identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03868785FF8FFFFBFF76FE1CFBF87A6C.text	03868785FF8FFFFBFF76FE1CFBF87A6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Andricus Hartig, 1840</p> <p>The concepts of the gallwasp genera Andricus Hartig, 1840 and Callirhytis Foerster, 1869 are still somewhat chaotic, especially for Nearctic Callirhytis. According to Weld (1951, 1952a) species that have a basal lobe on their tarsal claws (toothed tarsal claw) belong to Andricus, while species without a basal lobe on the tarsal claws (tarsal claw simple) have been placed in Callirhytis. Nieves-Aldrey (1992), in his revision of the European Callirhytis species, showed that the sexual and asexual generations of different Callirhytis species vary in the presence or absence of toothed tarsal claws, and hence that this character cannot be used to distinguish these genera. Originally Callirhytis was erected for the European species by Foerster (1869) and the main generic diagnostic characters he proposed were the transversely striate mesoscutum and the presence of the malar sulcus. Weld (1922a,b, 1926, 1952a, 1959) included many species in Callirhytis and established particular species groups, but neglected the diagnostic characters of Callirhytis given by Foerster (1869). As a result, the Nearctic Callirhytis became a polyphyletic group, as has been demonstrated with multiple datasets (Nylander 2004, Liljeblad et al. 2008, Ronquist et al. 2015). Many North American species assigned to Callirhytis (Weld 1951, 1952a, Burks 1979) have already been transferred to the newly established genera Zapatella, Melikaiella and Kokkocynips (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2021, Pujade-Villar et al. 2012a, 2014a). The tarsal claw character is equally confusing in Andricus. In some Andricus species, the male of the sexual generation has tarsal claws without a basal lobe, while in the females the basal lobe on the tarsal claws is present, for example, in the Western Palaearctic A. quercusramuli (Linnaeus, 1761) and the Eastern Palaearctic A. mairei (Kieffer, 1906) (Pujade-Villar et al. 2020b). Therefore, in our interpretation of Andricus and Callirhytis we have used other characters and ignored the presence/absence of the basal lobe on the tarsal claws. As a result, all of the relevant new species described herein have been placed in Andricus, regardless of this character. We also note that the presence/absence of a basal lobe on the tarsal claws remains a stable and important character at the species level.</p> <p>Burks (1979), in accordance with Weld’s (1951) concept of the presence (Andricus) or absence (Callirhytis) of a basal lobe on tarsal claws, assigned 88 species to Andricus. Dailey &amp; Sprenger (1973a) returned one species into Andricus, where it had originally been described but subsequently moved from. Melika &amp; Abrahamson (2002) moved multiple species in and out of Andricus, and also noted several other previously published taxonomic changes involving Andricus species. Since then, Pujade-Villar et al. (2013b) described one species from the south-western USA, Pujade-Villar et al. (2017b) moved two species into the re-established Dros, and Zimmerman (2018) reestablished Trichoteras for a set of Andricus species galling Quercus section Protobalanus oaks. A new species of Andricus, A. notholithocarpi Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2018, was described from California (Nicholls et al. 2018a), joining the species A. mendocinensis Weld, 1957 as the only Andricus species not galling a Quercus host, instead attacking the close relative Notholithocarpus (previously known as Lithocarpus densiflorus). Most recently Melika et al. (2021) moved one Andricus species into the new genus Disholandricus. Hence currently 91 Andricus species are known from America north of Mexico, associated with five different oak sections or genera of Fagaceae (Table 1).</p> <p>Only two Andricus species, A. quercusfoliatus (Ashmead, 1881) and A. quercuslanigera (Ashmead, 1881), are known to associate with the oak section Virentes. Only one Andricus species, A. projectus Weld, 1952, is associated with Protobalanus oaks, while the species A. formosalis Weld, 1944, A. quercusformosus (Bassett, 1864) and A. longipennis (Ashmead, 1887) gall section Lobatae oaks.</p> <p>Herein we describe 16 new species of Andricus of which five species are associated with Quercus section Lobatae, 10 species with section Quercus, and one species with section Virentes.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FF8FFFFBFF76FE1CFBF87A6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FF8EFFF1FF76FE55FE1B7E38.text	03868785FF8EFFF1FF76FE55FE1B7E38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus archboldi Melika & Abrahamson 2021	<div><p>Andricus archboldi Melika &amp; Abrahamson, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 1–30</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2EF886D5-46CC-47D2-8794-43BEB4CAC74D</p> <p>Alternate sexual and asexual generations are known.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Mr. Richard Archbold (1907–1976), founder of the Archbold Biological Station (Lake Placid, Florida) in 1941.</p> <p>Sexual generation</p> <p>Figs. 1–17, 29</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Florida, Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station, ex Q. inopina, coll. G. Melika on 23–26 November 1994, emerge at the beginning of December 1994 ”. PARATYPES: 42 females and 10 males with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype, 6 females and 3 males are deposited at the USNM, 36 females and 7 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Diagnosis. No other gallers on Q. inopina and other red oaks in Florida induce a similar rounded, integral leaf gall, which is always pale yellow-green (in contrast to the darker green of the leaf) and located on the midrib. The sexual generation gall of Callirhytis quercuspunctata (Bassett, 1863) is similar but occurs on red oak species distributed further north.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 1–4, 9, 11–17). Head dark brown to black; mesosoma and metasoma entirely brown; mandibles light brown; maxillary and labial palpi light brown to yellow; antennae light brown to yellow; tegula yellow; legs yellow, with coxae slightly darker at the base; ventral spine of hypopygium yellow.</p> <p>Head coriaceous, with scattered white setae, denser on lower face; slightly broader than high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, only slightly broadened behind eye, slightly narrower than transverse diameter of eye; malar space with distinct striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye, malar sulcus absent; eye 2.8× as high as height of malar space. Eyes slightly converging ventrally. POL nearly 1.8× as long as OOL, OOL 2.6× as long as length of lateral ocellus, 1.3× as long as LOL, all ocelli of same size and shape. Transfacial distance 1.4x as long as height of eye, diameter of antennal torulus 2.2× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye nearly equal to diameter of torulus; lower face with white setae and distinct short striae radiating from clypeus and reaching antennal toruli; slightly elevated median area smooth, glabrous. Clypeus rounded, coriaceous, glabrous; ventrally not emarginate and without median incision; anterior tentorial pit, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, deep. Frons coriaceous with net of irregular delicate striae and a few white setae; interocellar area coriaceous, slightly elevated. Vertex, occiput, postocciput and postgena alutaceous, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, deep, area below impressed; occipital foramen shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into united postgenal sulci. Antenna slightly longer than mesosoma, with 13 flagellomeres; pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 1.7× as long as pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2, F3=F4, F5–F12 nearly equal in length, F13 shorter than F12; placodeal sensilla on F2–F13.</p> <p>Mesosoma 1.4× as long as high. Pronotum coriaceous, with net of irregular strong striae and some white setae laterally; propleuron alutaceous, glabrous, with delicately coriaceous area centrally. Mesoscutum reticulate, with few white setae; slightly longer than broad (largest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, distinctly impressed, converging at posterior end; anterior parallel line impressed, extends to 1/3 of mesoscutum length; parapsidal line in the form of a smooth, glabrous line; median mesoscutal line absent. Transscutal articulation deep, distinct. Mesoscutellum quadrangular, uniformly reticulate, longer than broad, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae not separated, in the form of a transverse semilunar impression along mesoscutum, with a smooth, glabrous bottom, with few longitudinal rugae. Mesopleuron rugose, with strong parallel waved transverse rugae at mid-height, with few white setae; speculum reticulate; mesopleural triangle rugose, with few setae; dorsal axillar area coriaceous, lateral axillar area reticulate, with a few white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with subparallel sides, most posterior part higher, as broad as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height; upper part of sulcus absent. Metascutellum coriaceous, metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few short white setae; ventral impressed area as high as height of metascutellum, smooth, glabrous; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae strong, high, subparallel; lateral propodeal area rugose, with dense long, white setae. Nucha with irregular short sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, with distinct long, dense cilia on margin, veins yellowish, radial cell open, 4.0× as long as broad; R1and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, closed, distinct. Rs+M distinct on 2/3 of distance between areolet and basalis, its projection reaching basalis at mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma slightly shorter than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 2/3 of length of metasoma in dorsal view, without white setae and micropunctures laterally, all subsequent tergites without setae, smooth, glabrous, with delicate rare micropunctures. Hypopygium with micropunctures, ventral spine of hypopygium short and broad, prominent part as long as broad, without setae. Body length 0.9–1.1 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 5–8, 10). Similar to female but ocelli slightly bigger, postgenal bridge longer than in female; antenna slightly longer than length of body, with 13 flagellomeres, F1 straight, apically slightly swollen, 1.3× as long as F2, placodeal sensilla on F2–F13. Body length 0.8–1.0 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 29). Integral leaf galls, always on the midrib, ovoid 4–6 mm in diameter and protruding on both sides of the leaf lamina; pale yellow and contrasting with the darker green of the leaf. Usually one larva per gall, rarely two larvae.</p> <p>Asexual generation</p> <p>Figs. 18–28, 30</p> <p>Material examined. Eleven females “ USA, Florida., Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station, coll. G. Melika on 2 April 1995; adults dissected from galls the same day, ex Quercus inopina ”. Material deposited at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Asexual females most closely resemble those of Callirhytis quercuscornigera (Osten Sacken, 1865). In A. archboldi the anterior half of the second metasomal tergite is brown and subsequent tergites are black, while in C. quercuscornigera the metasoma is uniformly brown. Galls of the asexual generation very closely resemble the galls of C. quercusclavigera (Ashmead, 1881), and C. quercuspunctata; the former species is known to associate with Q. myrtifolia, a closely related species to Q. inopina. The galls of these three species are difficult if not impossible to distinguish. However, we never found the galls of A. archboldi on Q. myrtifolia. Furthermore, galls induced by C. quercuspunctata and C. quercusclavigera were never found on Q. inopina. Developing galls of C. quercusclavigera appear very similar to asexual galls of A. archboldi, however, at maturity the larval cells of C. quercusclavigera emerge through the bark of the gall and drop to the ground. The larval cells of A. archboldi remain inside the gall at maturity and the adults chew through the gall tissues to emerge.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 18–28). Head and mesosoma dark brown to black, clypeus, mandibles brown; maxillary and labial palpi, tegula yellow; antenna and legs light brown; metasoma light brown, tergites dorsally always darker.</p> <p>Head coriaceous, with white setae, denser on lower face, 1.1× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena coriaceous, broadened behind eye, 1.3× as broad as transverse diameter of eye; malar space coriaceous, with parallel striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.1× as high as length of malar space. Eyes converging ventrally. POL 1.7× as long as OOL, OOL 1.9× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, 1.4× as long as LOL, ocelli ovate, all three equal in size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye and 1.25× as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and ventral margin of clypeus); diameter of antennal torulus 1.8× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.5× as long as diameter of torulus. Lower face rugose, without striae, with elevated median area and dense setae. Clypeus rectangular, flat, broader than high, alutaceous, ventrally rounded, not emarginate and not incised medially; with deep anterior tentorial pit, distinct epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line. Frons and interocellar area rugose with net of strong irregular rugae; vertex, occiput, postgena, postocciput coriaceous. Postocciput around occipital foramen impressed, smooth, glabrous, with parallel striae; posterior tentorial pit large, deep, elongate; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci, postgenal bridge broader toward occipital foramen, 3.0× as high as broad; occipital foramen 2.5× as high as height of postgenal bridge. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 11 flagellomeres; pedicel 1.9× as long as broad, F1 1.6× shorter than length of scape+pedicel and slightly longer than F2, F3 1.2× as long as F2, F3 1.9× as long as F4, F5 slightly longer than F6, subsequent flagellomeres nearly equal in length, F11 1.7× as long as F10; placodeal sensilla in numerous rows on F4–F11.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high in lateral view. Pronotum dull rugose, with white setae and distinctive subparallel striae laterally, emarginate along lateral edge. Mesoscutum uniformly reticulate, with a few white setae, nearly as long as broad (width measured across base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, reaching pronotum, uniformly deeply impressed along full length, with transverse parallel rugae on the bottom, converging posteriorly; median mesoscutal line deep, extending to 1/4 of mesoscutum length, with parallel transverse rugae on the bottom; anterior parallel line impressed, extends to half of mesoscutum length, smooth, glabrous; parapsidal line indicated by smooth surface, extends to half length of mesoscutum; parascutal carina smooth, glabrous, extends to half length of mesoscutum. Transscutal articulation deep, distinct. Mesoscutellum longer than broad, rectangular, with parallel sides; shorter than mesoscutum, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum; scutellar foveae transverse, with smooth, glabrous bottom and strong longitudinal parallel rugae, divided by broad central elevated coriaceous carina. Mesopleuron uniformly rugose, with white setae; speculum reticulate; mesopleural triangle rugose, with dense white setae and some irregular transverse rugae. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above half its height, upper part of sulcus indistinct; dorsal axillar area coriaceous, with setae, lateral axillar area smooth, glabrous, with few irregular striae; axillar carina broad, with longitudinal striae; subaxillular bar broad, smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous metanotal trough. Metascutellum coriaceous, 2.0× as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct, broad, subparallel, central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with central longitudinal and transverse interrupted rugae; lateral propodeal area smooth, with dense white setae; nucha short, with delicate longitudinal sulci dorsally and laterally.</p> <p>Forewing slightly longer than body, with yellow veins, margin with long cilia; radial cell open, 3.0× as long as broad, R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited by distinct veins; Rs+M projection reaching basalis at mid-height. Tarsal claws without a basal lobe.</p> <p>Metasoma shorter than head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view, second metasomal tergite smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae anterolaterally and without micropunctures; subsequent tergites and hypopygium with dense micropunctures; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium as broad as long in ventral view, with white setae ventrally. Body length 3.1–3.7 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 30). Large abrupt, rounded and multilocular stem swellings encircling woody stems. The gall has a cheese-like texture when young and actively growing, but becomes woody and hard at maturity. The larval cells never emerge through the surface of the gall. The gall is 2 to 4 cm in diameter and height.</p> <p>Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. The asexual generation has been matched with the sexual generation based on DNA sequences, with identical cytb sequences obtained from an asexual female (GenBank accession OK346256) and sexual generation male (OK346255). Both generations have been found exclusively on Lake Wales Ridge in Florida, on an endemic oak, Q. inopina. Final instar larvae overwinter in the galls and pupate in March. Asexual females begin to emerge in early April and are fly actively throughout the month, laying eggs that result in integral leaf galls also on Q. inopina. These sexual generation leaf galls grow through the autumn and mature in November. Adults of the sexual generation emerge in December.</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida only, Highlands Co., Lake Wales Ridge endemic; quite common at the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FF8EFFF1FF76FE55FE1B7E38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FF84FFECFF76FA9DFCDB7CED.text	03868785FF84FFECFF76FA9DFCDB7CED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus catalinensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus catalinensis Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 31–45</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 832EF71D-FEF8-44D8-A99B-9AA312E1E0DF</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.09. Code AZ1872, spAZl19; ex Quercus oblongifolia ”. PARATYPES: 2 females and 4 males with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype and 1 male are deposited at the USNM, 2 females and 3 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after the Santa Catalina Mountains (Arizona) where this species was first found.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The head of A. catalinensis most closely resembles that of Neuroterus, rather than the head of an Andricus; it is alutaceous to smooth, with large eyes, large ovate ocelli and an unusually short malar space. However, the transscutal articulation is present, a character absent in Neuroterus.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 31–33, 36, 38–43). Head, mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi, antennae, mesosoma and metasoma uniformly brown; legs light brown, with coxae slightly darker at the base.</p> <p>Head alutaceous to smooth, with long white setae, denser on lower face, frons, postgena; 1.3× as broad as long and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena smooth, not broadened behind eye, shorter than transverse diameter of eye. Malar space smooth, glabrous, without striae, malar sulcus absent; eye 2.8× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.9× as long as OOL; OOL equal in length to diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.2× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.6× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye nearly equal to diameter of torulus; lower face smooth, glabrous, without striae, with dense white setae, slightly elevated median area smooth, glabrous. Clypeus smooth, glabrous; ventrally rounded, not emarginate and without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus distinct, deep; clypeopleurostomal line slightly impressed. Frons smooth, glabrous with dense setae and without striae; interocellar area alutaceous, elevated. Vertex and postgena alutaceous, with white setae, occiput and postocciput smooth, glabrous, without setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, deep, area below impressed; occipital foramen 2.0× as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into united postgenal sulci. Antenna slightly longer than mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres (suture between F12–F11 indistinct); pedicel slightly longer than broad; F1 broadening towards apex, 2.7× as long as pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2; subsequent flagellomeres nearly equal in length, F12 longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high. Pronotum smooth, with dense setae along anterolateral rim, without striae laterally; propleuron uniformly smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, except smooth, glabrous area between notauli in posterior half, with a few white setae; slightly longer than broad (largest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, distinctly impressed along full length, posteriorly broader and converging; anterior parallel line smooth, extends to 1/3 of mesoscutum length; parapsidal line indistinct; median mesoscutal line absent. Mesoscutellum quadrangular, uniformly rugose, posteriorly rounded, with net of irregular rugae, slightly longer than broad, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae separated by a narrow central carina, only slightly broader than high, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, glabrous, with some setae; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas alutaceous, with some white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with parallel sides, as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in lower half, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, higher than smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area, metanotal trough glabrous, with coriaceous bottom, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae distinct, bent slightly outward at their mid height; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with dense long, white setae. Nucha with delicate short sulci dorsally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with distinct long, dense cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 3.0× as long as broad; R1 reaching wing margin, Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, closed, distinct. Rs+M distinct at 2/3 of distance to basalis, its projection reaching basalis in upper half.</p> <p>Metasoma slightly shorter than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extends to more than 2/3 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally; all tergites and hypopygium smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.3× as long as broad in ventral view, with two rows of white setae ventrally. Body length 2.6–2.8 mm (n = 2).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 34–35, 37, 44). Similar to female, body dark brown to black, metasoma with row of a few white setae anterolaterally; eyes bigger, ratio of malar space length to height of eye larger than in female; ocelli bigger; POL 2.8× as long as OOL, LOL equal in length to diameter of lateral ocellus; antenna longer than body length, with 13 flagellomeres; F1 slightly curved, slightly swollen apically, 1.3× as long as F2, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, placodeal sensilla on F3–F13. Body length 2.2–2.5 mm (n = 3).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 45). A spherical succulent unilocular gall on leaves or catkins, usually at the base of either structure, sometimes with small point at end of gall, pale green sometimes with a pinkish tinge.</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. oblongifolia; adults emerge in April. The conspecific status of the described males and females was confirmed with cytb sequences (0.23% different; OK346257 for a female, OK346258 for a male).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FF84FFECFF76FA9DFCDB7CED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FF98FFE8FF76FF74FB777A14.text	03868785FF98FFE8FF76FF74FB777A14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus chapmanii Melika & Abrahamson 2021	<div><p>Andricus chapmanii Melika &amp; Abrahamson, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 46–56</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9A55D080-6433-4A5D-B318-7E23E91E4586</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Florida., Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station, coll. G. Melika, 28 November 1994, adults cut out on 17-19 March 1995, ex Quercus chapmani ”. PARATYPE: One female with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype female and the female paratype are deposited at the USNM.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after its host oak, Q. chapmani.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The galls of A. chapmanii resemble the account of the gall accompanying the original description of Zopheroteras vaccinii (Ashmead, 1887) (see also Weld 1959, Fig. 203), but the adults of Z. vaccinii are easily distinguishable as they are apterous (reflected by the original placement of this species in the genus Acraspis). However, Weld (1922b) noted that the gall Ashmead described is actually induced by the winged species Andricus impositus Beutenmueller, 1918 (originally described based on asexual females and galls), meaning the gall of Z. vaccinii remains unknown. Later Weld (1926) correctly synonymised A. impositus with Callirhytis lustrans (Beutenmueller, 1913), and re-iterated Ashmead’s error regarding assignment of the gall. In his original description of A. impositus (= C. lustrans), Beutenmueller (1918) also mentioned the mature galls of this species resemble those of Andricus vacciniiformis (Beutenmueller, 1913).</p> <p>The new species A. chapmanii can be distinguished from either C. lustrans or A. vacciniiformis as follows. In C. lustrans the head is micropunctate, the mesoscutum punctuate, notaulus incomplete, extending to the half the length of the mesoscutum, anterior parallel line distinct, extending to half the length of the mesoscutum, the mesopleuron partially punctate, metasomal tergites smooth, while in A. chapmanii the head is alutaceous, the mesoscutum alutaceous, notaulus complete, anterior parallel line indistinct and hardly visible, the mesopleuron is smooth and glabrous, metasomal tergites with micropunctures. In A. vacciniiformis the length of OOL is equal to POL, the mesoscutum has dense white setae, thus the sculpture is not or hardly visible, the mesoscutellum has a transverse semilunar impression at the base with the same sculpturing pattern on the bottom as on the mesoscutellar disk, while in A. chapmanii the OOL in females is distinctly longer than POL, the mesoscutum has sparse setae and the sculpture of the mesoscutum is distinct, the mesoscutellar foveae are small and deep with a smooth glabrous bottom, separated by an elevated central carina.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 46–55). Head, metasoma dark brown; mesosoma black; antennae light brown, darkened at the distal end; coxae, femorae and tibiae dark brown, tarsi light brown.</p> <p>Head delicately alutaceous, with white setae, denser on lower face, 1.3× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye, slightly broader than transverse diameter of eye. Malar space alutaceous, with delicate parallel striae radiating from clypeus and not reaching eye; eye 2.3× as high as length of malar space. Eyes slightly converging ventrally. POL 1.4× as long as OOL, OOL 2.65× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, 1.3× as long as LOL; ocelli ovate, all equal in size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye and 2.0× as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and ventral margin of clypeus); diameter of antennal torulus 1.2× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.5× as long as diameter of torulus. Lower face smooth, glabrous, without striae, with elevated median area. Clypeus rectangular, flat, 2.0× as broad as high, smooth, glabrous; ventrally rounded, not emarginated, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit deep, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. Frons and interocellar area delicately alutaceous, with few setae; vertex, occiput alutaceous. Postgena smooth, glabrous, postocciput around occipital foramen impressed, smooth, glabrous, with delicate parallel striae; posterior tentorial pit large, deep, elongate; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci, postgenal bridge broader toward occipital foramen; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge.Antenna shorter than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres; pedicel 1.3× as long as broad, F1 1.9× as short as length of scape+pedicel and 1.5× as long as F2, F2 1.25× as long as F3, F3–F5 equal in length, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, broader and equal in length, F12 2.0× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla in numerous rows on F4–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma nearly as high as long in lateral view. Pronotum smooth, glabrous, with white setae, without striae, emarginate along anterolateral rim. Mesoscutum alutaceous, with some white setae, nearly as long as broad (width measured across base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deeply impressed in posterior 2/3 of mesoscutum length, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broad and converging; anterior parallel line indistinct, hardly traceable; median mesoscutal line absent; parascutal line broad, smooth, reaching base of tegula. Transscutal articulation deep, distinct. Mesoscutellum longer than broad, with subparallel sides; shorter than mesoscutum, coriaceous, with smooth glabrous mesoscutellar disk, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae rounded, with smooth, glabrous bottom, divided by narrow median carina. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, glabrous, with few setae; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of its height, upper part of sulcus indistinct; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with setae; axillar carina broad, with longitudinal striae; subaxillular bar broad, smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous metanotal trough. Metascutellum coriaceous, shorter than height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area. Central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without striae; lateral propodeal carinae distinct, broad, subparallel, slightly curved outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with a few long white setae; nucha short, without sulci dorsally, with delicate sulci laterally.