identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AB87BF831F2D13FF78FC24FC7EFF1E.text	03AB87BF831F2D13FF78FC24FC7EFF1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hybusa Erichson 1844	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hybusa Erichson, 1844</p>
            <p>Figs. 2A–C, 3A, 7A–B, 8, 9, 10B</p>
            <p> Type species:  Hybusa occidentalis (Westwood, 1843) by original monotypy. </p>
            <p>Erichson, 1844; Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1890: taxonomy; Mello-Leitão, 1939: new species and species re-description; Jago, 1989: male genitalia description.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Head with gena striated (Figs. 2A–B; 3A; 7A–B). Anterior leg inserted at prothorax mid-length (Figs. 2A–C; 3A; 8; 9). Posterior leg with femur having nearly the same length as abdomen (Figs. 2B; 7B; 8; 10B). Male meso- and metathorax rounded, elevated, resembling hump (Fig. 2B; 3B; 8; 10B; 12). Suture dividing meso- and metascutum present, inconspicuous, with fused aspect (Figs. 2A; 7A; 8; 9; 12). Metascutum at least two times longer than mesoscutum, with small projection near apex (Fig. 3B). Male with arolium at least as wide and long as third tarsomere (Figs. 3A, C). Ectophallic valve of the male genitalia projecting outside the body (Figs. 4A–B).</p>
            <p> Comments.  Hybusa minuta (Fig. 8) is only known by males, and  Hybusa coniceps (Fig. 9) only by females. Both species occur in a common area: Chile: Coquimbo. Morphologically, both species have specimens with no strong spots and present a more uniform body coloration than the other  Hybusa species. Hence, it would be worth conducting more collections for fresh specimens and performing a molecular study to investigate if these species are two separate ones or if they are the same.  Hybusa coniceps type is displayed as male in Cigliano et al. (2023), but by analyzing it (Fig. 9) we are determining and amending it to female. </p>
            <p>Regarding etymology, although Erichson (1844) did not provide an etymology, it is likely that the genus name refers to the Greek hybos = hump and refers to the male meso- and metanotum conspicuously rounded and elevated, resembling a hump. The name is feminine.</p>
            <p> Biogeographical remarks. Chile is internationally renowned as a biogeographic island, boasting a wide range of territorial features that enable its unique biodiversity to be expressed in the latitudinal and altitudinal gradient, with a remarkable levels of endemism (Fernández 2017). The subfamily  Hybusinae in Chile exhibits a distribution that aligns with the typical southern distribution pattern (i.e., austral kingdom; see Morrone 2015) observed in many Chilean insects (e.g., Darwin wasps, native bees, beetles and flies) (Porter 1991; Morrone 2015; Araujo and Di Giovanni 2021; Marshall et al. 2022;). This intriguing distribution pattern is believed to have its roots in an Antarctic origin, a characteristic shared by numerous species endemic to Chile (Porter 1991, 1998). The  Hybusinae subfamily is primarily found in the southern regions of Chile. This distribution is reminiscent of the broader trend of increasing biodiversity as one moves southwards in this South American country, owing to the unique climatic and environmental conditions found in this region. The subfamily’s presence in Chile underscores the significance of the country’s distinct biogeography, influenced by its proximity to Antarctica and the intricate interplay of ecological factors that have shaped the evolution and distribution of its native species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB87BF831F2D13FF78FC24FC7EFF1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz, Larissa Lima De;Rafael, José Albertino;Pádua, Diego Galvão De;Araujo, Rodrigo De Oliveira;Heleodoro, Raphael Aquino	Queiroz, Larissa Lima De, Rafael, José Albertino, Pádua, Diego Galvão De, Araujo, Rodrigo De Oliveira, Heleodoro, Raphael Aquino (2023): Redescription of Hybusa occidentalis (Westwood) (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae: Hybusinae): new images, description of male genitalia, pictorial key of Hybusa species and morphological comparison of Hybusinae with Xeniinae and Proscopiinae. Zootaxa 5380 (4): 361-379, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5380.4.4, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5380.4.4/52393
03AB87BF83192D18FF78FA81FEECFE66.text	03AB87BF83192D18FF78FA81FEECFE66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hybusa occidentalis (Westwood 1843)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hybusa occidentalis (Westwood, 1843)</p>
            <p>Figs. 2A–C, 3A, 7A–B, 10B</p>
            <p> Westwood, 1843; Erichson, 1844: transferred from  Proscopia to  Hybusa ; Jago, 1989: male genitalia description; Alfaro et al. 2013: updated geographic distribution. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Frons light-brown, vertex blackened (Figs. 2A–B; 3A; 7A–B; 11A). Female head in dorsal view with triangular black spot; gena with a conspicuous black line from base to compound eye (Figs. 7A–B). Pronotum dark-brown to black, with light-brown spots at proepisternum (Figs. 2A–B; 3A; 11A). Meso- and metanotum with arched black spots (Figs. 2A; 7A; 12). Metepimeron black (Figs. 2A–B; 3B; 12). All femora with black dots (Figs. 2A–C; 7A–B). Hind tibia with three black spots, two at basal half and one at distal half (Fig. 3C). Tergite 1–8 with black medial longitudinal thick line (Fig. 2A). Epiproct widened (Figs. 4A–B). Male subgenital plate undivided; 1.5 times longer than tergite 8; dorsal margin nearly straight (Figs. 4B–C; 13A). Female abdomen with conspicuously large black dots (Figs. 7A–B). Female tergites 1–8 with black Y-shaped spots (Fig. 7A).</p>
