haliclona (Gellius) Gray, 1867</p> <p>Definition. Chalinidae with a choanosomal skeleton consisting of a rather confused, subhalichondroid reticulation of pauci- to multispicular primary lines, irregularly connected by unispicular secondary lines. Ectosomal skeleton, if present, either a regular, tangential, unispicular, isotropic reticulation, or consisting of irregularly strewn, tangentially orientated spicules (de Weerdt 2002).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B294B0D5E7DC7FD1E6E42FC2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B294B0D5E7DC7FE126851FD0A.text	0A10034B294B0D5E7DC7FE126851FD0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona Grant 1841	<div><p>Haliclona Grant, 1841</p> <p>Definition. Chalinidae with secondary lines unispicular and one spicule long (modified from de Weerdt 2002).</p> <p>Remarks. We included “one spicule long” in the definition of Haliclona to contrast with the “one or more spicules long” of Chalinula, as this is the only feature distinguishing both genera.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B294B0D5E7DC7FE126851FD0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B294B0D5C7DC7FC3E6867F92E.text	0A10034B294B0D5C7DC7FC3E6867F92E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Gellius) concreta Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Gellius) concreta sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 5, Table 3, Table 5)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 11274 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32239 - POR 11274, MHNG 85276)— Isla Tortuga, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.439&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.3771" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.439/lat -9.3771)">Casma</a>, Ancash Region (09°22’37.56” S, 78°26’20.40” W), depth 6 m, Ph. Willenz &amp; Y. Hooker (23/IX/2007). Paratypes. MNRJ 11262 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32239 - POR 11262, MHNG 85265)— Isla Tortuga, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.439&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.3771" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.439/lat -9.3771)">Casma</a>, Ancash Region (09°22’37.56” S, 78°26’20.40” W), depth 6 m, coll. E. Hajdu (23/IX/2007); MNRJ 13647 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32241 - POR 13647, MHNG 85886)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.84117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6146665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.84117/lat -5.6146665)">Peña Negras</a>, off <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.84117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.6146665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.84117/lat -5.6146665)">Matacaballos</a>, Bahía de Sechura, Piura Region (05°36’52.80” S, 80°50’28.20” W), depth 8 m, coll. Y. Hooker (05/XII/2009). Additional material deposited in collections. MNRJ 11318 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32239 - POR 11318, MHNG 85319)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.49738&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.808806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.49738/lat -7.808806)">Puerto Chicama</a>, Islas Macabi, La Libertad Region (07°48’31.7” S, 79°29’50.6” W), depth 5 m, coll. Ph. Willenz &amp; Y. Hooker (30/IX/2007); MNRJ 11362 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32239 - POR 11362, MHNG 85360)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.72044&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.9216666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.72044/lat -6.9216666)">Bajo El</a> Chile, Islas Lobos de Afuera, Lambayeque Region (06°55’18.0” S, 80°43’13.6” W), depth 8 m, coll. E. Hajdu (05/X/2007).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific with a combination of lilac-grey colour alive, oxeas up to 324 µm long, and sigmas and toxas as microscleres, in a single category each.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 5A, B). Encrusting sponge, up to 7 mm thick, up to 20 cm wide. Surface optically smooth, commonly covered by small patches of turf. Oscula, circular to oval, 1–6 mm wide, flush with the surface, or at the top of small elevations or tubular projections, 6–8 mm high. Consistency hard, firm, just slightly compressible. Colour alive greyish lilac.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 5C, D). No specialized ectosomal skeleton. Choanosome a confused isotropic reticulation, becoming denser towards its inner parts. Spongin scarce.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 5E–J). Oxeas mostly slightly curved, sharp acerate points, some modified to styles, 190– 257 – 324 x 2.9– 10. 9–15.2 µm (Fig. 5I, J). Toxas, rare, in a single category with a rather variable degree of shaft curvature, with recurved apices, 19– 41 –73 x 0.2– 1.4 –2.9 µm (Fig. 5E, F). Sigmas, variable in abundance, in a single category, C-shaped, few with straight shaft, 5.4– 7.6 –9.2 x 0.4– 0.7 –1.0 µm (Fig. 5G, H). Complete measurements are given in Table 5.</p> <p>Ecology. Occurring on rocky substrate in the shallow subtidal, from 4.5–7.5 m deep. Water temperature during collection of MNRJ 11262 and 11274 was 13° C.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3B). Only known from Bahía de Sechura (Piura Region), Islas Macabi (La Libertad Region), Islas Lobos de Afuera (Lambayeque Region) and Isla Tortuga (Ancash Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet, “ concreta ” (from the L. concretus = hardened, stiff), is used as a noun in apposition and highlights the hard consistency of the new species.</p> <p>Remarks. The isotropic, confused skeleton in combination with large-sized oxeas and toxas as microscleres warrants a confident assignment of this species to Haliclona (Gellius) sensu de Weerdt (2002). The single haplosclerid species in the Eastern Pacific with a similar spicular complement of oxeas, sigmas and toxas is Oceanapia microtoxa Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; van Soest, 1997 from the Galápagos (Table 3). Nevertheless, this species has longer oxeas that could reach up to 549 µm, sigmas in three categories that are always larger in size in comparison to the new species, and toxas in two categories (Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; van Soest 1997). These features set both species apart. In our opinion, Oceanapia microtoxa is better assigned to Haliclona (Flagellia) as its sigmas 1 bear the characteristic flagellosigma shape sensu van Soest (2017), the type material lacks the characteristic fistules of Oceanapia, and it has an irregular choanosomal skeleton with irregular multispicular tracts. The presence of these tracts in H. (Flagellia) microtoxa comb. nov. is shared with Haliclona (Flagellia) indonesiae van Soest, 2017, and both their choanosomal skeletons appear to be less regular than that of typical Oceanapia redescribed in detail by de Weerdt (1985), such as O. robusta (Bowerbank, 1866) and O. isodictyiformis (Carter, 1882).</p> <p>Haliclona (Gellius) tenerrima Burton, 1954 is another closely-related species, presenting a greyish colour, oxeas, sigmas and toxas of similar shape and within the same range (de Weerdt 2000). However, H. (G.) concreta sp. nov. has a hard consistency, and a more confused isotropic skeleton in opposition to the soft and fragile consistency, and a loosely organized skeleton of paucispicular primary lines irregularly connected by secondary lines in H. (G.) tenerrima. Furthermore, H. (G.) concreta sp. nov. is a conspicuous species, that sometimes can expand up to 20 cm laterally, reach up to 7 mm in thickness, and bear oscula of 1–6 mm wide, whilst H. (G.) tenerrima is a cryptic species, less than 1 cm in diameter, only up to 2 mm thick, and without visible oscula, at least when preserved (de Weerdt 2002). In addition, H. (G.) tenerrima is a tropical Western Atlantic species, making conspecificity very unlikely.</p> <p>The other three Haliclona (Gellius) spp. known to occur in the Eastern Pacific are H. (G.) laubenfelsi van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020, from Hawaii and Clipperton Island; H. (G.) perforata (Wilson, 1904) from Panama; and H. (G.) textapatina (de Laubenfels, 1926) from off Santa Cruz, California (Table 3). Haliclona (G.) concreta sp. nov. is easily distinguished from H. (G.) laubenfelsi by dimensions of the oxeas, that are 190–324 µm long in the former, whereas H. (G.) laubenfelsi has small oxeas 93–140 µm long (van Soest et al. 2011). Haliclona (G.) concreta sp. nov. is set apart from H. (G.) perforata and H. (G.) textapatina due to its smaller sigmas (5.4–9.2 x 0.4–1.0 µm), and presence of toxas, in opposition to H. (G.) perforata and H. (G.) textapatina larger sigmas (18 x 2 µm and 50–80 x 2–4 µm, respectively), and absence of toxas (Wilson 1904; de Laubenfels 1926).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B294B0D5C7DC7FC3E6867F92E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29490D5C7DC7F92F6D4FF877.text	0A10034B29490D5C7DC7F92F6D4FF877.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Halichoclona) de Laubenfels 1932	<div><p>Haliclona (Halichoclona) de Laubenfels, 1932</p> <p>Definition. Chalinidae with a choanosomal skeleton consisting of a subisotropic, somewhat confused reticulation, commonly intercepted by many choanosomal spaces. Ectosomal skeleton of the same structure as the choanosome, usually very loosely overlaying the choanosome, from which it may be separated by extensive subectosomal spaces. Spongin absent or very scarce, at the nodes of the spicules.Megascleres usually acerate or hastate oxeas. Microscleres, if present, microxeas or sigmas. Sponges commonly relatively crisp and brittle, only slightly compressible (de Weerdt 2002).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29490D5C7DC7F92F6D4FF877	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29480D537DC7FF5F6D8CFD42.text	0A10034B29480D537DC7FF5F6D8CFD42.