</p> <p>Forewing slightly longer than body, hyaline, veins pale brown, margin with long, dense cilia; radial cell opened, 3.3× as long as broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited by distinct veins; Rs+M projection reaching basalis at mid-height. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Metasoma nearly as long as head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view, glabrous, with a few white setae anterolaterally; second metasomal tergite smooth, occupying more than half length of metasoma dorsally; subsequent tergites and hypopygium with dense micropunctures; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 5.4× as long as broad in ventral view, with short white setae ventrally. Body length 2.6–2.8 mm (n = 2).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 56). The unilocular gall is shaped like a tall cup or wine glass, 5–6 mm long, 2–3 mm in diameter, with delicate longitudinal surface grooves. The gall is slightly broader distal to the point of attachment to the leaf and the apex of the gall is truncate and depressed centrally. The gall is green to brown, develops on the underside of leaves, typically in clusters of 3–10 galls.</p> <p>Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. chapmanii. The galls mature in October–November, at which stage the galls fall easily from the leaves. The larvae overwinter in the gall and the adults probably emerge in March–April. Rare.</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida, Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FF98FFE8FF76FF74FB777A14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FF9DFFE4FF76FB38FCF37854.text	03868785FF9DFFE4FF76FB38FCF37854.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus chiricahuensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus chiricahuensis Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 57–76</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6DF08968-12DB-48F7-B694-FC0E83AB4E67</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts., 2008.04.07. leg. J. Nicholls, Code AZ1889, spAZb20; ex Quercus gambelii ”. PARATYPES: two females and 10 males with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype female and 3 males are deposited at the USNM, 2 females and 7 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after the site where it was found, the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Type material of this species was obtained from a mixed rearing of galls of this species and Neuroterus stonei. Hence exact details of the gall are unknown, but it is probably a small round bud gall, easily confusable with the gall induced by N. stonei (Fig. 434) and the sexual generation of the closely-related species Andricus coconinoensis (Fig. 88). Neuroterus stonei has no transcutal articulation, like all other Neuroterus species while A. chiricahuensis, like all other Andricus, has a distinct transscutal articulation. Adults somewhat resemble A. coconinoensis; however, in A.chiricahuensis the mesosoma is dark brown, the mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, notaulus incomplete, extending to 2/3 of mesoscutum length, the median mesoscutal line absent, the mesoscutellum trapezoid, lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards at mid height; the metasoma is higher than long in lateral view, while in A. coconinoensis the mesosoma is uniformly light brown, the mesoscutum smooth, glabrous, notaulus complete, the median mesoscutal line in the form of a short triangle, the mesoscutellum rectangular, lateral propodeal carinae bent slightly outwards in their posterior half; the metasoma is longer than high in lateral view.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 57–60, 64, 66–71). Head, mesosoma dark brown to black, with lighter propleuron; clypeus, mandibles, tegulae brown; maxillary and labial palpi, antennae yellow; metasoma dark brown; legs light brown, with coxae slightly darker at the base.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with a few setae, denser on lower face and postgena, 1.25× as broad as long and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view. 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view, Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye, transverse diameter of eye 2.0× as broad as gena. Malar space alutaceous, glabrous, with parallel striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.7× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.5× as broad as OOL, OOL 2.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL, all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.1× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.25× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.25× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, glabrous, without striae, with white setae, slightly elevated median area smooth, glabrous. Clypeus rectangular, smooth, glabrous, with few long white setae; ventrally rounded, not emarginate and without median incision; anterior tentorial pit small, rounded, epistomal sulcus distinct, deep, clypeo-pleurostomal line slightly impressed. Frons alutaceous, glabrous with few setae, without striae; interocellar area alutaceous, elevated. Vertex and postgena alutaceous, with white setae, occiput and postocciput smooth, glabrous, without setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, deep, area below impressed; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which strongly diverge, postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel subglobular, flagellomeres broadened towards apex; F1 1.8× as long as pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3=F4, all subsequent flagellomeres, including F12 nearly equal in length; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high. Pronotum smooth, glabrous, with row of dense setae along anterolateral margin, with a few delicate parallel striae posterolaterally; propleuron uniformly smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with a few white setae alongside notaulus; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notauli incomplete, extend to 2/3 of mesoscutum length, posteriorly deep, broader and converging; anterior parallel line invisible; parapsidal line indistinct; median mesoscutal line absent. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, slightly longer than broad, overhanging metanotum, posteriorly broader and rounded, uniformly alutaceous, with irregular rugae; mesoscutellar foveae separated by a narrow central carina, rounded, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, glabrous, with a few setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle alutaceous, with some rugae, with sparse white setae; dorsal axillar and lateral axillar areas smooth, with a few white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in lower half of mesopleuron height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area, metanotal trough delicately coriaceous, glabrous, without setae; central propodeal area narrow, smooth, glabrous, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards at mid height; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long white setae. Nucha with delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long, dense cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 4.4× as long as broad; R1and Rs reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, closed, distinct; Rs+M distinct at 1/2 of distance to basalis and its projection reaching upper half of basalis.</p> <p>Metasoma slightly shorter than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures; subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, with rare micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, as long as broad in ventral view, with a few short white setae ventrally. Body length 1.6–1.8 mm (n = 3).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 61–63, 65, 72–76). Similar to female, but eyes bigger, ratio of malar space length to height of eye greater than in female; ocelli slightly bigger; POL 2.0× as long as OOL, LOL nearly equal in length to diameter of lateral ocellus; antenna with 13 flagellomeres, longer than body length, F1 slightly curved, apically slightly swollen, 1.65× as long as F2, subsequent flagellomeres shorter and all nearly of the same length, placodeal sensilla on F2– F13. Notaulus hardly traceable in the most posterior part of mesoscutum. Body length 1.5–1.7 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Gall. This species definitely induces bud galls on Q. gambelii, but we do not yet know the exact details of gall structure or appearance. It is most likely a globular, smooth gall, either greenish or pale brown.</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces bud galls on Q. gambelii; adults emerge in April. Since the described material came from a mixed rearing, species identification and matching of males with females was confirmed with DNA data (two males and one female, all with identical cytb sequences [OK346259 – OK346261] and identical ITS2 sequences [OK350625 – OK350627]).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FF9DFFE4FF76FB38FCF37854	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FF91FFE7FF76FC4AFB1F7DBA.text	03868785FF91FFE7FF76FC4AFB1F7DBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus coconinoensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus coconinoensis Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 77–88</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 937DAF1F-8D20-49EA-AD69-840DE6304DE1</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, 5 km N of Payson, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.12. Code AZ1865, spAZb8; ex Q. turbinella ”. PARATYPES: three females and 2 males; 3 females with the same labels as the holotype, 2 males “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mnts., leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.09. Code AZ1886, spAZb8; ex Q. oblongifolia ”. The holotype female is deposited at the USNM, 3 females and 2 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after the Coconino County in Arizona where it was first found.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Andricus coconinoensis induces a small bud gall on Q. turbinella and Q. oblongifolia (Fig. 88). Only two other described Andricus species are known to induce bud galls in the southwest of the USA: Andricus cellularius Gillette, 1892 and A. multicostatus Weld, 1952. In A. coconinoensis the tarsal claws are simple, without a basal lobe, while in the other two species the tarsal claws have a basal lobe. Also resembles A. chiricahuensis. In A. cococinoensis the mesosoma is uniformly light brown, the mesoscutum smooth, glabrous, notaulus complete, the median mesoscutal line in the form of a short triangle, the mesoscutellum rectangular, lateral propodeal carinae bent slightly outwards in their posterior half, the metasoma is longer than high in lateral view, while in A.chiricahuensis the mesosoma is dark brown, the mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, notaulus incomplete, extending to 2/3 of mesoscutum length, the median mesoscutal line absent, the mesoscutellum trapezoid, lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards at their mid height; the metasoma is higher than long in lateral view.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 77–87). Head dark brown, except light brown lower face, mesosoma uniformly light brown; maxillary and labial palpi yellow; scapus and last three flagellomeres dark brown, rest of antennae yellow; legs light brown to yellowish; metasoma dark brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with contrasting sparse white setae, nearly as broad as long and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye, 1.5× as short as transverse diameter of eye. Malar space alutaceous, glabrous, with a few distinct parallel striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.4× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes converging ventrally. POL 1.7× as broad as OOL, OOL 1.8× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.2× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.7× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.4× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, glabrous, without striae and setae, slightly elevated median area smooth, glabrous, with few setae. Clypeus smooth, glabrous, rectangular, 1.6× as broad as high; ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus distinct, deep, clypeo-pleurostomal line well impressed. Frons alutaceous, glabrous with few setae and without striae; interocellar area elevated, alutaceous, with some setae. Vertex, postgena alutaceous, with rare white setae; occiput and postocciput smooth, glabrous, without setae; posterior tentorial pit small, rounded, area below impressed; occipital foramen shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which diverge strongly; anteriorly postgenal bridge as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres; pedicel slightly longer than broad; flagellomeres slightly broadened till apex; F1 1.7× as long as pedicel and 1.1× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3=F4, F5–F11 nearly equal in length, F12 1.6× as long as F11, placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high. Pronotum smooth, glabrous, with row of dense setae along anterolateral margin; propleuron uniformly smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum smooth, glabrous, slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae), with some scattered, white setae; setae denser anteriorly alongside notaulus. Notaulus complete, broader posteriorly and converging; bottom of notaulus smooth, glabrous; anterior parallel line invisible; parapsidal line indistinct; median mesoscutal line in the form of a short triangle; circumscutellar carina reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum rectangular, slightly longer than broad, with subparallel sides, smooth, glabrous, with some irregular rugae posteriorly and posterolaterally, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae separated by elevated central carina, rounded, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, glabrous, with a few setae anteroventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with some delicate rugae, with sparse white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, with a few white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, posterior part as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3, upper part of sulcus indistinct, narrow. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, without setae; central propodeal area narrow, smooth, glabrous, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent slightly outwards in posterior half; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long white setae. Nucha with delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long, dense cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 4.5× as long as broad; R1and Rs reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, closed, distinct. Rs+M distinct at 3/4 of distance to basalis and its projection reaching basalis at mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally; all tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 5.4× as long as broad in ventral view, with some setae ventrally which not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 1.3–1.5 mm (n = 4).</p> <p>Male. Similar to female, but eyes bigger, ratio of malar space length to height of eye greater than in female; ocelli slightly bigger; antenna longer than body, with 13 flagellomeres, F1 slightly curved, apically slightly swollen. Body length 1.2–1.3 mm (n = 2).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 88). A small unilocular bud gall, roughly spherical, about 3 mm in diameter, with a smooth hard surface. Pale brown colour, sometimes with a slight darker brown mottled pattern. Similar to or possibly the same as the undescribed gall in Figure 20 of Weld (1960).</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known,which induces galls on Q.arizonica, Q.turbinella and Q.oblongifolia. Adults emerged in April. Despite coming from different locations, the pairing of male and female collections was confirmed using DNA data, with cytb sequences differing by 1.15% (GenBank OK346262 – OK346263) and ITS2 sequences differing only by an insertion of a single dinucleotide repeat unit (OK350628 – OK350629).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona: Santa Catalina Mountains, Chiricahua Mountains, Mogollon Rim.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FF91FFE7FF76FC4AFB1F7DBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FF92FFE3FF76F8E7FB097E7F.text	03868785FF92FFE3FF76F8E7FB097E7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus columbiensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus columbiensis Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 89–100</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9CDC5EDE-1970-4B6A-A15D-035FF6FAD379</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ Canada, British Columbia, Burgoyne Bay Provincial Park, leg. J. Nicholls, 2007.11.12. Code BC208, spBCb3; ex Quercus garryana ”. PARATYPES: 11 females; 5 females with the same labels as the holotype, only with different codes (BC212, spBCb3_2— 1 female; BC208, spBCb3_4— 1 female; BC212, spBCb3_6— 1 female; BC205, spBCb3_1— 2 females) and 5 females labeled as “ Canada, Nose Point, Salt Spring Island, leg. J.A. Nicholls. 2007.11.10. ex Quercus garryana ”. Codes BC 197 (1 female), BC198 (1 female), BC199 (3 females) and BC200 (1 female). The holotype and three females are deposited at the USNM, 8 females at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after the Canadian province of British Columbia, where this species was first found.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The galls of A. columbiensis on Q. garryana resemble those of A. occultatus (Weld, 1926), previously known from California, which induces galls on Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. lobata. However, in A. occultatus the female antenna has 11 flagellomeres, the mesoscutum with sparse setae, the prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium about 3.0× as long as broad in ventral view, while in A. columbiensis the antenna has 12 flagellomeres, the mesoscutum with uniformly dense white setae, the prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium 6.0× as long as broad in ventral view. Asexual A. opertus (Weld, 1926), also known from California, induces similar cryptic bud galls on Q. douglasii and Q. lobata. However, in A. opertus the female antenna has 11 flagellomeres, the pronotum laterally with setigerous punctures, the mesopleuron without longitudinal rugae, the prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium about 10.0× as long as broad in ventral view, while in A. columbiensis the antenna has 12 flagellomeres, the pronotum laterally with numerous parallel striae, the mesopleuron has parallel transverse striae at mid height, the prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium 6.0× as long as broad in ventral view. Another Andricus species, A. schickae has an asexual generation that also induces cryptic bud galls. However, in A. columbiensis the inner margins of eyes parallel, OOL 1.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, the transfacial distance as long as height of eye, the clypeus quadrangular, nearly as high as broad, the mesoscutum coriaceous, the median mesoscutal line extends to 1/3 of the mesoscutum length, the radial cell of the forewing 3.5× as long as broad, the hypopygium without micropunctures, the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium 6.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine; in contrast, in A. schickae asexual females the inner margins of eyes converge ventrally, OOL 2.0× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, the transfacial distance longer than height of eye, the clypeus small, trapezoid, slightly broader than high, the mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, the median mesoscutal line in the form of a short triangle; the radial cell of the forewing 4.5× as long as broad, the hypopygium with micropunctures, the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium more than 10.0× as long as broad in ventral view, without setae.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 89–99). Head, antennae and mesosoma dark brown to black; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi brown; tegulae light brown; legs light brown to yellowish; metasoma reddish brown, dorsally always darker.</p> <p>Head delicately coriaceous, with dense white setae on lower face, vertex, occiput and postgena; 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long from dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, strongly broadened behind eye, broader than transverse diameter of eye. Malar space alutaceous, glabrous, with striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.6× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 2.45× as long as OOL; OOL 1.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 0.8× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.9× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye as long as diameter of torulus; lower face coriaceous, glabrous, without striae, with dense long white setae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, glabrous, with few setae. Clypeus quadrangular, nearly as high as broad, smooth, glabrous, with setae, ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit small, rounded, indistinct, epistomal sulcus distinct, deep, clypeo-pleurostomal line well impressed. Frons alutaceous, with few setae, without striae; interocellar area coriaceous. Vertex and postgena alutaceous, with dense white setae, occiput and postocciput smooth, glabrous, without setae; posterior tentorial pit small, rounded, area below impressed; occipital foramen shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which diverge anteriorly, postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres and long dense white setae; pedicel slightly longer than broad; flagellomeres slightly broadened towards apex, F1 2.0× as long as pedicel and equal in length to F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F3=F4, F5–F11 nearly equal in length, F12 1.6× as long as F11, placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with dense white setae, except mesopleuron and central propodeal area. Pronotum glabrous, with dense setae, laterally with numerous parallel striae; propleuron uniformly smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum coriaceous, with uniformly dense white setae, slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and converging; anterior parallel line smooth, glabrous, extends to half length of mesoscutum; parapsidal line distinct, smooth; median mesoscutal line smooth, glabrous, extends to 1/3 of mesoscutum length; circumscutellar carina broad, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, slightly longer than broad, broader in posterior half, rugose, with net of strong irregular rugae; posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae separated by elevated coriaceous central carina, transverse, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, glabrous, with parallel transverse striae at mid height, ventrally and posteriorly with dense setae; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with net of delicate rugae, with white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas delicately coriaceous, with dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with parallel sides, as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct, delimited area broad. Metascutellum coriaceous, 3.0× as broad as smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with dense setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent strongly outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long dense white setae. Nucha with numerous delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws with basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with dense cilia, veins light brown, radial cell open, 3.5× as long as broad; R1and Rs reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, closed, distinct. Rs+M inconspicuous, its projection reaching basalis at mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 4/5 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with dense numerous white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures; subsequent tergites glabrous, with micropunctures laterally. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 6.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.5–2.9 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 100). A cryptic bud gall, located within a slightly swollen terminal or lateral bud; gall contains a single larval chamber (occasionally two) at base of bud within the meristematic tissue, below the point at which the bud scales are attached.</p> <p>Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces cryptic bud galls on Q. garryana. Adults emerge in late autumn. Specimens from two locations were sequenced for cytb and ITS2, with two cytb haplotypes observed differing by 0.92% (OK 346264 – OK346267) and two ITS2 sequences found that differed only by a single base insertion (OK 350630 – OK350637).</p> <p>Distribution. Canada, British Columbia, southern Vancouver Island and adjacent Gulf Islands.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FF92FFE3FF76F8E7FB097E7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FF96FFDFFF76FA2BFDA6798C.text	03868785FF96FFDFFF76FA2BFDA6798C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus cooki Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus cooki Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 101–113</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B432910B-3E40-456D-9102-D2581795AED8</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Florida, Archbold BioStation, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.14. Code FL1039, spFlc1, ex Quercus myrtifolia ”. PARATYPES: 4 females and 8 males with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype and two males are deposited at the USNM, 4 females and 6 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in recognition of the contributions of Prof. James Cook (Western Sydney University, Australia) to studies of oak gall wasps.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Catkin galls of Andricus cooki most closely resemble those of two known species from Florida (C. myrtifoliae (Beutenmueller, 1917) on Q. myrtifolia and C. quercusturnerii (Ashmead, 1881) on Q. nigra) and also Andricus fitzpatricki described herein. In A. cooki the galls are covered with dense whitish pubescence, while in A. fitzpatricki and C. myrtifoliae the clusters of catkin galls are smooth and shiny, without pubescence. In A. cooki the frons, vertex and head in posterior view are dark brown to black, the mesoscutellar disk coriaceous with some strong rugae, and the mesosoma and metasoma are reddish brown with black areas, while in C. quercusturnerii the head of male entirely reddish brown, the mesoscutellar disk has strong rugae with the intervening area glabrous, and the mesosoma and metasoma are uniformly reddish brown.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 101–103, 106, 108–112). Head, antennae, mouthparts, mesosoma legs reddish brown; metasoma brown, with darker brown areas.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae on lower face, 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.8× as broad as long from dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, glabrous, with very delicate striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 1.6× as high as length of malar space. Eyes slightly converging ventrally. POL 1.4× as long as OOL, OOL 2.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.7× as long as LOL, all ocelli slightly ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.5× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 2.0× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.6× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, glabrous, with rare white setae, with very delicate, inconspicuous interrupted striae radiating from clypeus and reaching to antennal toruli but not extending into area between torulus and eye; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, glabrous, with few setae. Clypeus rectangular, nearly 2.0× as broad as high, smooth, glabrous, with long setae; ventrally rounded, not emarginate and without median incision; anterior tentorial pit small, rounded, indistinct, epistomal sulcus distinct, clypeo-pleurostomal line well impressed. Frons uniformly reticulate, without striae and setae, interocellar area reticulate. Vertex, occiput and postocciput reticulate, postgena alutaceous, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit small, rounded, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which strongly diverge toward occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres (suture between F11 and F12 indistinct), pedicel slightly longer than broad, flagellomeres slightly broadened towards apex; F1 1.8× as long as pedicel and slightly longer than F2; F2 1.1× as long as F3; F3=F4, F5 1.3× as long as F6, subsequent flagellomeres nearly equal in length; placodeal sensilla indistinct on all flagellomeres.</p> <p>Mesosoma 1.2× as long as high, with sparse white setae, except dense setae on lateral propodeal area. Pronotum reticulate, with sparse setae, without striae laterally; propleuron alutaceous, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly reticulate, with sparse white setae, slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, bottom smooth, with transverse striae, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line indistinct, marked with smooth line; parapsidal line distinct, marked with smooth line; median mesoscutal absent; circumscutellar carina broad, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, slightly longer than broad, coriaceous, with net of strong irregular rugae, overhanging metanotum, posteriorly broader and rounded. Mesoscutellar foveae separated by narrow elevated coriaceous central carina, rounded, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly reticulate, with dense setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with some irregular striae and dense setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas delicately coriaceous, with dense white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with parallel sides, as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, 2.0× as long as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with dense setae; central propodeal area lyre-shaped, smooth, glabrous, with net of irregular rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent slightly outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long dense white setae. Nucha with numerous sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobes.