taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CC8F75FFC7670F2FA7B844FA0BF801.taxon	description	LARVA (n = 5, Figs 1, 2, 12 A & 13 A, Table 2) Idiosoma (Figs 1 A & B, Table 2) 198 (198 – 219) long, 136 (129 – 144) wide at s 4 level. DORSUM (Fig. 1 A): podonotal shield weakly sclerotized (Fig. 1 A), smooth, bearing nine pairs of smooth setae (j 1, j 3, j 4, j 5, j 6, s 4, z 2, z 4 and z 5), s 4 longest; s 4> j 6> j 1> j 3, other podonotal setae shorter than j 3. Opisthonotal region bearing five pairs of smooth setae J 5, S 2, Z 1, Z 4 and Z 5 (J 5 and Z 5 on ventral side); Z 4 apically blunt and prominently longer than other dorsal setae. Lyrifissures and solenostomes not discernible. Lengths of setae: j 1 22 (20 – 26), j 3 18 (18 – 20), j 4 9 (8 – 18), j 5 8 (6 – 16), j 6 31 (21 – 31), J 5 5 (5 – 6), s 4 55 (35 – 52), S 2 7 (5 – 10), z 2 12 (11 – 13), z 4 13 (13 – 17), z 5 11 (8 – 12), Z 1 8 (5 – 8), Z 4 141 (123 – 164), Z 5 7 (6 – 8). VENTER (Fig. 1 B): without discernible shields. Coxisternal area (Fig. 1 B) bearing three pairs of setae st 1, st 2 and st 3, without discernible lyrifissures. Four pairs of opisthogastric setae, JV 1, JV 2, JV 5 and ZV 2 present on membranous cuticles anterior to or around anal valve, JV 2 longest, nearly three times as long as JV 1, other setae shorter; a pair of paranal setae (pa) and a postanal seta (Po) present around anal valve, Pa longer than Po and much longer than opisthogastric setae; without solenostomes (gv 3). Lengths of setae: st 1 20 (20 – 23), st 2 20 (17 – 22), st 3 18 (16 – 20), JV 1 8 (7 – 11), JV 2 18 (16 – 19), JV 5 6 (5 – 7), ZV 2 7 (5 – 9), Pa 34 (31 – 37), Po 19 (13 – 19). Gnathosoma. CHELICERA (Fig. 1 C): movable digit 17 (17 – 18) long, without discernible teeth; fixed digit 19 (18 – 20) long, with three teeth and a tiny pilus dentilis near first tooth. PALP (Fig. 12 A): trochanter devoid of setae; femur with a strong and spatulate seta and three simple setae; genu bearing a thick and four simple setae; tibial setae simple; division between tibia and tarsus undiscernible; tarsal apotele 2 - tined. HYPOSTOME (Fig. 13 A): weakly sclerotized, with only two pairs of hypostomal setae (h 1 and h 2) and deutosternal groove faint, without discernible denticles. Legs (Fig. 2). Leg I 285 (254 – 296) long; setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 2, 4, 9, 8, 8, 1. Leg II 222 (207 – 232) long, setal counts: 2, 4, 7, 6, 7, 4. Leg III 230 (206 – 234) long, setal counts: 2, 4, 5, 6, 6, 4. genu with a macroseta, 42 (36 – 49) long. PROTONYMPH (n = 7, Figs 3, 4, 12 B & 13 B, Table 2) Idiosoma (Fig. 3 A, Table 2) Podonotal shield 280 (223 – 280) long, 140 (129 – 147) wide at level of s 4, weakly reticulated, muscle marks between j 1 and j 6 discernible, with nine pairs of smooth setae and three pairs of solenostomes (gd 1, gd 2 and gd 4) and three pairs of lyrifissures (id 2, id 4 and idla); podonotal and opisthonotal shields separated by interscutal membrane, which bears three pairs of setae (J 2, S 2, and Z 1), four pairs of lyrifissures (idm 1, idm 2, idm 3 and is 1), two pairs of sclerites (one pair big and another pair small); r 3 and R 1 present on soft cuticle. Opisthonotal shield sub-rectangle, reticulated, 59 (53 – 65) long, 70 (50 – 76) wide at level of S 4, with five pairs of setae (S 4, S 5, J 5, Z 4 and Z 5) and six pairs of lyrifissures (idl 3, idl 4, idm 4, idm 5, idm 6 and idx) and two pairs of solenostomes (gd 8 and gd 9), Z 4 and Z 5 barbed and longer than other setae; Z 4 longer than distance between Z 4 and Z 5; setae r 3 smooth and as long as R 1. Lengths of setae: j 1 21 (17 – 23), j 3 25 (22 – 25), j 4 15 (12 – 15), j 5 14 (12 – 14), j 6 22 (17 – 24), r 3 24 (20 – 24), z 2 18 (17 – 20), z 4 19 (17 – 21), z 5 16 (12 – 16), s 4 36 (31 – 36), S 2 33 (24 – 33), S 4 34 (24 – 34), S 5 24 (17 – 24), J 2 23 (20 – 22), J 5 11 (9 – 11), Z 1 24 (21 – 26), Z 4 61 (54 – 64), Z 5 45 (41 – 46), R 1 21 (17 – 21). VENTER (Fig. 3 B): smooth, without discernible shields. Stigmata located ventrolaterally between coxae III and IV. Peritremes extending close to level of z 5. Coxisternal area with st 1, st 2 and st 3, without lyrifissures. Four pairs of opisthogastric setae (JV 1, JV 2, JV 5 and ZV 2) and six pairs of lyrifissures on membranous cuticle around anal valve, JV 1, JV 5 and ZV 2 obviously longer than those in larva, JV 5 smooth, a pair of paranal setae (Pa) and a postanal seta (Po) present around anal valve; solenostomes gv 3 (circular) posterior to JV 2, distance gv 3 – gv 3 33 (29 – 33). Lengths of setae: st 1 26 (20 – 27), st 2 23 (15 – 22), st 3 20 (19 – 21), JV 1 18 (16 – 21), JV 2 19 (16 – 21), JV 5 31 (26 – 31), ZV 2 21 (16 – 21), Pa 15 (14 – 16), Po 16 (16 – 18). Gnathosoma. CHELICERA (Fig. 3 C): movable digit 22 (18 – 22) long, without teeth, fixed digit 24 (20 – 26) long, bearing three to four teeth, pilus dentilis well-developed, 6 (5 – 9) long, near the fourth tooth. PALP (Fig. 12 B): a simple seta added on trochanter; femur with a spatulate seta and three simple setae, genu with a stout seta and four simple setae; tibia with several simple setae; tarsal apotele 2 - tined as in larva. HYPOSTOME (Fig. 13 B): with three pairs of hypostomal setae (h 1, h 2 and h 3) and a pair of palpcoxal setae (pc); Deutosternal groove weakly developed, with four rows of denticles. Legs (Fig. 4). Leg I 315 (254 – 315), setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 2, 4, 10, 8, 8, 1. One seta added on femur. Leg II 256 (218 – 259), setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 2, 4, 7, 6, 7, 4. Without seta added. Leg III 257 (230 – 262) long; setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 4. One seta added on tibia. Genu with a macroseta, 31 (25 – 31) long. Leg IV 317 (305 – 350) long; setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 1, 4, 4, 5, 6, 4; Genu, tibia and basitarsus each with a simple macroseta 46 (40 – 47), 48 (38 – 48), 96 (84 – 96). DEUTONYMPH (n = 4 ♀, 4 ♂, Figs 5, 6, 12 C & 13 C, Table 2) Idiosoma (Fig. 5 A, Table 2) 335 (311 – 347) long, 156 (156 – 174) wide; Podonotal and opisthonotal shields fused. DORSUM: fully reticulated, bearing 17 pairs of smooth setae, except Z 4 and Z 5 barbed; ten pairs of lyrifissures (id 2, idl 2, idl 4, idm 1, idm 2, idm 3, idm 5, idm 6, idx and is 1), seven pairs of solenostomes (gd 1, gd 2, gd 4, gd 5, gd 6, gd 8 and gd 9); two pairs of lyrifissures (id 4 and idl 3) and marginal setae r 3 and R 1 on interscutal membrane, R 1 at level of lateral incisions. Lengths of setae: j 1 22 (16 – 22), j 3 29 (26 – 29), j 4 18 (17 – 18), j 5 15 (15 – 17), j 6 20 (20 – 21), r 3 25 (25 – 28), z 2 22 (20 – 24), z 4 24 (24 – 26), z 5 15 (15 – 18), s 4 48 (33 – 48), S 2 34 (32 – 35), S 4 37 (33 – 37), S 5 32 (25 – 32), J 2 24 (24 – 25), J 5 8 (8 – 10), Z 1 23 (23 – 27), Z 4 50 (40 – 54), Z 5 54 (51 – 58), R 1 25 (24 – 26). VENTER (Figs 5 B & C): smooth, without discernible shields. Peritremes distinct, extending beyond z 2. Coxisternal area bearing five pairs of setae, st 4 and st 5 present; three pairs of lyrifissures (iv 1, iv 2 and iv 3), st 5 on membranous cuticle. Paragential lyrifissures on soft cuticle beneath st 5. Sexes distinguishable — female with seven pairs of smooth setae (JV 1, JV 2, JV 4, JV 5, ZV 1, ZV 2 and ZV 3) and four pairs of lyrifissures on membrane around