taxonID	type	description	language	source
D24187CA2708FFD4FF47B4D40CDBF82A.taxon	discussion	Note Tinospora krispura I. M. Turner sp. nov. is only known from male plants, T. singapura I. M. Turner sp. nov. only from female plants and female flowers of T. macrocarpa remain unknown.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2708FFD6FDE4B3500AB7F8ED.taxon	description	Fig. 1	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2708FFD6FDE4B3500AB7F8ED.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: [published illustration] ‘ Funis felleus’, Rumphius, Herb. Amboin. 5: t. 44, f. 1 (1747); lectotype designated by Forman (1981).	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2708FFD6FDE4B3500AB7F8ED.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: [unpublished illustration] Icones Roxburghianae 1708; lectotype K, designated by Forman (1981).	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2708FFD6FDE4B3500AB7F8ED.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: Cochinchine, 1862 – 1866, C. Thorel 350; lectotype P [P 00744851] image!, designated at the first step by Diels (1910), and at the second step here; isolectotype P [P 00744852] image!.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2708FFD6FDE4B3500AB7F8ED.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: India, Assam, Masters s. n.; holotype CAL [CAL 0000004757] image!; isotypes B [B 10 0294284] image!, K [K 000644589]!.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2708FFD6FDE4B3500AB7F8ED.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: China, Yunnan, Manhao prope fines Tonkinenses, 1 Mar. 1915, H. R. E. von Handel-Mazzetti Iter Sinense 5816; holotype W †; lectotype WU [sheet. no. 39366] image!, designated here, isolectotype A [A 00038940] image!. Additional material examined SINGAPORE • Mosque at Jalan Inggu, 26 Oct. 1994, E. Tang & Sidek 176; SING [SING 0042526] • Singapore Botanic Gardens, 16 ??? 1921, Deshmukh s. n.; SING [SING 0243589] • Singapore Botanic Gardens, 5 Mar. 2014, Leong et al. SING 2014 - 086; SING [SING 0212364] • Pulau Ubin, Chek Jawa, 17 Dec. 2002, A. T. Gwee GAT 112; SING [SING 0042802] • Kent Ridge Park, 16 Sep. 1997, J. Lai LJ 263; SING [SING 0030110].	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2708FFD6FDE4B3500AB7F8ED.taxon	description	Description Large woody climber with many pale, smooth, descending adventitious roots. Stem glabrous, succulent, tuberculate, each tubercle conical, topped by a pale lenticel with an outer woody ring, often radially cracked, and a central woody plug, bark thin, drying dark coppery brown, surface smooth and shiny, younger stems drying brown or grey, irregularly longitudinally wrinkled, wrinkles sharp-edged; cut stems producing a milky sap, very bitter to the taste. Leaves membranous to chartaceous, glabrous, not peltate, basally 5 - nerved with small hollow domatia in axils of nerve bases, main nerves slightly raised above in dry leaves, raised beneath and minutely papillate (requires magnification), lamina broadly ovate, 10 – 15 × 7.5 – 13 cm, base cordate to almost sagittate, apex acute and acuminate, acumen fine and sharp-pointed, reticulations dense, distinct from below, more obscure from above; petiole 5 – 10 cm long, drying ca 2 mm wide, glabrous, drying light to dark brown, longitudinally striate, not notably swollen at either end, basally geniculate. Inflorescences arising behind leaves, main axis typically unbranched, male inflorescences to 18 cm long, main axis ca 1.5 mm wide near base, drying longitudinally striate, glabrous, bearing widely spaced, 1 – 3 ­ flowered fascicles each subtended by a small, upcurved, lanceolate bracteole, ca 1 mm long, 0.5 mm wide at base, apex acute; female inflorescences shorter, 2 – 6 cm long with flowers mostly borne singly, each subtended by a bract as in male. Male flowers yellow, pedicel 2 – 3 mm long, 0.3 mm wide, outer sepals 3, ovate, ca 1.