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Halichoclona) arequipaensis Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Halichoclona) arequipaensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 6, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 12140 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12140, MHNG 85947)— Playa Catarindo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.03423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.019148" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.03423/lat -17.019148)">Mollendo</a>, Arequipa Region (17°01’08.93” S, 72°02’03.25” W), depth 4–5 m, coll. Y. Hooker, U. Zanabria &amp; Ph. Willenz (26/ XI/2008). Paratype. MNRJ 12147 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12147, MHNG 85589) — Punta Hornillos, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.2884&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.8805" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.2884/lat -16.8805)">Matarani</a>, Arequipa Region (16°52’49.80” S, 72°17’18.24” W), depth 15 m, coll. Y. Hooker, U. Zanabria &amp; Ph. Willenz (28/XI/2008).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific with the combination of thickly encrusting habit, reaching up to 30 cm in diameter, eventually with erect, lamellate or crest-like projections, dull pink colour alive, dense isotropic reticulation with few paucispicular tracts in the choanosome, and oxeas reaching up to 108–198 µm in length.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 6A, B). Thickly crustose, up to 5 mm thick, over 30 cm in largest diameter (MNRJ 12140), forming erect, lamellate or crest-like projections (MNRJ 12147, expanding distally, terminally serrated) up to 60 mm high x 20 mm wide x 5 mm thick. Surface regularly smooth to the naked eye, minutely reticulated upon closer inspection. Oscula, 1–2 mm in diameter, spread all over the sponge surface, apical on abundant, 1 mm high volcaniform bumps. Consistency resilient, flexible. Colour in life dull pink.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 6C, D). Ectosome a dense, slightly confused, tangential isotropic reticulation. Choanosome a dense, uni- to multispicular isotropic reticulation, with 2–10 oxeas by knot, pierced here and there by subectosomal and choanosomal spaces, up to 900 µm in diameter. Tracts nearly totally absent, the few seen were loose, paucispicular, parallel to the surface, albeit deep in the choanosome. Spongin scarce, only observed at the nodes of the reticulation.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 6E–G). Oxeas, fusiform, straight, or more frequently subtly bent at centre, sharp acerate points, holotype: 123– 161.3 –198 x 2.4– 7.1 –12.6 µm (n = 40 x 40); paratype: 108– 147.2 –178 x 2.2– 7.3 –11.9 µm (n = 40 x 40).</p> <p>Ecology. Specimens collected from erect rocky substrate; co-occurring with limpets, shrimps, anemones, additional sponges (including Niphates ruthecitae sp. nov., see below), and large seastars. Several crabs (hermit crabs and others) were observed on the surface of H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. The paratype carried a thin brown (turf?) mat in parts of its surface. Recorded depth was 4 to 15 meters. Water temperature during collections was 15–16°C.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3C). Only known from areas close to Matarani and Mollendo (Arequipa Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The epithet “ arequipaensis ” refers to the Arequipa Region where both specimens were collected.</p> <p>Remarks. There are five other Haliclona spp. along the Eastern Pacific that approach the most H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. regarding their shape and/or skeletal architecture: H. agglutinata Desqueyroux-Faúndez, 1990, from Easter Island; H. (Halich.) algicola, from Chile; H. (Halicl.) dianae Sim-Smith, Hickman Jr. &amp; Kelly, 2021 from Galápagos; H. (Halich.) gellindra (de Laubenfels, 1932), from California; H. (Halich.) paracas sp. nov., from Peru; H. rapanui (Desqueyroux-Faúndez, 1990), from Easter Island; and Haliclona (Halich.) thielei van Soest &amp; Hooper, 2020, from Chile (Table 3).</p> <p>The encrusting shape, punctate surface, confused subisotropic skeleton, oxeas 105–122 µm long, and pale lavender colour in life (de Laubenfels 1932; de Weerdt 2002) make H. (Halich.) gellindra the most similar to the new species. Though its few and irregular oscula bearing raised collars about 1 mm high make conspecificty with H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. unlikely. Additionally, H. (Halich.) gellindra is only known from the California coast (de Laubenfels 1932) and the Gulf of California (Dickinson 1945), separated from the Peruvian coast by the warmer waters of the Tropical Eastern Pacific.</p> <p>H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. is readily distinguished from H. agglutinata due to the latter’s massive shape, reaching 10–28 cm in thickness (Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1990), in contrast to a thickly encrusting shape, 5 mm thick, in H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. Divergence in colour and dimensions of the oxeas only marginally overlapping ensure H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. and H. (Halich.) algicola as distinct species. The latter has a light grey colour alive and oxeas of 193–230 x 4–12 µm (Thiele 1905; Hajdu et al. 2013), contrasting with the dull pink colour in life and oxeas ranging between 108–198 x 2–13 µm in H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. Haliclona (Halicl.) dianae is reddish pink in colour with a regular anisotropic reticulation of uni- to paucispicular primary lines (Sim-Smith et al. 2021), such an arrangement is distinct from the dense, slightly confused and isotropic reticulation present in the new species. In its turn, H. rapanui has a thickly encrusting habit, 19 mm thick, hispid surface, and lacks an ectosome (Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1990), whilst H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. has 5 mm in thickness, a smooth surface, and a tangential ectosome. Comparison with H. (Halich.) paracas sp. nov. is provided below in the remarks section of the latter species.</p> <p>Haliclona (Halich.) thielei is an intertidal species from the Caleta Tumbes area in Chile (Hajdu et al. 2013). The original description of this species was based on several fragments in a same jar that Thiele (1905) doubtfully considered as part of an interspecific variability in two forms: one has a dense and irregular skeleton (from now on called “ Spicule reinforced form”) and the other with a regular skeleton of oxeas and abundant spongin.(from now on called “ Spongin reinforced form). Nevertheless, these differences regarding the skeletal architecture and oxeas’ dimensions in both forms indicate the presence of, at least, two species in the type material of H. (Halich.) thielei. Thus, a taxonomic revision of this species is necessary. Notwithstanding, the “ Spicule reinforced form” of H. (Halich.) thielei is similar to H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov., though both are distinct based on the following features: H. (Halich.) thielei “ Spicule reinforced form” has blue-green or violet-grey colour alive, more organized skeleton close to the surface, with discernible paucispicular tracts (similar to Rhizoniera subgenus architecture), and shorter oxeas of 140–150 µm. In turn, H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. has dull pink colour alive, an isotropic skeleton, with loose paucispicular tracts parallel to the surface in the deeper choanosome, and oxeas occurring in a larger size range, 108–198 µm.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29480D537DC7FF5F6D8CFD42	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29460D517DC7FCD66814FAE5.text	0A10034B29460D517DC7FCD66814FAE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Halichoclona) marcoriosi Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Halichoclona) marcoriosi sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 7, Table 3, Table 6)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 13069 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32241 - POR 13069, MHNG 85857)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.946335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.9205835" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.946335/lat -3.9205835)">Cancas</a>, Tumbes Region (03°55’14.10” S, 80°56’46.80” W), depth 15.2 m, coll. Y. Hooker &amp; Ph. Willenz (30/XI/2009). Paratypes. MNRJ 12975 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32241 - POR 12975, MHNG 85764)— Punta Sal, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.96925&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.9678056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.96925/lat -3.9678056)">Fondadero Balneario</a>, Tumbes Region (03°58’04.1” S, 80°58’09.30” W), depth 9.7 m, coll. Y. Hooker, C. Segani &amp; Ph. Willenz (21/XI/2009); MNRJ 13001 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32241 - POR 13001, MHNG 85789)— Baja de La Antena, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.96605&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.9543333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.96605/lat -3.9543333)">Punta Sal</a>, Tumbes Region (03°57’15.60” S, 80°57’57.80” W), depth. 15–17 m, coll. Y. Hooker (22/XI/2009). Additional material deposited in collections. MNRJ 11470 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32239 - POR 11470, MHNG 85466) — Baja de La Antena, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.96605&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.9543333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.96605/lat -3.9543333)">Punta Sal</a>, Tumbes Region (03°57’15.60” S, 80°57’57.80” W), depth 12 m, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Rios &amp; Ph. Willenz (16/ X/2007).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific combining a repent-ramose habit,with several anisodiametric tubes, up to 5 cm high, frequently anastomosing, pinkish beige to pink colour alive, isotropic reticulation with few paucispicular tracts, and oxeas 97–157 µm long.