taxonID	type	description	language	source
039D18447A453D4DFECBFC65FC05FC45.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Ctenodactylus, Gray, 1828.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A453D4DFECBFC65FC05FC45.taxon	discussion	The genus Testouromys was erected by Robinson & Black (1974) for one complete m 3, one broken m 1, and one eroded M 1, from a Tunisian Miocene locality (Testour). The m 3 has a pattern close to that of some species of Sayimys, with open – V shaped mesosynclinid and metasynclinid, like in Sayimys baskini (López-Antoñanza & Sen, 2004). For that reason, Testouromys could be synonymized with Sayimys. Akzharomys, erected by Shevyreva (1994) on the basis of a few teeth from the lower Miocene Akhzarian Formation, has not been further used. From its trilobate pattern, the lack of a trigonoid structure on the m 3, and the M 2 with a sinus relatively longer than in molars of Helanshania or Prosayimys, as in the species of Sayimys, this genus is possibly a junior synonym of Sayimys. Geological range and geographical distribution: Late early to early late Oligocene in Central Asia (Inner Mongolia), from early to late Miocene (North China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, North India, Pakistan, Greece, Turkey, Libya, Morocco, Sardinia), Pleistocene (Sicily), Recent (arid zones of North Africa, from Morocco to Libya, Saharan Africa from Mauritania, Algeria, Chad to Ethiopia and Somalia).	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A453D4DFECBFC65FC05FC45.taxon	diagnosis	Emended differential diagnosis Ctenodactylinae differ from Tataromyinae in: Skull and mandible: ‘ reduction’ of the temporal masticatory apparatus, which includes a small temporal fossa and a weak temporal crest, low condyle and low to absent coronoid process; sciurognathous mandible showing a great development of the masseter - pterygoid masticatory apparatus, with a single horizontal heavy masseteric crest. Cheek teeth: reduction of the premolars (in size and eventually in number) compared to the Tataromyinae; dental formula 1 / 1, 2 - 1 / 1 - 0, 3 / 3. DP 4 / dp 4 may be retained a more or less long time; then P 4 / p 4 may be lost early in life. Cheek teeth from unilaterally hypsodont to hypsodont; cementum occasionally filling the sinus (sinusid) and synclines (synclinids). Entolophid displaced forward, to the middle of the lower molars; possible reduction of the mesosynclinid; anterocone absent on the upper cheek teeth; hypocone as strong as the protocone; reduction of the anterior and posterior synclines on the upper molars; tendency to produce a bilobate pattern, first on upper, then on lower, molars.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A453D4DFC0FFBA7FADBF8C7.taxon	discussion	Despite very limited material, we have decided to erect a new genus and species based on two teeth from Ulantatal 1 (UTL 1). Two teeth from Ulantatal 4 (UTL 4) are also referred to this species. Both localities are early Oligocene in age, UTL 1 seemingly a little older than UTL 4. These two Inner Mongolian localities have yielded several hundred ctenodactylids teeth: 419 teeth measured in UTL 1 and 3135 in UTL 4 (Vianey-Liaud et al., 2006). The two teeth attributed to the new taxon in both localities display characters distinguishable from the other species described in those localities, and in other Oligocene Mongolian localities. The last reason to describe it is pragmatic: it will be more practical to use a binomial in further works than a long sentence describing the specimens once more. In addition, further studies, if more material is found in these localities or elsewhere, would confirm or abandon the taxon.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A453D4DFC0FFBA7FADBF8C7.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Helanshania deserta gen. et sp. nov. The type species is known from only four molars (1 m 2, 1 M 1, 1 M 2, 1 M 3)	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A453D4DFC0FFBA7FADBF8C7.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Derived from the Helanshan mountain chain, forming the eastern border of the sedimentary basin comprising the Ulantatal area.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A453D4DFC0FFBA7FADBF8C7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As per that of the type species.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A443D4BFF29FF76FB08FAE2.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Derived from the geographical position of the Ulantatal localities at the border of the Ting-Ko-Li desert.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A443D4BFF29FF76FB08FAE2.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality, stratigraphical range: Ulantatal area, Inner Mongolia (China); late early Oligocene (UTL 1) to early late Oligocene (UTL 4). Holotype: Left second lower molar (m 2), UTL 1 - 50. Paratype: UTL 1 - 51, upper M 1. Other material: UTL 4 - 70: upper M 2 and UTL 4 - 71: upper M 3.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A443D4BFF29FF76FB08FAE2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Molars more hypsodont than any member of the Tataromyinae; less hypsodont than the other Ctenodactylinae. Lower molar with a shallow trigonoid structure limited anteriorly by an incomplete metalophulid I and posteriorly by a short metalophulid II. This is connected to the ectolophid, which appears swollen by the presence of a minute mesoconid; entolophid central; hypoconid and protoconid compressed mesiodistally, forming oblique transverse crests; mesosynclinid and posterosynclinid of equal size; hypoconulid incipient. Upper molars unilaterally hypsodont; hypocone and protocone equal in size; deep mesosyncline, curved posteriorly; antero- and posterosyncline open, even on worn teeth; sinus shallow and nearly symmetrical, whereas it is deeper and directed obliquely forward in the other Ctenodactylinae; protoloph transverse, connected to the protocone; metaloph inflated, orientated obliquely posteriorly, connected to the posterior part of the hypocone.