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, inner sepals 3, elliptic, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide, apex obtuse to rounded, margin minutely ciliate, base clawed, petals 3, oblanceolate, 2 mm long; ca 0.4 mm wide, clasping alternate stamens, stamens 6, ca 2 mm long, anthers with thecae slightly oblique. Female flowers as in male, staminodes 6, to 1 mm long, carpels 3, ellipsoidal, 2 mm long, stigma shortly lobed. Fruits ellipsoidal, to 2 cm long, ripening orange, endocarp white, ellipsoidal, 11 – 13 × 7 – 9 mm, surface faintly rugulose, slight longitudinal dorsal ridge, becoming more prominent at base and apex, elliptic ventral aperture ca 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, intrusive condyle. Female flowers and fruits unknown among Singapore collections. Description of these made with reference to material from Thailand.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2708FFD6FDE4B3500AB7F8ED.taxon	distribution	Distribution Probably native in mainland South­East Asia and the Philippines but often cultivated as a medicinal plant (Burkill 1935, sub T. tuberculata) and spread anthropogenically across tropical Asia. In Singapore, it occurs as a relict of cultivation.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2708FFD6FDE4B3500AB7F8ED.taxon	discussion	Notes Tinospora crispa is only rarely collected in flower in Singapore, and has never been collected in fruit. The densely tuberculate stems readily distinguish it from the other species of Tinospora occurring in Singapore. In accordance with ICN (Turland et al. 2018) Art. 9.17, a second­stage lectotypification is presented here, as Diels (1910) failed to distinguish between the two specimens of Thorel 350 in the Paris Herbarium when referring to the type of Tinospora thorelii.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270AFFD2FDD5B3950A29FC27.taxon	description	urn: lsid: ipni. org: names: 77329782 - 1 Figs 2 – 3	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270AFFD2FDD5B3950A29FC27.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The pit domatia in the axils of the main nerves on the leaf lamina adaxial surface, the general form of the male inflorescence and the turbinate male flower buds are all similar to Tinospora baenzigeri Forman, but the male inflorescences are typically longer, the male flower pedicels much longer (10 – 15 mm vs 1.5 – 4 mm), and the stamen filaments dry dark rather than pale.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270AFFD2FDD5B3950A29FC27.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet represents a contraction of the Malay names for the two islands from which the species is known, Pulau Krismas (Christmas Island) and Pulau Singapura (Singapore Island). The epithet is effectively a noun in apposition.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270AFFD2FDD5B3950A29FC27.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Type CHRISTMAS ISLAND • 3 Aug. 1981, D. A. Powell & H’ng Kim Chey 263 E; holotype K [K 001129962, K 001129963, one specimen mounted on two sheets]!. Paratypes CHRISTMAS ISLAND • Jun. 1981, D. A. Powell & H’ng Kim Chey 263 C; K! • Isabel Beach, Feb. 1981; D. A. Powell & H’ng Kim Chey 263 B; K! • Isabel Beach, Dec. 1980, D. A. Powell & H’ng Kim Chey 263 A; K! • Between waterfall and Ethel Beach, Mar. 1993, D. A. Powell 1217; K! • Isabel Beach, 28 Sep. 1981, D. A. Powell & H’ng Kim Chey 408; K! • Smith’s Point, 28 Sep. 1981, D. A. Powell & H’ng Kim Chey 407 B; K! • 11 Nov. 1981, D. A. Powell 439; K!. SINGAPORE • Bukit Tinggi, Kampong Chantek, 16 Sep. 2016, H. K. Lua SING 2016 - 153; SING [SING 0253453, SING 0251967]! • Evans Road, 8 Oct. 2015, H. K. Lua SING 2015 - 260; SING [SING 0225269]! • Turf Club Road, 30 Mar. 2015, H. K. Lua SING 2015 - 080; SING [SING 0232261, SING 0232260]! • Balestier Road, 1899, H. N. Ridley s. n.; SING [SING 0042527]! • Government House Domain, 15 Jul. 1931, R. E. Holttum s. n.; SING [SING 0042531]!.