identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03F087A8FFC8FFA241B8FBA646AA71C4.text	03F087A8FFC8FFA241B8FBA646AA71C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rubus fairholmianus Gardner 1848	<div><p>Rubus fairholmianus Gardner (1848: 5) Figure 1</p><p>Type (Neotype designated here):   Sri Lanka, 5–7000 ft., 1854, G. H. K.  Thwaites 134 (P barcode P00755248, digital image!; isoneotypes:</p><p>P barcode P 00755249, K barcode K 000737920, BM barcode BM 000622292, BR barcode BR 0000005429639, digital images!)</p><p>(Figure 2). Synonym:  R. moluccanus auct. non L.: Hook.f. (1878: 330), Pro Parte. =  R. moluccanus L. (1753)  var. fairholmianus (Gardner 1848: 6) Trimen (1894: 137) . Vernacular names: Vettimullu, Erumacheechi (M).</p><p>Straggling shrub with 2–4 m long. Stem green, terete, densely covered with pale yellow pubescence, mature stem glaucous; prickles stout, irregularly arranged on the stem, 1–4 mm long, downwardly curved. Stipules deciduous, 1.8–2 cm long, narrowly elliptic, margin pectinately elongated with 10–15 bristles, glabrescent on adaxial surface and densely pubescent on abaxial surface. Leaves simple, 5 lobed, 4–5 sub-lobes, sub coriaceous; terminal lobe acute at tip; basal and lateral lobes round, obtuse or acute. Petiole terete, 3–4.5 cm long, densely pubescent surface with pale yellow-white; prickles few, c. 1 mm long, curved downwards. Lamina of the leaves 9.5–12.5 × 7.5–11.5 cm, lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base sub cordate, margin crenulated, apex acute, rugosus with sparsely pubescent on adaxial surface except pubescent on nerves and pubescent on abaxial surface with silvery white beneath; prickles present on abaxial surface, reddish, c. 1 mm long, curved downwards. Blades of leaves penninerved with 7–9 pairs of veins, brochidodromous; midrib and lateral veins yellow, more raised below. Inflorescence branched cymose with 10–35 flowers, axillary or terminal in position, 5–15 cm long, loosely and compactly arranged; peduncle 1–2.5 cm long, terete, densely pubescent with pale yellow colour; prickles moreover absent. Flowers white, bisexual and actinomorphic. Bract single with distinct nerves, 10–12 mm long; oblong-elliptic in outline with 7–8 pectinately elongated bristles pubescent on adaxial surface and sparsely pubescent on abaxial surface, slight green beneath. Bracteolate 6–8 mm long, oblong-elliptic, margin pectinately elongated with 6–7 bristles, glabrescent on adaxial surface and pubescent on abaxial surface. Pedicel 0.8–1.6 cm long, terete, pubescent. Sepals 5, free, 8–10 × 5–6 mm long; sub-equal, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, margin distinctly serrated at outer calyx and entire at inner calyx, apex acute or acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces. Petals 5, free, deciduous, 3.5–4 × 2.8–3 mm long; obovate, margin entire and irregularly incised towards apex, apex acute, white, glabrous. Petals less than half the length of calyx lobes. Stamens numerous, 3–3.3 mm long; filaments 2.5–2.8 mm, narrowed towards apex, creamy; anther 2 celled, 6–8 mm, oblong, white. Carpels numerous; ovary 1–1.2 mm, oblique ovoid, glabrous; style 3.2–3.7 mm, glabrous, white-creamy; stigma entire. Fruits aggregate of drupelets; 0.8–1.2 cm diam., globose; drupelets numerous, red.