identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
F929C762FFD3550C61DE8A0AE7EF66B0.text	F929C762FFD3550C61DE8A0AE7EF66B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caperonia amarumayu Kulkamp & Cordeiro 2021	<div><p>Caperonia amarumayu Külkamp &amp; Cordeiro, sp. nov. (Fig. 1)</p> <p>Type:— BOLIVIA. Pando: Manuripi, Conquista, embarcadero sobre el Madre de Dios, 150 m, 1 February 1983, J. Fernández Casas &amp; A. Susanna 8571 (holotype: NY [NY03950229]!; isotypes: MA [MA01-00694614]!, MO [MO1266996], TEX [TEX00528089]!).</p> <p>Diagnosis:— Caperonia amarumayu is similar to C. palustris due to the penninerved leaves and pistillate flowers with 5–6 sepals, but differs by the prickly stem, staminate flowers with unequal and pubescent petals, 10 stamens, and pistillate flowers with 18–24-laciniate styles (versus non-prickly stems, equal and glabrous petals, 8 stamens, and pistillate flowers with 10–14-laciniate styles).</p> <p>Description:—Herb, ca. 1 m tall, monoecious; internodes 2–4 cm long, stem longitudinally striate, with prickles 0.5–0.7 mm long, simple and glandular trichomes at the apex of branches. Stipules ca. 0.3 × 0.15 cm, triangular, ciliate, with simple trichomes on the abaxial surface. Leaves: petiole 3–5 mm long; blade 6.9–14.7 × 1.1–1.7 cm, lanceolate to linear, base rounded, apex acute, penninerved, secondary veins 9–16; indumentum with simple trichomes, and caducous glandular trichomes on young leaves. Inflorescences 3.2–6.1 cm long; axis with simple, malpighiaceous and glandular trichomes; bracts 1–1.5 × 0.8–0.9 mm, lanceolate; staminate flowers 8–16, pedicel ca. 1 mm long, articulated in middle, with simple, malpighiaceous and glandular trichomes; sepals 5, 2–2.2 × 0.9–1.1 mm, equal, lanceolate, fused at the base, apex acute, margin entire, pubescent on both surfaces; petals 5, with simple trichomes on the abaxial surface, unequal, 3 of them oblong to elliptic, 1.9–2.5 × 0.9–1.1 mm, adnate to the base of the staminal column, the other 2 linear, 0.7–0.8 × 0.4–0.45 mm, adnate to the middle of the staminal column; stamens 10, staminal column ca. 0.8 mm long, glabrous, pistillode globose; pistillate flowers 1–2, pedicel 1–1.6 mm long, articulated at the middle; sepals 5–6, 2.8–3.2 × 1.8–2.1 mm, unequal, lanceolate, base fused to the receptacle, apex acute, margin entire, ciliate, simple trichomes on the abaxial surface; petals not seen; ovary with simple and glandular trichomes; styles ca. 1.5 mm long, 18–24 laciniate, glabrous. Fruit 6–8 mm diam. Seeds ca. 3 × 2.7 mm, globose to ovoid.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Caperonia amarumayu is only known from its type collection in northernmost Bolivia (Fig. 2), in a low elevation (ca. 150 m) area in the Amazon rainforest domain with many rivers, according to Navarro (2011). Like all other species of the genus, C. amarumayu has a wetland habit, in this case the floodplain of the Madre de Dios river.</p> <p>Conservation status:— Caperonia amarumayu is considered as Data Deficient (DD) in terms of conservation status assessment (IUCN 2013), but deforestation and gold mining are considerable threats in the Madre de Dios river region.</p> <p>Phenology:—Flowering and fruiting in February.</p> <p>Etymology:—In the Quechua indigenous language, Amaru = serpent, and mayu = river. Amarumayu was the name given by the Quechua people to the river currently known as Madre de Dios, where the species was collected.</p> <p>Notes:—Due to its prickly stem (Fig. 1B) this new species must be classified in Caperonia sect. Aculeolatae. The characters that distinguish it from the other Bolivian species of the genus, C. castaneifolia, C. glabrata Pax &amp; Hoffmann (1912: 43) and C. palustris (fide Jørgensen et al. 2014), and C. zaponzeta, that is first recorded in Bolivia here, are presented in Table 1.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F929C762FFD3550C61DE8A0AE7EF66B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Külkamp, Josimar;Iganci, João R. V.;Cordeiro, Inês;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.	Külkamp, Josimar, Iganci, João R. V., Cordeiro, Inês, Baumgratz, José Fernando A. (2021): New species and occurrences of Caperonia (Euphorbiaceae) for South America. Phytotaxa 529 (1): 86-92, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.6