anal shield on ventrianal area (Fig. 5 B); male with four pairs of setae (JV 1, JV 2, JV 5 and ZV 2) and six pairs of lyrifissures on membrane of ventrianal area, ventrianal shield weakly developed. A pair of primary metopodal shield present in both female and male. A slender transverse sclerite (sometimes broken into up to four parts) presents between genital and ventrianal shields. A pair of paranal setae (Pa) and a postanal seta (Po) of subequal length present around anal valve on anal shield (Fig. 5 B & C). Solenostomes gv 3, circular, posterior to JV 2, distance gv 3 – gv 3 43 (39 – 43). Lengths of setae: st 1 28 (26 – 28), st 2 26 (22 – 63), st 3 23 (22 – 26), st 4 20 (18 – 21), st 5 18 (18 – 22), JV 1 23 (22 – 25), JV 2 22 (22 – 24), JV 4 14 (14 – 19), JV 5 45 (42 – 46), ZV 1 19 (16 – 20), ZV 2 22 (22 – 27), ZV 3 15 (13 – 15), Pa 15 (15 – 17), Po 17 (16 – 22). Primary metapodal platelet 16 (13 – 16) long, 5 (4 – 5) wide Gnathosoma. CHELICERA (Figs 5 D & E): movable digit 26 (24 – 26) long, without teeth, fixed digit 29 (27 – 31) long, bearing three to four visible teeth, pilus dentilis close to the last tooth, 10 (8 – 10) long. PALP (Fig. 12 C). Trochanter with two simple setae; one simple seta added on femur; one stout seta added on genu; tibia with several simple setae; tarsal apotele 2 - tined. HYPOSTOME (Fig. 13 C): with three pairs of hypostomal setae (h 1, h 2 and h 3) and a pair of palpcoxal setae (pc); deutosternal groove weak, with seven rows of denticles; corniculi horn-like. Legs (Fig. 6). Leg I 361 (361 – 390) long; setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 2, 5, 12, 9, 10, 2. Trochanter, genu and basitarsus each with a seta added. femur added two setae, genu and tibia added two setae to each segment. Other setae same as in protonymph. Leg II 303 (298 – 312) long; setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 2, 5, 10, 8, 7, 4. A seta added on trochanter, three setae added on femur, two setae added on genu. Other setae same as in protonymph. Leg III 302 (296 – 308) long; setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 2, 4, 6, 7, 7, 4. A seta added to trochanter, femur and genu, respectively. Other segments without seta added. A macroseta on genu shorter than that of protonymph, 26 (25 – 27) long. Leg IV 409 (401 – 4169) long; setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 1, 5, 6, 7, 6, 4. A setae added on trochanter, two setae added on femur and genu, respectively. Genu, tibia and basitarsus each with a simple macroseta 39 (39 – 41), 41 (33 – 41), 90 (87 – 90). ADULT FEMALE (n = 5, Figs 7, 8 A, 9, 10, 12 D & 13 D, Table 2) Idiosoma (Fig. 7 A) 384 (384 – 419) long, 219 (204 – 232) wide. DORSUM: ovoid with notch at R 1 level, fully reticulated, muscle marks present between j 1 and Z 4, bearing 17 pairs of setae; seven pairs of solenostomes (gd 1, gd 2, gd 4, gd 5, gd 6, gd 8 and gd 9) and 15 pairs of lyrifissures (id 1, id 2, id 4, id 1 a, id 6, idl 2, idl 3, idl 4, idm 1, idm 2, idm 3, idm 4, idm 5, idm 6 and is 1); dorsal setae short and smooth except Z 4 and Z 5 longer, Z 5 longest and barbed; Lengths of setae: j 1 18 (13 – 19), j 3 21 (20 – 24), j 4 17 (16 – 18), j 5 15 (15 – 19), j 6 18 (18 – 20), z 2 18 (17 – 23), z 4 16 (16 – 22), z 5 16 (14 – 18), s 4 28 (26 – 32), r 3 22 (20 – 24), J 2 18 (18 – 20), J 5 10 (8 – 10), Z 1 19 (19 – 25), Z 4 33 (27 – 39), Z 5 52 (40 – 54), S 2 27 (20 – 31), S 4 22 (22 – 27), S 5 22 (22 – 25), R 1 21 (21 – 24). VENTER (Fig. 7 B): tritosternum with a stalk-like base and two flagellae (laciniae). Sternal shield 76 (71 – 84) long, 88 (81 – 88) wide at level of ZV 2, lateral margin with several striae, anterior