</p><p>Seed Morphology (Figure 4, A – C): —Seed colour red; proximal end towards ovary wall is cylindrical and the distal end is acute. Seeds are prolate (P / E ratio- 1.48 mm) with widely elliptic, or U or cup shape in outline, polar view symmetrical. Seed size 2.42 × 1.57–2.34 × 1.64 mm; micropylar and chalazal ends are symmetric and have broader central region. Seed stratification is shallowly reticulate but not well defined, shallow reticulum lumen having thin and fair muri. Lumen psilate (smooth); irregular and with random distribution. Muri is uniformly ribbed at dorsal region and are radiating towards micropylar end at raphe region. Raphe showed narrow straight line. Peripheral region not incised.</p><p>Phenology: —Flowering and fruiting observed throughout the year.</p><p>Distribution: —The native range of species is India and Sri Lanka (POWO 2023). In India distributed in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states.</p><p>Habitat and Ecology: —  Rubus fairholmianus found in evergreen, shola forest with an altitude above 1000 m. It usually seen in open area, hilly slopes, border of thickets, edges of ravine, cleared field, roadside etc. Fruits are edible.</p><p>Chromosome Number: —2n=56 (Thompson 1997).</p><p>Uses: The root has anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties (George et al. 2014).</p><p>Nomenclature Note: —The name  R. fairholmianus was proposed by Gardner in 1848 on the basis of his own collection from Bopatalawe plains, between Adam’s peak and Newera Ellia (=Nuwara Eliya), Sri Lanka. Our efforts to trace out the specimens from various herbaria viz. K, P, BR, BM, MH, CAL, E, B, LE, OXF, US, are in vain. Perusal of this data and our personal communications with concerned herbaria confirmed that no original material referred to  R. fairholmianus is extant at present and it warrants the need of neotypification. During the study, we have referred one Thwaite’s collection from Sri Lanka with multiple sheets (5 nos.), which is deposited at P (P00755248 and P00755249), K (K000737920), BM (BM000622292) and BR (BR0000005429639) herbaria. Most of the collections are well preserved with flowers and fruits and perfectly matching with the protologue out of which, the specimen with barcode no. P00755248 having more details about the date of collection and collector name and is also congruent to the description provided in the prologue which is more suitable for typification and is chosen as neotype per Art. 9.8 and 9.13 of ICN (Turland et al. 2018).</p><p>Specimens Examined: —   India. Kerala: Idukki district, Thekkady, 11 March 1919, Sujatha 11126 (CALI);  Palakkad district,  Silent Valley National Park,  Sispara, 2200 m, 25 March 1962, Sathish Kumar C  . 10514 (CALI).   Tamil Nadu:  Kodaikanal, 1900 m, 14 February 1974, B  .  K .  Nayar &amp; Unnikrishnan 2673 (CALI);   Karnataka: Mysore,  Nishunigudda-Agumbe, 31 May 1962, R  .  S .   Raghavan 81132 (CAL);  Emkalkare-Agumbe, 22 May 1960, R  .  S .  Raghavan 62772 (CAL) .   Kerala: Moozhiar, way to Pampa, 800 m, 11 Spetember 1987,  Anil Kumar. N. 72 (CAL)  .   Tamil Nadu: Perumal, 5500 ft, 4 February 1913, Rev. Aug. Saulieres 67 (CAL); Shembaganur,  Amdura, 6000 ft, 2 January 1912,  Lieu. St. Munch S  .  J .   80 (CAL); Pulneys,  Kodaikonal, 13 July 1898, A  .  G .   Bourne 318 (CAL);  Kodaikonal, 7000 ft, 10 June 1913, 5. coll. 687 (CAL) ;   Kerala: Devicolam,  Kottayam District, 1580 m, 11 September, 1968, D. B  .   Deb 30482 (MH); Petinundi-Devicolam,  Kottayam District, 2075 m, 21 November, 1965, B  .  V .  Shetty 26590 (MH) .   Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore district,  Vellangiri hills, 20 April 2012, Aravindan V  .   