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 7A, B). Sponge mainly repent-ramose, irregular, with abundant tubular (MNRJ 11470, 13001 and 13069) or lobate (MNRJ 12975) projections of varied sections (from nearly circular to variously elliptic, 10–50 mm high), mostly not isodiametric (4–14 mm wide), bearing oscula on their sides, or more frequently apically, which are usually surrounded by a thin membrane (2–7 mm high). Occasional blind fistules/thorns present, especially close to the oscula. Surface smooth, even, punctate. Oscula circular to oval, 1–9 mm wide. Consistency firm, but brittle and fragile. Colour alive predominantly pink, but whitish and yellowish parts also occur, fading away in ethanol to an off-white to beige overall colouration.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 7C–E). Ectosome a dense and confused isotropic skeleton. Choanosome a unispicular isotropic reticulation more regular than the ectosome, though still dense, creating triangular meshes, but also with many spicules in confusion, and presence of spaces (221–866 µm in diameter); some poorly defined paucispicular tracts also observed, but without a clear orientation. Spongin scarce, barely observable at the nodes of the reticulation.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 7F, G). Oxeas, acerate, most slightly curved, some straight, 97– 137 –164 x 1.6– 5.7 –9.0 µm (Table 6).</p> <p>Ecology. Found on rocky substrate, growing alone or interwoven with other benthic invertebrates, such as calcareous bryozoans (MNRJ 13001) or octocorals (MNRJ 11470). Depth ranging from 9.7 to 17 m. Water temperature during collection of MNRJ 13069 was 23° C.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3C). Only known from Cancas and Punta Sal (Tumbes, Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The epithet “ marcoriosi ” honours Marco Samuel Rios Morales, who joined the diving team with great enthusiasm and efficiency, at different occasions all along the ESPER Project (2007–2009).</p> <p>Remarks. Haliclona (Halichoclona) marcoriosi sp. nov. is quite distinct from its congeners in the Eastern Pacific (Table 3). Those that approach the new species in colour are H. agglutinata, from Easter Island; H. (Re.) caduca Hajdu et al., 2013, from Los Lagos Region in Chile; H. (Halicl.) clairae Sim-Smith, Hickman Jr. &amp; Kelly, 2021, from Galápagos; and H. (S.) roslynae Sim-Smith, Hickman Jr. &amp; Kelly, 2021, also from Galápagos. Nevertheless, the new species differs from H. agglutinata regarding the latter’s massive shape and predominant off-white colour (Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1990). Haliclona (Halich.) marcoriosi sp. nov. is distinguished from H. (Re.) caduca given the latter’s much more delicate, unispicular skeleton, and much smaller oxeas (85–113 µm) (Hajdu et al. 2013). The very soft consistency, the thickly encrusting shape and the smaller oxeas (93–117 µm) of H. (S.) roslynae (Sim- Smith et al. 2021) set this species and H. (Halich.) marcoriosi sp. nov. apart. On the other hand, H. (Halicl.) clairae resemble very much the new species not only in colour, but also given its punctate surface and presence of tubular projections. However, both species can be set apart by the thinly encrusting (3 mm thick) shape, very soft consistency, small oscula (up to 2 mm in diameter), and anisotropic reticulation of multispicular primary lines, regularly connected by unispicular secondary lines bounded by abundant nodal spongin as seen in H. (Halicl.) clairae (Sim-Smith et al. 2021).</p> <p>Another species that approaches H. (Halich.) marcoriosi sp. nov. due to its ramose habit is H. (Halicl.) ambrosia (Dickinson, 1945), known from the San Marco Island at the Gulf of California. However, H. (Halicl.) ambrosia does not develop tubular projections, and has oxeas in two categories (oxeas I, 240 x 14; oxeas II, 130 x 3 µm long) (Dickinson 1945).</p> <p>Other species known to have a similar tubular habit are H. (S.) auletta (Thiele, 1905), H. (S.) chilensis (Thiele, 1905) and H. (Halicl.) spinosella (Thiele, 1905). The first two are from the Los Lagos Region in Chile and the latter from the Strait of Magellan area. In spite of H. (S.) auletta ’s and H. (S.) chilensis ’ tubular habit, the tubes in H. (S.) auletta are particularly distinct as they arise from a basal mat (Thiele 1905). Notwithstanding, both species are distinguished from the new species based on their loose and discontinuous skeleton with ill-defined paucispicular tracts close to the surface, in addition to short-pointed conical oxeas in H. (S.) auletta and blunt-pointed oxeas in H. (S.) chilensis (Thiele 1905). In turn, H. (Halicl.) spinosella is another tubular species, but with a surface much more irregular and verrucose (Thiele 1905) than observed in H. (Halich.) marcoriosi sp. nov.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29460D517DC7FCD66814FAE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29440D577DC7FA736FB8FC0E.text	0A10034B29440D577DC7FA736FB8FC0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Halichoclona) multiosculata Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Halichoclona) multiosculata sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 8, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 13682 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32241 - POR 12080, MHNG 85920)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-81.21108&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -81.21108/lat -5.2025833)">La Cabrillera</a>, Isla Foca, Piura Region (05°12’09.30” S, 81°12’39.90” W), depth 15 m, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Rios &amp; Ph. Willenz (11/XII/2009).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific with the combination of encrusting habit, with abundant oscula usually aligned in rows on ridges, rough surface, firm consistency and light pink colour alive, isotropic skeleton of oxeas 87–135 µm in length.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 8A, B). Encrusting, up to ca. 6 mm thick, covering large areas up to 15 x 20 cm. Surface rough. Oscula abundant, circular, ca. 1–4 mm wide, frequently aligned in rows on ridges. Consistency firm. Colour in life light pink.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 8C, D). Ectosome a dense isotropic reticulation, with some discernible triangular to squared meshes, slightly confused. Choanosome of the same structure as the ectosome, but denser. Spongin scarce, only found at the nodes of the reticulation.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 8E, F). Oxeas, slender, subtly bent at centre, sharp hastate points, 87– 116 –135 x 1.9– 6.2 –8.7 µm (n = 45 x 45).</p> <p>Ecology. Found on rocky substrate around 15 m depth, associated with many ophiuroids. Water temperature during collection was 21° C.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3C). Only known from its type locality, Isla Foca (Piura Region, Peru).</p> <p>Etymology. The epithet “ multiosculata ” is used as a noun in apposition that refers to the abundance of oscula in the new species (L. multi = much).</p> <p>Remarks. There are no clear relatives of H. (Halich.) multiosculata sp. nov. in the Eastern Pacific (Table 3). Haliclona agglutinata is most similar to the new species with a choanosomal skeleton of comparable architecture, oxeas within a similar size range (102–140 µm), and colour alive off-white with pinkish areas (Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; van Soest 1997). Nevertheless, the new species is encrusting, much thinner than H. agglutinata, has oscula commonly aligned on ridges, and skeleton without paucispicular tracts.</p> <p>Other Eastern Pacific Haliclona spp. that might be related to the new species regarding its skeleton architecture and/or shape are H. (Halich.) conica (Thiele, 1905), H. (Halich.) gellindra, H. (Re.) sordida (Thiele, 1905), and H. (Halich.) thielei. However, the new species differs from H. (Halich.) conica for the latter’s conical habit (15 mm thick) and longer oxeas (165 x 10 µm) (Thiele 1905). In addition, H. (Halich.) gellindra can also be distinguished by its fragile consistency, fewer and smaller oscula, and occurrence restricted to the Temperate Northeastern Pacific, along California and the coast of the Gulf of California (de Laubenfels 1932; Dickinson 1945). H. (Re.) sordida considerably approaches the new species by its encrusting habit (5–7 mm thick), smooth to irregular surface, and grouped oscula. However, H. (Re.) sordida ‘s smaller oscula (0.5 mm wide), its skeletal architecture with loose ascending tracts, and longer oxeas (200 x 9 µm) differentiate the two species (Thiele 1905; Hajdu et al. 2013). Finally, H. (Halich.) thielei also has an encrusting shape, but it has distinct colour alive (blue, grey or violet-grey), and never has oscula aligned on ridges (Thiele 1905; Hajdu et al. 2013).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29440D577DC7FA736FB8FC0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29420D557DC7FC0F6F12FCB6.text	0A10034B29420D557DC7FC0F6F12FCB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Halichoclona) paracas Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Halichoclona) paracas sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 9, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 12841 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12841, MHNG 85674)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.16456&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.3195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.16456/lat -14.3195)">Unnamed Locality</a> #2, Isla <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.16456&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.3195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.16456/lat -14.3195)">Santa Rosa</a>, Reserva Nacional de Paracas, Ica Region (14°19’10.2” S, 76°09’52.4” W), depth 8 m, coll. Y. Hooker, F. Azevedo &amp; Ph. Willenz (10/XII/2008).</p> <p>Comparative material. Reniera algicola Thiele, 1905: ZMB POR 3320 — syntype (slides), Talcahuano, Chile.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific with a combination of thinly encrusting habit, beige colour alive, abundant oscula about 1 mm wide, punctate surface, and an isotropic and dense reticulation of oxeas 157–211 µm long, without spicule tracts.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 9A, B). Thinly encrusting, ca. 1–3 mm thick, occupying an area of ca. 6.0 x 3.5 cm. Surface smooth, punctate, with small volcaniform projections, 1.0– 1.6 mm high, topped by an oscule. Oscula common, circular, 0.8–1.2 mm wide. Consistency firm, but compressible. Colour alive beige, colour in ethanol yellowish cream.