F929C762FFD1550B61DE8DB8E450621B.text	F929C762FFD1550B61DE8DB8E450621B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caperonia maracaibensis Kulkamp & Cordeiro 2021	<div><p>Caperonia maracaibensis Külkamp &amp; Cordeiro, sp. nov. (Fig. 3)</p> <p>Type:— VENEZUELA. Zulia: Colon, Concha, en pantano adyacente al final de la carretera (Caño Concha), 11 May 1978, G.S. Bunting &amp; P.A. Drumond 6337 (holotype: NY [NY00640176]!).</p> <p>Diagnosis:— Caperonia maracaibensis is similar to C. zaponzeta by its prickly stem and pistillate flowers with 5 equal sepals, but differs by its leaves with abaxially prickly midrib, sepals of the staminate flower pubescent abaxially, petals of staminate flower pubescent abaxially, staminal column ca. 0.8 mm long, 10 stamens, and 9–15-laciniate styles (versus leaves without abaxially prickly midrib, glabrous sepals and petals, staminate column ca. 2 mm long, 9–10 stamens, and styles more than 20-laciniate).</p> <p>Description:—Herb, ca. 1.2 m tall; internodes 2–5 cm long, stem striated longitudinally, with prickles 0.4–0.9 mm long and simple trichomes at the apex of branches. Stipules ca. 0.25 × 0.1 cm, triangular, ciliate. Leaves: petiole 2– 5 mm long, with prickles; blade 8.9–17.8 × 1.3–3.2 cm, lanceolate, base rounded to truncate, apex acute, penninerved, secondary veins 10–22; indumentum of simple and malpighiaceous trichomes, and short prickles on midrib on the abaxial surface. Inflorescences 8.7–16 cm long, bracts ca. 2 × 1 mm, lanceolate, ciliate; axis with simple and glandular trichomes; staminate flowers 28–41, 4.7–5.1 mm diam., pedicel ca. 1.4 mm long, articulated at the base; sepals 5, 2.4–2.8 × 1–1.1 mm, equal, lanceolate, base fused, apex acute, margin entire, abaxial surface pubescent; petals 5, heteromorphic, 3 of them obovate, 2.9–3.1 × 1.9–2 mm, adnate to the base of staminal column, the other 2 lanceolate, 0.45–0.5 × 0.28–0.35 mm, adnate to the middle of staminal column, with simple trichomes on the abaxial surface; stamens 10, staminal column ca. 0.8 mm long, glabrous, anthers of the external whorl sessile, pistillode globose; pistillate flowers (in bud) with 5 equal sepals, ca. 3.3 × 2.1 mm, lanceolate, base fused to the receptacle, apex acute, margin entire, both surfaces with simple trichomes; petals 5, ca. 3 × 1.9 mm, obovate; ovary with simple and glandular trichomes; styles ca. 1.5 mm long, 9–15 laciniate, glabrous. Fruit and seeds not seen.</p> <p>Distribution and habitat:— Caperonia maracaibensis is only known from its type collection in northwestern Venezuela, near Maracaibo Lake (Fig. 2). According to Huber &amp; Oliveira-Miranda (2010), the region presents semideciduous forests interspersed with wetlands, where the type specimen was collected.</p> <p>Conservation status:— Caperonia maracaibensis is Data Deficient (DD) for conservation status assessment (IUCN 2013), but we believe that urbanization, touristic activities, and habitat conversion in the region are serious threats to C. maracaibensis.</p> <p>Phenology:—Flowering and fruiting in May.</p> <p>Etymology:—The epithet “ maracaibensis ” is a reference to the Maracaibo Lake region, where this new species is found.