            <p>Redescription. Male. Body light-brown with several black spots, shiny (Figs. 3A–C). Head and thorax are conspicuously rugose (Figs. 2A–B; 3A; 11A).</p>
            <p>Head. Vertex light-brown, with blackened spot (Fig. 2A). Fastigium as high as long, 1.3 times shorter than compound eye (Figs. 3A; 11A); in dorsal view subtriangular, with apex nearly truncated, with base 3.4 times wider than apex (Fig. 2A); in lateral view with longitudinal sulcus, apex rounded (Figs. 3A; 11A); in ventral view conspicuously concave, with medial longitudinal ridge (Fig. 2C). Coronal suture inconspicuous. Transversal ridge of frons slightly smoother than the remaining parts of head. Clypeus with dorsal margin straight, lateral margin sinuous with lateral sulcus; ventral margin with conspicuous emargination. Labrum asymmetrical (Fig. 2C).</p>
            <p>Thorax. Pronotum dark-brown to black, with light-brown spots at proepisternum (Figs. 2A–B; 3A; 11A). Pro-, meso- and metaepisternum laterally projected, gradually increasing in length (Fig. 2A–B). Meso- and metanotum with arched black spots (Figs. 2A; 12). Mesoscutum trapezoidal (Figs. 2A; 12). Metepimeron black (Figs. 2B; 12). Prosternum dark-brown, shiny, with a conspicuous ridge at coxa insertion (Fig. 2C). Meso- and metasternum fused, light-yellow, smooth, gradually increasing in width from base to apex (Fig. 2C). Pro-, meso- and metasternal processes conspicuous; mesosternal process resembling a “M” (Fig. 2C).</p>
            <p>Legs. All femora with black dots and medial longitudinal carina (Figs. 2A–B); apex with pair of large parallel spines (Fig. 2B). Fore and mid legs with nearly the same length (Figs. 2A–B). Fore and mid tibiae with small black spines at ventral surface. Anterior and mid tarsi with almost half-length of all respective tibiae (Figs. 2A–B). Hind tibia with three black spots, two at basal half and one at distal half; dorsally with several black spines (Fig. 3C). Hind tarsus with approximately ¼ of hind tibia length.All tarsal claws and arolium long, wide, robust, with ellipsoid aspect (Figs. 2B; 3C).</p>
            <p>Abdomen. Tergite 1–8 with black medial longitudinal thick line (Fig. 2A). Tergite 1 D-shaped, half-length of tergite 2. Tergites 2–8 rectangular, longer than wide, gradually decreasing in length, with the same length as respective sternites (Fig. 2A). Tergite 9 trapezoidal, approximately two times higher than tergite 10 (Figs. 4A–B; 13A–B). Tergite 10 with dorsal margin sinuous (Figs. 4A–B; 13A–B). Epiproct rugose, pentagonal, conspicuously widened at anterior half; posterior half narrowing; apex curving ventrally (Figs. 4A–B; 13A–B). Pallium striated, subtriangular, membranous (Figs. 4A; 13B). Cercus simple, inconspicuous, short (Figs. 4A–B; 13A–B). Subgenital plate undivided; 1.2 times longer than tergite 8; dorsally with an apical cleft; ventrally conical, with narrow, rounded apex (Figs. 4A–C; 13A–B).</p>
            <p>Genitalia. Male genitalia. Epiphallus rim wide, nearly covering lophi (Fig. 5C). Transverse sclerite mostly membranous, laterally with slender sclerotized portion, ending in hook-like apex; apex connected to epiphallic rim (Figs. 5A–B; 14A). Lophi ventral-most portion connected to transverse sclerite at sclerite’s mid-length; ventral portion U-shaped, projecting towards dorsal portion; dorsal portion bifurcating in two fused elongated projections, these pointed antero-dorsally; projections sinuous, asymmetrical (Figs. 5A–D; 6A; 14A). Ectophallic valves not connected, parallel, with nearly half-length of transverse sclerite; in dorsal view sub-triangular, widened (Figs. 5A–B; 14A; posterior portion projecting dorsally and outwards body, better observed in lateral view (Figs. 5C–D). Phallotreme conspicuous, sclerotized, laterally pigmented; medially striated; posterior portion projected into sac-like membrane (Figs. 5A–B; 14A). Endophallus with conspicuous proximal and distal sacs; proximal sac membranous, pigmented; distal sac sclerotized, sinuous, projecting inwards, conspicuously pigmented (Figs. 6B–D). Ejaculatory duct simple, widened at the base, slender at medial portion, ending in a slightly widened apex; apex with two rounded sclerotizations, with a small membranous portion projecting from it (Figs. 6B–D).</p>
            <p>Female. As in male, except for the body more robust (Fig. 7A). Head broader, with acute fastigium (Figs. 7A–B) Gena with a conspicuous line from compound eye towards apex (Fig. 7B). Abdomen with several black spots (Figs. 7A–B).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB87BF83192D18FF78FA81FEECFE66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Queiroz, Larissa Lima De;Rafael, José Albertino;Pádua, Diego Galvão De;Araujo, Rodrigo De Oliveira;Heleodoro, Raphael Aquino	Queiroz, Larissa Lima De, Rafael, José Albertino, Pádua, Diego Galvão De, Araujo, Rodrigo De Oliveira, Heleodoro, Raphael Aquino (2023): Redescription of Hybusa occidentalis (Westwood) (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae: Hybusinae): new images, description of male genitalia, pictorial key of Hybusa species and morphological comparison of Hybusinae with Xeniinae and Proscopiinae. Zootaxa 5380 (4): 361-379, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5380.4.4, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5380.4.4/52393
