identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
B5213461455AFFD999A8F972FC3F0BD8.text	B5213461455AFFD999A8F972FC3F0BD8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aloe arborescens Miller 1768	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Aloe arborescens Miller (1768 : first page headed “ALO-ALO”, species # 3) (Fig. 1A–F). </p>
            <p>Locally used synonyms:—None recorded.</p>
            <p>Common name(s):— Portuguese: aloé, aloé-candelabro, babosa, foguetes-de-natal, vela (Güemes 2013: 312). English: candelabra aloe, krantz aloe (Grace et al. 2011).</p>
            <p>Description:—Shrub, 1.5–3.5 m tall, much-branched. Stems erect to slanted sideways, upper parts clothed in persistent dried leaves. Leaves densely rosulate at branch apices, spreading-recurved, 40–60 cm long, 4–7 cm wide at base, lanceolate-attenuate, dull green to grey-green, distinctly tinged reddish in dry conditions, lacking whitish maculations, texture smooth; margin whitish, not horny; marginal teeth 5–20 mm apart at mid-leaf, 3–5 mm long, firm, pale; exudate pale yellow. Inflorescence 0.6–1.0 m long, erect, usually simple, occasionally with 1 or 2 short branches. Raceme 20–35 cm long, conical to conical-cylindric, dense-flowered. Floral bracts 15–20 × 10–12 mm. Pedicels 30–40 mm long. Flowers: perianth 30–40 mm long, 7 mm across ovary, of ± even diameter throughout, very slightly narrowed above ovary, widening to middle, narrowing slightly towards mouth, apices flared, cylindric-trigonous, bright orange to scarlet, dark green-tipped in bud, often turning pinkish at anthesis; outer segments free to base; stamens and style exserted to 6 mm. Capsule ± 2 cm long, oblong.</p>
            <p>Flowering time:—(November–)December–January(–February).</p>
            <p>Habitat:—Mostly on coastal rocky slopes (Franco &amp; Afonso 1994: 46).</p>
            <p>First mention of the species as naturalised in Portugal:—1980 (Webb 1980: 21).</p>
            <p>Localities recorded:— Franco &amp; Afonso (1994: 46) recorded it for “CW. olissip., CS.arrab.”, and Pedro (1991: 105) recorded it for Arrábida, i.e., in the centre, in the Lisbon area. Güemes (2013: 312) recorded it for E and Ag. Presently the distribution is extended to: DL, BL (for example at Nazaré), E (for example at Cascais, Oeiras, Lisbon, and Arrábida), BAl (for example at Praia da Ilha do Pessegueiro and Porto Covo), and Ag.</p>
            <p>Country / region of origin:—Southern Africa, from the Cape Peninsula (where it has arguably become naturalised), along the south and east coast of South Africa, somewhat inland through the provinces of Western Cape, Eastern Cape, and KwaZulu-Natal, and in the interior of Mpumalanga and Limpopo, just entering the eastern Free State, as well as further north, in south-tropical Africa, to Mozambique and the eastern mountains of Zimbabwe and Malawi (Smith et al. 2008, 2012a).</p>
            <p> Secondary distribution range:—  Aloe arborescens is sparingly naturalised worldwide in areas with a Mediterranean climate. It is reportedly known from the western Mediterranean area: France (Rivièra and Corsica; Tison &amp; de Foucault 2014), Spain (for example Guillot Ortiz et al. 2008, Aymerich &amp; Sáez 2019), Gibraltar (Lamb 1996), Italy (naturalised only in Sardegna, casual elsewhere; Galasso et al. 2018, Pavone et al. 2022), and Malta (Mifsud 2022). It is furthermore naturalised in the Canary Islands (Dobignard &amp; Chatelain 2010; elsewhere in northern Africa, it is probably merely cultivated or ephemeral). It is also naturalised on the eastern coast of  Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria; Randall 2007, Weeds of  Australia 2023), New Zealand (Schönberger et al. 2021), California in the U.S.A., Japan, South Korea, and the Marshall Islands. In some areas of its secondary range,  A. arborescens is considered to be a minor environmental weed. </p>
            <p> The origin of most of the  A. arborescens plants now grown in the northern hemisphere, is likely from plants cultivated at the Cape of Good Hope (now in the Western Cape Province of South Africa) in the 17 th and 18 th centuries. Using leaf exudate chemistry, Reynolds &amp; Herring (1991) proved that the origin of  A. arborescens growing in Gibraltar is indeed from the Western Cape, South Africa, and not from further north in the natural distribution range of the species. </p>