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270AFFD2FDD5B3950A29FC27.taxon	description	Description Large woody climber with young shoots twining, abundant long descending aerial roots. Old stems with a smooth shiny uniformly coloured yellow-brown to red-brown thin outer layer, peeling in places, drying coarsely wrinkled with scattered raised pale lenticels, in cross section with vascular bundles divided radially, younger stems drying pale brown or grey, finely longitudinally wrinkled with abundant raised pale lenticels, young twigs drying uniformly longitudinally finely striate, glabrous. Leaves membranous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, drying pale grey-green to grey-brown, generally slightly paler below, not peltate, main nerves more or less flush above, raised below, lamina ovate, 9 – 17 × 6.5 – 12 cm, base cordate, apex acuminate, main nerves palmately arranged, 5 – 7, with pit domatia in nerve axils below, tertiary venation reticulate and clearly visible from both surfaces in dry leaves; petioles 3 – 11 cm long, 0.5 – 1.5 mm wide midlength, glabrous, not notably swollen at either end when dry, base often geniculate with long straight central portion, drying pale brown, finely and uniformly longitudinally striate. Male inflorescences solitary, arising from axils of fallen leaves or on old stems, main axis very slender, to 30 cm long, ca 1 mm wide near base when dry, glabrous, drying brown, finely longitudinally striate, laxly bearing, more or less uniformly spaced fascicles of 3 – 4 flowers in a close­packed row on a very short, laterally compressed protruberance of the main axis, subtended by an ovate, incurved bracteole, ca 1 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, apex acute, glabrous, flowers developing in order from uppermost. Male flowers mostly green in vivo, obovoid in bud, pedicel filiform, 10 – 15 mm long at anthesis, drying ca 0.2 mm wide, glabrous, drying brown, faintly longitudinally striate, sepals glabrous, outer sepals 3, elliptic 1 – 1.5 × 0.7 – 0.8 mm, drying minutely verruculose outside, inner sepals 3, elliptic to obovate, 4 × 2 mm, apex rounded, base cuneate, in bud 1 inner sepal each with 2, 1 or 0 margins overlapped, reflexing at anthesis, drying brown, sometimes with ca 5 longitudinal veins visible, minutely verruculose outside, petals 6, basally connate, yellow in vivo, narrowly rhomboidal, ca 2 × 1 mm, long basal portion with margins inrolled to form tube clasping filament of opposed stamen, apical portion ca 1 × 1 mm, spreading, stamens 6, 3 – 4 mm long, filament filiform or winged, wings widening distally, connective triangular with oblique thecae meeting apically. Female inflorescences, flowers and fruits unknown.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270AFFD2FDD5B3950A29FC27.taxon	distribution	Distribution Currently only known from Christmas Island and Singapore.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270AFFD2FDD5B3950A29FC27.taxon	discussion	Notes Forman (1986, 1993) referred the Christmas Island specimens to his Tinospora baenzigeri, a species otherwise known from the strongly seasonal parts of Central and Northern Thailand, with droughtdeciduous vegetation. The occurrence of the Christmas Island plant on aseasonal Singapore, with collections dating back to the 19 th Century, must raise questions as to whether there is only one species involved. Forman (1986) noted that there were many similarities between the Thailand and the Christmas Island collections, but that the male flower pedicels were considerably longer on Christmas Island. The Singapore specimens are very similar to the Christmas Island ones. Given the consistent and considerable differences in the length of the pedicel in the male flowers, I feel justified in describing a new species for the Christmas Island and Singapore plant. Forman suggested that the plants on Christmas Island could be escapes from cultivation of imported plants. Given the distance between Christmas Island and Thailand, this seems unlikely, when considering Tinospora baenzigeri as the species in question. But cultivating plants from Singapore on Christmas Island seems more likely given the closer proximity and former political and cultural ties between the two islands (Christmas Island was administered from Singapore in the period 1949 – 1958).	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270EFFDDFD96B74C0D55F9C0.taxon	description	Fig. 4	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270EFFDDFD96B74C0D55F9C0.