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 9C–E). Ectosomal skeleton a dense, uni- to paucispicular, isotropic reticulation, slightly confused, but with some discernible triangular to squared meshes (Fig. 9E). Choanosome of the same structure as the ectosome, albeit there are some subectosomal and choanosomal spaces, 600–1500 µm (Fig. 9C, D). Spongin scarce, only observed at the nodes of the reticulation.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 9F, G). Oxeas, slightly curved, acerate, 157– 187 –211 x 5.1– 10.2 –12.8 µm (n = 30 x 30).</p> <p>Ecology. Found on rocks at 8 m depth, together with other sponges and sea anemones. Water temperature during collections was 14° C.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3D). Only known from its type locality, Isla Santa Rosa (Ica Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The epithet “ paracas ” is used as a noun in apposition referring to the Marine Protected Area of Paracas, where Isla Santa Rosa (type locality) is located.</p> <p>Remarks. The isotropic reticulation of the new species could fit both in H. (Reniera) or H. (Halichoclona). However, we decided for the assignment to H. (Halichoclona) based on the presence of a dense and confused reticulation in areas of the choanosome, in addition to the presence of choanosomal and subectosomal spaces. In addition, the ectosomal skeleton is supposed to be very regular and unispicular in H. (Reniera) (de Weerdt 2002), which diverge from the dense, uni- to paucispicular and slightly confused ectosome in H. (Halich.) paracas sp. nov.</p> <p>Eastern Pacific Haliclona spp. with encrusting shape and/or colour similar to the new species include 13 species (Table 3). Those that can be readily set apart from the new species based on their smaller oxeas are H. (Re.) topsenti (Thiele, 1905) (up to 150 µm), H. (Halicl.) macropora (Thiele, 1905) (104–124 µm), H. (Halicl.) sonorensis Cruz- Barraza &amp; Carballo, 2006 (100–145 µm), H. (Re.) oberi Sim-Smith, Hickman Jr. &amp; Kelly, 2021 (118–154 µm), H. (Rh.) anceps (up to 150 um) H. (Rh.) enamela (up to 120 µm), H. (S.) roslynae (93–117 µm), H. (Halich.) thielei (125–150 µm) and H. translucida Desqueyroux-Faúndez, 1990 (94–116 µm).</p> <p>The new species and H. (Re.) algicola share similarly sized and shaped oxeas. Nevertheless, the light grey colour of the latter alive and the brownish colour when fixed, somewhat diverges from the beige colour in life and yellowish cream in ethanol observed in the new species. We examined an original slide of H. (Re.) algicola syntype (ZMB POR 3320), where we did not observe very abundant spongin in the reticulation. Contrastingly, we could observe a much more irregular and much looser reticulation in H. (Re.) algicola than in the new species. We believe the distinct colour in life and these small skeletal differences set both species apart. The reticulation in H. (Re.) algicola looks less regular than that commonly found in H. (Reniera). Nevertheless, the examined slides are insufficient to review its subgeneric assignment.</p> <p>The new species differs from H. (Re.) sordida based on the latter’s verrucose surface, grey-brown colour and presence of ascending paucispicular tracts in the choanosome (Thiele 1905). Haliclona (Halich.) gellindra differs by its pale-lavender colour, in addition to rare and irregular oscula (de Laubenfels 1932). In its turn, H. (S.) spuma has a subanisotropic reticulation of multispicular primary lines and pauci- to multispicular secondary lines and is thicker, 5–20 mm, than the new species (Sim-Smith et al. 2021).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29420D557DC7FC0F6F12FCB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29400D6B7DC7FC426D81FC62.text	0A10034B29400D6B7DC7FC426D81FC62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Halichoclona) pellucida Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Halichoclona) pellucida sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 10, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 12149 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12149, MHNG 85591)— Punta Hornillos, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.2884&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.8805" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.2884/lat -16.8805)">Matarani</a>, Arequipa Region (16°52’49.80” S, 72°17’18.24” W), depth 11 m, coll. Y. Hooker, U. Zanabria &amp; Ph. Willenz (28/ XI/2008).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific with a combination of thickly encrusting to cushion-shaped habit, white colour alive with translucent smooth surface, isotropic, slightly confused to isodictyal choanosomal reticulation of oxeas 129–184 µm in length.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 10A, B). Thickly encrusting to cushion-shaped, ca. 7 mm thick, spreading laterally to cover an area larger than 20 x 7 cm. Surface smooth, but uneven, just slightly punctate, translucent. Oscula common, circular, 1–3 mm wide, just slightly elevated or at the top of small volcaniform projections, up to 5 mm high. Consistency firm, nearly incompressible Colour alive is white, with a translucent surface that gives to the sponge an icy aspect.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 10C–E). Ectosomal skeleton a dense isotropic reticulation, with some ill-defined paucispicular tracts without a clear orientation. Choanosomal skeleton a dense and confused isotropic reticulation with occasional ill-defined paucispicular (1–4 spicules) tracts perpendicular to the surface. In some parts, the skeleton becomes a regular isodictyal reticulation, of uni- to bispicular triangular to squared meshes, Choanosomal spaces are common, especially closer to the surface, 284–756 µm wide. Spongin at the nodes of the reticulation.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 10F–H). Oxeas, hastate, mostly curved, 129– 161– 184 µm x 3.0– 7.5– 12 µm (n = 40 x 20).</p> <p>Ecology. Found on rocky substrate, underneath an overhang at about 11 m depth, co-occurring with shrimps and other sponges. Water temperature during collection was 15°C.</p> <p>Etymology. The epithet “ pellucida ” refers to the vitreous aspect of this sponge (L. pellucidus = clear, transparent).</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3D). Only known from its type locality, Matarani (Arequipa Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Remarks. The new species has a mainly dense, isotropic skeleton, with choanosomal spaces and firm consistency, matching the H. (Halichoclona) definition. Even though, its skeleton turns into a more regular isodictyal reticulation in parts, resembling that of H. (Reniera). However, the also dense and confused ectosomal skeleton markedly deviates from the very regular and unispicular ectosome of typical H. (Reniera) as H. (Re.) aquaeductus (Schmidt, 1862), H. (Re.) cinerea (Grant, 1826) and H. (Re.) implexiformis (Hechtel, 1965). Thus, the new species is best classified in H. (Halichoclona).</p> <p>Two species that are similar to H. (Halich.) pellucida sp. nov. in shape and colour are the Easter Island endemics H. rapanui and H. translucida (Table 3). The former is close to the new species in face of its thickly encrusting habit (up to 19 mm thick), oscula 2–3 mm wide and similar sized oxeas. However, the two species are easily distinguished based on their hispid surface, presence of ascending multispicular tracts in the choanosome, and oxeas usually modified to styles or strongyles in H. rapanui (Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1990). Haliclona translucida is also similar to the new species, given its white to yellow colour alive, thickly encrusting habit, oscula 1.5–2.0 mm wide, and an isodictyal to isotropic reticulation with triangular or squared meshes and no spicule tracts (Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1990). However, the latter can be differentiated from H. (Halich.) pellucida sp. nov. based on their non-overlapping oxeas’ dimensions, 94–116 µm long in the Easter Island species (Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1990), and 129–184 µm in the new one.</p> <p>Haliclona (Halich.) pellucida sp. nov. is similarly close to H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov., H. (Halich.) paracas sp. nov., H. (Re.) algicola, and H. (S.) spuma given their habit (overall similar shape, and somewhat similar colouration). However, H. (Halich.) pellucida sp. nov. has a distinct translucent aspect on the surface, without the same punctate aspect present in these species (Thiele 1905; Sim-Smith et al. 2021; present study). In addition, H. (S.) spuma has a subanisotropic reticulation with primary multispicular lines, whereas the new species has an isotropic to isodictyal reticulation (Sim-Smith et al. 2021). Finally, H. (Re.) algicola also has longer oxeas (193–208 µm, (Hajdu et al. 2013), than those of H. (Halich.) pellucida sp. nov. (129–186 µm long).</p> <p>The firm consistency of H. (Halich.) pellucida sp. nov. warrants comparison with two other white-coloured Eastern Pacific haplosclerids, namely Xestospongia dubia (Ristau, 1978) and Neopetrosia vanilla (de Laubenfels, 1930). Both are white, encrusting, hard, and with a very dense isotropic reticulation, that in X. dubia is reinforced with multispicular tracts. These features make them distinct from the new species (de Laubenfels 1930; Ristau 1978; Lee et al. 2007). In fact, the generic assignment of X. dubia is not clear, with oxeas smaller than expected for Xestospongia, but approaching Neopetrosia. The similarities between X. dubia and N. vanilla suggests their synonymy should be evaluated.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29400D6B7DC7FC426D81FC62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B297E0D6B7DC7FBF66C98FABE.text	0A10034B297E0D6B7DC7FBF66C98FABE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Reniera) Schmidt 1862	<div><p>Haliclona (Reniera) Schmidt, 1862</p> <p>Definition. Chalinidae with a choanosomal skeleton consisting of a delicate, regular, unispicular, isotropic reticulation. Ectosomal skeleton, if present, also a tangential, unispicular, isotropic, very regular and continuous reticulation. Spongin always present at the nodes of the reticulation, but never abundant. Oxeas frequently bluntpointed or strongylote. Microscleres, if present, toxas and sigmas. Sponges commonly soft and fragile (de Weerdt 2002).