            <p>Status in Portugal:—Naturalised.</p>
            <p>References:— Webb (1980), Franco &amp; Afonso (1994), Almeida &amp; Freitas (2006), Smith &amp; Figueiredo (2009), Almeida (2012), Güemes (2013), Silva et al. (2015).</p>
            <p> Notes:—  Aloe arborescens is a distinctive, large-growing species of up to 5 m tall. It grows as a much-branched shrub with rather robust stems and branches, as opposed to  Aloiampelos ciliaris that has thin, slender, and weak branches. The greyish green leaves are carried in dense rosettes, with the leaves sporting pale yellow teeth on the margins. Stems and branches are usually clothed in the dried remains of desiccated leaves. The inflorescences— elongated, conical racemes—are usually simple and dense-flowered (Smith et al. 2008 c, 2012a, Klopper et al. 2020: 21). </p>
            <p> It is not known whether  A. arborescens introduced to Portugal was definitely from South Africa, where it occurs virtually along the entire southern and eastern coasts, from the Cape Peninsula eastwards, and would have been easily detected by passing ships that made landfall, for example at Plettenberg Bay (Figueiredo &amp; Smith 2017: 31), or instead sourced from Mozambique, a former Portuguese colony, where it is also indigenous, or from both countries. Similar uncertainty surrounded the original location from which  A. spicata Linnaeus filius (1782: 205) was collected and taken to Portugal (Glen &amp; Hardy 1995, 2000: 118–119). </p>
            <p> Regardless of the origin of material of  A. arborescens that is grown in Portugal, the species is very commonly cultivated in the country, from the Algarve in the south to at least as far north as Porto (Fig. 1A–C). </p>
            <p> Aloe arborescens was recently recorded from Nazaré (Smith &amp; Figueiredo 2009) (Fig. 1D). The species is here recorded for the first time from Praia da Ilha Pessegueiro (Fig. 1E) and from Porto Covo (Fig. 1F), two locations along the Alentejo coast. </p>
            <p> Mateus et al. (2015) recorded a species of thrips,  Hercinothrips dimidiatus Hood (1937: 105) (  Thysanoptera :  Thripidae ), on  A. arborescens from several localities in the vicinity of Lisbon. This was the first record of this thrips species for Europe, and Mateus et al. (2015) speculate that its introduction into Portugal resulted from infected plants from South Africa having entered Portugal via Lisbon, a major port city.  Hercinothrips dimidiatus was first described from South Africa. Material of  A. arborescens from well beyond Lisbon, for example from Coimbra, appears to also have been infected with the thrips (personal observations by GFS and EF). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B5213461455AFFD999A8F972FC3F0BD8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Figueiredo, Estrela;Verloove, Filip;Klopper, Ronell R.;Silva, Vasco	Smith, Gideon F., Figueiredo, Estrela, Verloove, Filip, Klopper, Ronell R., Silva, Vasco (2023): An annotated catalogue of Aloe and Aloiampelos (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae) naturalised and escaped in continental Portugal. Phytotaxa 629 (1): 35-52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.629.1.3, URL: https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.629.1.3/51327
B5213461455FFFDC99A8FF30FBC80928.text	B5213461455FFFDC99A8FF30FBC80928.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aloe maculata subsp. maculata	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Aloe maculata Allioni (1773: 65 [13]) subsp. maculata (Fig. 2). </p>
            <p> Locally used synonyms:—  Aloe saponaria (Aiton 1789: 467) Haworth (1804: 17) . </p>
            <p>Common name(s):— Portuguese: áloe-manchado. English: soap aloe (Grace et al. 2011).</p>