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: PENINSULAR MALAYSIA – • Malacca, 7 Jun. 1868, A. C. Maingay 3133 [Kew Distrib. 111]; holotype K [K 000644584]!; possible isotype K [K 000644583]!. Additional material examined SINGAPORE • Cluny Road, 1899, H. N. Ridley s. n. [Talka leg.]; SING [SING 0042528] • Western Catchment, 15 Jun. 2010, Hassan et al. SING 2010 - 769; SING [SING 0146684] • Mandai Track 7, 27 Feb. 2012, Ang & Yeo s. n.; SING [SING 0168703] • Nee Soon Firing Range, 12 May 2019, Ng & Yeo SING 2019 - 483; SING [SING 0315293, SING 0315294, SING 0310265] • Singapore Botanic Gardens, 6 Apr. 1921, Deshmukh s. n.; SING [SING 0243590] • Balestier, 1898, H. N. Ridley s. n.; SING [SING 0042532] • Yo Chu Kang, 1902, H. N. Ridley s. n.; SING [SING 0042525] • cultivated in Pasir Panjang Nursery, 9 Feb. 2022, R. C. J. Lim & X. Y. Ng SING 2022 - 242; SING [SING 0359031] • 1867 – 1868, A. C. Maingay 2594 [Kew distrib. no. 112]; K • Tanah Runto, 14 Feb. 1890, J. S. Goodenough s. n.; BM.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270EFFDDFD96B74C0D55F9C0.taxon	description	Description Large woody climber with twining young shoots; descdending aerial roots present. Old stems drying red-brown, irregularly longitudinally wrinkled, bark thin, smooth, shiny with scattered pale raised lenticels, young stems paler brown, more consistently longitudinally striate, glabrous. Leaves membranous to chartaceous, glabrous, not peltate, basally 5 - nerved, generally with minutely papillate glandular patches on lower lamina surface between bases of main nerves, nerves flush to slightly raised above in dry leaves, raised below, lamina ovate, 7.5 – 18 × 5 – 13 cm, base truncate to strongly cordate, apex acute and acuminate, acumen may be fine and sharply pointed, reticulations visible on both surfaces; petiole 4.5 – 13 cm long, drying 1 – 2 mm wide, longitudinally striate, not notably swollen at either end, but usually geniculate at base. Male inflorescences borne in groups on the old stems, unbranched, slender, sometime slightly zigzag, 7 – 20 cm long; flowers borne about 3 together subtended by bracteole 0.5 – 1 mm long. Male flowers subsessile, outer sepals 3, triangular-ovate 0.8 mm long, inner sepals 3, broadly elliptic, concave 1.5 – 2 mm long; petals 6, oblong with lateral edges incurved; stamens 6, 0.8 mm long. Female inflorescences and female flowers unknown. Infructescences to 25 cm long, fruiting pedicel 5 – 13 mm long, 2 – 3 mm thick, drupes 1 – 3 per flower, mostly 1, ovoid, 4 × 1.5 – 2 cm, green with pale spots when immature, ripening orange, drying dull black, longitudinally wrinkled with a short beak and short stipe, glabrous, pericarp thick, mesocarp white and mucilaginous, endocarp ovoid, 3 – 3.5 × 1.3 – 1.5 cm, drying almost white, ventrally with a pronounced groove, dorsally with a slight narrow ridge that becomes a more prominent keel basally, scattered irregularly tubercules laterally. Seed ± cylindrical, ca 2 × 1 cm, with a marked ventral groove.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270EFFDDFD96B74C0D55F9C0.taxon	distribution	Distribution Endemic to the Malay Peninsula. Forman (1986) included some fruiting specimens from Sabah in T. macrocarpa, but these appear to me to represent a separate species and are hence excluded here.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA270EFFDDFD96B74C0D55F9C0.taxon	discussion	Notes Tinospora macrocarpa has glandular patches on the lower lamina surface between the main nerves. These readily distinguish the species from the others found in Singapore. The scattered tubercles on the endocarps contrast with the densely verruculate endocarps of T. singapura I. M. Turner sp. nov.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2701FFDEFDDFB2E60D4CF8FD.taxon	description	urn: lsid: ipni. org: names: 77329783 - 1 Figs 5 – 7	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2701FFDEFDDFB2E60D4CF8FD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Similar to T. sumatrana Becc. and T. macrocarpa, but differs in having leaves with the base rounded to cuneate, rather than cordate, and 3 - nerved, rather than 5 - nerved, with no glandular patches in the axils of those main nerves adaxially, and the fruit endocarp being densely verruculose rather than with scattered warts.