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B297E0D6B7DC7FBF66C98FABE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B297E0D697DC7FA4A6DC9FD26.text	0A10034B297E0D697DC7FA4A6DC9FD26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Reniera) parvuloxea Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Reniera) parvuloxea sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 11, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 13044 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32241 - POR 13044, MHNG 85832)— Punta Capones, Mangroves of Tumbes, Tumbes Region (03°24’05.30” S, 80°18’ 18.00” W), intertidal, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; K.M. Pretell Monzón (27/XI/2009).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific with a combination of encrusting habit, presence of blind fistules, lobate projections frequently bifurcating, with an apical oscula, colour alive yellow; isotropic to isodictyal unispicular skeleton, and oxeas 62–91µm in length.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 11A, B). Encrusting, with abundant, short, up to 5 mm high, cylindrical or irregular, frequently bifurcate, lobate projections; several blind fistules present; often with small, circular, apical oscula, 0.4–1.3 mm in diameter. Surface smooth, shiny out of water. Consistency soft. Colour in life yellow.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 11C–E). Ectosome an isodictyal to isotropic, unispicular reticulation. Choanosome an isotropic, unispicular reticulation, more regular in some parts, isodictyal; in others somewhat disorganized. Mesohyl heavily pigmented, rendering a brownish colour that even hampers skeleton observation. Spongin scarce, at the nodes of the reticulation when present.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 11F, G). Oxeas, slender, subtly bent at centre, short acerate points, dimensions 62– 80 –91 x 1.0– 2.5 –4.0 µm (n = 40 x 20).</p> <p>Ecology. Intertidal, epibiotic over unidentified mangrove tree roots.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3D). Only known from its type locality, in the mangroves of Tumbes, in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The epithet comes from the L. parvulus (= very little), in reference to the overall small dimensions of oxeas in this species, smaller than in other Peruvian haplosclerids.</p> <p>Remarks. Little is known of the sponge biodiversity in mangroves along the Tropical Eastern Pacific (Cortés et al. 2009). Unsurprisingly, this is the only yellow Haliclona, with small oxeas, from mangrove habitats in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Other congeners from the tropical sector of the Peruvian coast include H. (Halich.) marcoriosi sp. nov. and H. (Halich.) multiosculata sp. nov. (Table 3), albeit their dissimilarities in colour, shape, spicule dimensions and habitat differentiate these species from H. (Re.) parvuloxea sp. nov. Comparison with H. (Rh.) manglarensis sp. nov, also occurring in the Tumbes mangrove, is made in the Remarks section of that species.</p> <p>Yellowish-coloured Haliclona spp. in the Eastern or Central Pacific are H. (Rh.) anceps, H. (S.) auletta, H. (Halicl.) macropora, H. (Halich.) mokuoloea (de Laubenfels, 1950), H. siphonella (Thiele, 1905), H. (Halicl.) spinosella, and H. translucida (Table 3). They all are readily distinguished from H. (Re.) parvuloxea sp. nov. due to the latter’s small-sized oxeas, 62–91 µm long, in addition to several differences in the habit of these species (Thiele 1905; Hajdu et al. 2013).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B297E0D697DC7FA4A6DC9FD26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B297C0D697DC7FD32685DFC46.text	0A10034B297C0D697DC7FD32685DFC46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Rhizoniera) Griessinger 1971	<div><p>Haliclona (Rhizoniera) Griessinger, 1971</p> <p>Definition. Chalinidae with an anisotropic, ladder-like choanosomal skeleton consisting of uni- to multispicular primary lines, connected by irregular unispicular secondary lines. Ectosomal skeleton usually absent; if present, consisting only of some vaguely strewn tangentially oriented oxeas. Spongin moderate to absent. Megascleres usually slender oxeas with acerated points. No microscleres (Muricy et al. 2015).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B297C0D697DC7FD32685DFC46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B297C0D6F7DC7FBC76ED5FD26.text	0A10034B297C0D6F7DC7FBC76ED5FD26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Rhizoniera) baslaviae Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Rhizoniera) baslaviae sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 12, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 12856 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12856, MHNG 85689)— Roquedal, Laguna Grande, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.26425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.153299" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.26425/lat -14.153299)">Reserva Nacional de Paracas</a>, Ica Region (14°09’11.88” S, 76°15’51.3” W), depth 3–9 m, coll. Y. Hooker, E. Hajdu &amp; Ph. Willenz (12/XII/2008).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific with a combination of smooth surface, rare oscula, blue colour alive, and an irregular anisotropic reticulation with loose uni- to paucispicular primary tracts.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 12A). Small specimen, ca. 3 cm in largest diameter, thickly encrusting on an empty limpet shell. Surface smooth. Oscula rare, circular, 1 mm in diameter. Consistency soft. Colour purplish blue in life.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 12B). Ectosome not specialized. Choanosome an irregular anisotropic reticulation, loose uni- to paucispicular primary tracts connected by unispicular secondary tracts. Few pauci- to multispicular discontinuous tracts, perpendicular to the surface, deep in the choanosome. Choanosomal and subectosomal spaces present, 150– 780 µm in diameter. Many free spicules around. Spongin not visible.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 12C, D). Oxeas, slender, subtly bent at centre, long acerate points, dimensions 133– 151 –169 µm x 4.0– 5.3 –6.0 µm (n = 20 x 10).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow subtidal, markedly silted habitat. Water temperature during collection was 21°C.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3E). Only known from its type locality at Laguna Grande (Paracas), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet honours Dr. Báslavi Cóndor-Luján who, as an undergraduate, participated in our fieldwork year after year, and followed up developing her career in sponge taxonomy.</p> <p>Remarks. The anisotropic, ladder-like reticulation of the new species is similar to that found in H. (Haliclona) and H. (Rhizoniera). However, the reticulation in H. (Haliclona) is supposed to be very regular, with straight primary lines, while in the new species it is more irregular with spongin not observable. Thus, H. (Rhizoniera) remains as the best assignment for the new species, especially after the amendment of the subgeneric diagnosis by Muricy et al. (2015) to allow the inclusion of species with unispicular primary lines.</p> <p>This is the only blue Haliclona found in Peru. Other congeners in the Eastern Pacific showing similar colour when alive are H. (Halich.) gellindra, H. (Halich.) thielei, H. (Re.) topsenti, and H. (Halicl.) verrucosa (Thiele, 1905) (Table 3). The new species can be promptly set apart from H. (Halich.) gellindra based on the presence of a tangential ectosome and a dense, confused, subisotropic choanosomal skeleton (de Laubenfels 1932; de Weerdt 2002). The “spicule reinforced form” of H. (Halich.) thielei has an encrusting habit, 2–3 mm thick, and blue green or violet-grey colour, similarly to H. (Rh.) baslaviae sp. nov. Even so, both forms of H. (Halich.) thielei are distinct from H. (Rh.) baslaviae sp. nov. The “spicule reinforced form” has a dense and irregular skeleton, and abundant oscula; while the “spongin reinforced form” has a skeleton with abundant nodal spongin, and oscula on top of conical projections up to 3 mm high (Thiele 1905). Both patterns contrast to what is observed in H. (Rh.) baslaviae sp. nov., that has a mainly unispicular anisotropic architecture, without visible spongin, and seemingly only one, flat oscule. These features clearly set both species apart.</p> <p>Haliclona (Re.) topsenti and H. (Halicl.) verrucosa are only known from the Magellanic Province and share a similar encrusting habit, though distinguished based on skeleton architecture and aspects of the oscula/surface. The former has oscula mostly on top of verrucose projections, and a dense and irregular skeleton, with occasional paucispicular tracts close to the surface (Thiele 1905). Haliclona (Halicl.) verrucosa also has oscula on top of verrucose projections, in addition to small and irregular blind verrucose projections on its surface, and abundant spongin in basal parts of the skeleton (Thiele 1905). The new species is thus distinct from all other blue(ish) Haliclona spp. known from the Eastern Pacific.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B297C0D6F7DC7FBC76ED5FD26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B297A0D6D7DC7FD326E1DFBBA.text	0A10034B297A0D6D7DC7FD326E1DFBBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Rhizoniera) manglarensis Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Rhizoniera) manglarensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 13, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 13052 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 13052, MHNG 85840)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.277&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.4255002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.277/lat -3.4255002)">Northern Point</a> of Isla <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.277&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.4255002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.277/lat -3.4255002)">Chalaquera</a>, Mangroves of Tumbes, Tumbes Region (03°25’31.80” S, 80°16’37.20” W), intertidal, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; K.M.P Monzón (27/XI/2009).