8112 (MH); Perumalmalai, Kodaikanal,  Madurai District, 2000 m, 27 July 1965, KM  .   Sebastine 24996 (MH);  Nilgiri District, Govemor-Shola-Ooty, 2225 m, 9 July 1970, J  .  L .   Ellis 34558 (MH);  Nilgiri District, September 1930, V   Narayanswami 4756 (MH); Nilgiri District,  Upper Bhavani,  Archpooza, 2250 m, 1 June 1970, B  .  V .   Shetty 34024 (MH); Nilgiri District,  Sudalur, 3500 ft., 20 November 1928, s. coll. 18034 (MH);  Nilgiri district,  Doddabetta, 28 December 2017, Bhavadas, N  . &amp;  V .V.   Naveen Kumar 11779 (CMPR); way to  Ooty, 29 December 2017, Bhavadas, N  . &amp;  V .V.  Naveen Kumar 11783 (CMPR) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F087A8FFC8FFA241B8FBA646AA71C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Narayanan, Bhavadas;Prabhukumar, Konickal Mambetta;Kumar, Vannaratta Veetil Naveen;Harinarayanan, C. M.;Chinnappan, Satheshkumar;Umesh, Balakrishnan Thara	Narayanan, Bhavadas, Prabhukumar, Konickal Mambetta, Kumar, Vannaratta Veetil Naveen, Harinarayanan, C. M., Chinnappan, Satheshkumar, Umesh, Balakrishnan Thara (2023): Taxonomic delineation of two closely allied Rubus L. (Rosaceae) species with notes on the typification of the name R. fairholmianus. Phytotaxa 622 (5): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.622.5.1, URL: https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.622.5.1/51261
03F087A8FFCDFFAE41B8F97C404075B0.text	03F087A8FFCDFFAE41B8F97C404075B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rubus micropetalus Gardner 1848	<div><p>Rubus micropetalus Gardner (1848: 6) . Figure 3</p><p>Type (Lectotype designated by Narayanan and Umesh, 2018):   Sri Lanka,  Ellia plains, 6000 ft. G. Gardner 263 (K barcode no. K000737927 [digital image!]. Isolectotype, K barcode no. K000737929, K000737930 [digital image!], BR barcode no. BR0000005294473 [digital image!] and BM (barcode no. BM000622290) [digital image!])  .</p><p>Synonym:  R. moluccanus auct. non L.: Hook.f. (1878: 330), Pro Parte.</p><p>Vernacular name: Kattumunthiri (M).</p><p>Straggling shrub with 3–6 m long. Stem terete, mature stem woody, green, glabrescent, glaucous, young twigs covered with short hairs with fulvous tomentum; prickles stout, irregularly arranged on the stem, 1–2 mm long, downwardly curved. Stipules adnate to stem, caducous, 8–14 mm long, linear, base round, margin pectinately elongated with 7–10 bristles, slightly pubescent on adaxial surface and densely pubescent on abaxial surface. Leaves simple, usually 3-lobed, sub-lobes absent, sub-chartaceous, terminal lobe very much larger, apex acute or obtuse; basal and lateral lobes acute, very often round. Petiole terete, 2–8 cm long, fulvous tomentum with golden yellow; prickles few, c. 1 mm long, curved downwards. Lamina of the leaves 7–13.5 × 4.5–7 cm, lanceolate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, base cordate or sub cordate, margin serrate, apex acute or obtuse or round, distantly rugose, glabrescent with hirsute on the main nerves on adaxial surface and pubescent on abaxial surface with golden yellow beneath; prickles present on abaxial surface, yellow, c. 1 mm long, curved downwards. Blades of leaves penninerved with 6–8 pairs of veins, brochidodromous; midrib and lateral veins more raised below. Inflorescence in short cluster, branched raceme with 5–18 flowers, axillary or terminal in position, 8–10 cm long, compactly arranged; peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm long, terete, fulvous tomentum with glaucous; prickles minute, c. 