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2701FFDEFDDFB2E60D4CF8FD.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet consists of the Malay name for Singapore, the type locality of the species. The epithet should be treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2701FFDEFDDFB2E60D4CF8FD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Type SINGAPORE • Jalan Kampong Chantek to Bukit Tinggi Road, 15 Sep. 2016, H. K. Lua & R. Lim SING 2016 - 152; holotype SING [SING 0253451, SING 0253452, one specimen mounted on two sheets]!. Paratype SINGAPORE • Jalan Kampong Chantek to Bukit Tinggi Road, 15 Sep. 2016, H. K. Lua & R. Lim SING 2016 - 154; SING [SING 0251968]!.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2701FFDEFDDFB2E60D4CF8FD.taxon	description	Description Woody climber with abundant descending aerial roots. Twigs drying red-brown or brown, glabrous, shiny, irregularly longitudinally wrinkled, wrinkles narrow and quite sharp-edged with scattered raised pale lenticels, and leaf scars as raised, slightly concave, discs. Leaves chartaceous, glabrous, drying pale grey­brown, not peltate, 3 ­ nerved at base, domatia absent, main nerves more or less flush above in dry leaves, raised beneath; lamina ovate to narrowly elliptic, 5 – 13 × 2.5 – 5.5 cm, base rounded to cuneate, apex acuminate, reticulations visible from both surfaces; petiole 2 – 4.5 cm, ca 1 mm wide at midlength, drying yellow­brown, finely and uniformly longitudinally striate, not notably swollen at ends when dry. Male inflorescences and flowers unknown. Female inflorescences from axils of fallen leaves, mostly solitary, main axis 10 – 16 cm long, ca 1 mm wide at base, glabrous, drying brown, finely longitudinally striate, slightly zig-zag, bearing on short lateral protruberences regularly spaced fascicles of 3 – 4 subsessile flowers or very reduced branches bearing 2 – 3 flowers. Female flowers sessile to subsessile, sepals 3 + 3, outer sepals ovate, ca 0.5 × 0.5 mm, drying brown, glabrous, minutely verruculose-papillate outside, inner sepals ovate, ca 1.5 × 1 mm, drying dark brown, minutely verruculose-papillate outside, apical margin minutely ciliate, carpels 3, clavate, ca 1 mm long, 0.5 mm wide distally, drying yellow, stigma sessile. Fruits ovoid, 4.5 × 3 cm smooth, ripening orange­yellow, fleshy, drying brown and coarsely wrinkled with surface shiny and minutely rugulose, pericarp ca 4 mm thick, yellow in vivo, mesocarp thin and translucent; endocarp white, 3 – 3.5 × 1.5 cm, prominent narrow basal keel, very slight ventral groove, dorsal and lateral surfaces with a dense and more or less uniform covering of small, short conical warts, endocarp wall thin but quite stiff, splitting longitudinally from ventral groove and along middle of basal keel.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2701FFDEFDDFB2E60D4CF8FD.taxon	distribution	Distribution The species is only known from Singapore.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
D24187CA2701FFDEFDDFB2E60D4CF8FD.taxon	discussion	Notes The leaves and endocarps of the Singapore specimens are very distinctive and not readily confusable with any other known species of Tinospora. The stems and female flowers are typical for the genus, so there is no doubt about its placement. Why a species in a much-collected locality as Singapore should escape detection until now is a matter for speculation. A possibility is that the plant or population at the Kampong Chantek site represents a relict of cultivation of a species brought from some distant place, perhaps Sumatra or Borneo.	en	Turner, I. M. (2023): Revision of Tinospora (Menispermaceae - Chasmantheroideae - Burasaieae) in Singapore. European Journal of Taxonomy 900: 180-193, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2311, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2311/10041