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific with a combination of encrusting habit, abundant lobate projections up to 3 cm high, rough surface, olive green to yellow colour alive; skeleton mostly a unispicular, isotropic reticulation, more ladder-like close to the surface.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 13A, B). Encrusting with abundant lobate projections, up to 3 cm high, cylindrical or irregular, frequently bifurcate. Oscula circular, 2–5 mm diam., apical, lateral or basal on the lobate projections. Surface rough, velvety out of water. Consistency soft and bristly. Colour in life olive, becoming lighter and yellowish, towards the lobes’ apices.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 13C). Ectosome unspecialized. Choanosome a confused, unispicular, isotropic reticulation in the deeper parts, becoming more anisotropic close to the surface, with ill-defined uni- to bispicular primary lines irregularly connected by unispicular secondary lines. Abundant small spicules (likely juveniles), scattered all around. Mesohyl moderately pigmented, brownish. Spongin not visible.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 13D, E). Oxeas, slender, subtly bent at centre, long acerate points, 92– 120 –140 µm x 1.0– 3.8 – 6.0 µm (n = 40 x 20).</p> <p>Ecology. Intertidal, epibiotic over unidentified mangrove tree roots.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3E). This far only known from its type locality in the Mangroves of Tumbes area (Tumbes Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet, “ manglarensis ”, refers to the mangrove ecosystem where the species occurs.</p> <p>Remarks. Haliclona (Rhizoniera) manglarensis sp. nov. has a unispicular and isotropic reticulation in the deeper parts of the choanosome, becoming more regularly anisotropic close to the surface, with uni- to bispicular primary lines. Such an arrangement is not promptly assigned to any of the subgenera of Haliclona, being actually somewhat similar to H. (Soestella), H. (Reniera) and H. (Rhizoniera). The new species share with H. (Soestella) only the presence of ill-defined primary lines, but lacks the characteristic rounded meshes of this subgenus. In turn, the new species could also resemble Haliclona (Reniera) regarding the shared presence of unipiscular isotropic skeleton, however in H. (Reniera) the reticulation is very regular, the skeleton entirely isotropic, while the new species has a dual reticulation, irregular and isotropic in the inner parts, and anisotropic in the surface, being thus not much alike H. (Reniera). Lastly, H. (Rhizoniera) spp. commonly have a regular anisotropic, ladder-like skeleton of ascending pauci- to multispicular lines, usually lacking a specialized ectosome, and scarce spongin. This subgenus is the most similar to what is observed in the new species, except for the presence of a more isotropic skeleton in the inner parts of the choanosome and the presence of uni- to bispicular primary lines. Nevertheless, Muricy et al. (2015) amended the definition of H. (Rhizoniera) to include species with unispicular primary lines. Concurrently, the species H. (Rh.) fugidia Muricy et al., 2015 also has a skeleton similar to that in H. (Rh.) manglarensis sp. nov., isotropic inside and anisotropic close to the surface with uni- to paucispicular primary lines. Thus, the best assignment of the new species is H. (Rhizoniera).</p> <p>Haliclona (Rh.) manglarensis sp. nov. has no close relatives along the Eastern Pacific (Table 3). The only other Haliclona co-occurring in the Tumbes mangroves, epibiotic on mangrove roots, is H. (Re.) parvuloxea sp. nov. (see above). The latter has a predominantly isotropic, unispicular architecture typical of its subgenus, thinly encrusting shape without lobate projections, smooth surface, and yellow colour alive. All these characters render it markedly distinct from H. (Rh.) manglarensis sp. nov.</p> <p>The mangroves of Tumbes have a tropical fauna (Hooker et al. 2013), and the only tropical Haliclona spp. occurring along the Eastern Pacific are H. (Halicl.) ambrosia, H. (S.) caerulea (Hechtel, 1965), H. (Rh.) enamela, H. (G.) laubenfelsi, H. (Re.) oberi, H. (G.) perforata, H. (S.) roslynae, H. (Halicl.) sonorensis, H. (S.) spuma, and H. turquoisia (de Laubenfels, 1954). The ramose habit and longer oxeas (130–240 µm long) in H. (Halicl.) ambrosia set it apart from the new species (Dickinson 1945). Haliclona (S.) caerulea and H. (G.) perforata are easily distinguished based on the presence of sigmas as microscleres (Hechtel 1965; de Weerdt 2000). The record of H. (Rh.) enamela for Clipperton Atoll (de Laubenfels 1939) was reviewed in van Soest et al. (2011), who assigned it to H. (G.) laubenfelsi, and there is little doubt that this should be also applied to the Galápagos record also mentioned by de Laubenfels (1939). Still, the presence of toxas readily sets H. (G.) laubenfelsi apart from the new species. The bluish-green colour of H turquoisia, in conjunction with its regular, isotropic to isodictyal skeleton reinforced by multispicular tracts (Gómez et al. 2002), also characterizes it as very dissimilar to the new species. Haliclona (S.) roslynae can be distinguished by its translucent light pink colour alive, in addition to the presence of rounded meshes in the choanosome (Sim-Smith et al. 2021). In its turn, H. (Halicl.) sonorensis is very distinct. It is encrusting, with only scarce oscula, and a pinkish-violet colour alive. Besides, it has a regular iso- to anisotropic skeleton with abundant nodal spongin (Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo 2006). Lastly, H. (S.) spuma is also distinguished based on its white colour alive, lack of prominent lobate projections, and presence of multispicular primary lines in the choanosome (Sim-Smith et al. 2021).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B297A0D6D7DC7FD326E1DFBBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29780D637DC7FBB36D40FA4E.text	0A10034B29780D637DC7FBB36D40FA4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Rhizoniera) zanabriai Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Haliclona (Rhizoniera) zanabriai sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 14, Table 3)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 12155 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12155, MHNG 85598) Isla <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.1222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.00875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.1222/lat -17.00875)">Blanca</a>, Matarani, Arequipa Region (17º00’31.50” S, 72º07’19.90” W —Matarani, Arequipa), depth between 4.5–20 m, coll. Y. Hooker &amp; U. Zanabria (28/XI/2008).</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Haliclona in the Eastern Pacific with a combination of cushion-shaped habit, short lobate projections or small ridges, punctate and flat surface, colour alive light-brown, an anisotropic skeleton with uni- to paucispicular primary tracts, and oxeas 79–163 µm in length.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 14A, B). Thickly encrusting specimen, 5–9 mm thick, with short lobate projections or small ridges, irregularly sprawling, attaining largest diameters of over 30 cm. Surface somewhat punctate. Oscula abundant, circular, 1–2 mm in diameter, mostly flush with the surface. Consistency soft, compressible. Colour in life light brown.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 14C, D). No specialized ectosomal skeleton. Choanosome an anisotropic reticulation with ascending, somewhat regular, primary uni- to paucispicular tracts (1–5 spicules thick), connected by mostly unispicular secondary tracts in varied angles of attachment; overall construction quite loose. Large lacunae present, up to 300 µm in diam., and a few, likely younger spicules, scattered all around. Spongin scarce, at the nodes of the reticulation.</p> <p>Oxeas (Fig. 14E–G). Oxeas, fusiform, straight, or more frequently subtly bent at centre, long acerate points, 79– 123 –163 µm x 1.0– 5.1 –9.0 µm (n = 40 x 20).</p> <p>Ecology. Occur on shallow rocky substrate in the subtidal zone, partly epibiont on large barnacles, and associated with red algae, shrimps, a blenny, and a dense mat of short polyps (likely Hydractinia sp.). Though the depth during collection was not recorded, the maximum depth reached on this dive was 20 m.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3E). Only known from its type locality at Isla Blanca (Matarani, Arequipa Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. We dedicate this species to Ulrich Zanabria for his efficient buddy diving assistance during our stay in Matarani, which involved several deeper dives.</p> <p>Remarks. Haliclona (Rh.) zanabriai sp. nov. is better assigned to H. (Rhizoniera) given its anisotropic skeleton, somewhat regular, with scarce spongin, and long-pointed oxeas (de Weerdt 2002). Several Haliclona spp. along the Eastern Pacific share with the new species the presence of uni- to multispicular primary lines with scarce spongin, demanding the comparisons provided below (Table 3). The Californian H. (Rh.) enamela has a brown colour, smooth to verrucose surface, and anatomy including a dense reticulation with primary lines 6–8 spicules thick (de Laubenfels 1932). In contrast, H. (Rh.) zanabriai sp. nov. has a flat surface without verrucose projections, and a much less dense skeleton, with primary lines only 1–5 spicules thick. Both species appear thus easily distinguishable.</p> <p>The remaining eastern Pacific Haliclona spp. with uni- to multispicular primary lines are the Chilean H. (Rh.) anceps, H. (S.) auletta, H. (S.) chilensis, H. (S.) inepta (Thiele, 1905), H. (Halicl.) macropora, H. rugosa (Thiele, 1905), H. (Re.) sordida, H. (Halich.) thielei, and H. (Halicl.) verrucosa. The new species is promptly set apart from H. (S.) inepta and H. (Re.) sordida (both from the Magellanic Province) given its non-overlapping smaller oxeas (79–163 µm long in H. (Rh.) zanabriai sp. nov. vs. 180–200 µm in H. (S.) inepta and ca. 200 µm in H. (Re.) sordida) (Thiele 1905; Hajdu et al. 2013). In turn, H. (S.) auletta and H. (S.) chilensis (also from the Magellanic Province) have a distinct tubular shape, and conulose surface in the former (Thiele, 1905), so that conspecificity with H. (Rh.) zanabriai sp. nov. is rather unlikely.