1 mm long, downwardly curved. Flowers white, bisexual and actinomorphic. Bract persistent, 6–6.5 mm long; linear in outline with 2–3 bristles at apex, base round, margin entire, sparsely pubescent on adaxial surface and densely pubescent on abaxial surface, slight green beneath. Pedicel 0.5– 1.5 cm long, terete, pubescent. Sepals 5, free, 6–6.5 × 4–4.3 mm long; sub-equal, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, base round, margin distinctly serrated at outer calyx and entire at inner calyx, apex acute or short acuminate, pubescent adaxially, sparsely pubescent abaxially. Petals 5, free, deciduous, 2.8–3 × 2.2–2.4 mm long; obovate, margin entire and irregularly incised towards apex, apex acute, white, glabrous, petals less than half the length of calyx lobes. Stamens numerous, dorsifixed; filaments 3.5–4 mm, narrowed towards apex, creamy; anther 2-celled, 0.8–1 mm, oblong, white. Carpels numerous; ovary 1.2–1.4 mm, ovoid, glabrous; style 3.3–4 mm, white-creamy, glabrous; stigma entire. Fruits aggregate of drupelets; 0.8–1.2 cm diam., globose; drupelets numerous, red fruit turned to black purple in mature.</p><p>Seed Morphology (Figure 4, D– F): —The seed colour red to black, and the proximal end towards ovary wall is oval and narrower towards the distal end; Seeds are prolate (P / E ratio- 1.84 mm) with ovate or balloon shape in outline, polar view is asymmetric; Seed size 3.06 × 1.67–2.98 × 1.60 mm; micropylar end is broader than central and chalazal end; Seed stratification is irregularly reticulated with deep reticulum lumen having very thick and sharp muri; Lumen microreticulae, irregular in shape, poses uneven distribution on seed surface; Muri is uniformly ribbed at dorsal surface and fairly present on raphe region; Raphe is broader at apical end. Peripheral region not incised.</p><p>Phenology: —Flowering and fruiting observed during June–October.</p><p>Distribution: —The native range of species is India and Sri Lanka (POWO 2023). In India, the distribution is restricted to Kerala and Tamil Nadu states.</p><p>Habitat and Ecology: —  Rubus micropetalus is generally found in evergreen and shola forests at an elevation of 1000–2000 m. It grows in upper montane zone, under growth of forest, under slight shade, along roadside and shola grassland ecotone.</p><p>Chromosome Number: —2n=14 (Thompson 1997).</p><p>Specimen Examined: —  Sri Lanka. 1 January 1854, Thwaites G .  H .K. 1536 (P, BM).   India. Kerala: Cannannore District,  Chandanathode, 24 February 1979, V  .  S .   Ramachandran 61393 (MH); Cannannore District,  Chanadarathode, 800 m, 17 June 1979, V  .  S .   Ramachandran 62645 (MH); Cannannore District,  Chanadarathode, 790 m, 15 February 1978, V  .  S .   Ramachandran 53974 (MH); Palghat District,  Silent Valley R  .  F .,  1050 m, 15 July 1969, E .   Vajravelu 32118 (MH); Palghat District,  Silent Valley R  .  F .,  950 m, 10 October 1965, E .  Vajravelu 26092 (MH);   Calicut District,  Chedaleth, 925 m, 13 May 1965, J  .  L .   Ellis 24102 (MH). Idikki District,  Panchakanam, 850 m, 22 September 1972, B  .   D. Sharma 40833 (MH); Kattappana,  Idukki District, 975 m, 28 September 1981, C  .  N .  Mohanam &amp; B .  R .   Ramujam 72058 (MH); Puliyanmala,  Idukki District, 975 m, 23 March 1981, V  .  S .   Raju 71165 (MH);  Kursimala, 900 m, 13 September 1984, V  .  S .   Antony 760 (MH); Kottayam District, Deviculam,  Munnar Road, 1620 m, 7 April 1963, N  .  C .   