            <p> Description:—Plants acaulescent or with stem up to 0.5 m tall; rosettes solitary or suckering to  form dense groups. Leaves densely rosulate, erectly spreading to slightly recurved, up to 25–30 × 8–12 cm, ovate-lanceolate, with dried twisted apex, adaxial surface pale to darker green, with numerous, dull, H-shaped or irregularly shaped, white maculations in irregular broken, wavy, transverse bands, abaxial surface paler green, obscurely lineate and usually without maculations; margin horny, brown; marginal teeth ± 10 mm apart, 3–5 mm long, pungent, reddish brown; exudate clear. Inflorescence 0.4–1.0 m high, erect, branched. Racemes 10–12 cm long, capitate-corymbose, dense. Floral bracts ± 12–23 × 3–5 mm. Pedicels 35–45 mm long. Flowers: perianth 35–50 mm long, up to 10 mm across ovary, abruptly constricted above ovary to form sub-globose basal swelling, enlarging towards wide open mouth, slightly decurved, usually salmon pink to orange; outer segments free for 10–15 mm; stamens exserted 1–3 mm; style exserted to 5 mm. Capsule (2.0–)2.5–3.0 cm long, oblong. </p>
            <p>Flowering time:—April–July.</p>
            <p>Habitat:—On old (stone) walls and in abandoned gardens (Almeida 2012: 209). A range of sites in natural vegetation, including on coastal cliffs and sand dunes.</p>
            <p>First mention of the species as naturalised in Portugal:—1998 (fide Almeida &amp; Freitas 2006: 119).</p>
            <p> Localities recorded:— Almeida (2012: 209, as “  Aloe saponaria ”) recorded it as casual in BL (Alhadas) and Ag (Sagres). Güemes (2013: 314) recorded it for E (Serra d’El Rei), BAl, and Ag. Silva et al. (2015: 69–70, 75) recorded it as casual and escaped at Cascais, Oeiras, north of Lisbon. It is here recorded at the following further localities; São João do Estoril (E); Almograve, Porto Covo (BAl), Cabo de Sagres (Ag). </p>
            <p>Country / region of origin:—Southern Africa. It occurs from the Cape Peninsula through the provinces of Western and Eastern Cape, into the eastern Free State, through KwaZulu-Natal to Mpumalanga, South Africa, as well as in Lesotho and Eswatini.</p>
            <p> Secondary distribution range:—  Aloe maculata is very sparingly naturalised in areas with a Mediterranean climate. It is reportedly known as such from the western Mediterranean area: France (Provence and Corsica; Tison &amp; de Foucault 2014), Spain (Guillot Ortiz et al. 2008, Aymerich &amp; Sáez 2019), Gibraltar (Lamb 1996), and Malta (Mifsud 2022; erroneously as ‘  A. microstigma subsp. microstigma ’). In Italy, it is a mere casual (Galasso et al. 2018). It is furthermore locally naturalised in the Canary Islands (unpublished records by FV) and in Algeria in North Africa (Sakhraoui et al. 2023). It is also naturalised in parts of  Australia (Randall 2007, Weeds of  Australia 2023) and New Zealand (Schönberger et al. 2021). In some areas of its secondary range,  A. maculata is considered to be an environmental weed. </p>
            <p>Status in Portugal:—Naturalised. It was previously recorded in a list of “more or less naturalised” taxa (Almeida &amp; Freitas 2006: 118), and later recorded as casual (Almeida 2012: 209) and as “Casual. Cultivated, escaped” (Silva et al. 2015: 75).</p>
            <p>References:— Almeida &amp; Freitas (2006); Almeida (2012); Güemes (2013); Silva et al. (2015).</p>
            <p> Notes:—  Aloe maculata has been recorded as naturalised in the Iberian Peninsula, in Spain and Portugal (Almeida &amp; Freitas 2006: 119, Guillot Ortiz et al. 2008: 28–32, Almeida 2012: 209, Güemes 2013: 312). In places in Portugal the species has become naturalised through self-replacing populations and is now spreading without human aid. At some locations  A. maculata has become invasive. </p>
            <p> Aloe maculata is a distinctive species that can be easily identified based on the adaxial leaf surface that is spotted, often densely so, with whitish maculations (Fig. 2A–C) and its capitate inflorescences (Fig. 2D). Depending on the provenance of material of this species, flowering can take place at virtually any time of the year. Thus far only summer-flowering material of  A. maculata has been observed in Portugal. </p>
            <p> The only alooid material cultivated in Portugal with which  A. maculata can be confused is  A. × schimperi Todaro (1878: 70 , plate 16) [  A. maculata ×  A. striata Haworth (1804: 18) ] (Fig. 3A–B), of which the arguably better known name  A. × schoenlandii Baker (1902: 430) , as ‘ Schönlandi ’, pro sp., is a synonym (Figueiredo &amp; Smith 2016: 14). However, the leaf margins of  A. × schimperi are distinctly pinkish—a character inherited from  A. striata —and the flowers lack the prominent basal swellings evident in the flowers of  A. maculata . </p>