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, without cilia on margin, veins light brown, hardly visible, radial cell open, 2.2× as long as broad; R1and Rs reaching wing margin; areolet invisible. Rs+M narrow, inconspicuous, its projection reaching basalis at mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, without setae and micropunctures; subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 8.3× as long as broad in ventral view, narrowing towards apex, with some short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 1.8–2.0 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 104–105, 107). Similar to female, but head dark brown with light brown lower face and malar space; mesosoma and metasoma darker; eye 2.4× as high as length of malar space; POL 1.9× as long as OOL, OOL slightly longer than LOL and 1.6× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, ocelli larger; interocellar area elevated in frontal view; antenna with 12 flagellomeres, F1 slightly curved, swollen in apical 2/3, F12 shorter than F11; placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres. Body length 1.7–1.9 mm (n = 6).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 113). Dark green, sometimes purplish, clusters of densely pubescent, rounded unilocular galls on catkins. Clusters contain 10–20 individual galls and appear to cause shortening of the catkin. Similar to or the same as the undescribed gall in Figure 55 of Weld (1959).</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces galls on catkins on Q. myrtifolia and Q. laurifolia. Adults emerge in late April–May. Conspecific pairing of males and females was confirmed using DNA data, with identical cytb sequences in one male and female (GenBank OK346268 – OK346269) and ITS2 sequences also identical except for a single base insertion (OK350638 – OK350639).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida: Lake Placid; Archbold Biological Station; Lake Manatee State Park; Spanish Ponds Wildlife Reserve, Jacksonville.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FF96FFDFFF76FA2BFDA6798C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFAAFFD5FF76FD35FE8679C7.text	03868785FFAAFFD5FF76FD35FE8679C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus fitzpatricki Melika & Abrahamson 2021	<div><p>Andricus fitzpatricki Melika &amp; Abrahamson, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 114–140</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B1E94223-B7AD-4B57-A304-AC3C37B6723F</p> <p>Alternate asexual and sexual generations are described.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Dr. J. W. Fitzpatrick, past director and senior research biologist at the Archbold Biological Station.</p> <p>Sexual generation</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, FL., Highlands Co., Archbold BioStation; leg. G. Melika, 1995.01.31. PARATYPES: 35 females and 15 males with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype female, 4 females and 4 males are deposited at the USNM, 31 females and 11 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Material examined. About 300 females and males collected at the same time as the type material at the Archbold BioStation from Q. laurifolia and Q. myrtifolia. Also 12 females and 9 males labeled as “ USA, FL, Sarasota Co., Myakka River State Park, coll. 4 February 1995, leg. G. Melika, ex Quercus laurifolia ” (all are deposited at the PHDNRL).</p> <p>Diagnosis. In A. fitzpatricki the clusters of catkin galls are smooth and shiny, without pubescence while in A. cooki the galls are covered with dense whitish pubescence. In A. fitzpatricki the head is uniformly light reddish brown, the mesoscutellar disk dull rugose, the mesosoma and metasoma are light reddish brown while in A. cooki the frons, vertex and head in posterior view are dark brown to black, the mesoscutellar disk coriaceous with some strong rugae, and the mesosoma and metasoma are reddish brown with black areas.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 114–116, 119, 121–127). Body, antennae, mouthparts, legs light reddish brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face; 1.3× as broad as high and broader than mesosoma in frontal view. 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view but narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, glabrous, with very delicate striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.3× as high as length of malar space. Eyes slightly converging ventrally. POL 2.1× as long as OOL, OOL 1.8× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL, all ocelli slightly ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.4× as long as height of eye, diameter of antennal torulus 2.0× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye nearly equal to diameter of torulus. Lower face alutaceous, glabrous, with rare white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, glabrous, without setae. Clypeus rectangular, smooth, glabrous, nearly 2.0× as broad as high; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision, with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons uniformly alutaceous, without striae or setae; interocellar area alutaceous and strongly elevated. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which strongly diverge toward occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 11 flagellomeres (suture between F11 and F10 indistinct), pedicel subglobular, flagellomeres slightly broadened towards apex; F1 1.8× as long as pedicel and equal in length to F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F3=F4, subsequent flagellomeres nearly equal in length, merged F10–F11 1.7× as long as F9; placodeal sensilla on F3–F10.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum alutaceous, without striae laterally; propleuron smooth, glabrous, with delicate wrinkles centrally. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus incomplete, reaching to 2/3 of mesoscutum length, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable; median mesoscutal absent; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching notaulus. Transscutal articulation deep, distinct. Mesoscutellum rounded, as long as broad, rugose, with more delicate sculpture on mesoscutellar disk, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae separated by narrow elevated coriaceous central carina, ovate, broader than high, with smooth, bottom glabrous with few transverse delicate striae. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous, without setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with some irregular striae and few setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas alutaceous, glabrous, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part slightly higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at mid-height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous; as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area, metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with some delicate striae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long white setae. Nucha with numerous sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin without cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 3.5× as long as broad, R1 reaching wing margin, Rs reaching wing margin and running along margin for a short distance, areolet absent, Rs+M inconspicuous, its projection reaching basalis at mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, nearly as long as high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite occupying half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with a few white setae in anterolateral half; all tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.3× as long as broad in ventral view, narrowing towards apex, with a few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.0– 2.3 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 117–118, 120). Similar to female, but transfacial distance 1.6× as long as height of eye; POL 1.2× as broad as OOL, OOL 1.7× as long as LOL and 2.1× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, ocelli larger; interocellar area elevated; antenna with 12 flagellomeres (F11 and F12 fused, suture between them indistinct), F1 straight, apically not swollen; F12 shorter than F11; placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres. Body length 1.9–2.2 mm (n = 6).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 139). Greenish to yellowish clusters of smooth, rounded unilocular galls, with a nipple on the top, causing reddish tints on affected catkins.</p> <p>Host oaks. Q. laurifolia and Q. myrtifolia.</p> <p>Asexual generation</p> <p>Material examined. Three females “ USA, FL, Highlands Co., Archbold BioStation, Lake Placid, coll. 12 December 1994, the adult cut out on 25 February 1995, leg. G. Melika, ex Quercus myrtifolia ” and 2 females labeled as the previous ones but collected from Q. laurifolia; all are deposited at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Most closely resembles C. balanaspis Weld, 1922 but less pubescent. In the asexual females of A. fitzpatricki the head 2.8× as broad as long in dorsal view, equal to the width of mesosoma; POL 1.8× as long as OOL; the mesoscutum as broad as long; lateral propodeal carinae are distinct, the central propodeal area elliptical; sides of the propodeum with dense and long setae, while in C. balanaspis the head 2.3× as broad as long in dorsal view, slightly broader than mesosoma, POL 1.1× as long as OOL; the mesoscutum broader than long, lateral propodeal carinae are indistinct, the central propodeal area nearly round, sides of the propodeum are bare or with a few short sparse white setae.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 128–138). Body, antennae, mouthparts, legs, yellowish brown; metasoma darker.</p> <p>Head delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face and postgena; transverse, 1.5× as broad as high and broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.5× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena delicately coriaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view, broader than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.0× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.6× as long as OOL; OOL 2.1× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.5× as long as LOL; all ocelli slightly ovate, of the same size. Transfacial distance 1.6× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.5× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.3× as long as diameter of torulus. Lower face coriaceous, with white setae, without striae; median area alutaceous, not elevated. Clypeus rectangular, smooth, glabrous, with few long setae, more than 2.0× as broad as high, ventrally not emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons uniformly delicately coriaceous, without striae or setae; area under central ocellus smooth, glabrous; interocellar area delicately coriaceous, elevated. Vertex delicately coriaceous, occiput with delicate transverse parallel rugae; postocciput smooth, glabrous; postgena alutaceous, with white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen 4.5× as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which strongly diverge toward occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader than high. Antenna longer than head+ mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 2.5× as long as pedicel and 1.4× as long as F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, subsequent flagellomeres gradually shortened until F10, F11 1.6× as long as F10, placodeal sensilla on F2–F11.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with sparse short white setae.Pronotum rugose, with white setae; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly coriaceous, with sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus incomplete, extending to 1/2 of length of mesoscutum, deep, broad, with smooth glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line impressed in anterior 1/3 of mesoscutum length; median mesoscutal line absent; parapsidal line distinct, broad, delimited by smooth glabrous area, extending to 2/3 of mesoscutum length; circumscutellar carina broad, smooth along tegula. Mesoscutellum ovate, broader than long, posteriorly rounded, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae separated by narrow elevated coriaceous central carina, transversely ovate, 2.0× as broad as high, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum rugose, with dense setae; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with few irregular striae and setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas delicately coriaceous, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior end as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with dense setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without striae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without setae. Nucha with numerous sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin without cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 3.0× as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M projection reaching basalis slightly below its mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, nearly as long as high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally; all tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.7× as long as broad in ventral view, narrowing towards apex, with short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 3.1–3.3 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 140). Near-spherical ‘pip’ galls growing on one year-old acorns. Galls secrete honeydew when young and green. When mature, the galls became brown and fall from the affected acorn.</p> <p>Biology. Alternating sexual and asexual generations are known. The sexual generation catkin galls develop on Q. myrtifolia and Q. laurifolia, while the asexual acorn galls have been found on Q. myrtifolia, Q. laurifolia and Q. inopina. Asexual galls develop in October - November, maturing in November. Adults overwintering in galls, emerge in February - March. Sexual generation catkin galls develop in early spring, adults emerge in late spring.</p> <p>Alternating generations and the sexes of the sexual generation were matched using DNA sequences, with four individuals sequenced for cytb (asexual female— OK346270; sexual male— OK346273; two sexual females— OK346271, OK346272). Sequences in this sample differed by between 0 and 1.15%.</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida: Highlands Co. (Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid), Brevard Co. (Malabar Scrub Sanctuary and Coconut Point Sanctuary), Martin Co. (Jonathan Dickinson State Park), Sarasota Co. (Myakka River State Park).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFAAFFD5FF76FD35FE8679C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFA0FFD1FF76FCFDFE737913.text	03868785FFA0FFD1FF76FCFDFE737913.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus highlandensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus highlandensis Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 141–158</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 39E033C2-7B84-40DB-B6DB-E15B1B2E4571</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Florida, Archbold BioStation, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.15. Code FL1048, spFLl4; ex Quercus geminata ”. PARATYPES: 7 females and 9 males; 6 female and 6 male with the same labels as the holotype; 1 female and 3 male “ USA, FL, Archbold BioStation, leg. G. Melika, 1995.04.11 -18, ex Quercus geminata ”. The holotype, 2 females and 2 males are deposited at the USNM, 5 females and 7 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Material examined. Five males and 6 females labeled as “ USA, FL, Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station, 15/04/08, Quercus geminata, leg. J. Nicholls (FL1048, spFLl4)”; all are deposited at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Highlands County, Florida, where this species was collected.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Galls resemble those of A. quercusutriculus (Bassett, 1881); however, galls of A. highlandensis develop on Q. geminata while A. quercusutriculus is found on Q. alba, Q. chapmani and Q. stellata. Such host specificity at the level of oak section is typical of Nearctic oak gall wasps, with species galling section Virentes oaks (including Q. geminata) never attacking oaks in section Quercus s.s. (Abrahamson et al. 1998a,b, 2003) and vice versa. Also, in A. highlandensis the tarsal claw lacks a basal lobe, while in A. quercusutriculus the tarsal claws have a basal lobe.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 141–144, 149, 151–156). Body, including antennae, mouthparts, legs light brown to yellow.</p> <p>Head delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face and frons; 1.3× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena delicately coriaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, 1.5× as wide as transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous, glabrous, with a few delicate striae radiating from clypeus and not reaching eye; eye 2.0× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.9× as long as OOL, OOL 1.5× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.2× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.4× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.2× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face coriaceous, glabrous, with dense white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, glabrous, without setae. Clypeus quadrangular, nearly as broad as high, smooth, glabrous, with few long setae; ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons uniformly and delicately coriaceous, without striae, with some long white setae; interocellar area delicately coriaceous, elevated. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, glabrous; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly longer than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into indistinct postgenal sulci which strongly diverge toward occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres (suture between F12 and F11 indistinct but traceable), pedicel subglobular, F1 2.1× as long as pedicel and 1.4× as long as F2; F2 1.2× as long as F3; F3=F4, F5–F6 shorter, equal in length; subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length; placodeal sensilla on F3–F10.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum alutaceous, without striae laterally; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae, setae denser in anterior 1/3, slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable; median mesoscutal line inconspicuous, extends to 1/4–1/5 of mesoscutum length; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching slightly above tegula. Mesoscutellum longer than broad, broader in posterior half, coriaceous, with net of strong irregular rugae along sides and in posterior half; posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae separated by narrow elevated coriaceous central carina, rounded, nearly as broad as high, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, glabrous, with some delicate transverse parallel striae at mid height which extend across mesopleuron, with some setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, most posterior part as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct; metapleural sulcus delimiting smooth, glabrous area with dense setae. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without striae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/4; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long white setae. Nucha with numerous delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with dense cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 2.2× as long as broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct at 3/4 of distance to basalis, its projection reaching basalis in lower half.</p> <p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite occupying half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with a few white setae anterolaterally; all tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with some short setae ventrally, some of which extend beyond apex of spine.</p> <p>Body length 2.2–2.4 mm (n = 6).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 145–148, 150, 157). Similar to female but transfacial distance as long as height of eye; eyes incised on level of antennal toruli, POL 1.7× as long as OOL, OOL slightly longer than diameter of lateral ocellus, 1.4× as long as LOL, ocelli larger and rounded; interocellar area elevated; antenna with 13 flagellomeres, F1 straight, apically not swollen; F13 shorter than F12; placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres. Body length 2.1–2.3 mm (n = 8).</p> <p>Gall (Fig 158). Small rounded integral unilocular leaf gall, blister-like, 2.5–4 mm diameter (n = 50); most often develops on young and incompletely expanded leaves. Gall can be found anywhere on the leaf including the margin, petiole (often stopping leaf development) or end of leaf blade; commonly causes distortion of the leaf; green, covered in slight pale pubescence; very thin walled, with a spacious internal airspace in which the free-feeding larva develops. Old galls can persist on the leaves through the whole year.</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. geminata. The galls begin to develop in early April on unfolded young leaves. They mature very quickly and the adults beginning to emerge from late April–May. Males and females confirmed as conspecific with DNA data: cytb sequences for each sex (GenBank OK346274 – OK346275) differed by 0.46%, and ITS2 sequences (OK 350640 – OK350641) differed by 0.63 %.</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida, Highlands Co. (Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station), Martin Co. (Jonathan Dickinson State Park).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFA0FFD1FF76FCFDFE737913	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFA4FFCCFF76FD89FC9C7A6C.text	03868785FFA4FFCCFF76FD89FC9C7A6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus mellificus Nicholls, Stone & Melika 2021	<div><p>Andricus mellificus Nicholls, Stone &amp; Melika, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 159–171</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FA848B4B-F890-4807-A424-7D9C7D50A190</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts nr Portal. Leg. J. Nicholls. 2008.04.06. Code AZ1973, spAZb7; ex Quercus arizonica ”. PARATYPES: 2 females with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype is deposited at the USNM, 2 female at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after the behavior of this species in inducing galls that secrete nectar.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The gall is very distinctive; no other species from Arizona are known to induce such a specifically shaped and coloured gall (Fig. 171).</p> <p>Description. Female (Figs. 159–170). Head, mesosoma black, metasoma dark brown, antennae, mouthparts, tegulae, legs brown.</p> <p>Head delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face; rounded, only slightly broader than high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena coriaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space delicately coriaceous, glabrous, with a few delicate striae radiating from clypeus and not reaching eye; eye 2.9× as high as length of malar space. Eyes slightly converging ventrally. POL 2.1× as long as OOL; OOL 1.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL; lateral ocelli slightly larger than central ocellus. Transfacial distance as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.8× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.3× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face coriaceous, with white long setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous. Clypeus trapezoid, slightly broader than high, smooth, glabrous, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, not emarginate and without median incision; anterior tentorial pit small, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. Frons uniformly and delicately coriaceous, without striae; interocellar area delicately coriaceous and slightly elevated. Vertex delicately coriaceous; occiput with delicate transverse parallel rugae; postocciput smooth, glabrous; postgena coriaceous, with white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which diverge towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres (in some paratypes suture between F12 and F11 indistinct), pedicel slightly longer than broad, all flagellomeres slightly broadened towards apex, F1 1.3× as long as pedicel and equal in length to F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, F3=F4, F5–F7 equal in length, F7–F12 shorter than preceding flagellomeres and equal in length, placodeal sensilla on F4–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum smooth, glabrous dorsally; coriaceous, with net of delicate striae laterally; propleuron with delicate transverse striae, glabrous. Mesoscutum reticulate in posterior 2/3, with more transversely orientated striae in anterior 1/3, with sparse white setae, denser along lateral and anterior sides; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, reaching pronotum; deeper and broader, with smooth glabrous bottom in posterior 2/3, less impressed but still distinct in anterior 1/3 of mesoscutum; posteriorly converging. Anterior parallel line visible in anterior 1/3 of mesoscutum, delimited by smooth surface; parapsidal line indistinct, hardly traceable; median mesoscutal line short; circumscutellar carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum rounded, slightly longer than broad, posteriorly rounded, uniformly dull rugose, overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae separated by narrow elevated coriaceous central carina, ovate, broader than high, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron with delicate transverse striae at mid height, running across full length of mesopleuron; speculum smooth, glabrous; ventral part uniformly smooth, glabrous, without striae. Mesopleural triangle coriaceous; dorsal and lateral axillar areas alutaceous, glabrous, with some white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part slightly narrower than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, at least 3.0× as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae; central propodeal area quadrangular, smooth, glabrous; lateral propodeal carinae parallel; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long white setae. Nucha rugose, with strong irregular sulci. Tarsal claws with basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin without cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 3.1× as long as broad, areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, its projection reaching basalis at mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 3/4 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally; second and third tergites without micropunctures, fourth tergite with micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 3.2× as long as broad in ventral view, narrowing towards apex, with some short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.1–2.3 mm (n = 3).</p> <p>Gall (Fig. 171). A small unilocular bud gall, reaching 4–5 mm in diameter, green at first then becoming redpurple, in an axillary bud. Gall ovoid with a flattened top and a central nipple; nectar-secreting. Also illustrated in Figure 24 of Weld (1960).</p> <p>Biology. Only females are known, which induce small bud galls on Q. arizonica; Weld (1960) also lists Q. rugosa as a host. Galls mature in April, and adults emerge soon afterwards. Although only females are known, the spring phenology of this gall strongly implies that this is a sexual generation and males remain to be discovered. This species was included under the species code spAZb 7 in the Nicholls et al. (2017) study of nectar secretion in oak gall wasps.</p> <p>This gall was collected at several sites in Arizona, with DNA data used to confirm the morphological assessment that emerged individuals were conspecific. Two individuals were sequenced for cytb, differing by 1.62% (GenBank KX683628, OK346276).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, Sonoita.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFA4FFCCFF76FD89FC9C7A6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFB9FFCFFF76F910FB7A7EC8.text	03868785FFB9FFCFFF76F910FB7A7EC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus menkei Melika & Abrahamson 2021	<div><p>Andricus menkei Melika &amp; Abrahamson, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 172–182</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 20F0716C-4C44-4BD6-8BD2-12F28B0F2739</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ Florida, Dade-Metropolitan Co., Coral Gables Deering Estate Pinelands, leg. G. Melika, 23 February 1995 adult emerge 1995.03.17., ex Quercus pumila ”. PARATYPE: one female with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype, paratype are deposited at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The galls resemble those of Callirhytis quercusgemmaria (Ashmead, 1885). However, the small ribbed galls of C. quercusgemmaria are in clusters surrounding twigs, green and nectar-secreting when young, later turning grey-green and dehiscing. In contrast, galls of Andricus menkei are solitary and are not known to secrete nectar. In C. quercusgemmaria the POL is at least 3.0× as long as OOL, the head in front view higher than broad, the gena only slightly broadened behind the eye, the mesoscutum very densely and distinctly punctate, the notaulus reaches to half the length of the mesoscutum, the head and mesosoma are black or dark brown, while in A. menkei the POL is only slightly longer than OOL, the head in front view broader than high, the gena distinctly broadened behind the eye, clearly visible from front view, the mesoscutum is finely coriaceous, the notaulus complete, reaches pronotum; the head and mesosoma reddish brown.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 172–182). Head and mesosoma uniformly rusty brown, basal half of metasoma rusty brown, the remainder dark brown; antennae and legs uniformly light brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.9× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view, broader than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, glabrous, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus and nearly reaching eye; 2.5× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.95× as long as OOL; OOL 1.7× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and nearly equal to LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.4× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.4× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, glabrous, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, glabrous, without setae. Clypeus quadrangular, nearly as broad as high, smooth, glabrous, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeopleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area alutaceous, without striae, with a few short setae. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly and posteriorly of same width. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.8× as long as broad, flagellomeres slightly broadened till apex, F1 1.9× as long as pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 1.7× as long as F11; placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma 1.3× as long as high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum glabrous, rugose, with net of irregular rugae laterally; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with sparse white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smoother surface; median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, broader in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded, uniformly dull rugose; overhanging metanotum; mesoscutellar foveae separated by broad elevated coriaceous central carina, transverse, broader than high, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly alutaceous, glabrous, with a few setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with some irregular striae and some setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior part slightly higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with some delicate subparallel longitudinal rugae; lateral propodeal carinae subparallel; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long dense white setae, especially in posterior half. Nucha with numerous sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, veins pale yellow, radial cell open, 3.3× as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, indistinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along 1/3 of length, its projection reaching basalis in lower half of its height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending over half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally, with band of micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent tergites with dense micropunctures. Hypopygium with micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium as long as broad in ventral view, with a few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.0– 2.1 mm (n = 2).</p> <p>Galls. Unilocular stem galls, usually solitary or rarely in pairs (very rarely threes) that burst through the bark as they develop. The gall surface is marked with parallel longitudinal ribs. When attacked by parasitoids and inquilines the galls do not dehisce but enlarge, become woody and remain on tree over the winter.</p> <p>Biology. Only the asexual generation is known, which induces dehiscent bud galls on Q. pumila. The larva overwinters in the gall; adults emerge in March.</p> <p>Distribution. Florida, Dade-Metropolitan Co., Deering Estate Pinelands, Coral Gables.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFB9FFCFFF76F910FB7A7EC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFBAFFCBFF76F9F1FC2C7AA4.text	03868785FFBAFFCBFF76F9F1FC2C7AA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus mogollonensis Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus mogollonensis Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 183–193</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4FF6DCD4-8F24-4557-BC0A-9D7CECC41D71</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, 5 km NE of Strawberry, Code AZ1854, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.12. ex Quercus gambelii ”. PARATYPES two females: one is labelled as the holotype; one female “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mnts. summit, coll. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.07. Code AZ1889, spAZb21; ex Quercus gambelii ”. The holotype is deposited at the USNM, 2 females at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after the Mogollon Rim region in Arizona where it occurs.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The gall resembles sexual generation pip galls induced by the sexual generations of Disholcaspis Dalla Torre &amp; Kieffer, 1910 and Acraspis Mayr, 1881. No other Andricus species from Arizona is known to induce such a gall. In A. mogollonensis the tarsal claws are simple, thus it is Callirhytis sensu Burks (1979). No species of Callirhytis are known from AZ, NM which induce bud galls on Q. gambelii or other white oaks.</p> <p>Description. Female (Figs. 183–192). Head light brown, darker posteriorly; mesosoma light brown with some dark brown parts, second metasomal tergite rusty brown, rest of metasoma dark brown; legs uniformly light brown, antennae light brown, flagellomeres gradually darker towards apex.</p> <p>Head delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face and postgena; 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, broader than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with delicate striae, radiating from clypeus and nearly reaching margin; eye 2.3× as high as height of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.7× as long as OOL; OOL 1.9× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and slightly longer than LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance slightly longer than height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 2.5× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly shorter than diameter of torulus; lower face coriaceous, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous. Clypeus quadrangular, nearly as broad as high, smooth, glabrous, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and interocellar area coriaceous, without striae, with a few short setae. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which run parallel towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge anteriorly broader. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 13 flagellomeres, pedicel subglobular, slightly longer than broad, flagellomeres slightly broadened towards apex, F1 1.8× as long as pedicel and slightly longer than F2, F2–F4 equal in length, F5 slightly shorter than F4, subsequent flagellomeres gradually shortened till apex, F13=F12, placodeal sensilla on F6–F13.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum glabrous, rugose, with parallel longitudinal interrupted rugae laterally; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum glabrous, with sparse white setae and mainly transversely orientated delicate rugae; as long as broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth glabrous bottom, posteriorly broader and slightly converging; anterior parallel line delimited by alutaceous sculpture, extends to 1/4 of mesoscutum length; parapsidal line indistinct, hardly traceable, indicated by smoother surface; median mesoscutal line absent. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, broader in posterior 1/3, coriaceous, laterally and posteriorly rugose, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae separated by narrow elevated coriaceous central carina, transverse, broader than high, well-delimited all around, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum with transverse rugae, absent along ventral margin; mesopleural triangle coriaceous, with few setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, most posterior end slightly higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of its height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with some delicate irregular rugae; lateral propodeal carinae bent slightly outwards in posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long dense white setae. Nucha short with irregular sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin without cilia, veins brown, radial cell open, 4.5× as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin, areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along 2/3 of length, its projection reaching basalis in mid half of its height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite occupying more than half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, without setae anterolaterally, smooth, without micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent tergites with dense delicate micropunctures. Hypopygium with micropunctures, yellowish, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.6–2.8 mm (n = 3).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 193). A tiny chestnut brown, unilocular pip gall in axillary buds. The gall is a smooth thin-walled ‘pip’ gall, comprising only the larval chamber, reaching 3–4 mm long by 2 mm in diameter, with a blunt rounded apex.</p> <p>Biology. Only females are known, whose morphology most closely resembles asexual generation females (genae are broadened behind the eye, visible in front view). However, this character alone is inadequate to confirm that this is an asexual generation. Mature galls were collected in April from Q. gambelii; adults emerged soon afterwards. This spring developmental phenology is more compatible with a sexual generation. In addition, the gall morphology of a bare larval chamber on a bud is more typical of a sexual generation gall.</p> <p>Cytb (GenBank OK346277 – OK346278) and ITS2 (OK350642 – OK350643) sequences were identical between two individuals, confirming that the wasps emerging from this very basic gall morphology were conspecific.</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, Mogollon Rim.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFBAFFCBFF76F9F1FC2C7AA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFBEFFC6FF76FE1DFCDB7ED3.text	03868785FFBEFFC6FF76FE1DFCDB7ED3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus nichollsi Melika & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus nichollsi Melika &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 194–204</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 46627F86-0717-496A-B75A-FAE0FF6C1F3F</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground. Santa Catalina Mnts. Leg. J. Nicholls. 2008.04.09. Code AZ1916, spAZl21; ex Quercus oblongifolia ”. PARATYPES: 3 females with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype is deposited at the USNM, 3 females at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. In recognition of the continuing contribution of Dr. James A. Nicholls (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK, and Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia) to studies on oak gall wasps.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The gall somewhat resembles the sexual gall of Andricus kingi Bassett, 1900 but it is larger and greenish. The entire habitus of the female is more like Dryocosmus and is quite different from that of A. kingi.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 194–203). Head and mesosoma light brown, metasoma slightly darker. maxillary and labial palpi, antennae pale yellow, legs uniformly whitish yellow.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.2× as broad as high and as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, at least 2.5× as narrow as transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, glabrous, with delicate striae, radiating from clypeus and nearly reaching eye. Eyes large, occupying nearly whole length of head in frontal view, 6.6× as high as height of malar space, inner margins of eyes nearly parallel. POL 2.1× as long as OOL; OOL nearly equal in length to diameter of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance narrower than height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.9× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face smooth, glabrous, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, glabrous, without setae. Clypeus rectangular, slightly broader than high, smooth, glabrous, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, not emarginate and without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons alutaceous, without striae, with a few short setae and impressed area below central ocellus; interocellar area coriaceous, with some irregular short striae. Vertex, occiput, postgena alutaceous, with sparse white setae; postocciput smooth, glabrous; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which bend outwards, postgenal bridge anteriorly broadened, as broad as width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.5× as long as broad, F1 2.3× as long as pedicel and 1.4× as long as F2; F2 1.25× as long as F3; F3=F4=F5, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F2– F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum smooth, glabrous, with distinct parallel rugae dorsolaterally; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum smooth, glabrous, with few white setae along notaulus; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, broad, with smooth, glabrous bottom, slightly converging posteriorly; anterior parallel, parapsidal and median mesoscutal lines absent; circumscutellar carina narrow, smooth, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum rectangular, with parallel sides, slightly longer than broad, centrally smooth, glabrous, with strong rugae laterally and posteriorly; posteriorly slightly rounded, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae in the form of a semilunar impression, with smooth, glabrous bottom, not separated. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, glabrous, with a few setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with strong irregular striae in anterior half; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with subparallel sides, posteriorly as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in lower half, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, without setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, broad, with some incomplete longitudinal parallel rugae; lateral propodeal carinae strongly curved outwards at mid height; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long dense white setae. Nucha smooth, glabrous dorsally, with numerous sulci laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, veins pale yellow, radial cell open, 5.0× as long as broad, R1 and Rs reaching wing margin, areolet triangular, distinct, Rs+M inconspicuous, traceable along 1/2 of its length, its projection reaching basalis at lower half of its height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, nearly as long as high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with few white setae anterolaterally; all tergites without micropunctures, smooth, glabrous. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few short setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 1.8–2.1 mm (n = 4).</p> <p>Male. Unknown.</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 204). A small pointed unilocular leaf gall, 4–5 mm tall, 2 mm across, on edge of leaf, which causes the leaf to curve inwards at the point of gall attachment. Gall pale green with scattered brown flecks and covered with a dense coating of short hairs. Some of the hairs and the gall tip become red and then brown as the gall matures.</p> <p>Biology. Only females are known. Their morphology strongly suggests that they belong to the sexual generation rather than the asexual generation. This is also suggested by the gall’s rapid development in spring. In addition, very similar galls with comparable morphology (small, unilocular, roughly conical, developing on the edge of leaves) are known from the sexual generations of some Nearctic Andricus species (see Doutt 1960, Dailey &amp; Sprenger 1973a,b). Galls develop on Q. oblongifolia, mature in April; adults emerge soon afterwards.</p> <p>Since this species induces a rather generic sexual generation gall morphology, two individuals were sequenced to confirm the morphological assessment of conspecificity. Cytb sequences were 1.15% divergent (GenBank OK346279 – OK346280), and ITS2sequences were 0.41% divergent (OK 350644 – OK350645), matching expectations they were conspecific.</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFBEFFC6FF76FE1DFCDB7ED3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFB3FFBDFF76F9FDFE67781F.text	03868785FFB3FFBDFF76F9FDFE67781F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus schickae Nicholls, Melika & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus schickae Nicholls, Melika &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 205–234</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 09D4D2BC-2321-4342-BA4A-F1D2A5E9BAE4</p> <p>Alternate asexual and sexual generations are described.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Dr. Katherine Northup Schick (San Joaquin Delta College and Essig Museum, UC Berkeley) in recognition of her contributions to Nearctic gall wasp research.</p> <p>Sexual generation</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, California, Los Molinos, leg. J. Nicholls. 2008.03.30. Code CA1080, spCAl5; ex Quercus lobata ”. PARATYPES: 4 females and 5 males: 3 females and 4 males with the same labels as the holotype; 1 female and 1 male “ USA, California, Delta College, Stockton. Leg. J. Nicholls. 2008.03.28. Code CA1076; ex Quercus lobata ”. The holotype and one male are deposited at the USNM, 4 females and 4 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Diagnosis. No other sexual generations of Andricus species from California are known to induce unilocular integral leaf galls that are simply swellings of the petiole/midrib.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 205–207, 210, 213–218). Head and mesosoma black, metasoma dark brown, antennae brown, flagellomeres gradually darker towards the apex; mandibles and mouthparts light brown, legs light brown to yellow.</p> <p>Head alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena coriaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous, with numerous striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.6× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes converging ventrally. POL 2.5× as long as OOL; OOL 1.9× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and shorter than LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.2× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face coriaceous, with dense white setae and striae radiating from clypeus and extending into area between antennal torulus and eye; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, without striae, with a few short setae. Clypeus small, rectangular, broader than high, smooth, glabrous, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeopleurostomal line broad, well impressed. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area alutaceous, without striae, with a few short white setae. Vertex, occiput delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, glabrous, posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen as long as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into united postgenal sulci which run together at 2/3 of postgenal bridge height; in anterior 1/3 sulci diverge towards occipital foramen, postgenal bridge in anterior 1/3 as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres (suture between F12 and F11 indistinct but traceable), pedicel subglobular; F1 2.2× as long as pedicel; F1=F2=F3; F3 1.3× as long as F4; subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length; placodeal sensilla hardly distinguishable.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum smooth glabrous, with delicate striae laterally; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, without setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, marked by smooth glabrous areas; median mesoscutal line in the form of a short triangle; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching notauli. Mesoscutellum longer than broad, with parallel sides, posteriorly rounded, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae transverse, 3.0× as broad as high, separated by narrow triangular elevated coriaceous central carina, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, glabrous, with delicate transverse parallel striae at mid height that run across mesopleuron, with some setae ventrally; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, posterior end as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron slightly above mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, slightly higher than height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough coriaceous, glabrous, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with a few irregular short rugae, lyreshaped; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/4; lateral propodeal area coriaceous, glabrous, with long white setae. Nucha with numerous delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 5.4× as long as broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct for half the distance to basalis, its projection reaching basalis in lower half.</p> <p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 1/3 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with dense white setae anterolaterally; all tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.25× as long as broad in ventral view, with some short setae ventrally, some of which extend beyond apex of spine.</p> <p>Body length 1.9–2.3 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 208–209, 211, 219). Similar to female but metasoma black, transfacial distance as long as height of eye, eye 3.5× as high as length of malar space, POL 2.4× as long as OOL, OOL equal in length to diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL; ocelli larger, ovate; interocellar area elevated; antenna with 13 flagellomeres, F1 straight, apically not swollen, F13 shorter than F12; placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres. Body length 1.9–2.1 mm (n = 4).</p> <p>Gall. (Figs. 233–234). A unilocular integral gall in the leaf midrib or petiole, 3–4 mm long by ca. 2 mm across, visible as a slight longitudinal swelling that is a paler yellow-green than the rest of the leaf, sometimes also reddish. The gall causes distortion of the leaf lamina, in some cases bending it back through almost 180°.</p> <p>Asexual generation</p> <p>Material examined: 5 females: 2 females “ Canada, Upland Park, Victoria, leg. J. Nicholls, 2007.11.15. Code BC190, ex Quercus garryana ” and 3 females “ Canada, Summit Park, Victoria, leg. J. Nicholls, 2007.11.14. Code BC214, spBCb2; ex Quercus garryana ”. All specimens are deposited at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Galls closely resemble those of Andricus occultatus, but the adults are different. Andricus occultatus females are black, with the antenna, legs, and ventral spine of hypopygium yellow; malar space longer; antenna with 11 flagellomeres, F2-F7 equal in length, F8=F9; the mesoscutum with dense setae, hidden coriaceous sculpture; second metasomal tergite with only a few short sparse setae anterolaterally; the prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium is short, only 3.0× as long as broad in ventral view. Also closely resembles A. columbiensis. However, in asexual A. schickae the inner margins of eyes converging ventrally, OOL 2.0× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, the transfacial distance longer than height of eye, the clypeus small, trapezoid, slightly broader than high, the mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, the median mesoscutal line in the form of a short triangle, the radial cell of the forewing 4.5× as long as broad, the hypopygium with micropunctures, the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium more than 10.0× as long as broad in ventral view, without setae; while in A. columbiensis the inner margins of eyes parallel, OOL 1.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, the transfacial distance as long as height of eye, the clypeus quadrangular, nearly as high as broad, the mesoscutum coriaceous, the median mesoscutal line extends to 1/3 of the mesoscutum length, the radial cell of the forewing 3.5× as long as broad, the hypopygium without micropunctures, the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium 6.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with a few setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 220–231). Head, antennae and mesosoma dark brown, metasoma lighter; mandibles and mouthparts light brown, legs brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face and postgena, 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.3× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, broadened behind eye in frontal view, broader than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous, with numerous striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.2× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes converging ventrally. POL 2.3× as long as OOL; OOL 2.0× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and shorter than LOL; all ocelli nearly rounded, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.2× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye 1.5× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face coriaceous, with dense white setae and striae radiating from clypeus and extending into area between antennal torulus and eye; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, without striae, with a few short setae. Clypeus small, trapezoid, slightly broader than high, smooth, glabrous, with a few long setae; ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision; anterior tentorial pit small, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line indistinct. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area alutaceous, without striae, with a few short white setae. Vertex alutaceous, occiput with delicately transverse parallel striae, with sparse white setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, glabrous, with dense setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united, running parallel in ventral 2/3 of postgenal bridge, diverge in anterior 1/3, postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel longer than broad; F1 1.9× as long as pedicel, F1=F2, F2 1.25× as long as F3, F3=F4=F5, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11, placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum smooth and glabrous, with delicate striae laterally; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with dense setae along notauli and in anterior 1/3; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, deep, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines indistinct, hardly traceable, marked by smooth glabrous areas; median mesoscutal line in the form of a short triangle; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching notauli. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, trapezoid, with subparallel sides, slightly broadened in posterior 1/3; posteriorly rounded, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae transverse, 2.0× as broad as high, with smooth, glabrous bottom, separated by narrow triangular elevated coriaceous central carina. Mesopleuron glabrous, with delicate transverse parallel striae in anteromedian part, with some setae ventrally; speculum uniformly smooth, glabrous; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with a few white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, posterior end as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus delimiting area with dense setae, reaching mesopleuron slightly below mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without rugae and setae, lyre-shaped; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards in posterior 1/4; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long white dense setae. Nucha with numerous delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, veins light brown, radial cell open, 4.5× as long as broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct on 1/3 of distance to basalis, its projection reaching basalis in lower half.</p> <p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with felt-like dense ring of setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures posteriorly; subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, with sparse micropunctures. Hypopygium with micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium greater than 10.0× as long as broad in ventral view, without setae. Body length 2.3–2.6 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 232). A cryptic unilocular gall within a swollen terminal or lateral bud, whose scales remain intact and surround the gall. The gall is ca. 2–2.5 mm long and 1–1.5 mm in diameter, and consists only of the larval chamber, with a thin woody wall.</p> <p>Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known. The asexual generation bud galls develop on Q. garryana, mature in November, adults emerge the following spring. The sexual generation galls (Figs. 233–234) were found on Q. lobata leaves in late March-April; adults emerge soon afterwards. We expect both generations can be found on both Q. lobata and Q. garryana.</p> <p>Generations were matched using DNA data, with nine individuals (seven asexual females, one sexual female, one sexual male) sequenced for both cytb and ITS2. Cytb sequences were between 0 and 1.62% divergent (GenBank OK346283 – OK346291); ITS2 sequences were between 0 and 0.20% divergent (with two additional insertions/ deletions in the ITS data; OK350646 – OK350654).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, California (Los Molinos, Stockton, Cosumnes River Preserve) and Canada, British Columbia (Victoria).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFB3FFBDFF76F9FDFE67781F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFC8FFB9FF76FA34FF347A48.text	03868785FFC8FFB9FF76FA34FF347A48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus torreyaensis Melika & Abrahamson 2021	<div><p>Andricus torreyaensis Melika &amp; Abrahamson, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 235–255</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 273B953E-D3C9-41E9-92DE-6C067AE92575</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Florida, Liberty Co., Torreya State Park, coll. 30 April 1995, adult emerged 12 May 1995, coll. G. Melika; ex Quercus incana ”. PARATYPES: 14 females and 14 males: 5 females labelled as the holotype, 7 females and 14 males labelled as “ USA, Florida, Highlands Co., Archbold BioStation, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.14. Code FL1055, ex Quercus myrtifolia ”; 2 females labelled as: “ USA, Florida, Highlands Co., Archbold BioStation, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.19. Code FL1053, ex Quercus myrtifolia ”. The holotype, 3 females and 3 males are deposited at the USNM, 11 females and 11 males and galls at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after one of the sites where it was found, Torreya State Park.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The gall resembles that of Zapatella quercusmedullae (Ashmead, 1885), but the morphology of adults is very different from that of Zapatella species. This species was also compared with species of the newly erected genus Melikaiella, and again the morphology of adults differs from that of Melikaiella species. Three Callirhytis species, C. quercusscitula (Bassett, 1864), sexual generation only; C. seminosa (Bassett, 1890), asexual generation only; C. quercuspunctata (Bassett, 1863), asexual generation only are known to induce similar stem swelling galls, however all three species are found further north and are unknown in Florida. In female specimens of C. quercusscitula and C. seminosa the head is transverse, dark brown; antenna stout, short; notaulus much broader posteriorly; the prominent part of the ventral spine of hypopygium only 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view. Callirhytis quercuspunctata is entirely black, the head transverse, the gena is strongly broadened behind the eye while A. torreyaensis is brown, with the gena only slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 235–238, 243, 245–251). Head and mesosoma brown, metasoma slightly darker; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi, legs yellow.</p> <p>Head delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae; 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.8× as broad as long from dorsal view. Gena delicately coriaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, as broad as transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space delicately coriaceous, with few striae radiating from clypeus and nearly reaching eye; eye 2.3× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes converging ventrally. POL 1.4× as long as OOL; OOL 1.9–2.1× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.8× as long as LOL; ocelli slightly elongated, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.9× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face delicately coriaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus; slightly elevated median area delicately coriaceous. Clypeus smooth, glabrous, rectangular, at least 2.0× as broad as high; ventrally not emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area delicately coriaceous, without striae, with a few short white setae. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena delicately coriaceous, with sparse white setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united, running parallel in ventral 2/3 of postgenal bridge, diverge in anterior 1/3, postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 11 flagellomeres (suture between F12 and F11 invisible), pedicel longer than broad; F1 1.4× as long as pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2, F2 1.2× as long as F3, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, F11 2.0× as long as F10, placodeal sensilla on F2–F11.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with sparse short white setae. Pronotum smooth and glabrous, with irregular striae laterally; propleuron smooth, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly delicately coriaceous, with a few white setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, reaching pronotum, distinctly and broadly impressed in posterior half, less impressed in anterior half, posteriorly converging; anterior parallel line short, delimited by slightly elevated lines in anterior 1/3; parapsidal line distinct, broad, marked by smooth glabrous area; median mesoscutal line in the form of a short triangle; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, trapezoid, with subparallel sides, slightly broadened in posterior 1/3, posteriorly rounded, uniformly rugose, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae transverse, 2.0× as broad as high, with smooth, glabrous bottom, separated by narrow elevated coriaceous central carina. Mesopleuron uniformly rugose, mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few rare setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with white short setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, posterior end as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few setae; central propodeal area lyre-shaped, smooth, glabrous, with a few irregular rugae; lateral propodeal carina bent outwards in posterior 1/4; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long white dense setae. Nucha with longitudinal sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, veins brown, radial cell open, 3.4× as long as broad, R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin, areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct on 2/3 of distance to basalis, its projection reaching basalis at mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half length of metasoma in dorsal view, with few short white setae anterolaterally, second to fifth tergites smooth, without punctures, subsequent tergites with micropunctures. Hypopygium with micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with short setae ventrally. Body length 2.1–2.4 mm (n = 6).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 239–242, 244). Similar to female but body predominantly black, transfacial distance as long as height of eye, eye 3.0× as high as length of malar space; POL 2.5× as long as OOL, OOL equal in length to diameter of lateral ocellus and as long as LOL, ocelli larger, ovate; antenna yellow, with 14 flagellomeres, F1 straight, apically not swollen; F13 as long as F12; placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres. Body length 2.0– 2.2 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Gall. (Figs. 252–255). A shoot swelling just behind the bud. The galls are multilocular, usually terminal, cylindrical swellings, 5– 9 mm in diameter and 10–22 mm in length, hard and woody when mature. The leaf buds on the gall can continue to grow after the gall has begun to develop, and ultimately cover the gall with leaves. Usually two to three neighboring twigs or buds are attacked, creating small clusters of two or three, sometimes four galls. The shape of the swelling differs slightly on different oak hosts.</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces stem swelling galls on Q. incana, Q. inopina, Q. laevis, Q. laurifolia, Q. myrtifolia, and Q. nigra. Galls mature in April-May, and adults emerge soon afterwards.</p> <p>The conspecific status of males and females, plus specimens collected from different oak hosts at different locations was confirmed with DNA data. Two females and one male had cytb sequences that differed by between 0 and 1.85% (GenBank OK346292 – OK346294); while one male and one female had identical ITS2 sequences except for an additional T insertion in one sequence (OK350655 – OK350656).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida: Torreya State Park, Archbold Biological Station, Jacksonville, Lake Manatee State Park.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFC8FFB9FF76FA34FF347A48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFCCFFB5FF76F908FB237A48.text	03868785FFCCFFB5FF76F908FB237A48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andricus williami Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Andricus williami Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 256–274</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 122D3049-1D0A-4527-807C-B89DBFA47209</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mtns. summit, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.07. Code AZ1976, spAZa3; ex Quercus arizonica ”. PARATYPES: 8 females and 3 males with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype is deposited at the USNM, 8 females and 3 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after William L. Nicholls, son of J.A. Nicholls (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK and Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Andricus (Callirhytis) species, known to induce acorn galls in the USA southwest are A. costatus Weld, 1944, A. prescotti Weld, 1952, C. balanella Weld, 1957, C. cistella Weld, 1952, and C. petrina Weld, 1922. However, in A. williami the tarsal claws have a basal lobe, while in C. balanella, C. cistella, C. petrina the tarsal claws are simple, without a basal lobe. In A. williami the anterior end of notaulus with rounded deep impression, the mesoscutum uniformly reticulate, while in A. costatus and A. prescotti the anterior end of the notaulus without rounded impression, the mesoscutum entirely glabrous, without any surface sculpture.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 256–258, 261, 263–269, 271). Head and mesosoma black, antennae dark brown, metasoma reddish brown; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi, legs light brown.</p> <p>Head coriaceous to reticulate, with dense white setae, denser on lower face and postgena; 1.3× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena reticulate, broadened behind eye in frontal view, broader than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space reticulate, with striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.6× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.8× as long as OOL, OOL 1.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and shorter than LOL, all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance nearly equal to height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 2.0× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye equal to diameter of torulus; lower face delicately coriaceous, with dense short white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, without striae, with setae. Clypeus quadrangular as high as broad, smooth, glabrous; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision, with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line indistinct. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area reticulate, with short white setae. Vertex reticulate; occiput with delicately transverse parallel striae, with dense white setae; postocciput smooth, glabrous; postgena smooth, glabrous, with dense setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen 3.0× as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united, running parallel and slightly diverging in anterior 1/3, postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, scape, pedicel and F1 lighter than all subsequent flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad; F1 2.0× as long as pedicel; F1=F2; F2 1.3× as long as F3, F3=F4; subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length; F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with dense white setae. Pronotum glabrous, with delicate striae laterally and dense setae; propleuron coriaceous, with dense setae. Mesoscutum reticulate, with dense setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, with smooth, glabrous bottom, broadened in posterior 1/3, posteriorly converging; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines marked by smooth glabrous areas; median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching notaulus. Anterior end of notaulus with rounded deep impression. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, trapezoid, broadened in posterior 1/3; uniformly rugose, with long white setae, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae ovate, broader than high, with smooth, glabrous bottom, separated by narrow triangular elevated coriaceous central carina. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, glabrous, with setae in posteroventral quarter, along anterior and ventral margins; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous, with white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, posterior end higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, 2.0× as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few setae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with few rugae and dense setae along subparallel lateral propodeal carinae; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long white dense setae. Nucha with numerous delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws toothed, with basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 3.4× as long as broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct for 1/2 of the distance to basalis, its projection reaching basalis in mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with a few white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures posteriorly, subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.5× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally which not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.7–3.1 mm (n = 8).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 259–260, 262, 270, 272). Similar to female but hind coxae black; transfacial distance as long as height of eye; malar space with numerous striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 3.0× as high as length of malar space; POL 1.8× as long as OOL, OOL 1.3× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 1.6× as long as LOL; ocelli larger; interocellar area elevated; antenna with 13 flagellomeres, F1 slightly curved, apical 2/3 broader than basal 1/3; F13 slightly longer than F12; placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres; mesopleuron without white setae anteriorly. Body length 2.6–2.9 mm (n = 3).</p> <p>Gall. (Figs. 273–274). An acorn gall, developing as a swelling external to the cotyledons around the base of the acorn inside the acorn cup (see also Weld 1960, Fig. 18). The larval cell intrudes into the body of the acorn; adults emerge through holes they create along the rim of the acorn cup. The gall is unilocular and consists only of the larval chamber ca 3 mm long and 1.5–2 mm in diameter, surrounded by a hard woody wall. Several galls may develop around the same acorn.</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces acorn galls on Q. arizonica. Weld (1960) also records this gall type from Q. gambelii, Q. rugosa and Q. turbinella. Galls mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards.</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains.</p> <p>Comments. All known Callirhytis and Andricus species that induce acorn galls, whether pip galls (external to the acorn cup) or stone galls (within the acorn cup and/or also inside the cotyledons of the acorn), have their asexual generations making such galls. The only exception, other than A. williami, is the sexual generation of Andricus chrysobalani Weld, 1926 which develops on Q. chrysolepis and is known only from California.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFCCFFB5FF76F908FB237A48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFC0FFB6FF76F999FA6E7A6C.text	03868785FFC0FFB6FF76F999FA6E7A6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antron Kinsey 1930	<div><p>Antron Kinsey, 1930, re-established genus</p> <p>Ten species of Antron were listed for America north of Mexico by Burks (1979) and Lyon (1996) subsequently described three more species from the US southwest; all these species induce their galls on Quercus section Quercus oaks. One species, Atrusca clavuloides (Kinsey, 1930), was transferred to Xanthoteras Ashmead, 1897 by Dailey &amp; Menke (1980) and subsequently to Atrusca by Melika &amp; Abrahamson (2002). Melika &amp; Abrahamson (2002) also erroneously synonymized the genus Antron with Cynips (Linnaeus, 1758), although only formally transferred eight of the 12 species then recognized in this genus from the USA. Pujade-Villar &amp; Ferrer-Suay (2015) followed this synonymisation by transferring the 23 Mexican species originally described in Antron to Cynips. However, more recent molecular data have shown that the synonymisation of Antron within Cynips was incorrect, with Nearctic species formerly in Antron not clustering with the true European Cynips (Nicholls et al. 2017, Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2021). Hence, we formally re-establish the genus name Antron Kinsey, 1930 comb. rev., while recognizing that the limits of this genus are still uncertain and require revision. Preliminary molecular analyses (James Nicholls, unpublished data) show that the North American Antron species are separated into two distinct clades, one of which clusters with some Sphaeroteras species. Thus, a detailed revision of all species from both genera is necessary to establish the true limits of the two genera.</p> <p>Herein we describe two new species in this genus, both with Quercus section Quercus species as host plants.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFC0FFB6FF76F999FA6E7A6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFC3FFB1FF76FE54FD997FED.text	03868785FFC3FFB1FF76FE54FD997FED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antron lovellae Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Antron lovellae Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 275–286</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FAFB3EBD-65A3-4849-9CCE-AEBB4610281B</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, 25 miles S of Flagstaff on l17, leg. J. Nicholls, 2007.10.31. Code AZ674, spAZl9; ex Quercus turbinella ”. PARATYPES: 3 females: with the same labels as the holotype except with Codes AZ 675, AZ676, AZ677. The holotype is deposited at the USNM, 3 females at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. In recognition of the continuous contribution of Jill D. Lovell, wife of J.A. Nicholls (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK), towards studies of oak gall wasps and especially her contribution in sequencing the Nearctic oak gall wasps that are described herein as new species.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The gall is somewhat similar to the asexual generation gall of the California species Cynips (Antron) douglasii (Ashmead, 1896) but rounder and with fewer spines. Adults also differ from asexual females of C. (A.) douglasii. In C. (A.) douglasii genae are broader, clearly visible behind eyes in frontal view, antenna with 12 flagellomeres, the mesoscutum with dark stripes along notauli and parapsidal lines, notaulus distinct along all length, well-impressed but less impressed anteriorly than posteriorly, the metascutellum and central propodeal area much darker than the rest of the mesoscutum, the forewing with dark stripes. In A. lovellae genae are less broad and only just visible behind the eyes in frontal view, the antenna with 11 flagellomeres, the mesoscutum uniformly rusty brown, notaulus indistinct anteriorly, less impressed than posteriorly, metascutellum and central propodeal area concolorous with the rest of the mesoscutum, the forewing without darker stripes. This species also resembles A. franklinensis Lyon, 1996. In A. lovellae the head is slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, the notaulus complete, the mesopleuron is coriaceous, with a few delicate transverse parallel striae in anteromedian part, induces galls on leaves, while in A. franklinensis the head as broad as mesosoma, the notaulus incomplete, the mesopleuron smooth, polished, galls induced on twigs.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 275–285). Head, mesosoma, metasoma, antennae, maxillary and labial palpi, legs all uniformly reddish brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous to reticulate, with white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena reticulate, broadened behind eye in frontal view, as broad as transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous, with striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye, eye 2.5× as high as length of malar space; malar sulcus absent. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 2.1× as broad as OOL, OOL 1.7× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, 1.25× as long as LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus nearly equal to distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face coriaceous, with white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area coriaceous, without striae, with some setae. Clypeus trapezoid, slightly broader than high, smooth, glabrous; ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision, with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, deep, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area reticulate, with short white setae. Vertex reticulate, occiput with delicately transverse parallel striae, with a few white setae; postocciput smooth, glabrous, postgena smooth, glabrous, with dense setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united, running parallel in ventral half of postgenal bridge, diverging in anterior 1/2, postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 11 flagellomeres, scape, pedicel and F1–F2 lighter than all subsequent flagellomeres, pedicel subglobular, F1 3.2× as long as pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2, F2 1.2× as long as F3, F3 slightly longer than F4; F4=F5, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length; F11 slightly longer than F10; placodeal sensilla on F5–F11.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with white setae. Pronotum delicately coriaceous, with delicate striae along posterior margin, with few setae. Mesoscutum alutaceous, with dense setae; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, less impressed in anterior half, with smooth, glabrous bottom, slightly broadened in posterior 1/3, converging posteriorly; anterior parallel and parapsidal lines marked by darker, smooth glabrous areas, anterior parallel line extends to half length of mesoscutum, parapsidal line extends to 2/3 of mesoscutum length; median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, trapezoid, broadened in posterior half, uniformly rugose, with long white setae, rounded posteriorly, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae in the form of a transverse anterior impression, not separated medially, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron coriaceous, with a few delicate transverse parallel striae in anteromedian part, with setae; speculum smooth, glabrous, with setae; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae and very delicate transverse parallel striae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas coriaceous, glabrous, with white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, posterior end as high as height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in mid height, upper part of sulcus distinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, 2.0x as long as high, smooth, glabrous; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few setae; central propodeal area lyre-shaped, smooth, glabrous, without rugae and setae; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards at mid height; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long white dense setae. Nucha with numerous delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws toothed, with broad basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, with dark brown veins, margin with short dense cilia, with dark brown spot in basal half of open radial cell, which is 2.5× as long as broad, R1 reaching wing margin, Rs nearly reaching wing margin, strongly broadened at anterior end; areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along entire length, reaching basalis in lower 1/3; dark stripe running underneath of Cu1b and Cu1a.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, saddle-shaped, 2.0× as high as long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite occupying 4/5 length of metasoma in dorsal view, with white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures, subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae extend far beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.6–2.8 mm (n = 3).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 286). A small (up to 8 mm in height and diameter) unilocular leaf gall on underside of leaves, with a reddish-brown surface covered with grey pubescence. Roughly conical with short stubby spines protruding from near the base of the gall. Also pictured in Fig. 163 of Weld (1960).</p> <p>Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. turbinella. Galls mature in October-November, adults emerge soon afterwards. The holotype and one paratype were sequenced for cytb and ITS2, showing 0.23% divergence for cytb and identical ITS2 sequences (GenBank OK346295 – OK346296, OK350657 – OK350658).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona, Flagstaff.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFC3FFB1FF76FE54FD997FED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFC4FFADFF76FAD5FB657CD6.text	03868785FFC4FFADFF76FAD5FB657CD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antron tomkursari Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Antron tomkursari Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 287–301</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4D5E52C2-ECA5-4126-94F6-84965B</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, 5km NE of Strawberry, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.12, Code AZ1863, spAZl14; ex Quercus arizonica ”. PARARYPES: 3 females with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype is deposited at the USNM, 3 females at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in memory of Prof.Thomas A. Kursar (1949 -2018), Department of Biology at the University of Utah, in recognition of his extensive work on insect-plant coevolutionary interactions to the understanding of rainforest ecology.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Molecular data cluster this species with A. acraspiformis (Weld, 1926), A. plumbeum (Weld, 1926) and A. quercusnubila (Bassett, 1881), all three of which occur in the US southwest and induce leaf galls in their asexual generations. Antron acraspiformis and A. quercusnubila are almost entirely black, while A. tomkursari is entirely light brown. In A. plumbeum the mesoscutum uniformly coriaceous, the forewing uniformly hyaline, without darker stripes, the metasoma covered with dense whitish setae, while in A. tomkursari the mesoscutum smooth to alutaceous, the forewing with darker stripes, the metasoma bare and without dense setae. Also resembles A. madera Lyon, 1996, particularly since they both induce similar galls on the same host plant. In A. tomkursari the head is slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, the eye 2.4× as high as length of the malar space, the mesoscutum is smooth to alutaceous, the mesoscutellum broadly rounded posteriorly, the metasoma without punctures, while in A. madera the head as broad as mesosoma in frontal view, the eye greater than 3.0× as high as length of the malar space, the mesoscutum is coriaceous, the mesoscutellum posteriorly narrowed to a rounded tip, the metasoma with punctures.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 287, 289–301). Head, mesosoma, metasoma, antennae, maxillary and labial palpi, legs all uniformly light brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous to reticulate, with white setae, 1.3× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena reticulate, broadened behind eye in frontal view, as broad as transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space coriaceous, with striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye; eye 2.4× as high as length of malar space; malar sulcus absent. Inner margins of eyes diverge ventrally. POL 2.0× as long as OOL, OOL 1.7× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, 1.2× as long as LOL, all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.2× as long as height of eye, diameter of antennal torulus 1.9× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 0.7× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, glabrous, with a few short white setae, without striae; slightly elevated median area alutaceous, without striae, with some short setae. Clypeus trapezoid, slightly broader than high, smooth, glabrous; ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision and with few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, deep, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area reticulate, with short white setae. Vertex reticulate, occiput with delicate transverse parallel striae, with few white setae; postocciput smooth, glabrous, postgena smooth, glabrous, with dense setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed; occipital foramen shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united, running parallel in posterior 1/3 of postgenal bridge, diverge in anterior 2/3, anterior half of postgenal bridge as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 11 flagellomeres, scape, pedicel and F1–F9 lighter than F10 and F11, pedicel subglobular; F1 4.0× as long as pedicel and 1.3× as long as F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, F3 slightly longer than F4; F4 slightly longer than F5, F5=F6; subsequent flagellomeres gradually shorter until F10; F11 2.0× as long as F10; placodeal sensilla on F5–F11.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with white setae. Pronotum smooth, glabrous, with delicate striae along posterior margin, with some setae; invaginated anterior margin of pronotum foveolate. Propleuron smooth, glabrous, with setae. Mesoscutum smooth to alutaceous, as long as broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae), with few setae, denser along anterior margin. Notaulus complete, deep, with smooth, glabrous bottom, posteriorly converging; anterior parallel line invisible, median longitudinal invagination with coriaceous bottom extends from anterior margin to half the length of mesoscutum; parapsidal line and median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, trapezoid, broader in posterior half, uniformly coriaceous, with net of strong rugae laterally and posteriorly, posteriorly rounded, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae in the form of a transverse anterior impression, not separated medially, with coriaceous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, glabrous, with a few setae in posteroventral quarter; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas coriaceous, glabrous, with sparse white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, narrow, at posterior end higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus delimiting very narrow area, reaching mesopleuron at mid height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, without setae; central propodeal area lyre-shaped, smooth, glabrous, without setae, with some delicate striae along sides; lateral propodeal carinae bent outwards at mid height; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with long sparse setae. Nucha with delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws toothed, with broad basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, with dark brown veins, margin with short dense cilia, with two dark brown spots in radial cell, with dark elongated spot underneath of Cu1b and with dark stripes along r and M; radial cell opened, 3.3× as long as broad, R1and Rs nearly reaching wing margin, areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along entire length, reaching basalis in lower 1/3.</p> <p>Metasoma slightly longer than head+mesosoma, slightly higher than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with a few white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures;subsequent tergites smooth,glabrous,without micropunctures.Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, broad, slightly narrowing towards apex, slightly longer than broad in ventral view, with long setae extend far beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.6–2.9 mm (n = 4).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 288). Small, round, dehiscent and unilocular leaf gall, on the underside of the leaf, to 4 mm in diameter, pale green with widely scattered pink spots. The inner larval chamber is surrounded by solid parenchyma tissue and not suspended on fine filaments.</p> <p>Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. arizonica. Galls mature in April-May, adults emerge soon afterwards. The holotype and one paratype were sequenced for cytb and ITS2, showing identical haplotypes for cytb and ITS2 sequences that diverged by 0.21% (GenBank OK346297 – OK346298, OK350659 – OK350660).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona: Strawberry (on Mogollon Rim), Chiricahua Mountains.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFC4FFADFF76FAD5FB657CD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFDBFFAEFF76FF74FB3F7F18.text	03868785FFDBFFAEFF76FF74FB3F7F18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dryocosmus Giraud 1859	<div><p>Dryocosmus Giraud, 1859</p> <p>In their review of world Cynipini genera, Melika &amp; Abrahamson (2002) indicated that this Holarctic genus contained 24 species. Since then membership of this genus has more than doubled, primarily through descriptions of many new species from Asia but also through a small number of new species from the Western Palaearctic and Nearctic (Azizkhani et al. 2006; Tavakoli et al. 2008; Buffington &amp; Morita 2009; Melika et al. 2010, 2011; Ide et al. 2013; Abe et al. 2014a,b; Ide &amp; Abe 2015; Zhu et al. 2015; Tang et al. 2016; Cerasa et al. 2018; Pang et al. 2018; Nicholls et al. 2018b; Matsuo et al. 2021). Many of these new species gall Quercus section Cyclobalanopsis and section Cerris oaks as well as related Fagaceae genera. Given the rarity of host plant shifts among oak gall wasp lineages (Stone et al. 2009), this diversity of host plants implies Dryocosmus consists of multiple lineages and requires extensive taxonomic revision, a point first raised by Melika &amp; Abrahamson (2002) and supported by recent phylogenetic work showing this genus to be polyphyletic (Nicholls et al. 2018b; Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2021). However, such a revision is beyond the scope of the current descriptive work.