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A443D4BFF29FF76FB08FAE2.taxon	description	Description of the holotype: The type specimen is a completely unworn m 2 [Fig. 2 A; L (1.53 mm) ¥ W (1.34 mm), HLabial (1.12 mm), HLingual (0.85 mm)], with incipient hypsodonty. Its protoconid and hypoconid are compressed anteroposteriorly and ridgelike. The posterolingual arm of the protoconid is rather robust. It descends toward the centre of the tooth, and is connected to a short ectolophid that is enlarged by the presence of a small mesoconid. A short posterior arm of the metaconid is directed towards the mesoconid. Distally, both posterior arms of metaconid and protoconid (in position of the metalophulid II) and metalophulid I (mesially) delimit a shallow trigonoid structure. The posterolingual arm of the hypoconid is strong. It is orientated obliquely and continues into an equally strong and curved posterolophid, the lingual end of which reaches the lingual border of the tooth. There is not a strong inflation of the posterolophid at the location of the hypoconulid. The entoconid is cuspidated and not buccolingually compressed and occupies a central position on the lingual border of the tooth. Because of the entoconid position, the posterosyncline and the mesosyncline are about the same size. The sinusid (hypoflexid) penetrates lingually into the tooth in an anterolingual direction, and is in line with the posterosyncline (delimited by the entoconid and the posterolophid). The metaconid is compressed. Paratype: A greatly worn left upper M 1 [UTL 1 - 51, Fig. 2 B, L (1.24 mm) ¥ W (1.24 mm), HLabial (0.51 mm), HLingual (0.83 mm)] from the same locality corresponds to the holotype in its size and overall morphology and as such is assigned to the same species. The shape of the crown, the weakness of the buccal roots and the strongly enlarged lingual root are already typically modified in the direction of unilateral hypsodonty. As is typical for molars with incipient hypsodonty, the thickness of the enamel band varies in the occlusal pattern. It is broader on the anterolingual side of the protocone and hypocone, and narrower on the side of the mesosyncline. As in other slightly hypsodont species, wear affects the crown surface not only horizontally but also obliquely, producing both plane and sloping wear surfaces. Despite the advanced wear of the tooth, the main morphological details can still be recognized. The occlusal pattern is similar to that of the Tataromyinae but the hypocone is nearly as strong as the protocone and the sinus is nearly symmetrical. It is very shallow and only slightly inclined posteriorly. The anterosyncline and the posterosyncline are very narrow, and it is likely that they did not extend beyond the sagittal middle axis of the tooth crown in the pristine teeth. The mesosyncline is slightly curved and directed posteriorly. The metaloph, thick, is oblique backward and connected to the posterior arm of the hypocone. The bent anterior border of the protocone continues into a narrow anteroloph. There is no trace of an anterocone. The posteroloph is particularly narrow.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A443D4BFF29FF76FB08FAE2.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material: A moderately worn right upper molar of the locality UTL 4 [UTL 4 - 70, Fig. 2 D, L (1.71 mm) ¥ W (1.67 mm), HLabial (0.73 mm), HLingual (1.51 mm)] is considered to be a M 2 because of its size larger than M 1. Its morphology is close to that of the upper molars described above. The hypocone is even slightly larger than the protocone. The sinus is shallow and symmetrical. As the tooth is less worn, the para and meta synclines are somewhat larger than in the M 1. The mesosyncline is strongly curved backwardly, owing to the connection of the metaloph with the posterior arm of the hypocone, at the beginning of the posteroloph. The metaloph is wider, at the location of a metaconule, than in the M 3. The anterolingual arm of the protocone, slightly curved, forms an angle at its junction with the anteroloph. As in the holotype, the enamel thickness is considerably increased on the lingual side of the protocone and hypocone (compared to their labial side). As the tooth is less worn than the M 1, its unilateral hypsodonty becomes particularly evident. A slightly worn tooth of the same locality [UTL 4 - 71, Fig. 2 C, L (1.38 mm) ¥ W (1.32 mm), HLabial (0.62 mm), HLingual (1.26 mm)] is assigned to a M 3, as indicated by the posterior slant of the roots, and the asymmetrical lingual profile of the crown. It is smaller than the M 2 and bigger than the M 1, and shows a similar morphological arrangement. The metaloph is connected to the middle of the hypocone.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
039D18447A443D4BFF29FF76FB08FAE2.taxon	discussion	Comparisons: The pattern of m 2 is reminiscent of that of the m 2 of Karakoromys, but the tooth is more hypsodont and lophodont, the trigonoid is more reduced, and the ectolophid seems slightly more lingual. This structure could be the result of an increasing hypsodonty mainly on the labial flank of the crown. The hypoconulid is more elongated than the posterolophid, and there is only a faint undulation at the location of the hyposinusid. On the upper teeth, clearly more hypsodont than that of Karakoromys, the metaloph is shorter and as such, appears directed posteriorly. In Karakoromys as in Helanshania, the lingual connection of the metaloph is the same, either to the middle of hypocone (M 3), or to its posterior arm (M 1 - 2). The dental patterns of lower and upper molars of Helanshania are close to that of molars of Prosayimys flynni Baskin (1996). The main difference, apart from the smaller size, is in the lesser degree of hypsodonty and lophodonty. The latter is notably marked by the mesiodistal compression of the paracone, metacone, and metaloph, and the mesiodistal pinching of the lingual part of protoconid and hypoconid. On lower molars of Prosayimys, the ectolophid remains at the midline of the teeth as in Helanshania. On upper teeth, the anterosyncline and posterosyncline are shallow, but not as much as in Helanshania. The endoloph is moved labially, so that the sinus is deeper. This displacement can be the result of an increasing asymmetrical hypsodonty, where the lingual wall increases more than the labial one.	en	Vianey-Liaud, Monique, Rodrigues, Helder Gomes, Marivaux, Laurent (2010): A new Oligocene Ctenodactylinae (Rodentia: Mammalia) from Ulantatal (nei Mongol): new insight on the phylogenetic origins of the modern Ctenodactylidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160 (3): 531-550, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00615.x