            <p> Aloe × commutata Todaro (1876: 75, t. 18) (Fig. 3C–D) (see Figueiredo &amp; Smith 2012), of which the parents are  A. grandidentata Salm-Dyck (1822: 3 [species no. 2]) and  A. maculata , has a similar, typically ‘maculate aloe’-like vegetative morphological appearance as  A. maculata . However,  A. × commutata has elongated racemes (not capitate ones) and clavate (not basally inflated) flowers, and the leaf margins are concolorous, unlike those of  A. × schimperi that are pinkish. Thus far we have not observed  A. × commutata in cultivation anywhere in continental Portugal, although it is popular as a garden subject in some parts of the world, for example in the Boyce Thompson Arboretum, in Superior, Arizona, U.S.A. (see Smith 2005) and in the Huntington Botanical Gardens, in San Marino, California, U.S.A. (see Smith 1997), but, interestingly, not in South Africa, from where its parents originate. </p>
            <p> In  A. maculata , one other subspecies,  A. maculata subsp. ficksburgensis (Reynolds 1937: 148) Gideon F.Sm. &amp; Figueiredo in Smith et al. (2012b: 15), is recognised, which is only known from the eastern Free State, South Africa, and western Lesotho. This subspecies has not been observed in continental Portugal. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B5213461455FFFDC99A8FF30FBC80928	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Figueiredo, Estrela;Verloove, Filip;Klopper, Ronell R.;Silva, Vasco	Smith, Gideon F., Figueiredo, Estrela, Verloove, Filip, Klopper, Ronell R., Silva, Vasco (2023): An annotated catalogue of Aloe and Aloiampelos (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae) naturalised and escaped in continental Portugal. Phytotaxa 629 (1): 35-52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.629.1.3, URL: https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.629.1.3/51327
B5213461455DFFD299A8FAECFD220E78.text	B5213461455DFFD299A8FAECFD220E78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aloe nobilis Haworth 1812	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Aloe × nobilis Haworth (1812: 78) pro sp. (Fig. 4). </p>
            <p>Locally used synonyms:—None recorded.</p>
            <p>Common name(s):— Portuguese: None recorded. English: golden tooth aloe.</p>
            <p> Description:—Plants acaulescent or with short stem up to 0.2 m long; rosettes profusely suckering from the base to  form large , dense, mound-shaped clusters. Leaves generally densely rosulate, erectly spreading to slightly in- or recurved, 10–15 × (2–) 4–6 cm, lanceolate-triangular to lanceolate-deltoid, dark green, white maculations generally lacking, both ad- and especially abaxial surfaces sometimes with scattered teeth on white base; margin concolorous; marginal teeth ± 10 mm apart, (3–) 5 mm long, firm, white to slightly yellowish. Inflorescence 0.5–0.8 m high, erect, sometimes 1-branched. Racemes 10–20(–30) cm long, cylindrical-conical, subdense. Floral bracts ± 15–18 × (5–) 6 mm. Pedicels 25–30 mm long. Flowers: perianth 35–40 mm long, 6–8 mm across ovary, of ± even diameter throughout, very slightly narrowing towards mouth, ± straight, cylindric, bright orangey red; outer segments free for 10–12 mm; stamens exserted 2–4 mm; style exserted to 5 mm. Capsules not seen. </p>
            <p>Flowering time:—(May–)June–July(–September).</p>
            <p>Habitat:—Coastal dunes.</p>
            <p>First mention of the species as naturalised in Portugal:—Not previously recorded.</p>
            <p>Localities recorded:—Ag (Praia do Amado, near Portimão).</p>
            <p>Country / region of origin:—A hybrid that very likely originated in Europe.</p>
            <p> Secondary distribution range:—  Aloe × nobilis is very rarely reported as an escape, doubtlessly owing to it being confused with  A. mitriformis Miller (1768 : first page headed “ALO-ALO”, species # 1), one of its alleged parents. It can be reasonably assumed that at least some of the naturalised populations of the latter in fact refer to  A. × nobilis . Guillot Ortiz &amp; Laguna Lumbreras (2019) published the first Spanish (and European) record of  A. × nobilis in the wild. Its status in Spain is uncertain; however, in Catalonia it is considered to be merely ephemeral (Aymerich &amp; Sáez 2019). </p>