</p> <p>Other Magellanic species that also resemble the new species are H. rugosa and H. (Halicl.) verrucosa. Their suggestive names derive from their particular habit with an irregular surface that might bear swellings in H. rugosa, or prominent verrucose projections in H. (Halicl.) verrucosa. In addition, H. rugosa has a hemispherical shape, blue-grey colour alive, and oxeas 150 µm long; while H. (Halicl.) verrucosa has oxeas 150–165 um long, joined in basal areas by abundant spongin (Thiele 1905). Therefore, their conspecificity with H. (Rh.) zanabriai sp. nov. is also unlikely.</p> <p>The taxonomic problem of H. (Halich.) thielei was treated in the Remarks section of H. (Halich.) arequipaensis sp. nov. Still, none of the ‘forms’ of H. (Halich.) thielei are conspecific with H (Rh.) zanabriai sp. nov., as the “spicule reinforced” one has a dense, irregular skeleton, and blue-green or grey-violet colour; and the “spongin reinforced”, a much more regular skeleton, and apical oscula on conical elevations up to 3 mm high (Thiele 1905).</p> <p>Haliclona (Rh.) anceps and H. (Halicl.) macropora, from the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, approach the habit of H. (Rh.) zanabriai sp. nov., all sharing the presence of pauci- to multispicular tracts in the skeleton too. However, H. (Rh.) anceps is a grey-yellowish sponge, with irregular meshes in the choanosomal reticulation, bearing short pauci- to multispicular tracts beneath the surface, some of which may pierce the ectosome. Roughly speaking, this doesn’t match the new species’ brown colour and choanosomal architecture with deep, more regular longitudinal tracts, overlaid by spicules in confusion (Thiele 1905). In spite of the punctate surface and skeletal architecture much alike the new species in H. (Halicl.) macropora, it has projecting spicule tracts that produce conules on the surface (Thiele 1905), a feature not observed in H. (Rh.) zanabriai sp. nov. In addition, H. (Rh.) zanabriai sp. nov. has abundant oscula, while these are rare in H. (Halicl.) macropora, with only two reported in its type material (Thiele 1905).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29780D637DC7FBB36D40FA4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29760D637DC7F9926963F96E.text	0A10034B29760D637DC7F9926963F96E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Niphates Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Niphates Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti 1864</p> <p>Definition. Niphatidae with a paratangential ectosomal reticulation of fibres or tracts, obscured by the conulose surface produced by the ends of primary longitudinal fibres (Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Valentine 2002).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29760D637DC7F9926963F96E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29760D607DC7F8FA6FFBF908.text	0A10034B29760D607DC7F8FA6FFBF908.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Niphates ruthecitae Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Niphates ruthecitae sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 15, Table 3, Table 7)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 12159 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12159, MHNG 85602)— Unnamed Inlet to the <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.44833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.701694" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.44833/lat -16.701694)">North of Quilca</a>, Arequipa Region (16°42’06.10” S, 72°26’54.00” W), depth ca. 5 m, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Vilchez &amp; Ph. Willenz (01/XII/2008). Paratypes. MNRJ 12066 (Vouchers RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12066, MHNG 85508)— Punta Coles, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.38089&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.38089/lat -17.7)">Ilo</a>, Moquegua Region (17°42’00.0” S, 71°22’51.2” W), depth 8.4 m, coll. Y. Hooker, Ph. Willenz &amp; M. Rios (06/XI/2006); MNRJ 12141 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12141, MHNG 85584)— Playa Catarindo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.03423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.019148" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.03423/lat -17.019148)">Mollendo</a>, Arequipa Region (17°01’08.93” S, 72°02’03.25” W), depth 4 m, coll. Y. Hooker &amp; U. Zanabria (26/ XI/2008). Additional material deposited in collections. MNRJ 12139 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32240 - POR 12139, MHNG 85582) — Playa Catarindo, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.03423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.019148" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.03423/lat -17.019148)">Mollendo</a>, Arequipa Region (17°01’08.93” S, 72°02’03.25” W), depth 4 to 5 m, coll. Y. Hooker and U. Zanabria (26/XI/2019)</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Niphates in the Indo-Pacific combining a cushion-shape with lobate or thick lamellate projections, reticulated surface, light brown to light pink colour alive, a very regular skeleton of multispicular primary tracts connected by uni- to paucispicular secondary ones, oxeas 54–128 µm long, and no microscleres.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 15A, B). Specimens can be large, over 30 cm in diameter, cushion-shaped, with irregular lobate or thick lamellate projections. Surface optically rough, but smoother to the touch. Oscula abundant, circular, 1–2 mm wide, randomly distributed, either flush with the surface, or on top of very low volcaniform elevations. Consistency spongy. Colour in life light brown to light pink.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 15C–E). Ectosome an irregular reticulation of pauci- to multispicular tracts (13–60 µm thick), creating irregular to circular meshes (70–370 µm wide). Choanosome a reticulation of longitudinal multispicular primary tracts (50–225 µm thick), orthogonally connected, fairly regularly, by uni- to paucispicular secondary tracts (30–75 µm thick), creating squared to rectangular meshes (85–1100 µm wide). Spongin is abundant, enveloping both categories of tracts, and free spicules are abundantly scattered throughout the choanosome.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 15F, G). Oxeas, fusiform, straight, or more frequently subtly bent at centre, long acerate points, dimensions 54– 96 –128 x 1.7– 6.0 –9.9 µm (Table 7).</p> <p>Ecology. Specimens collected from flat or vertical rocky substrate in the shallow subtidal (5 m), co-occurring with abundant sea urchins. Water temperature during collection of MNRJ 12141 was 16 °C.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3F). Only known from Arequipa and Moquegua Regions, in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. This species is dedicated to our late colleague and great friend Ruth Desqueyroux-Faúndez, for her important role in sponge taxonomy, devoting herself to identifying and describing new species, with a special care for the SE Pacific and for the Haplosclerida in particular.</p> <p>Remarks. This is the only known Niphates in the entire Southeastern Pacific. Its single congener in the Eastern Pacific is Niphates lunisimilis (de Laubenfels, 1930) from California (Table 3). The latter shares with N. ruthecitae sp. nov. a somewhat similar shape (massive to subspherical in N. lunisimilis), oscula with raised edges, and drab colour (it may be light brown to light pink in Niphates ruthecitae sp. nov.). They, nevertheless, are very distinct in terms of skeletal architecture, as N. lunisimilis has a fragile, isodictyal skeleton superimposed by a reticulation of multispicular spongin fibres (de Laubenfels 1932). Other Niphates spp. are all from the Western and Central Pacific, rendering conspecificity unlikely on purely biogeographical terms.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29760D607DC7F8FA6FFBF908	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29750D607DC7F910691FF8D0.text	0A10034B29750D607DC7F910691FF8D0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachychalina Schmidt 1868	<div><p>Pachychalina Schmidt, 1868</p> <p>Definition. Niphatidae with a paratangential ectosomal reticulation of fibres or tracts obscured by the irregularly, conulose to spiny surface, pierced by abundant aquiferous orifices (Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Valentine 2002).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29750D607DC7F910691FF8D0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29730D647DC7FF5F6E7CFC9A.text	0A10034B29730D647DC7FF5F6E7CFC9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachychalina lupusapia Bispo & Willenz & Hajdu 2022	<div><p>Pachychalina lupusapia sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 16, Table 3, Table 8)</p> <p>Holotype. MNRJ 11357 (<a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.73594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.73594/lat -5.2025833)">Vouchers</a>: RBINS-IG 32239 - POR 11357, MHNG 85356)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.73594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.73594/lat -5.2025833)">Islote Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.73594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.73594/lat -5.2025833)">Islas Lobos de Afuera</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.73594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.73594/lat -5.2025833)">Lambayeque Region</a> (06°55’09.80”’S, 80°44’09.40” W), depth 15 m, coll. Ph. Willenz &amp; Y. Hooker (05/X/2007). Paratypes. MNRJ 13676 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32241 - POR 13676, MHNG 85914)— Puerto Rico, Bayóvar, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.73594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.73594/lat -5.2025833)">Bahia Sechura</a>, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.73594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.73594/lat -5.2025833)">Piura Region</a> (05°46’49.70” S, 81°04’04.70” W), depth 10 m, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Rios &amp; Ph. Willenz (09/XII/2009); MNRJ 13687 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32241 - POR 13687, MHNG 85925)— La Cabrillera, Isla Foca, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.73594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.73594/lat -5.2025833)">Piura Region</a> (05°12’09.30” S, 81°12’39.90” W), depth 15 m, coll. Y. Hooker, M. Rios &amp; Ph. Willenz (11/XII/2009). Additional topotypical material deposited in collections. MNRJ 11349 (Vouchers: RBINS-IG 32239 - POR 11349, MHNG 85348)— <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.73594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2025833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.73594/lat -5.2025833)">Islote Santo Domingo</a>, Islas Lobos de Afuera, Lambayeque Region (06°55’09.80”’S, 80°44’09.40” W), depth 14 m, coll. E. Hajdu (05/X/2007).