</p> <p>Notes:—This new species must be included in Caperonia sect. Aculeolatae due to its prickly stem (Fig. 3B). The type collection of C. maracaibensis was misidentified as C. heteropetala Didrichsen (148: 1857), but the short prickles and the absence of glandular trichomes in the vegetative structures distinguished the new species. Additionally, C. heteropetala is endemic to the coastal region of southeastern and northeastern Brazil (Külkamp 2020). Three other species of Caperonia are recorded in Venezuela, C. castaneifolia, C. neglecta and C. palustris (Table 2), but are not endemic to that country (POWO 2019). In Table 2 also are presented the morphological characteristics that differentiate Caperonia species occurring in Venezuela.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F929C762FFD1550B61DE8DB8E450621B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Külkamp, Josimar;Iganci, João R. V.;Cordeiro, Inês;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.	Külkamp, Josimar, Iganci, João R. V., Cordeiro, Inês, Baumgratz, José Fernando A. (2021): New species and occurrences of Caperonia (Euphorbiaceae) for South America. Phytotaxa 529 (1): 86-92, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.6
F929C762FFD7550A61DE8EBBE2C664E0.text	F929C762FFD7550A61DE8EBBE2C664E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caperonia zaponzeta Mansfeld 1925	<div><p>Caperonia zaponzeta Mansfeld (1925: 265).</p> <p>Type:— PERU. Ucayali: Yarina Cocha, 28 Nov 1923, G. Tessmann 3386 (lectotype designated here: G [G00434280]!; isolectotypes: NY [NY00246312]!, S [S-R-10609]!)</p> <p>Mansfeld described Caperonia zaponzeta, based on the collection G. Tessmann 3386, sent to the Berlin herbarium (B) in Germany. Duplicates of Tessamann’s collection were sent to herbaria G, NY and S, while the sample preserved in B was destroyed during World War II (Harms 2016). From the remaining duplicates, we chose the G. Tessmann 3386 from G as the lectotype of C. zaponzeta.</p> <p>Caperonia zaponzeta was hitherto known only from Peru, where it occurs on riversides in low-elevation areas in the Amazon region, in the northeast and southeast of the country (Fig. 2). Here we report for the first time the occurrence of this species in Brazil and Bolivia (Fig. 2), both with records from riversides in the Amazon region. In Brazil, the species was collected in the Juruá river, municipality of Eirunepé, in the state of Amazonas (Fig. 2). The specimen R.L. Fróes 21626 (RB) was gathered in 1946 and remained without identification until 2020. Currently there are 14 species of Caperonia in Brazil, which makes it the richest country in species from this genus.</p> <p>The specimen O.E. White 2372 (NY) was determined as C. zaponzeta by R. Frey in 1990, but the locality in the label is unreadable. Analyzing other collections from O.E. White during the Mulford Biological Exploration of the Amazon Basin (Rusby 1922), we assume that the specimen O.E. White 2372 was probably gathered in the municipality of Rurrenabaque, in Bolivia (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Based on the two new records (O.E. White 2372, and R.L. Fróes 21626) the extension of occurrence (EOO) and the area (AOO) were also extended, to 373,436 km 2 and 40 km 2, respectively. Caperonia zaponzeta is a tall shrub (up to 2 m), an unusual character in a genus that is almost exclusively composed of herbs and subshrubs.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F929C762FFD7550A61DE8EBBE2C664E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Külkamp, Josimar;Iganci, João R. V.;Cordeiro, Inês;Baumgratz, José Fernando A.	Külkamp, Josimar, Iganci, João R. V., Cordeiro, Inês, Baumgratz, José Fernando A. (2021): New species and occurrences of Caperonia (Euphorbiaceae) for South America. Phytotaxa 529 (1): 86-92, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.529.1.6