edge weakly sclerotized, sternal shield sclerotized and convex between st 1, posterior margin straight, bearing three pairs of setae (st 1, st 2 and st 3) and two pairs of lyrifissures (iv 1 and iv 2), st 3 on lobes; st 4 and iv 3 present on a pair of metasternal shields. Peritremes extending forward nearly to j 1 level. Genital shield smooth, 132 (125 – 135) long, 76 (70 – 77) wide. Paragenital lyrifissures located on soft cuticle between st 5 and ZV 1. A slender transverse sclerite present between genital and ventrianal shields. A pair of small shields near ZV 1. Ventrianal shield approximate pentagon shaped, with waist at level JV 2, 136 (130 – 143) long, 109 (99 – 121) wide, fully reticulated, anterior edge straight, with 3 pairs of preanal setae (JV 1, JV 2 and ZV 2), a pair of round solenostomes gv 3 posterior to JV 2, distance gv 3 – gv 3 51 (47 – 55). Two pairs of marginal muscle marks situated at Pa level. JV 4, JV 5, ZV 1 and ZV 3 and three pairs of lyrifissures present on membranous cuticle around anal valve; a pair of paranal setae (Pa) and a postanal seta (Po) present around anal valve. Lengths of setae: st 1 31 (24 – 32), st 2 28 (28 – 31), st 3 25 (25 – 29), st 4 27 (24 – 33), st 5 26 (23 – 33), JV 1 23 (20 – 24), JV 2 23 (22 – 27), JV 4 21 (18 – 21), JV 5 40 (42 – 48), ZV 1 21 (21 – 27), ZV 2 21 (21 – 27), ZV 3 16 (14 – 20), Pa 17 (17 – 20), Po 21 (18 – 22). Primary metapodal platelet 32 (27 – 35) long, 6 (6 – 7) wide; secondary platelet 17 (10 – 17) long, 2 (2 – 3) wide. Spermathecal apparatus (Figs 7 C & 9). Cervix of spermatheca “ Y ” - shaped, calyx elongate, with a long neck, 11 (11 – 14) long, flaring distally; atrium ovoid and connected with major duct, which is narrower than atrium, minor duct threadlike for a short distance (longer than width of atrium) and then slightly expanded to form larger cylindrical tube. Gnathosoma. CHELICERA. (Figs 7 D, E & 8 A): with movable digit 32 (30 – 33) long, without teeth; fixed digit 37 (32 – 37) long, bearing four to five visible teeth, pilus dentilis 6 (6 – 10) long, located near third tooth. PALP (Fig. 12 D): trochanter with two simple setae; femur with a spatulate seta and four simple setae; genu with two stout and four simple setae; tibia with simple setae; tarsal apotele 2 - tined. HYPOSTOME (Fig. 13 D): with three pairs of hypostomal setae (h 1, h 2 and h 3) and one pair of palpcoxal setae (pc). Deutosternal groove with seven rows of denticles; corniculi horn-like. Legs (Fig. 10). Leg I 435 (393 – 435) long; setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 2, 5, 12, 10, 10, 2. Genu added a seta, other setae same as in deutonymph. Leg II 342 (310 – 342) long; setal counts of legs I – IV same as those in deutonymph. Leg III 347 (314 – 347) long; setal counts (coxa to basitarsus): 2, 5, 6, 7, 7, 4. Trochanter added a seta, other segment without seta added. Leg IV 464 (433 – 464) long; numbers of setae of legs I – IV same as those in deutonymph, genu, tibia and basitarsus each with a simple macroseta 33 (29 – 33), 30 (25 – 34), 75 (64 – 77). ADULT MALE (n = 5, Figs 11 & 8 B, Table 2) Idiosoma (Fig. 11 A, Table 2). 