</p> <p>Burks (1979) listed 17 species of Dryocosmus Giraud from America north of Mexico. Previously, Dailey (1969) had moved one species to Callirhytis, C. attractans (Kinsey, 1922) which was recently moved to the genus Kokkocynips (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2021), while Dailey &amp; Sprenger (1973a) returned one species to Andricus, A. gigas Kinsey, 1922 where it had originally been described. More recently, three new species were described from California that induce galls on the non-oak Fagaceae genus Chrysolepis: D. rileypokei Morita &amp; Buffington, 2009, D. demartinii Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2018 and D. juliae Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, 2018 (Buffington &amp; Morita 2009; Nicholls et al. 2018b); when combined with the previously described D. castanopsidis (Beutenmueller, 1917) this brings to four the number of species known from this non-oak host plant genus (mentioned in Burks (1979) under its old genus name Castanopsis). Recently four Nearctic oak-associated Dryocosmus species were transferred to Kokkocynips: K. rileyi (Ashmead, 1896), K. imbricariae (Ashmead, 1896), K. coxii (Bassett, 1881), and K. deciduus (Beutenmueller, 1913) (Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2021). Thus, currently 14 species of Nearctic Dryocosmus are known, and one additional new species, D. archboldi Melika &amp; Abrahamson, is described herein.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFDBFFAEFF76FF74FB3F7F18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFDBFFA9FF76FBBAFA967C13.text	03868785FFDBFFA9FF76FBBAFA967C13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dryocosmus archboldi Melika & Abrahamson 2021	<div><p>Dryocosmus archboldi Melika &amp; Abrahamson, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 302–314</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C90BA7CE-0A93-420D-A844-9ED4B3E7</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, FL., Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station; leg. G. Melika, 31 March 1995, emerged in rearing cages 10 April 1995; ex Quercus myrtifolia ”. PARATYPES: 13 females and 6 males with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype, 1 female and 1 male are deposited at the USNM, 12 females and 5 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. The species named in honor of Mr. Richard Archbold, the founder of the Archbold Biological Station.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The gall most closely resembles that of D. quercuslaurifoliae (Ashmead, 1881), D. quercusnotha (Osten Sacken, 1870) and D. quercuspalustris (Osten Sacken, 1861). In D. archboldi, the gall narrows to a pointed tip (Fig. 314), while in D. quercuslaurifoliae, D. quercusnotha and D. quercuspalustris the galls are always rounded, never with a pointed tip (Figs. 315–316). In female and male D. archboldi the head is as broad as high in frontal view, the mesoscutum between notauli uniformly alutaceous, the mesopleuron and speculum smooth and glabrous while in D. quercuslaurifoliae, D. quercusnotha and D. quercuspalustris the head is broader than high, the mesoscutum between notauli entirely or at least in posterior half smooth, glabrous, not alutaceous, the mesopleuron at least partially alutaceous to delicately coriaceous.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 302–305, 309, 311–313). Body dark brown to black; antennae brown; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi, legs light brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, slightly denser on lower face and postgena, as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space short, alutaceous, without striae; eye 4.8× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes slightly converging ventrally. POL 1.7× as long as OOL, OOL 1.2× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL, all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance slightly shorter than height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus equal to distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly shorter than diameter of torulus; lower face alutaceous, without striae radiating from clypeus, slightly elevated median area alutaceous. Clypeus large, quadrangular, slightly broader than high, projecting over mandibles, smooth, glabrous, ventrally not emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, ovate, deeply impressed, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line deep. Frons uniformly alutaceous, without striae; strongly elevated interocellar area alutaceous with some delicate irregular rugae. Vertex and occiput alutaceous, postocciput smooth, glabrous, postgena alutaceous; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed, with some delicate longitudinally orientated rugae; occipital foramen 1.6× as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united, running parallel then diverging slightly in anterior 1/3. Antenna as long as body, with 12 flagellomeres, terminal flagellomeres slightly darker than scape and preceding flagellomeres; pedicel subglobular, F1 slightly longer than F2, F2 longer than F3, F3=F4, subsequent flagellomeres gradually shorter towards apex, F12 longer than F11, placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high. Pronotum glabrous, with delicate striae laterally, with dense setae; propleuron coriaceous, with dense setae. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, with smooth, glabrous bottom, broadened in posterior 1/3, strongly converging posteriorly; anterior parallel and median mesoscutal lines absent; parapsidal line marked by smooth glabrous areas; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching notaulus. Mesoscutellum longer than broad, broader at mid length, posteriorly rounded, alutaceous with net of irregular strong rugae, overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae ovate, broader than high, with smooth, glabrous bottom, separated by narrow triangular elevated coriaceous central carina. Mesopleuron and speculum smooth, glabrous, with setae in posteroventral quarter and along anterior and ventral margins; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas alutaceous, glabrous, with white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, most posterior part higher than height of metanotal trough; postalar process with parallel delicate striae; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at half its height, upper part of sulcus invisible. Metascutellum delicately coriaceous; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with few setae; ventral impressed area smooth, glabrous, 2.0× shorter than height of metascutellum; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without striae and setae; lateral propodeal carinae curved outward for their posterior 1/3; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without setae. Nucha smooth, without wrinkles dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, veins dark brown, with darker area along basalis, radial cell open, 3.4× as long as broad, R1 and Rs reaching wing margin, areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct for 2/3 of distance to basalis, its projection reaching basalis slightly below mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, higher than long in lateral view, saddle-shaped, second metasomal tergite extending to 3/4 of metasoma length in dorsal view, without setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures, subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.3× as long as broad in ventral view, with long setae ventrally which extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 1.9–2.2 mm (n = 12).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 306–308, 310). Similar to female but antennae and legs yellow, transfacial distance shorter than height of eye, malar space alutaceous, without striae; eye 9.0× as long as length of malar space; postgenal bridge shorter compared to length of occipital foramen; POL 3.5× long as OOL, OOL shorter than diameter of lateral ocellus and shorter than LOL; ocelli large; interocellar area elevated; antenna with 13 flagellomeres, F1 straight and 1.4× as long as F2, F13 shorter than F12; placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres. Body length 1.8–2.1 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 314). An integral, succulent unilocular leaf gall, reaching 5 mm in diameter and height. Conical in shape, narrowing to a point; on underside of leaf; green with paler longitudinal stripes. The larval cell becomes freerolling once the gall matures. Very rarely the galls develop on catkins.</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces integral leaf galls on Q. myrtifolia and Q. laurifolia. The galls develop very quickly, appearing in the second half of March and producing adults by the end of March into April. Two individuals were sequenced for cytb, with 0.23% divergence between them (OK346299 – OK346300).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida:Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Josephine Creek, Highlands Co.; Coconut Point Sanctuary, Brevard Co.; Gratin Beach Island, Walton Co.; Spanish Ponds Wildlife Reserve, Jacksonville.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFDBFFA9FF76FBBAFA967C13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFDCFFAAFF76F888FBA57A6C.text	03868785FFDCFFAAFF76F888FBA57A6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxaulus Mayr 1881	<div><p>Loxaulus Mayr, 1881</p> <p>Currently 14 species of Loxaulus are known from America north of Mexico, which are associated with different Quercus sections (Dailey 1977, Burks 1979, Dailey &amp; Sprenger 1983, Melika &amp; Abrahamson 2000): five species gall section Quercus, one species galls section Virentes, one galls section Lobatae, three gall section Protobalanus and for the other four species the hosts are unknown. Four new species of Loxaulus have recently been described from Panama and Mexico (Medianero et al. 2011, Pujade-Villar et al. 2014b), three from section Quercus oaks and one from a section Lobatae oak (although the latter record must be reviewed). As is the case with Dryocosmus, this variation in host section implies this genus may be polyphyletic. Herein we describe one new species, L. virginianae Melika &amp; Buss, which is associated with Q. virginiana (in the oak section Virentes).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFDCFFAAFF76F888FBA57A6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFDFFFA5FF76FE48FD797AA4.text	03868785FFDFFFA5FF76FE48FD797AA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loxaulus virginianae Melika & Buss 2021	<div><p>Loxaulus virginianae Melika &amp; Buss, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 317–328</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A7C8E359-5013-4D15-B686-02589B18F2CB</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Alabama, Grand Bay, Oak Hill Tree Farm, coll. 18-26 May 2013, leg. Albert van Hoogmoed; ex galls in twigs of Quercus virginiana ”; PARATYPES: 4 females with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype is deposited at the USNM, 4 females at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after the host plant, Q. virginiana.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A key to all 14 Loxaulus species known from America north of Mexico was published by Melika &amp; Abrahamson (2000). There are two species of Loxaulus, L. pattersoni (Kinsey, 1922) and L. virginianae, which are associated with Q. virginiana. Loxaulus pattersoni, known from Texas, induces galls on roots of Q. virginiana. In L. pattersonae the forewing margin has dense cilia, antenna with 13 flagellomeres, while in L. virginianae the forewing margin is without cilia, antenna with 12 flagellomeres. Loxaulus virginianae somewhat resembles L. laeta Pujade-Villar, 2014 described from Mexico (Pujade-Villar et al. 2014b), but the latter has antennae with only 10 flagellomeres, the forewing with cilia on the margin and the body is dark brown to black, while L. virginianae has antennae with 12 flagellomers, the forewing without cilia on margins, and the body is uniformly reddish brown.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 317–327). Head, mesosoma, metasoma, antennae, mouthparts, legs all uniformly reddish brown.</p> <p>Head delicately reticulate, with a few white setae, 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena reticulate, broadened behind eye in frontal view, broader than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space reticulate, with malar sulcus, eye 3.2× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 2.0× as long as OOL, OOL 1.8× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus, 1.2× as long as LOL, all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance as long as height of eye, diameter of antennal torulus 1.9× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.2× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face and slightly elevated median area alutaceous, with a few short white setae, without striae. Clypeus trapezoid, slightly broader than high, smooth, glabrous; ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, deep, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. Frons and interocellar area reticulate, without setae. Vertex and occiput reticulate, postocciput smooth, glabrous, postgena reticulate, with a few setae; posterior tentorial pit large, ovate, area below impressed, occipital foramen 1.6× as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united, running parallel to half the length of postgenal bridge, diverge in anterior half; anterior half of postgenal bridge as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres (in some paratypes suture between F11 and F12 indistinct), pedicel 1.8× as long as broad, F1 1.6× as long as pedicel and equal to F2; F2=F3=F4; F4 to F11 equal in length, slightly shorter than F3; F12 slightly shorter than F11; placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with rare short white setae. Pronotum uniformly reticulate, invaginated anterior margin of pronotum foveolate, dorsally with a few sparse setae. Propleuron delicately coriaceous, glabrous. Mesoscutum uniformly reticulate, longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus incomplete, deep, with smooth, glabrous bottom in posterior 1/3 of mesoscutum, hardly traceable in anterior 2/3, converging posteriorly; anterior parallel line indistinct, extends to 1/4 of mesoscutum length; parapsidal line visible in posterior 2/3 of mesoscutum, marked with smooth, glabrous areas; median mesoscutal line absent or in the form of a short triangle posteriorly; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching slightly above tegula. Mesoscutellum rounded slightly longer than broad, with net of irregular rugae, posteriorly rounded. Mesoscutellar foveae not separated medially, in the form of a transverse anterior impression, with smooth glabrous bottom and parallel longitudinal rugae. Mesopleuron and speculum glabrous, uniformly delicately reticulate, without setae; mesopleural triangle glabrous, with some transverse delicate rugae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas reticulate; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, narrow, with subparallel margins, at posterior end slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus delimiting broad rugose, glabrous area, reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum coriaceous, 2.0× as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, without setae, with distinct longitudinal parallel rugae; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without setae, broader anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly, with strong complete central longitudinal carinae and numerous transverse rugae dividing central propodeal area into rectangular units; lateral propodeal area glabrous, without setae, with net of irregular rugae. Nucha with net of short irregular delicate sulci dorsally and laterally. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, with dark brown veins, margin without cilia, with dark brown stripe going across radial cell and extend to Cu1b, radial cell open, 3.5× as long as broad, R1and Rs nearly reaching wing margin, areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along full length, reaching basalis at mid height.</p> <p>Metasoma longer than head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 1/4 length of metasoma in dorsal view, with a few white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures, subsequent tergites glabrous, with few rare indistinct micropunctures. Hypopygium with delicate dense micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium narrowing slightly towards apex, more than 2.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with few long setae extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.7–3.1 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 328). Galls are tiny cryptic cells hidden under the bark of twigs, with little or no visible swelling of the twig. The galls are 2 mm long and consist only of the larval chamber. The galls are commonly induced in a longitudinal cluster and are most easily detected by the emergence holes in the bark.</p> <p>Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces stem galls in twigs of Q. virginiana. Galls mature in May, adults emerge soon afterwards.</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Alabama, Grand Bay.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFDFFFA5FF76FE48FD797AA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFD0FFA5FF76FE1CFDAD7D58.text	03868785FFD0FFA5FF76FE1CFDAD7D58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus Hartig 1840	<div><p>Neuroterus Hartig, 1840</p> <p>Neuroterus has historically been a complex genus. As originally defined, species of this genus (including the Neuroterus species described here) have a mesonotum that is thinner and more weakly sclerotized than is typical for other cynipid genera and the transscutal articulation is absent, either partially (in its median section) or entirely. As a result of the fusion of the mesoscutum (which is slightly invaginated medially) and mesoscutellum, the boundary between these structures is not straight but slightly curved towards the mesoscutum; in addition, the mesoscutum is emarginate posterolaterally and slightly elevated above the dorsoaxillar area. In all other Nearctic Cynipini genera the transscutal articulation is straight, as is the boundary between the mesoscutum posteriorly and mesoscutellum anteriorly; however, in some apterous Nearctic genera (Acraspis, Biorhiza Westwood, 1840, Phylloteras Ashmead, 1897, Zopheroteras Ashmead, 1897) this articulation is present although very reduced (Melika &amp; Abrahamson 2002).</p> <p>Elevated heterogeneity within this genus was demonstrated by Kinsey (1923) when he subdivided Neuroterus into six subgenera on the basis of adult morphology, geographic distribution, gall structure, and life cycles, underlining the fact that this group is biologically diverse and unlikely to be monophyletic. Additional Asian taxa were placed in this genus thus further increasing the heterogeneity (Monzen 1954; Abe 2006), although the divergent subgenus Pseudoneuroterus Kinsey, 1923 was raised to full genus status by Pujade-Villar et al. 2004. Subsequent phylogenetic reconstructions strongly challenged the monophyly of Neuroterus (Stone et al. 2009, Liljeblad et al. 2008), prompting significant revision of some distinct lineages within the Palaearctic component of Neuroterus through creation or re-establishment of the genera Cerroneuroterus Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar 2010, Trichagalma Mayr, 1907 and Latuspina Monzen, 1954 (Melika et al. 2010). However, molecular data show that even the most recent definition of Neuroterus is still not monophyletic (Stone et al. 2009; Nicholls et al. 2017; Nicholls et al. 2018b; Nieves-Aldrey et al. 2021).</p> <p>Currently just over 50 species of Neuroterus are known from America north of Mexico and a further 15 species from Mexico and central America (Kinsey 1938; Burks 1979; Lyon 1984; Melika &amp; Abrahamson 1997a; Pujade-Villar et al. 2015a, 2016, 2017c, 2018b; Pujade-Villar &amp; Hanson 2021; Medianero &amp; Nieves-Aldrey 2017). Nearly all of these species induce galls on Quercus section Quercus with the exception of one species with its host plant in section Protobalanus, four species that gall hosts in section Virentes and a single species galling the section Ponticae; the latter two oak sections were recently split out from a broader definition of section Quercus by Denk et al. (2017). Herein we describe seven new species of Neuroterus, six of which are associated with Quercus section Quercus and one with section Virentes.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFD0FFA5FF76FE1CFDAD7D58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFD0FFA0FF76F940FD117C47.text	03868785FFD0FFA0FF76F940FD117C47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus alexandrae Nicholls & Melika 2021	<div><p>Neuroterus alexandrae Nicholls &amp; Melika, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 329–343</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0DB5A8A3-E596-4FB2-95C0-9F472A64AAEE</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, Stoneman Lake Road at l17, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.10. Code AZ1908, spAZb14; ex Quercus turbinella ”. PARATYPES (15 females and 6 males): 10 females and 2 males with the same labels as the holotype; 5 females and 4 males “ USA, Arizona, 5 km N of Payson, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.12, Code AZ1894, ex Quercus turbinella ”. The holotype, 2 females and 1 male are deposited at the USNM, 13 females and 5 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Prof. Alex Rowe, wife of Prof. Graham N. Stone (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Neuroterus alexandrae belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Neospathegaster. It is one of only two Neuroterus known from the southwestern US that induce round bud galls. Closely resembles N. stonei. In N. alexandrae the head is 1.6× as broad as long in dorsal view, the notaulus is complete, marked with slightly impressed lines, the mesopleuron and speculum alutaceous, glabrous, the metasoma shorter than head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; in males POL 13.0× as long as OOL, while in N. stonei the head is 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view, the notaulus absent, the mesopleuron and speculum uniformly delicately coriaceous, the metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view; in males POL 4.8× as long as OOL.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 329–331, 334, 336–341). Head, mesosoma and metasoma dark brown to black; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi light brown; pedicel, F1 and F2 light brown; scape, F3–F12 dark brown to black; legs light brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.4× as broad as high and narrower than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.6× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae, with malar sulcus; eye 3.7× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 2.9× as long as OOL, OOL shorter than diameter of lateral ocellus and shorter than LOL, all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 0.9× as wide as height of eye, diameter of antennal torulus slightly longer than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye nearly equal to diameter of torulus; lower face and slightly elevated median area uniformly delicately coriaceous, without striae. Clypeus trapezoid, coriaceous, broader than high; ventrally rounded, broadly emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, broad. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area alutaceous, with short white setae, without striae. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena alutaceous, with rare setae; occipital foramen slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into indistinct postgenal sulci which are not united. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel subglobular; F1 1.7× as long as pedicel, F1 slightly longer than F2, F2 1.2× as long as F3, F3=F4=F5, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11, placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with rare white setae. Pronotum uniformly alutaceous; propleuron smooth, glabrous, with few setae; anterior margin invaginated, smooth, glabrous, not foveolate. Mesoscutum alutaceous, with few setae; nearly as long as broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus complete, marked with slightly impressed lines, alutaceous; anterior parallel line indistinct; parapsidal line marked with impressed area, alutaceous; median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina broad, reaching above tegula. Mesoscutum emarginate posterolaterally, slightly elevated above dorsal axillar area, V-shaped posteriocentrally. Transscutal articulation absent. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, ovate, broadest in posterior 1/3; posteriorly rounded, uniformly alutaceous, strongly overhanging metanotum; anteriorly with impressed triangular smooth, glabrous area. Mesopleuron and speculum alutaceous, glabrous, invaginated along ventral margin; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae; dorsal axillar area alutaceous, lateral axillar area smooth, glabrous; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, at posterior end slightly shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus indistinct, reaching mesopleuron in upper 1/3 of its height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, 2.0× as long as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; central propodeal area trapezoid, smooth, glabrous, with delicate rugae radiating from nucha, posteriorly 3.0× as broad as anteriorly; lateral propodeal carinae distinct, gradually diverging towards nucha; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with some setae. Nucha without sulci. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, R+Sc, M, M+Cu1, Cu1, R1, 2r dark brown, RS, M, Rs+M veins yellow, radial cell open, 3.8× as long as broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin, areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along full length, reaching basalis slightly below half its height.</p> <p>Metasoma shorter than head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 1/3 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with a few white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures; subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, slightly longer than broad in ventral view, with a few setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.0– 2.2 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 332–333, 335). Similar to female but height of eye 1.5× the length of transfacial distance, malar space very short; POL 13.0× as long as OOL, OOL very short, lateral ocellus nearly reaching eye; inner margins of eyes converging ventrally; ocelli large; interocellar area elevated; antenna with 13 flagellomeres, F1 slightly curved, apical 2/3 broader than basal 1/3, F13=F12, placodeal sensilla on F2–F13. Body length 1.9–2.2 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Gall. (Figs. 342–343). Spherical, unilocular bud galls, 3–4 mm in diameter, on terminal or axillary buds. Gall surface smooth and shiny, initially green, sometimes developing mottled or striped patterning in red or purple. Possibly the same as the undescribed gall pictured in Fig. 25 of Weld (1960).</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces bud galls on Q. turbinella. Galls mature in April– May, adults emerge soon afterwards. Given the somewhat nondescript morphology of the gall, two females from different collection sites were sequenced for cytb and ITS2 to confirm the morphological assessment of species identity. The cytb sequences differed by 0.46%, while ITS2 sequences were identical (GenBank OK346306 – OK346307, OK350665 – OK350666).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona, Mogollon Rim area.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFD0FFA0FF76F940FD117C47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFD4FF9EFF76FC35FCDB7CEB.text	03868785FFD4FF9EFF76FC35FCDB7CEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus aliceae Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Neuroterus aliceae Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 344–367</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 23F3C805-6588-4327-8BDA-6FA255705A33</p> <p>Alternate asexual and sexual generations are described.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Alice I. Nicholls, daughter of Dr. J. A. Nicholls (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK and Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra).</p> <p>Asexual generation</p> <p>Figs. 344–351, 367</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mtns., leg. J. Nicholls, 2007.10.28. Code AZ632, spAZl7; ex Quercus oblongifolia ”. PARATYPES: 26 females with the same labels as the holotype, 3 with the same collecting code, others with the following codes: AZ629— 1 female, AZ637— 1 female, AZ638— 3 females, AZ645— 3 females, AZ651— 1 female, AZ652— 5 females, AZ654— 1 female, AZ656— 1 female, AZ657— 2 females, AZ658— 1 female, AZ660— 1 female, AZ662— 1 female, AZ664— 2 females. The holotype and 3 female paratypes are deposited at the USNM, 23 female paratypes at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Neuroterus alicae belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Diplobius. The asexual generation of Neuroterus aliceae induces dehiscent leaf galls on Q. oblongifoliae. The only previously known Neuroterus species from the US southwest to induce detachable leaf galls, N. argentatus Weld, 1944 asexual generation, induces small, flat, rounded spangle galls on the underside of the leaves of Q. gambelii, Q. oblongifolia and Q. turbinella, which are obviously different from the aggregated brown fluffy leaf galls induced by N. aliceae.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 344–351). Head, mesosoma and metasoma dark brown to black; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi light brown; antennae brown, gradually darker towards apex; legs dark brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face and postgena, 1.2× as broad as high and broader than mesosoma in front view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, slightly broadened behind eye in frontal view, as broad as transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with malar sulcus; eye 3.7× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 2.7× as long as OOL; OOL 1.4× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and slightly shorter than LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance length equal to height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.3× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face and slightly elevated median area uniformly alutaceous, without striae, with some setae. Clypeus trapezoid, alutaceous, broader than high; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, broad. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area alutaceous, with short white setae. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena alutaceous, with a few setae; occipital foramen slightly shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into postgenal sulci which are not united; postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 10 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.4× as long as broad, F1 1.5× as long as pedicel and 1.4× as long as F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, F3 shorter than F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11, placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with a few white setae. Pronotum uniformly alutaceous; propleuron smooth, glabrous, with few setae; anterior margin invaginated, smooth, glabrous, not foveolate. Mesoscutum uniformly alutaceous, with a few setae anteriorly; slightly longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus, anterior parallel line, parapsidal line and median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina narrow, extending slightly above tegula. Mesoscutum emarginate posterolaterally, slightly elevated above dorsal axillar area, V-shaped posteriocentrally. Transscutal articulation absent. Mesoscutellum rounded, slightly broader than high, smooth, glabrous, with a few white short setae on disk; anteriorly with short and narrow strongly impressed smooth, glabrous area, not overhanging metanotum. Mesopleuron and speculum alutaceous, glabrous; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with some delicate rugae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, triangular, at posterior end higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus delimiting smooth, glabrous area, impressed, distinct, reaching mesopleuron in lower half, upper part of sulcus absent, instead some parallel rugae radiating from mesopleuron and reaching subaxillular bar. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area, metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; central propodeal area ovate, broadest at mid height, glabrous, with delicate numerous interrupted rugae, which fill in the entire central propodeal area; no distinct lateral propodeal carinae; lateral propodeal area smooth, glabrous, without setae. Nucha smooth, glabrous, without rugae. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, veins dark brown, radial cell open, 4.1× as long as broad, R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin, areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along full length, reaching basalis at lower 1/3.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, taller than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite occupying 1/2 the length of metasoma in dorsal view, without setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures, subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, as long as broad in ventral view, with a few setae ventrally which do not extend beyond apex of spine. Body length 1.8–2.1 mm (n = 15).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 367). Brown fluffy leaf galls, consisting of an aggregated group of larval chambers ≥ 5 mm across, on midrib on the underside of leaf. Covered in a dense, somewhat woolly, coat of reddish-brown hairs. Similar in structure to Andricus pattoni (Bassett, 1881) from Florida.</p> <p>Sexual generation</p> <p>Figs. 352–366</p> <p>Material examined. Seven females and 7 males “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mtns., leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.09. Code AZ1946, spAZc3; ex Quercus oblongifolia ”; 3 males “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mtns., leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.09. Code AZ1872, ex Quercus oblongifolia ”, and 3 males “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mtns., leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.09. Code AZ1887, ex Quercus oblongifolia ”.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The sexual generation of N. aliceae induces catkin galls on Q. oblongifolia. The only known Neuroterus species from the US southwest which induces flower galls (also on white oaks) is N. floricomus Weld, 1957, sexual generation. The galls of N. floricomus are dense wooly enlargements of the catkin axis (Weld 1957b) and are clearly different from those of N. aliceae (Fig. 366). In N. floricomus the head of females is coriaceous, genae broadened behind eyes, the body of females is black, while in N. aliceae, head is alutaceous, genae are not broadened behind eyes, and entire body is brown.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 352–354, 357, 359–364). Head black, mesosoma and metasoma brown; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi yellow; antennae brown; legs light brown to yellow.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face; 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view, Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, with delicate parallel striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye, malar sulcus absent or inconspicuous between striae; eye 4.6× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.9× as long as OOL, OOL 1.5× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance equal to height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.3× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye nearly equal to diameter of torulus; lower face and slightly elevated median area uniformly alutaceous, without striae. Clypeus trapezoid, alutaceous, broader than high; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae ventrally; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, broad. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area alutaceous, with a few short white setae. Vertex, occiput alutaceous, with rare setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, glabrous; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into indistinct united postgenal sulci, postgenal bridge narrow. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres (in some paratypes suture between F12 and F11 indistinct), pedicel subglobular; F1 1.7× as long as pedicel and 1.25× as long as F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, F3=F4, F5–F10 equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with a few white setae. Propleuron smooth, glabrous. Pronotum alutaceous, with a few setae and some delicate striae laterally; anterior margin invaginated, smooth, glabrous, foveolate. Mesoscutum alutaceous, with a few setae; longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus impressed in posterior 2/3 of mesoscutum length, only a trace in anterior 1/3, anterior parallel line invisible, parapsidal line marked with impressed smooth, glabrous area; median mesoscutal line in the form of a short triangle; circumscutellar carina broad, extending above tegula. Mesoscutum emarginate posterolaterally, slightly elevated above dorsal axillar area. Transscutal articulation absent. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, ovate, uniformly alutaceous, with some white short setae, posteriorly rounded, clearly projecting over metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae in the form of a transverse, narrow impressed anterior area, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum alutaceous, glabrous, invaginated in lower half; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with parallel margins, shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus distinct, reaching mesopleuron at half its height. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as tall as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; propodeum posterodorsally smooth, glabrous, without carinae, lateral propodeal carina present only at the most posterior end of propodeum. Nucha short, smooth, glabrous. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, with dark brown veins, radial cell open, 4.3× as long as broad, R1 and Rs reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along full length, reaching basalis in lower 1/3 of its height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, shorter than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 1/3 of metasoma length in dorsal view, with a few white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures, subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 4.4× as long as broad in ventral view, without setae. Body length 1.7–2.1 mm (n = 6).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 355–356, 358, 365). Similar to female but eye 1.2× as high as length of transfacial distance, eye 5.3× as high as length of malar space, POL 3.4× as long as OOL, LOL 1.75× as long as OOL; antenna with 12 flagellomeres, F1 slightly curved, placodeal sensilla on F1–F13. Body length 1.7–1.9 mm (n = 6).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 366). A whitish swelling surrounding individual flowers, with sparse very short pubescence. A swollen flower is 1–2 mm in diameter; multiple flowers per catkin are galled.</p> <p>Biology. Alternate asexual and sexual generations are known, both of which induce galls on Q. oblongifolia. Sexual catkin galls mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards. The asexual fluffy leaf galls mature in October-November; adults overwinter in the galls and emerge the following spring.</p> <p>Alternate generations (and males/females within the sexual generation) were matched using DNA data. Five individuals were sequenced for cytb, with between 0 and 0.23% divergence apparent (GenBank OK346301 – OK346305), while four individuals showed at most 0.20% divergence for ITS2 (OK 350661 – OK350664).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFD4FF9EFF76FC35FCDB7CEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFEAFF9BFF76FA64FC4D7910.text	03868785FFEAFF9BFF76FA64FC4D7910.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus bussae Melika & Nicholls 2021	<div><p>Neuroterus bussae Melika &amp; Nicholls, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 368–380</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E1E21715-46B4-4610-8625-A4FAB605A8F4</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Florida, Levy Co., Morriston, ex bister gall on Q. virginiana. coll. 2012.03.23. E. Buss ”. PARATYPES (20 females and 19 males): 3 females and 3 males with the same labels as the holotype, 17 females and 16 males labeled as “ USA, Florida, Gainesville, ex blister gall on Q. virginiana. em. 2008.03.20 -28. J. Platt ”. The holotype, 3 female and 3 male paratypes are deposited at the USNM, 17 female and 16 male paratypes at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Dr. Eileen A. Buss (University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology), who collected the galls and reared adults.</p> <p>Additional material examined. 15 females and males labeled as “ USA, Florida, Gainesville, ex blister gall on Q. virginiana. em. 2008.03.20 -28. J. Platt ” and one female (also used for DNA analyses) labeled as “ USA, Florida, Jacksonville, ex Q. virginiana, coll. G.N. Stone, 2009.04.12. Code FL1099 ”.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Neuroterus bussae belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Neuroterus. Only one Neuroterus species north of Mexico, the sexual generation of N. christi Melika &amp; Abrahamson, 1997, is known to induce integral leaf galls on Q. virginiana and Q. geminata. The galls of N. christi are multilocular and integral thickenings of the leaf parenchyma that protrude equally on both sides of the leaf along one side of the midrib, generally with four to six larval cells per gall (Melika &amp; Abrahamson 1997a). In contrast, galls of N. bussae are small, unilocular blister-like leaf galls, that commonly develop all over the leaf lamina.</p> <p>A taxon with a similar gall was described from Texas on Q. virginiana, N. niger var. alimas Kinsey, 1923, which is one of the five varieties of N. niger Gillette, 1888 described by Kinsey (1923) that were still considered forms of that species by Burks (1979). When the galls of this new species were first encountered, we initially considered that it could be N. niger var. alimas. The holotype of that species was deposited at the USNM and labelled as “Acc.24856”, pink ”N. alimas, female, Holo- Paratype’, ” Q. virginiana ”, ”Austin, Tex. 4.16.21., Patterson”; however, when inspected the insect was absent and only the gall was found. One paratype is present, but in a very poor condition, and being male is hard to determine to species. According to Kinsey (1923) this variety induces a sexual generation spring gall, while the other four varieties induce autumn asexual generation galls. Moreover, N. niger var. alimas is the only variety associated with section Virentes oaks while the other four are on Quercus oaks, and as mentioned above no Nearctic cynipid species are shared across the oak sections (Abrahamson et al. 1998 a, 2003; Stone et al. 2009). Hence biological information suggests that N. niger var. alimas is a species distinct from N. niger and the other four of Kinsey’s varieties. Kinsey (1923) described N. niger var. alimas based on one female (holotype —lost) and 13 males and gave no detailed morphological description for this variety. Thus, there is no morphological evidence for synonymisation of N. niger var. alimas to N. niger and at the same time it cannot be treated as a valid species so we move it to nomen dubium.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 368–371, 374, 376–378). Head dark brown to black, mesosoma and metasoma brown; clypeus, mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi, antennae, tegulae light brown; legs yellowish brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face; 1.3× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.3× as broad as long in dorsal view, Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, transverse diameter of eye 2.0× as broad as gena in lateral view. Malar space alutaceous, without striae, without malar sulcus; eye 4.9× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 2.8× as long as OOL, OOL 1.5× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and slightly shorter than LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance equal to height of eye, diameter of antennal torulus equal to distance between them, distance between torulus and eye 1.6× as long as diameter of torulus; lower face and slightly elevated median area uniformly alutaceous, without striae. Clypeus trapezoid, alutaceous, broader than high; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae ventrally; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, broad. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area alutaceous, with a few short white setae. Vertex, occiput alutaceous, with rare setae; postocciput, postgena smooth, glabrous; occipital foramen as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into indistinct united postgenal sulci, postgenal bridge narrow. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 10 flagellomeres, pedicel and scape 3.0× as broad as F1 width; F1 narrowest flagellomere, nearly as long as pedicel and equal in length to F2, F2=F3=F4, F5–F10 equal in length, F12 slightly longer than F11; placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with a few white setae. Propleuron smooth, glabrous. Pronotum alutaceous, with a few setae and some delicate striae laterally; anterior margin invaginated, smooth, glabrous, foveolate. Mesoscutum smooth, glabrous, with a few setae, longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae), emarginate posterolaterally, slightly elevated above dorsal axillar area. Notaulus, anterior parallel line, parapsidal line, median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina broad, extending above tegula. Transscutal articulation absent. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, ovate, uniformly alutaceous, with some white short setae, posteriorly rounded, clearly projecting over metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae in the form of a transverse, narrow impressed anterior area, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum alutaceous, glabrous, invaginated in lower half; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with parallel margins, shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus delimiting smooth, glabrous area, distinct, reaching mesopleuron at half height. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; propodeum posterodorsally smooth, glabrous, without carinae, lateral propodeal carina present only at the most posterior end of propodeum. Nucha short, smooth, glabrous. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, with dark brown veins, radial cell open, 3.9× as long as broad, R1 and Rs reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along full length, reaching basalis in lower 1/3 of its height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, shorter than high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 1/3 of metasoma length in dorsal view, without micropunctures, subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium as long as broad in ventral view, without setae. Body length 1.7–2.0 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 372–373, 375). Similar to female but eye 1.4× as high as length of transfacial distance and 6.6× as high as length of malar space, ocelli huge, lateral ocellus nearly reaches eye; antenna with 12 flagellomeres, scape and pedicel 3.0× as broad as width of F1, F1 straight, apically not swollen, 2.0× as long as F2, F2 and all subsequent flagellomeres nearly equal in length, placodeal sensilla on F1–F13. Body length 1.7–1.9 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Gall. (Figs. 379–380). Blister-like small integral parenchyma galls, visible on both sides of the leaf; on new leaves. Emergence holes typically on upper surface of leaf.</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces integral leaf galls on Q. virginiana. Galls mature in late March-April, adults emerged immediately after the galls were collected, in March-April. Males and females from multiple sites were confirmed as conspecific using cytb sequences, with between 0 and 0.92% divergence among individuals (GenBank OK346308 – OK346314).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida: Morriston, Gainesville, Jacksonville.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFEAFF9BFF76FA64FC4D7910	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFEEFF96FF76FD88FCDB7A48.text	03868785FFEEFF96FF76FD88FCDB7A48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus oblongifoliae Nicholls, Stone & Melika 2021	<div><p>Neuroterus oblongifoliae Nicholls, Stone &amp; Melika, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 381–393</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8ED513D6-D491-4934-BB62-3EE873FE209F</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mtns., leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.09. Code AZ1872, spAZl17; ex Quercus oblongifolia ”. PARATYPES (7 females and 3 males): 2 female with the same labels as the holotype; 5 female and 3 male labelled as “ USA, Arizona, Molino Basin campground, Santa Catalina Mtns., leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.09. Code AZ1877, ex Quercus oblongifolia ”. The holotype and one male paratype are deposited at the USNM, 7 female and 2 male paratypes at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after the host plant, Q. oblongifolia.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Neuroterus oblongifoliae belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Diplobius. One other species, Neuroterus lamellae Weld, 1957, is known from Arizona that induces galls in the form of integral leaf parenchyma thickenings (Weld 1957b). However, the mesoscutum is delicately coriaceous in N. lamellae, while in N. oblongifoliae the mesoscutum is smooth to delicately alutaceous.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 381–383, 385, 387–392). Head and mesosoma black, metasoma brown; clypeus and malar space light brown; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi yellow; antennae brown; legs light brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face; rounded, as broad as high and as broad as width of mesosoma in frontal view; 2.1× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view; malar space alutaceous, with delicate parallel striae radiating from clypeus and not reaching eye, malar sulcus present; eye 5.0× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 2.2× as long as OOL, OOL 1.5× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and slightly longer than LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance slightly greater than height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus slightly longer than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye slightly longer than diameter of torulus; lower face and slightly elevated median area uniformly alutaceous, without striae. Clypeus slightly broader than high, alutaceous; ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus distinct, broad, clypeo-pleurostomal line indicated by slightly impressed line. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area alutaceous, with a few short white setae, with impressed rounded area above torulus; with smooth glabrous area below central ocellus. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena alutaceous, with a few setae; occipital foramen nearly as high as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into indistinct postgenal sulci which are not united; postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.2× as long as broad, F1 2.5× as long as pedicel and 1.5× as long as F2; F2 slightly longer than F3, all subsequent flagellomeres nearly equal in length, placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with a few white setae. Propleuron alutaceous, with delicate rugae along sides. Pronotum alutaceous, with a few setae and irregular delicate striae laterally; anterior margin deeply invaginated, smooth, not foveolate. Mesoscutum delicately alutaceous, with a few setae, longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae), emarginate posterolaterally, slightly elevated above dorsal axillar area. Notaulus, anterior parallel line, parapsidal line, median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching above tegulae. Transscutal articulation absent. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, ovate, gradually narrowing towards posterior end, alutaceous on sides, with smooth, glabrous disk and with a few scattered white short setae, posteriorly rounded, clearly overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae in the form of a transverse, very narrow impressed anterior area, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum alutaceous, glabrous, invaginated in lower half; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae and delicate longitudinal striae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas alutaceous, glabrous; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, at posterior end shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron below half height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; propodeum posterodorsally smooth, glabrous, with a few carinae present only at most posterior end of propodeum. Nucha short, smooth, glabrous. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, with black veins, radial cell open, 4.1× as long as broad; R1 and Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet large, triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along entire length, reaching basalis at lower 1/3 of its height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, saddle-shaped, taller than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with rare white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures, subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, as long as broad in ventral view, without setae. Body length 1.8–2.0 mm (n = 6).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 384, 386). Similar to female but eyes and ocelli larger, silvery; eye as high as length of transfacial distance and 4.4× as high as length of malar space, interocellar area strongly elevated, clypeus larger, yellow; antenna with 12 flagellomeres (suture between F12 and F 11 in some paratypes indistinct), scape, pedicel and F1 light brown, all subsequent flagellomeres dark brown, F1 straight, broadened apically, placodeal sensilla on F2– F13. Body length 1.7–2.0 mm (n = 3).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 393). An integral leaf gall visible as a 2–3 mm thickening of the leaf lamina, sometimes spanning the whole width of the leaf, more usually on one side of midrib, green underneath, pink or red on upper surface. Multilocular.</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces leaf galls on Q. oblongifolia. Galls mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards. Some of the examined specimens came from a rearing that accidentally contained some other galls, so the morphological assessment of their identity was confirmed with DNA data. Cytb sequences from three individuals differed by between 0 and 0.69% (GenBank OK346315 – OK346317), while ITS2 sequences from two individuals were identical (OK350667 – OK350668).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona, Santa Catalina Mountains.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFEEFF96FF76FD88FCDB7A48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFE3FF92FF76F951FCF87F50.text	03868785FFE3FF92FF76F951FCF87F50.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus quaili Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Neuroterus quaili Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 394–405</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2DA5C5E2-2CD8-4EDF-8611-41791A6051DD</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, CA, Quail Ridge Reserve, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.04. Code CA1143, spCAc3; ex Quercus berberidifolia ”. PARATYPES: 9 females with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype female is deposited at the USNM, 9 female paratypes at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after the site where it was found, Quail Ridge Reserve.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Neuroterus quaili belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Neospathegaster. Two other Neuroterus species are known to induce catkin galls on section Quercus oaks in California: N. floricola Kinsey, 1922 and N. florulentus Weld, 1957. Both induce different shaped and coloured galls to N. quaili: golden yellow-brown with an apical point in N. floricola, thin-walled, tan and ovate in N. florulentus. In contrast the gall of N. quaili is spherical, purplish, with quite a robust wall. Morphologically N. quaili resembles N. florulentus; however, in N. quaili the female antenna has 11 flagellomeres, F1 longer than F2, the notaulus complete, the metasoma without setae, while in N. florulentus females the antenna has 12 flagellomeres, F1 shorter than F2, the notaulus absent, the metasoma with white setae laterally. This new species also morphologically resembles N. floricola; however in N. floricola the notaulus is absent and the mesopleuron is partially alutaceous while in N. quaili the notaulus is complete and the mesopleuron is entirely and uniformly smooth, glabrous.</p> <p>Description. Female (Figs. 394–404). Head and mesosoma dark brown to black, metasoma brown; lower face, clypeus and malar space light brown; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi yellow; antennae brown; legs yellow.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face, vertex, postgena; rounded, 1.2× as broad as high and as broad as width of mesosoma in frontal view, 2.0× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view; malar space alutaceous, without striae; with malar sulcus; eye 2.4× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 1.9× as long as OOL, OOL 1.9× as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and slightly longer than LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance 1.3× as long as height of eye, diameter of antennal torulus slightly longer than distance between them, distance between torulus and eye longer than diameter of torulus; lower face and slightly elevated median area uniformly alutaceous. Clypeus slightly broader than high, alutaceous; ventrally rounded, not emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pit large, rounded, epistomal sulcus distinct, broad, clypeo-pleurostomal line indicated by slightly impressed line. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area alutaceous, with a few short white setae, with impressed rounded glabrous area above toruli; with smooth glabrous area below central ocellus. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena alutaceous, glabrous; occipital foramen shorter than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into indistinct postgenal sulci which are not united; postgenal bridge anteriorly as broad as occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 2.1× as long as broad, F1 1.5× as long as pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, all subsequent flagellomeres gradually shorter, F12 longer than F11, placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma longer than high, with a few white setae. Propleuron smooth, glabrous, with a few delicate rugae along sides. Pronotum alutaceous, with a few setae and irregular delicate striae along lateral side; anterior margin not invaginate, smooth, glabrous, not foveolate. Mesoscutum alutaceous to smooth, with a few setae, longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae), emarginate posterolaterally, slightly elevated above dorsal axillar area. Notaulus complete, reaching pronotum, in posterior 1/3 the bottom has transverse delicate rugae; anterior parallel line, parapsidal line, median mesoscutal line absent; circumscutellar carina narrow, reaching notaulus. Transscutal articulation absent. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, ovate, with alutaceous, glabrous central disk and with irregular rugae alongside disk, areas between rugae smooth, glabrous; posteriorly rounded, clearly overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae in the form of a transverse, impressed anterior area, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly smooth, glabrous; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae and delicate longitudinal striae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, at posterior end slightly higher than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron below half its height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; propodeum smooth, glabrous, without carinae. Nucha short, smooth, glabrous. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, margin with long dense cilia, with black veins, radial cell partially open, 4.0× as long as broad; R1 reaching wing margin and running along margin for half the length of radial cell, Rs nearly reaching wing margin; areolet small, triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along 4/5 of its length, its projection reaching basalis at half height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, taller than long in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to half the length of metasoma in dorsal view, without setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures, subsequent tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 9.0× as long as broad in ventral view, without setae. Body length 1.5–1.8 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 405). A monolocular catkin gall, 2–3 mm diameter, spherical, purple with paler mottling, on flowers rather than on the catkin stem, relatively robust wall around larval cell. Probably the same as the undescribed gall in Fig. 40 of Weld (1957a).