Rathakrishnan 16250 (MH); Trivandram District, Way to  Chemnugi, 1275 m, 8 March 1979, M   Mohanan 61714 (MH); Trivandram District, Way to  Chemnugi, 1350 m, 18 May 1979, M   Mohanan 61814 (MH); Tamil Nadu: Bethaji Shola, Kolegal,  Coimbatore District, 4700 ft, 9 July, 1936, V   Narayanswami 3765 (MH); Muthunkuzhivayal,  Kanyakumari District, 1500 m, 27 August 1976, A  .  N .   Henry 47576 (MH); Deviar Estate, Sethur Hills,  Ramanathapuram District, 1200 m, 12 March 1980, S  .  R .   Srinivasan 65917 (MH); Kalivayalijol, Tirunelvelly, 31 May 1901, 3017 (MH);  Kalivayalijol,  Tirunelvelly, 1 June 1901, 3042 (MH);  Tirunelvelli District,  Way to  Naterikal, 21 September 1967, 1300 m, E  .   Vajravelu 29282 (MH); Kerala: Thiruvanthapuram district,  Agasthyamala, 14 May 1988, N  .   Mohanan 9727 (CALI). Tamil Nadu:  Thalakaveri, 10 December 1989, V  .  K .   Mini 2419 (CALI). Kerala: Pathanamthitta,  Gavi, 21 January 2018, N  .   Bhavadas 11785 (CMPR). Tamil Nadu: Nilgiri,  Kothagiri, 27 December 2016, N  .  Bhavadas and V .  V .  Naveen Kumar, 11771 (CMPR) .</p><p>Notes on the occurrence of  R. moluccanus L. in Western Ghats: Many species of  Rubus such as  R. fairholmianus,  R. micropetalus,  R. macrocarpus etc. were synonymised under  R. moluccanus L. by Hooker, in his flora of British India (1878: 330). But he had also mentioned that the position of the names was uncertain, the statement is that “ I am quite unable to arrange the forms of this common and protean plant under recognisable varieties answering to its synonymy ”. Later, Focke, in his monograph of the genus  Rubus (1911), resolved the identities of these taxa and confirmed that the distribution of  R. moluccanus is native from Ambonia and distributed to Himalayan regions, Sri Lanka, southern China, Philippines, Malesia and north-eastern Australia. The literature also states that, Ambonian specimen is closely matches with large series of specimen in the herbarium of the Bureau of science of various parts of the Philippines and few specimens from Borneo and Java (Merrill 1917). Perusal of Rumphiun figure and description provided in the protologue, it is revealed that  R. fairholmianus,  R. micropetalus and  R. macrocarpus are distinct from the typical  R. moluccanus and the latter is not distributed in Western Ghats of India.</p><p>Taxonomic note: —While working on species  R. micropetalus and  R. fairholmianus in southern Western Ghats, we found several characters (shrubby habit, simple leaf with lobulated leaf lamina, presence of white glaucous on stem, similar flower and fruit colour, small petals etc.) are overlapping between them even after the description provided by Focke (1911). During the study, we confirmed that, both the species are unique and distinct in many morphological attributes, which are provided in Table 1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F087A8FFCDFFAE41B8F97C404075B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Narayanan, Bhavadas;Prabhukumar, Konickal Mambetta;Kumar, Vannaratta Veetil Naveen;Harinarayanan, C. M.;Chinnappan, Satheshkumar;Umesh, Balakrishnan Thara	Narayanan, Bhavadas, Prabhukumar, Konickal Mambetta, Kumar, Vannaratta Veetil Naveen, Harinarayanan, C. M., Chinnappan, Satheshkumar, Umesh, Balakrishnan Thara (2023): Taxonomic delineation of two closely allied Rubus L. (Rosaceae) species with notes on the typification of the name R. fairholmianus. Phytotaxa 622 (5): 271-280, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.622.5.1, URL: https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.622.5.1/51261