</p> <p>Comparative material. Pachychalina tenera Thiele, 1905: ZMB POR 3329 — syntype (slides), Punta Arenas, Chile.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The only Pachychalina in the Eastern Pacific with a thickly encrusting habit and attaining large dimensions, with abundant lobes bearing apical oscula, surface punctate, light grey colour alive with purple or violet tinges; choanosome with pauci- to multispicular primary tracts (up to 55 µm thick), connected by secondary uni- to paucispicular tracts; oxeas 90–164 µm in length.</p> <p>Description (Fig. 16A, B). Thickly encrusting, 3–8 mm thick, occupying areas as large as 1 m, nearly flat, or bearing abundant, commonly short, cylindrical or volcaniform (0.5–1.0 cm high), seldom long, digitiform lobes (2.5–3.0 cm high). Oscula, 0.5–3.0 mm in diameter, circular, usually apical on lobes. Surface punctate. At places, mainly at margins, convergent subectosomal canals are seen in in situ images, but it is not clear they converge towards oscula. Consistency easily compressible, but slightly resilient. Colour in life light grey, with a hint of purple or violet.</p> <p>Skeleton (Fig. 16C–E). No specialized ectosomal skeleton, only a few tangential oxeas strewn randomly amidst the orthogonal terminations of the main choanosomal tracts. Choanosomal architecture anisotropic at parts, or seemingly isotropic, with pauci- to multispicular primary longitudinal tracts (up to 55 µm thick), connected by short secondary uni- to paucispicular tracts inserted at various angles to the former. Spicule density decreases towards the periphery. Spongin is scarce.</p> <p>Spicules (Fig. 16F, G). Oxeas, slender, mostly subtly bent at centre, long, acerate points, dimensions 90– 137 – 166 x 1.6– 5.9 –9.0 µm (Table 8).</p> <p>Ecology. Specimens seen in nearly plane, often vertical, rocky walls, at 15 m depth. They were associated to sea urchins (cf. Paracentrotus), ophiuroids, chitons, tunicates, blennies, algae, and large barnacles. Water temperature during collection of the holotype was 16 °C.</p> <p>Distribution (Fig. 3F). Known only from Bahía de Sechura (Piura Region) and Islas Lobos de Afuera (Lambayeque Region), in Peru.</p> <p>Etymology. The epithet “ lupusapia ” is used as a noun in apposition derived from the L. lupus (= wolf) and Gr. apios (= far away), making reference to the type locality Islas Lobos de Afuera.</p> <p>Remarks. There are only two species of Pachychalina reported from the Eastern Pacific: P. acapulcensis Wilson, 1904, from Mexico, and P. tenera Thiele, 1905 from southern Chile and Argentina (Table 3). Pachychalina acapulcensis is described as an erect lamella, bearing several lobes, a conulose surface, and oxeas 60–100 x 2–5 µm (Wilson 1904). Such features are enough to distinguish it from P. lupusapia sp. nov. Pachychalina. acapulcensis has a skeleton that is very similar to species of Callyspongia (Cladochalina), such as C. (Cl.) fibrosa, i.e., with stout spiculofibres encased by spongin and a complex reticulation of smaller fibres. In fact, several species previously described under Pachychalina in the Indo-Pacific have been transferred to Callyspongia (Cladochalina) (Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1984; de Voogd 2004). We propose the transfer of P. acapulcensis to the Callyspongiida, classified as Callyspongia (Cladochalina) acapulcensis comb. nov.</p> <p>The only other Pachychalina in the Eastern Pacific is P. tenera from the Magellanic area. The holotype is encrusting, up to 10 mm thick, soft and delicate in consistency (Thiele 1905). We examined a slide of the skeleton of the syntype (ZMB POR 3329), that has an anisotropic architecture, with both primary and secondary multispicular tracts stouter than those of P. lupusapia sp. nov. In addition, secondary tracts in P. lupusapia sp. nov. are much shorter and more slender than in P. tenera, creating a tighter skeleton that is also more disorganized. Pachychalina tenera was also recorded for the Patagonian coast of Argentina (Gastaldi et al. 2018), where it was found as encrustations bearing digitiform or volcaniform projections, extremely soft but resilient in consistency, violet coloured alive, and with a similar skeletal architecture to the holotype of P. tenera. Thus, both Chilean and Argentinean populations of P. tenera are clearly distinct from P. lupusapia sp. nov.</p> <p>Although classified in another genus, H. (S.) spuma is also similar to the new species based on the shared presence of multispicular tracts in the choanosome and punctate surface. Nevertheless, the primary tracts in H. (S.) spuma are subanisotropic, with ill-defined primary tracts, cavernous choanosome, and white to cream colour alive (Sim-Smith et al. 2021). While P. lupusapia sp. nov. has an anisotropic reticulation, with well-defined primary tracts, choanosome not cavernous and a light purplish grey colour alive. In addition, the surface looks more heavily punctate in P. lupusapia sp. nov.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29730D647DC7FF5F6E7CFC9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
0A10034B29710D647DC7FCAE69E4F979.text	0A10034B29710D647DC7FCAE69E4F979.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haplosclerida Topsent 1928	<div><p>Identification key to Peruvian haplosclerids</p> <p>1a Microscleres are sigmas and toxas.......................................... Haliclona (Gellius) concreta sp. nov.</p> <p>1b Microscleres absent................................................................................... 2</p> <p>2a Oxeas do not exceed 95 µm, yellow colour alive............................. Haliclona (Reniera) parvuloxea sp. nov.</p> <p>2b Oxeas exceed 105 µm, other colours...................................................................... 3</p> <p>3a Presence of multispicular primary tracts................................................................... 4</p> <p>3b Absence of multispicular primary tracts................................................................... 5</p> <p>4a Choanosomal skeleton very regular, with abundant spongin enveloping the spicule tracts...... Niphates ruthecitae sp. nov.</p> <p>4b Choanosomal skeleton not very regular, with scarce spongin, never enveloping the spicule tracts................................................................................................. Pachychalina lupusapia sp. nov.</p> <p>5a Ectosomal skeleton specialized, a dense, uni- to paucispicular, isotropic reticulation................................ 6</p> <p>5b Ectosomal skeleton unspecialized, absent................................................................. 10</p> <p>6a Pink(ish) colour alive................................................................................. 7</p> <p>6b Other colours alive................................................................................... 9</p> <p>7a Repent-ramose habit.............................................. Haliclona (Halichoclona) marcoriosi sp. nov.</p> <p>7b Encrusting habit...................................................................................... 8</p> <p>8a Oscula aligned in rows on ridges, and oxeas 108–198 μm............... Haliclona (Halichoclona) multiosculata sp. nov.</p> <p>8b Oscula not aligned in rows on ridges, and oxeas 87–135 μm............ Haliclona (Halichoclona) arequipaensis sp. nov.</p> <p>9a White colour alive, with translucent surface, and hastate oxeas.............. Haliclona (Halichoclona) pellucida sp. nov.</p> <p>9b Beige colour alive, no translucent surface, and acerate oxeas................. Haliclona (Halichoclona) paracas sp. nov.</p> <p>10a Secondary lines only one spicules long................................................................... 11</p> <p>10b Secondary lines one and more than one spicules long....................................................... 13</p> <p>11a Without projections, purplish blue colour alive............................ Haliclona (Rhizoniera) baslaviae sp. nov.</p> <p>11b Lobate projections, other colours....................................................................... 12</p> <p>12a Oscula apical, lateral or basal on the projections; olive-green to yellow colour alive................................................................................................ Haliclona (Rhizoniera) manglarensis sp. nov.</p> <p>12b Oscula mostly flush with the surface; light-brown colour alive................. Haliclona (Rhizoniera) zanabriai sp. nov.</p> <p>13a Branches present, short, distal, bifurcating and anastomosing, beige to pinkish beige colour alive.................................................................................................. Chalinula ramiculosa sp. nov.</p> <p>13b Branches absent, beige to light yellow colour alive...................................... Chalinula chelysa sp. nov.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A10034B29710D647DC7FCAE69E4F979	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bispo, André;Willenz, Philippe;Hajdu, Eduardo	Bispo, André, Willenz, Philippe, Hajdu, Eduardo (2022): Diving into the unknown: fourteen new species of haplosclerid sponges (Demospongiae: Haplosclerida) revealed along the Peruvian coast (Southeastern Pacific). Zootaxa 5087 (2): 201-252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.2.1