            <p>Status in Portugal:—Naturalised.</p>
            <p>References:— Smith &amp; Figueiredo (2015a: 156, 2015b: 75).</p>
            <p> Notes:—  Aloe × nobilis is most often misidentified as  A. perfoliata Linnaeus (1753: 319–320) . The name  A. perfoliata is variously interpreted, with, most recently, the proposal having been made that the name applies to what has been known consistently as  A. microstigma Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck (1854: 6, § 26, f. 4) (Mottram 2013; see also Klopper et al. 2016). However, the true identity of  A. perfoliata remains uncertain (Klopper et al. 2016). </p>
            <p> Reynolds (1950: 385) and Grace et al. (2011: 110) suggest  A. arborescens and  A. mitriformis as possible parents of  A. × nobilis . Based on its comparatively small stature, Smith &amp; Figueiredo (2015a: 156, 2015b: 75) speculate that  A. brevifolia Miller (1768 : first erratum page) and  A. mitriformis could be the parents of this hybrid. However, the leaves of the latter two species, especially those of  A. brevifolia , are generally variously glaucous green, while those of  Aloe × nobilis are a deep green colour (Fig. 4A, C–D). The subdense, cylindrical-conical inflorescences of  A. × nobilis are reminiscent of those of  A. brevifolia (Fig. 4B). All three putative parents have been in cultivation in Europe for several centuries (Cullen 1986: 159 [  A. brevifolia ], 160 [  A. mitriformis , in error as  A. perfoliata ], 161 [  A. arborescens ]).  Aloe × nobilis itself was not mentioned in Webb (1980) nor in Cullen (1986) though. Note that reference to  A. perfoliata in Webb (1980: 20 [species # 6]) is in fact to  A. mitriformis , as evidenced by, inter alia, mention of “Racemes […] subcapitate”. </p>
            <p> Aloe × nobilis is clearly an old hybrid that has remained well-known in European horticulture. In the late-1700s, it was for example illustrated by the Bauer brothers for Father Boccius’s Liber regni vegetabilis, also known as  Codex Liechtenstein, some years before it was formally named by Adrian H. Haworth in 1812 (Mabberley 2017: 3). This nothospecies has remained popular in outdoor cultivation in parts of southern Europe with a mild-climate (Fig. 4C), but also thrives under glass in more severe climates. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B5213461455DFFD299A8FAECFD220E78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Figueiredo, Estrela;Verloove, Filip;Klopper, Ronell R.;Silva, Vasco	Smith, Gideon F., Figueiredo, Estrela, Verloove, Filip, Klopper, Ronell R., Silva, Vasco (2023): An annotated catalogue of Aloe and Aloiampelos (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae) naturalised and escaped in continental Portugal. Phytotaxa 629 (1): 35-52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.629.1.3, URL: https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.629.1.3/51327
B52134614553FFD399A8FDDCFE5F0D74.text	B52134614553FFD399A8FDDCFE5F0D74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aloe vera (Linnaeus) Burman filius	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Aloe vera (Linnaeus 1753: 320) Burman filius (1768: 83) (Fig. 5). </p>
            <p> Locally used synonyms:—  Aloe barbadensis Miller (1768 : first page headed “ALO-ALO”, species # 2). </p>
            <p>Common name(s):— Portuguese: aloé, aloé-de-Barbados, azebre, azebre-vegetal, azevre, babosa, cacto-dos-aflitos, cura-câncros, erva-azebra, erva-babosa, erva-que-arde, planta-dos-milagres, planta-mistério, planta-que-cura. English: medicinal aloe (Grace et al. 2011).</p>
            <p> Description:—Plants acaulescent or with very short stem up to 0.3 m; suckering at base to  form dense groups. Leaves densely rosulate, erectly spreading, generally straight, up to 30–60 × 5–8 cm, lanceolate-attenuate, dull greyish green, sometimes with scattered, dull, irregularly shaped, whitish maculations when young, maculations generally lacking at maturity; margin concolorous to pinkish; marginal teeth 1–2 mm long, 10–15(–20) mm apart, harmless, firm, pale to whitish; exudate yellow. Inflorescence 0.5–1.0 m high, erect, sometimes 1- or 2-branched. Racemes 30–50 cm long, cylindrical acuminate, dense. Floral bracts ± 10 × 5–7 mm. Pedicels ± 5 mm long. Flowers: slightly to distinctly ventricose; perianth 25–30 mm long, up to 8 mm across ovary, narrowing towards mouth, slightly upcurved, yellow, green-tipped and -lined in bud; outer segments free for 15–18 mm; stamens exserted 3–5 mm; style exserted to 5 mm. Capsule 1.5–2.0 cm long, oblong. </p>