</p> <p>Biology. Galls develop on Q. berberidifolia, mature in April; adults emerge soon afterwards. Only females were reared, with males as yet unknown; however, the spring phenology of this gall suggests that it is a sexual generation. Two females were sequenced for cytb, showing 0.23% divergence (GenBank OK346281 – OK346282).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, California, Quail Ridge Reserve.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFE3FF92FF76F951FCF87F50	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFE7FF8DFF76FB43FBC37F74.text	03868785FFE7FF8DFF76FB43FBC37F74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus rosieae Melika, Nicholls & Stone 2021	<div><p>Neuroterus rosieae Melika, Nicholls &amp; Stone, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 406–421</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 621BA670-0C0C-4835-96D6-D4D6438879A0</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, 5km N of Payson. Leg. J. Nicholls. 2008.04.12. Code AZ1865, spAZb22; ex Quercus turbinella ”. PARATYPES: (6 females and 5 males): 3 females and 3 males with the same labels as the holotype; 1 female “ USA, Arizona, Lower Oak Creek Canyon, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.11. Code AZ1933, ex Quercus arizonica ”; 2 females and 2 males “ USA, Arizona, Stoneman Lake Road at I17, 2008.04.10. Code AZ1964, leg. J. Nicholls, ex Quercus turbinella ”. The holotype and one male are deposited at the USNM, 6 females and 4 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named after Rosie Stone, daughter of Prof. G.N. Stone (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK).</p> <p>Diagnosis. Neuroterus rosieae belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Diplobius. It possesses an unusual character, namely that the entire metasoma is covered with parallel longitudinal striae, with distinct punctures. No other Neuroterus species is known to have such peculiar metasomal sculpturing. Only N. stonei has some delicate longitudinal striae but only on the fifth tergum.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 406–408, 411, 413–418). Head, mesosoma and metasoma black; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi, antennae brown; eyes silvery, legs dark brown.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, 1.25× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space with delicate parallel striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye margin, malar sulcus absent. Eye 3.0× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes diverge ventrally. POL 2.3× as long as OOL; OOL as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and equal to LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance shorter than height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus 1.2× as long as distance between them, distance between torulus and eye nearly equal to diameter of torulus; lower face and slightly elevated median area uniformly alutaceous, without striae. Clypeus large, trapezoid, alutaceous, broader than high; ventrally rounded, emarginate, without median incision and with a few long setae; anterior tentorial pits large, rounded, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, broad. Frons and elevated interocellar area alutaceous, with some short white setae. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena uniformly alutaceous, with some setae; occipital foramen longer than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into distinct postgenal sulci which are distinctly bent outwards; postgenal bridge broad. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel 1.9× as long as broad; F1 1.6× as long as pedicel, F1=F2, F2 slightly longer than F3, F3=F4, subsequent flagellomeres slightly shorter and nearly equal in length, placodeal sensilla on F2–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with a few white setae. Propleuron alutaceous. Pronotum alutaceous, with a few setae and some delicate striae laterally; anterior margin invaginated, smooth, glabrous, foveolate. Mesoscutum alutaceous, with a few setae; longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus and median mesoscutal line absent; anterior parallel lines, parapsidal lines hardly visible, marked with smooth, glabrous areas; circumscutellar carina broad, reaching above tegulae. Mesoscutum emarginate posterolaterally, slightly elevated above dorsal axillar area. Transscutal articulation absent. Mesoscutellum longer than broad, ovate, posteriorly rounded; uniformly alutaceous, with some white short setae, clearly overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae in the form of a transverse, narrow semilunar impression, with smooth, glabrous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum alutaceous; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas alutaceous; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with parallel margins, shorter than height of metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus indistinct, reaching mesopleuron at half of its height. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, as high as height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous; propodeum posterodorsally smooth, glabrous, lateral propodeal carinae distinct, bent slightly outwards at mid height; central propodeal area smooth, glabrous, with some short striae. Nucha short, smooth, glabrous, with delicate subparallel longitudinal striae. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, veins light brown, margin with long dense cilia, radial cell open, 3.2× as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M indistinct along entire length, reaching basalis at half height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 1/4 of the metasoma length in dorsal view, smooth glabrous, with white setae anterolaterally; subsequent tergites with delicate parallel longitudinal striae, and punctures. Entire metasoma covered with distinct punctures. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium 2.0× as long as broad in ventral view, with setae along ventral margin. Body length 2.4–2.8 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 409–410, 412, 419). Similar to female but antennae dark brown to black, metasoma brown with long petiole; eyes and ocelli large, eye broader than transfacial distance in frontal view; height of eye 1.75× as long as than transfacial distance, malar space 0.1× the length of the height of eye; lateral ocellus nearly reaching eye; POL 21.0× as long as OOL, diameter of ocellus nearly 2.0× as long as LOL; interocellar area strongly elevated in frontal view; antenna with 13 flagellomeres, longer than length of body, F1 curved and broadened in distal half, placodeal sensilla on F1–F13. Body length 2.1–2.6 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Gall. (Figs. 420–421). A small monolocular bud gall, pear-shaped with a spherical body that is drawn out to an apical point, greenish to purple, 3 mm across, 5 mm tall. The gall bears tiny bracts on its surface and is covered in dense, short, pale pubescence.</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces bud galls on Q. arizonica and Q. turbinella. Galls mature in April, adults emerge soon afterwards. Within-species genetic diversity was estimated using cytb data from six individuals (males and females, collected from multiple locations; including some female paratypes); divergence among individuals ranged from 0 to 1.62% (GenBank OK346318 – OK346323).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona, along Mogollon Rim in area south of Flagstaff.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFE7FF8DFF76FB43FBC37F74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFFBFF89FF76FF74FB2A7890.text	03868785FFFBFF89FF76FF74FB2A7890.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neuroterus stonei Melika & Nicholls 2021	<div><p>Neuroterus stonei Melika &amp; Nicholls, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 422–434</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 99F7C43C-0EB1-409B-945B-E01A5BABF4E4</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mtns. summit, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.07. Code AZ1889, spAZb10; ex Quercus gambelii ”. PARATYPES (15 females and 15 males): 8 females and 10 males with the same labels as the holotype; 2 females “ USA, Arizona, 5 km N of Payson, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.12. Code AZ1895, ex Quercus arizonica ”; 5 females and 5 males “ USA, Arizona, 5 km NE of Strawberry, leg. J. Nicholls, 2008.04.12. Code AZ1854, ex Quercus gambelii ”. The holotype, 3 females and 3 males are deposited at the USNM, 12 females and 12 males at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in recognition of the continuing contribution of Prof. Graham N. Stone (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK) towards studies of oak gall wasps.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Neuroterus stonei belongs to Kinsey’s subgenus Diplobius. The only other Neuroterus species that is known from the southwestern USA that induces bud galls in its sexual generation is N. alexandrae, although galls of that species have only been found to date on Q. tubinella while N. stonei galls the oaks Q. gambelii and Q. arizonica. In N. stonei the head is 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view, the notaulus absent, the mesopleuron and speculum uniformly delicately coriaceous, the metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view; in males POL 4.8× as long as OOL, while in N. alexandrae the head is 1.6× as broad as long in dorsal view, the notaulus is complete, marked with slightly impressed lines, the mesopleuron and speculum alutaceous, glabrous, the metasoma shorter than head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high in lateral view; in males POL 13.0× as long as OOL. Another species, N. rosieae, has parallel longitudinal striae on the metasoma but in N. stonei they are present only on the fifth tergum while in N. rosieae the entire metasoma is covered by parallel longitudinal striae.</p> <p>Description. Sexual female (Figs. 422–424, 427, 429–433). Head and mesosoma black, metasoma dark brown; mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi yellow; antennae dark brown, except light brown pedicel, F1 and F2; legs dark brown, with lighter tarsi.</p> <p>Head alutaceous, with sparse white setae, denser on lower face; 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 2.2× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in frontal view, narrower than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view; malar space alutaceous, with delicate parallel striae radiating from clypeus and reaching eye, malar sulcus absent; eye 3.6× as high as length of malar space. Inner margins of eyes parallel. POL 3.0× as long as OOL; OOL as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and shorter than LOL; all ocelli ovate, of same size. Transfacial distance equal to height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus slightly shorter than distance between torulus and eye and slightly longer than distance between toruli; lower face and slightly elevated median area uniformly alutaceous, without striae. Clypeus trapezoid, alutaceous, slightly broader than high; ventrally rounded and emarginate, without median incision ventrally, with a few long setae ventrally; anterior tentorial pits large, rounded; epistomal sulcus invisible, clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, broad. Frons and slightly elevated interocellar area alutaceous, with a few short white setae. Vertex, occiput, postocciput, postgena alutaceous, with some setae; occipital foramen higher than height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, continuing into distinct postgenal sulci which curve outwards; postgenal bridge as broad as width of occipital foramen. Antenna longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel subglobular; F1 1.9× as long as pedicel and 1.2× as long as F2, F2=F3, F3 slightly longer than F4, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length; F12 slightly longer than F11, placodeal sensilla on F3–F12.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, with a few white setae. Propleuron smooth, glabrous. Pronotum alutaceous, with a few setae and some delicate striae laterally; anterior margin invaginated, smooth, glabrous, foveolate. Mesoscutum alutaceous, with a few setae, longer than broad (greatest width measured across mesoscutum at level of base of tegulae). Notaulus, anterior parallel line, median mesoscutal line and parapsidal line absent; circumscutellar carina broad, reaching above tegula. Mesoscutum emarginate posterolaterally, slightly elevated above dorsal axillar area. Transscutal articulation absent. Mesoscutellum nearly as long as broad, rounded, uniformly delicately coriaceous, with some white short setae, strongly overhanging metanotum. Mesoscutellar foveae in the form of a transverse, ovate impressed anterior area, with alutaceous bottom. Mesopleuron and speculum uniformly delicately coriaceous, invaginated across lower half; mesopleural triangle smooth, glabrous, with a few white setae; dorsal and lateral axillar areas smooth, glabrous; subaxillular bar smooth, glabrous, with parallel margins, shorter than height of smooth, glabrous metanotal trough; metapleural sulcus distinct, reaching mesopleuron in lower half of its height, upper part of sulcus indistinct. Metascutellum smooth, glabrous, shorter than height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; propodeum alutaceous, glabrous, with delicate striae in posterior section; central propodeal area alutaceous, lyre-shaped; lateral propodeal carinae complete, narrow, delicate. Nucha short, smooth, glabrous. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe.</p> <p>Forewing longer than body, hyaline, with light brown veins, margin with long dense cilia, radial cell open, 4.0× as long as broad; R1 and Rs not reaching wing margin; areolet triangular, well-delimited, Rs+M distinct along full length, reaching basalis slightly below half its height.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head+mesosoma, as long as high in lateral view; second metasomal tergite extending to 1/5 the length of metasoma in dorsal view, with a few white setae anterolaterally, without micropunctures; third and fourth tergites smooth, glabrous, without micropunctures; fifth tergite with some delicate longitudinal striae. Hypopygium without micropunctures, prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium slightly longer than broad in ventral view, with white setae ventrally. Body length 2.5–3.2 mm (n = 8).</p> <p>Male (Figs. 425–426, 428). Similar to female but height of eye 1.5× as long as length of transfacial distance; eye 6.9× as tall as length of malar space; POL 4.8× as long as OOL, OOL shorter than LOL; interocellar area strongly elevated in frontal view; antenna with 13 flagellomeres, F1 slightly curved and broader in distal half, longest flagellomere; F2 slightly longer than F3, subsequent flagellomeres shorter, nearly equal in length; placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres. Body length 2.5–3.0 mm (n = 8).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 434). A small unilocular bud gall, spherical, reaching 4–5 mm diameter, that develop in terminal and lateral buds. The lower quarter to third of gall has a few bud scales around it. Gall is initially pale green with some darker green markings, becoming pinkish with darker red or purple lines as it matures. Similar in structure to the sexual generation of N. alexandrae on Q. turbinella. Possibly the same as the undescribed gall pictured in Fig. 22 of Weld (1960).</p> <p>Biology. Only a sexual generation is known, which induces bud galls on Q. arizonica and Q. gambelii. Given the somewhat nondescript morphology of the gall, two females from different collection sites were sequenced for cytb and ITS2 to confirm the morphological assessment of species identity. The cytb sequences were identical, while ITS2 sequences differed by 0.38% with multiple insertions/deletions of one- or two-base repeat units (GenBank OK346324 – OK346325, OK350669 – OK350670).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, Mogollon Rim area south of Flagstaff.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFFBFF89FF76FF74FB2A7890	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFFCFF89FF76FC09FEC87DDC.text	03868785FFFCFF89FF76FC09FEC87DDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika 2012	<div><p>Zapatella Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika, 2012</p> <p>This genus was established by Pujade-Villar et al. (2012a) as an initial step in reorganising the taxonomy of Callirhytis sensu lato in the Nearctic. It was first described from two Neotropical species, Zapatella grahami Pujade-Villar &amp; Melika, 2012 and Z. nievesaldreyi Melika &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2012, with a further five Nearctic species transferred from Callirhytis: Z. cryptica (Weld, 1922), Z. herberti (Weld, 1926), Z. oblata (Weld, 1952), Z. quercusmedullae (Ashmead, 1885) and Z. quercusphellos (Osten Sacken, 1861) (Pujade-Villar et al. 2012a). Since then, five more species have been described from Colombia: Z. inflata Pujade-Villar &amp; Rodriguez, 2015, Z. tuberosa Pujade-Villar &amp; Caicedo, 2015, Z. petiolata Pujade-Villar &amp; Caicedo, 2017, Z. cupulae Fernández-Garzón, Caicedo, Rodríguez &amp; Pujade-Villar, 2017 and Z. migueli Pujade-Villar &amp; Fernández-Garzón, 2017 (Pujade-Villar et al. 2015b, 2017a; Fernandez-Garzon et al. 2017); one species from the USA: Z. davisae Buffington &amp; Melika, 2016 (Buffington et al. 2016); and one species from Mexico: Z. polytryposa Pujade-Villar &amp; Fernández-Garzón (Pujade-Villar et al. 2020a). The main diagnostic characters of Zapatella are: the malar sulcus is absent; the mesosoma strongly arched, short, as long as high in lateral view; the mesoscutum with numerous fine short, interrupted transverse striae with numerous longitudinal anastomoses connecting the transverse striae and together forming a net-like, reticulate, irregular sculpture; the pronotum laterally delicately reticulate; the metascutellum rugoso-reticulate; the metanotal trough and the lateral area of the propodeum with dense white setae; dorsoposterior surface of the hind coxa with dense white setae; second metasomal tergite with felt-like dense ring of white setae, interrupted dorsally; the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium 6.0–8.5× as long as broad (Pujade-Villar et al. 2012a). Herein we describe two new species from the Nearctic, Z. abrahamsoni Melika and Z. brooksvillei Melika &amp; Abrahamson.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFFCFF89FF76FC09FEC87DDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFFCFF85FF76F8C5FC3A7A6C.text	03868785FFFCFF85FF76F8C5FC3A7A6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zapatella abrahamsoni Melika 2021	<div><p>Zapatella abrahamsoni Melika, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 435–445</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 718E0718-850D-4CDA-8A4A-C5C57A289402</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, FL., Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station, coll. G. Melika on 6-8 February 1995, dissected from galls 13–17 March 1995; ex Quercus inopina ”. PARATYPES: 11 female paratypes with the same labels as the holotype. The holotype female and 3 females are deposited at the USNM, 8 females at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. Named in recognition of the significant contribution of Prof. Warren G. Abrahamson (Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, USA) to studies of oak gall wasps.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Most closely resembles Z. cryptica. In Z. abrahamsoni the head and mesosoma are light reddish brown, the median mesoscutal line extending to 1/3 of the mesoscutum length; lateral propodeal area entirely covered with dense felt-like white setae, while in Z. cryptica the head and mesosoma are darker, the median mesoscutal line extending at least to 2/3 of the mesoscutum length or even longer; the lateral propodeal area without dense felt-like white setae.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 435–444). Body, antennae and legs uniformly reddish brown, only tips of mandibles, postocciput, propleura and tarsal claws always darker.</p> <p>Head uniformly delicately reticulate, with a few white, sparse, short and inconspicuous setae, denser on lower face and postgena; 1.2× as broad as high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.8× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena broadened behind eye in frontal view, broader than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space with striae radiating from clypeus and nearly reaching eye, without sulcus. Eye 1.5× as high as length of malar space; lower face delicately coriaceous, without elevated area medially. Clypeus slightly impressed, setose, alutaceous; ventrally rounded, slightly emarginate, medially not incised; anterior tentorial pits small, indistinct, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. POL 1.2× as long as OOL, OOL 2.5× as long as length of lateral ocellus and 1.75× as long as LOL, interocellar area reticulate, not elevated. Frons, vertex, occiput, postgenae reticulate; postocciput alutaceous. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 12 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 slightly shorter than F2 and equal to F3; F6–F11 shorter and broader than preceding flagellomeres; F12 longer than F11 (in some specimens the suture between F12 and F11 indistinct); placodeal sensilla on F5–F12, hardly discernable or invisible on F1–F4.</p> <p>Mesosoma slightly longer than high, mesoscutum dorsally concave in lateral view. Pronotum along anterolateral side with dense white setae, laterally delicately reticulate, without carinae posterolaterally. Mesoscutum slightly broader than long in dorsal view, with sparse scattered setae, with uniform regular reticulate surface. Notaulus deep and uniformly broad, reaching pronotum, with smooth glabrous bottom; median mesoscutal line extending to 1/3 length of mesoscutum, parapsidal line distinct, impressed, extending to half the length of mesoscutum; anterior parallel line invisible. Mesopleuron uniformly reticulate. Mesoscutellum trapezoid, uniformly reticulate; scutellar foveae transversely ovate, with smooth and glabrous bottom, clearly separated by a narrow elevated reticulate area. Metascutellum smooth, higher than height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with dense white setae. Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron at upper 1/3 of its height. Propodeum laterally with dense white setae that hide the surface sculpture, with smooth, glabrous central propodeal area, delimited by distinct subparallel lateral carinae, which bend slightly outwards in posterior 1/3. Nucha with irregular rugae.</p> <p>Forewing nearly as long as body, pubescent, margin without cilia; radial cell open, around 2.8× as long as broad; veins very light, hardly traceable; areolet indistinct, usually invisible; vein Rs+M points slightly below midway along basalis; R1 and Rs never reach wing margin, very inconspicuous, often invisible or absent. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe, but with broad base.</p> <p>Metasoma shorter than head+mesosoma, slightly longer than high and as long as high in lateral view; all metasomal tergites smooth, glabrous; base of second metasomal tergite with felt-like dense ring of white setae, interrupted dorsally, and with a few scattered setae on lateral surface of tergite. Narrow posterior band on second metasomal tergite and all subsequent tergites with very delicate, dense micropunctures. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium needle-like, tapering to apex, 9.0–10.0× as long as broad, with two parallel rows of short, white, scattered setae not reaching beyond apex of spine. Body length 2.5–2.7 mm (n = 10).</p> <p>Gall. (Fig. 445). The galls are rounded, irregular woody expansions of lateral buds, 5.0– 7.5 mm in diameter, 4–6 mm high. The tissue of the gall is hard, typically with 2–4 larval cells (very rarely only one) embedded in the surrounding woody tissues. The walls of the larval chambers are distinct, slightly paler than the surrounding woody tissue. The galls persist on the trees for years.</p> <p>Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces galls on Q. inopina, an oak species endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge. The galls become visible in late September and develop through November.The larvae (sometimes pupae) overwinter in the galls. Adult wasps were dissected from galls from the end of January through March; emerge in late April-May. One individual from the type series was sequenced for cytb (GenBank OK346326).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida, Highlands Co., Lake Placid, Archbold Biological Station. This species is likely endemic to south-central Florida and particularly to the Lake Wales Ridge.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFFCFF85FF76F8C5FC3A7A6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
03868785FFF0FF87FF76FE55FE957C9D.text	03868785FFF0FF87FF76FE55FE957C9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zapatella brooksvillei Melika & Abrahamson 2021	<div><p>Zapatella brooksvillei Melika &amp; Abrahamson, sp. nov.</p> <p>Figs. 446–455</p> <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FF85A398-30DA-4932-BE27-019B31CBDF5F</p> <p>Type material: HOLOTYPE female “ USA, FL., Hernando Co., Brooksville Ridge, on Q. laevis, coll. 15 February 1995, dissected from galls 16 February 1995. G. Melika, ex Quercus laevis ”. PARATYPES: (4 female): 3 females with the same labels as the holotype and one female “ USA, FL, Highlands Co., Archbold BioStation, Lake Placid, 28 January 1995, emerged 08 March 1995, coll. G. Melika, ex Quercus laevis ”. The holotype is deposited at the USNM; 4 females at the PHDNRL.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is named after the Brooksville Ridge, Hernando Co., Florida, where the species was collected for the first time.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Most closely resembles Z. quercusmedullae and Z. quercusphellos. In Z. brooksvillei the median mesoscutal line absent or present in a form of short triangle, while in Z. quercusphellos the median mesoscutal line is deeply impressed and extends for 1/3–2/3 of the mesoscutum length. In Z. brooksvillei POL 1.4× as long as OOL, while in Z. quercusmedullae POL equal OOL.</p> <p>Description. Asexual female (Figs. 446–455). Body, antennae and legs uniformly reddish brown.</p> <p>Head microreticulate, with a few white inconspicuous setae, denser on lower face and postgena, slightly broader than high and slightly broader than mesosoma in frontal view, 1.7–1.8× as broad as long in dorsal view. Gena delicately uniformly reticulate, broadened behind eye in frontal view, broader than transverse diameter of eye in lateral view. Malar space without sulcus, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus and nearly reaching eye. Eye 1.9× as high as length of malar space; lower face delicately coriaceous, with striae radiating from clypeus and extending nearly to the level of antennal toruli. Clypeus alutaceous, quadrangular, as high as broad and slightly impressed; ventrally rounded, emarginate, medially not incised; anterior tentorial pit small, indistinct; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. POL 1.4× as long as OOL, OOL 1.7× as long as length of lateral ocellus and 1.4× as long as LOL, interocellar area microreticulate, not elevated; frons, vertex and occiput microreticulate, postocciput and postgenae alutaceous. Antenna slightly longer than head+mesosoma, with 11 flagellomeres, pedicel slightly longer than broad, F1 nearly equal to F2 and slightly longer than F3, flagellomeres subsequently broader until F11, F6–F11 shorter and broader than preceding flagellomeres, F7–F10 as long as broad, F11 1.75× as long as F10, placodeal sensilla on F5–F11, hardly discernable or invisible on F1–F4.</p> <p>Mesosoma 1.4× as long as high, mesoscutum concave in lateral view. Pronotum setose, delicately reticulate, without posterolateral rugae. Mesoscutum as broad as long in dorsal view, with sparse scattered setae; with transverse, delicate interrupted striae which are connected with longitudinally orientated weak striae, together forming an irregular reticulate net. Notaulus distinctly impressed along nearly half its length, deep and broad posteriorly, narrowing towards anterior end, with smooth bottom; median mesoscutal line absent or present in the form of a short triangle; parapsidal line distinct, extending to half the length of mesoscutum; anterior parallel line distinct, extending to 1/3 the length of mesoscutum. Upper half of mesopleuron uniformly reticulate, lower part smooth, glabrous, with distinct longitudinally orientated delicate rugae, ventral edge with dense white setae. Mesoscutellum slightly longer than broad, trapezoid, broader in posterior 1/3, reticulate, dull rugose along sides and in posterior 1/3. Mesoscutellar foveae rounded, with smooth and glabrous bottom, clearly separated medially by elevated reticulate area. Metascutellum rugose, higher than height of smooth, glabrous ventral impressed area; metanotal trough smooth, glabrous, with numerous white setae. Propodeum coriaceous, with dense white setae laterally; with smooth, glabrous central propodeal area, delimited by distinct subparallel lateral carinae, which are bent slightly outwards in posterior 1/3; anterior edge of central propodeal area with dense white setae, remainder without setae. Nucha with longitudinal rugae.</p> <p>Forewing nearly as long as body, margin without cilia, radial cell open, 3.0× as long as broad; veins light, hardly traceable; areolet indistinct, usually invisible; Rs+M points to slightly below midway along basalis; R1 and Rs never reach wing margin, very inconspicuous, often invisible or absent. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe, but with broad base; coxae reticulate.</p> <p>Metasoma as long as head and mesosoma together, taller than long in lateral view; all metasomal tergites smooth and glabrous; base of second metasomal tergite with felt-like dense ring of white setae, interrupted dorsally, and with a few scattered setae on lateral surface of tergite. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium needlelike, tapering to apex, 7.5–8.0× as long as broad, with two parallel rows of short, white, scattered setae. Body length 2.2–2.7 mm (n = 5).</p> <p>Gall. Tiny enlargements at the base of young twigs and branches, multilocular with up to 7–8 cells in one gall; sometimes only a barely visible swelling indicates the presence of the gall.</p> <p>Biology. Only an asexual generation is known, which induces twig galls on Q. laevis. Mature galls, containing adult wasps, were collected in January-February; adults emerge in March. One individual from the type series was sequenced for cytb (GenBank OK346327).</p> <p>Distribution. USA, Florida, Hernando Co. (Brooksville Ridge) and Highlands Co., Lake Placid (Archbold Biological Station).</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03868785FFF0FF87FF76FE55FE957C9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Melika, George;Nicholls, James A.;Abrahamson, Warren G.;Buss, Eileen A.;Stone, Graham N.	Melika, George, Nicholls, James A., Abrahamson, Warren G., Buss, Eileen A., Stone, Graham N. (2021): New species of Nearctic oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa 5084 (1): 1-131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5084.1.1