319 (292 – 327) long, 199 (185 – 205) wide. DORSUM: strongly reticulated, ovoid, bearing 19 pairs of setae, 16 pairs of visible lyrifissures (id 1, id 2, id 3, id 4, id 6, idla, idl 2, idl 3, idl 4, idm 1, idm 2, idm 3, idm 4, idm 5, idm 6 and is 1) and seven pairs of solenostomes (gd 1, gd 2, gd 4, gd 5, gd 6, gd 8 and gd 9), muscle marks present between j 1 and J 2 and a pair of muscle marks in front of J 5. Marginal setae r 3 and R 1 on dorsal shield, Lengths of setae: j 1 17 (13 – 17), j 3 23 (20 – 23), j 4 15 (15 – 17), j 5 15 (15 – 19), j 6 18 (18 – 20), z 2 18 (17 – 23), z 4 16 (16 – 23), z 5 16 (14 – 18), s 4 28 (26 – 32), r 3 22 (20 – 24), J 2 20, J 5 10 (8 – 10), Z 1 19 (19 – 25), Z 4 33 (27 – 39), Z 5 52 (40 – 54), S 2 27 (20 – 31), S 4 22 (22 – 27), S 5 22 (22 – 25), R 1 21 (21 – 24). VENTER (Fig. 11 B): sternogenital shield smooth, lateral margins and areas between st 4 and st 5 with several striae, 159 (145 – 159) long from middle of anterior margin to posterior margin, 69 (66 – 70) wide, middle of anterior margin convex, posterior margin of shield nearly straight, with five pairs of smooth setae (st 1, st 2, st 3, st 4 and st 5) and three pairs of lyrifissures (iv 1, iv 2 and iv 3). Peritremes extending close to j 1 level. Ventrianal shield reticulated, approximately triangle, middle of anterior margin with median lobe, 133 (129 – 134) long, 133 (129 – 134) wide at corner of anterior margin, with three pairs of preanal setae (JV 1, JV 2 and ZV 2) and four pairs of lyrifissures, a pair of round solenostomes gv 3, distance gv 3 – gv 3 39 (39 – 42). A pair of JV 5 and a pair of lyrifissure on membranous cuticles. Lengths of setae: st 1 22 (19 – 23), st 2 19 (18 – 19), st 3 21 (19 – 21), st 4 22 (20 – 23), st 5 20 (17 – 20), JV 1 19 (17 – 20), JV 2 19 (18 – 20), JV 5 31 (25 – 34), ZV 2 21 (19 – 23). Gnathosoma. CHELICERA (Figs 8 B & 11 C): movable digit 26 (24 – 26) long, with a tooth, fixed digit 27 (25 – 28) long, with five teeth; Spermatodactyl L-shaped, foot reduced. PALP: Chaetotaxy same as female. HYPOSTOME: setal counts same as adult female. Legs. Leg setal counts same as adult female. Addition of setae on leg segments. Most leg setae added during the postembryonic development of N. zwoelferi first appear mainly in the deutonymph, with more setae added on trochanter, femur and genu (Table 2), a few setae added in the protonymphs or adult. The numbers of setae are stable on coxae, tibia and basitarsus from protonymph to adult (Table 2). Specimens examined: Laboratory-reared: 2 adult females, 8. VI. 2020; 11 adult females, 1 adult male, 1 deutonymphal female, 1 deutonymphal male, 2 larvae, 31. VIII. 2020; 1 adult female, 1 adult male, 1 deutonymphal female, 1 deutonymphal male, 7 protonymphs, 1 larva, 1. IX. 2020; 1 adult female, 2 adult males, 1 deutonymphal male, 1 protonymph, 3 larvae, 2. IX. 2020; 1 adult female, 3. IX. 2020; 1 adult female, 8. IX. 2020; 1 adult male, 23. IX. 2020, coll. B. Zhang and M. Ma; 3 deutonymphal females, 2. VII. 2021, coll. S. Jiao. Other specimens: Shanxi, China: 5 adult females, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, from Hemerocallis fulva, 7. X. 2013, coll. Q. - H. Fan (accession no.: T 13 _ 0009); 1 adult female, same data as T 13 _ 0009, except date: 6. VIII. 2014, coll. M. Ma (T 14 _ 0133); 3 adult females, Ningwu, Luyashan National Nature Reserve, from weed, 6. VIII. 2014, coll. B. Zhang & M. Ma (T 14 _ 0235); 1 adult female (T 14 _ 0236), same data as T 14 _ 0235; 2 adult females (T 14 _ 0238), same data as T 14 _ 0235; 3 adult females, 1 adult male, 1 protonymph (T 14 _ 0239), same data as T 14 _ 0235; 8 adult females, 1 adult male, same data as T 14 _ 0238, except: coll. B. - Q. Su and M. - J. Yin (T 14 _ 0262); 1 adult female, same data as T 14 _ 0262, except host: Hippophae rhamnoides (T 14 _ 0263); 1 adult female, 1 adult male, same data as T 13 _ 0009, except host: weed, 20. VIII. 2014, coll. B. - Q. Su and M. - J. Yin (T 14 _ 0299).	en	Zhang, Bin, Ma, Min, Fan, Qing-Hai (2021): Morphological ontogeny of Neoseiulus zwoelferi (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Zootaxa 5086 (1): 7-28, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5086.1.4