            <p>Flowering time:—(March–)May–June(–July).</p>
            <p>Habitat:—Maritime rocks (Coutinho 1939: 151); escarpments and sea cliffs (Franco &amp; Afonso 1994: 45).</p>
            <p> First mention of the species as naturalised in Portugal:—1896 (Coutinho 1896: 78, as “  Aloe vulgaris ”). Coutinho (1896) based the record on material collected between Sines and Vila Nova de Milfontes (BAl) by Friedrich Welwitsch who had an interest in succulents cultivated in Portugal (Figueiredo et al. 2018). </p>
            <p>Localities recorded:— Coutinho (1939: 151) recorded it from the coast of the same province, i.e., BAl. Later, Franco &amp; Afonso (1994: 46) recorded it as rare in “SW mer.”, i.e. the southern west coast (BAl). Almeida (2012: 209) and Güemes (2013: 312) also recorded it for BAl only. Mabberley &amp; Placito (1993: 47) further recorded it as naturalised at Praia D. Ana, Lagos (Ag).</p>
            <p>Country / region of origin:—Uncertain (see Newton 2020: 675–676 for a discussion).</p>
            <p> Secondary distribution range:—  Aloe vera is widely naturalised, especially in areas with a Mediterranean climate. It was first indicated as escaped on the Iberian Peninsula by Colmeiro (1874: 1) and its naturalisation has been reported from many countries in the Mediterranean area, for example Spain (e.g. Guillot Ortiz et al. 2008), Gibraltar (Lamb 1996, as  A. barbadensis ), Italy (naturalised only in the southernmost areas, casual elsewhere; Galasso et al. 2018, Musarella et al. 2020), Malta (Mifsud 2022), and Greece (Arianoutsou et al. 2010). It is furthermore naturalised in the Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands, Madeira) and most of North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya) (Dobignard &amp; Chatelain 2010). It is also naturalised in, among others, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and the Caribbean. In some areas of its secondary range,  A. vera is considered to be an invasive species. </p>
            <p>Status in Portugal:—Naturalised.</p>
            <p>References:— Coutinho (1939), Webb (1980), Franco &amp; Afonso (1994), Almeida &amp; Freitas (2006), Almeida (2012), Güemes (2013).</p>
            <p> Notes:—Globally,  A. vera is the most important medicinal aloe and it is widely cultivated for various leaf components (see for example Reynolds 2004 and Grace et al. 2015) (Fig. 5A–B). It is therefore unsurprising that it has become naturalised in various parts of the world. </p>
            <p> In Portugal,  A. vera is essentially a summer-flowering species with a relevant, at the time, contemporary mention of its cultivation given by Gomes &amp; Beirão (1852). Some variation has been observed in the timing of flowering, especially in other parts of the world, but plants generally do not flower in winter. The flowers of  A. vera are yellow (Fig. 5C–D), but also in this case, some variation is evident, with orangey red flowers having been recorded in some variants of the species.  Aloe indica Royle (1839: 390) has been interpreted as such a red-flowered variant of  A. vera (see Reynolds 1966: 145, 150, 524). However, non-yellow-flowering material of  A. vera is yet to be formally recorded as naturalised in Portugal. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B52134614553FFD399A8FDDCFE5F0D74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Figueiredo, Estrela;Verloove, Filip;Klopper, Ronell R.;Silva, Vasco	Smith, Gideon F., Figueiredo, Estrela, Verloove, Filip, Klopper, Ronell R., Silva, Vasco (2023): An annotated catalogue of Aloe and Aloiampelos (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae) naturalised and escaped in continental Portugal. Phytotaxa 629 (1): 35-52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.629.1.3, URL: https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.629.1.3/51327
B52134614551FFD099A8FF30FDC70435.text	B52134614551FFD099A8FF30FDC70435.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aloiampelos ciliaris var. ciliaris (Haw.) Klopper & Gideon F. Sm. in Grace et al. 2013	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 5.  Aloiampelos ciliaris (Haw.) Klopper &amp; Gideon F.Sm. in Grace et al. (2013: 10) var. ciliaris (Fig. 6). </p>
            <p> Locally used synonyms:—  Aloe ciliaris Haworth (1825: 281) . </p>
            <p>Common name(s):— Portuguese: None recorded. English: climbing aloe, rambling aloe, scrambling aloe.</p>
            <p>Description:—Much-branched, tangled shrub. Stems long and slender, up to 5–6 m long, 1.0– 1.5 cm diam., repeatedly branched, scandent, only terminal 0.3–0.6 m with leaves. Leaves cauline-dispersed, spreading to recurved, green, without spots, rather thin, linear-lanceolate, long acuminate, 10–15 cm long, 1.5–2.5 cm wide; sheath distinctly auriculate with ciliate margin, cilia 2–4 mm long, obscurely green-lineate, 5–15 mm long; margin with firm, white, cartilaginous teeth, ± 1 mm long, ± 3 mm distant. Inflorescence 0.2–0.3 m long, ascending, arising laterally below apical leaves, usually simple, sometimes with short branch. Peduncle 0.12–0.15 m long, biconvex at base, with few scattered, deltoid-subulate sterile bracts, ± 5 mm long. Racemes broadly cylindric, 8–15 cm long, 4–5 cm wide, erect, sparse to subdense to dense; buds spreading, flowers nodding to pendulous when open. Floral bracts ovate-acuminate, 4–5 mm long, 1–2 mm wide, white, thin, scarious, 3-nerved. Pedicels 5–8 mm long. Flowers: perianth orange to orange-red to scarlet red with yellowish green tips, 28–35 mm long, ± 5 mm across ovary, enlarging slightly to ± 7 mm towards mouth, slightly clavate or cylindric; outer segments free for 6 mm, tips straight or slightly incurved; stamens with filiform-flattened filaments, exserted 2–4 mm; ovary 4 mm long, 2 mm diam., pale green; style exserted 3–4 mm. Fruit capsule oblong, ± 18 × 9 mm. Chromosome number: 2 n = 42 (hexaploid).</p>
            <p>Flowering time:—(November–)December–January(–February), i.e., generally during mid- to late-winter, but can sporadically flower during any month of the year.</p>
            <p>Habitat:—Vicinity of gardens where it is cultivated, for example through surplus material being irresponsibly discarded.</p>
            <p>First mention of the species as naturalised in Portugal:—Not previously recorded as naturalised. It is here recorded as casual and escaped.</p>
            <p>Localities recorded:—E (Malveira da Serra, Cascais and Ulgueira, Sintra).</p>
            <p>Country / region of origin:— Eastern Cape, South Africa.</p>
            <p> Secondary distribution range:—  Aloiampelos ciliaris is very sparingly naturalised, especially in areas with a Mediterranean climate. In Mediterranean Europe its local naturalisation has been reported from Spain (Aymerich &amp; Sáez 2019). Elsewhere in the Mediterranean area and on the Atlantic Islands, it is considered to be an ephemeral escape (see for example Galasso et al. 2018 and Dobignard &amp; Chatelain 2010). It is also naturalised in, among other places,  Australia (Randall 2007) and New Zealand (Schönberger et al. 2021). In some areas of its secondary range,  A. ciliaris is considered to be an invasive species. </p>
            <p>Status in Portugal:—Casual and escaped. Previously recorded as “Cultivated” (Silva et al. 2015: 75).</p>
            <p>References for the area:— Liberato &amp; Caixinhas (2006: 8), Sirovs (2014).</p>
            <p> Notes:—The alooids, in particular the genus  Aloiampelos Klopper &amp; Gideon F.Sm. in Grace et al. (2013: 10), have long horticultural and research histories in Portugal, especially through cytogenetics and taxonomic work conducted by Flávio Resende (1907–1967) on this predominantly southern African group (Figueiredo et al. 2019, Smith &amp; Figueiredo 2019: 36, Smith &amp; Silva 2019, Smith et al. 2020). While working on the cytogenetics of a range of alooids at the University of Lisbon, Portugal, Resende described several new taxa at the rank of forma in species of rambling aloe, a group that, at the time, was interpreted as  Aloe ser. Macrifoliae Haworth (1825: 280) , later as A. sect. Macrifoliae (Haw.) Glen &amp; Hardy (2000: 92), now as the genus  Aloiampelos . One of the formae described by Resende,  Aloe ciliaris f. gigas Resende (1943: 101) , is a hybrid between the hexaploid  Aloiampelos ciliaris var. ciliaris and the tetraploid  A. ciliaris var. redacta (S.Carter in Brandham &amp; Carter 1990: 643) Klopper &amp; Gideon F.Sm. in Grace et al. (2013: 10) and was recently raised to the rank of nothovariety, as  A. ciliaris nothovar. gigas (Resende 1943: 101) Smith &amp; Figueiredo (2019: 38). </p>
            <p> Aloiampelos ciliaris is widely known as a rambling or scrambling aloe and is generally characterised by its creeping, shrubby, or climbing habit (Fig. 6A–B). The rather narrow, thin leaves are spirally arranged along thin, slender stems and are separated by prominent internodes, so placing the distinctly ciliate-fringed sheathing bases on display (Fig. 6C). The almost invariably unbranched inflorescences (but see Fig. 6D) can be either sparse-flowered or subdense and cylindrical, or near-capitate and dense-flowered, and predominantly in winter carry rather large, cylindrical flowers that range from orange to orange-red to scarlet red with yellowish green tips (Smith et al. 2021) (Fig. 6A–B, D). </p>
            <p>The species is very commonly grown along the Mediterranean coast of Europe where it will develop into large, dense stands of heavily tangled stems.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B52134614551FFD099A8FF30FDC70435	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Figueiredo, Estrela;Verloove, Filip;Klopper, Ronell R.;Silva, Vasco	Smith, Gideon F., Figueiredo, Estrela, Verloove, Filip, Klopper, Ronell R., Silva, Vasco (2023): An annotated catalogue of Aloe and Aloiampelos (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae) naturalised and escaped in continental Portugal. Phytotaxa 629 (1): 35-52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.629.1.3, URL: https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.629.1.3/51327
B52134614550FFD199A8F9C5FA580BD0.text	B52134614550FFD199A8F9C5FA580BD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asphodelaceae de Jussieu 1789	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Identification key to the variously naturalised or casual and escaped  alooid species recorded for continental Portugal </p>
            <p> 1. Racemes distinctly capitate; flowers basally sub-globose-inflated; leaves at maturity adaxially spotted with H-shaped or irregularly-shaped, whitish maculations.........................................................................................................................................  Aloe maculata</p>
            <p>1’. Racemes broadly or narrowly cone-shaped; flowers not basally globose-inflated; leaves at maturity lacking whitish maculations .. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................2</p>
            <p>2. Plants low-growing, lacking a stem or with short stem up to 0.5 m long..........................................................................................3</p>
            <p>2’. Plants tall-growing, with distinct, usually much-branched stems and branches, stem&gt; 0.5 m .........................................................4</p>
            <p> 3. Flowers bright orangey red ............................................................................................................................................  Aloe × nobilis</p>
            <p> 3’. Flowers yellow .....................................................................................................................................................................  Aloe vera</p>
            <p> 4. Stem and branches robust, ascending; sheathing leaf base lacking cilia .................................................................  Aloe arborescens</p>
            <p> 4’. Stem and branches thin, variously scrambling; sheathing leaf base ciliate .....................................  Aloiampelos ciliaris var. ciliaris</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B52134614550FFD199A8F9C5FA580BD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smith, Gideon F.;Figueiredo, Estrela;Verloove, Filip;Klopper, Ronell R.;Silva, Vasco	Smith, Gideon F., Figueiredo, Estrela, Verloove, Filip, Klopper, Ronell R., Silva, Vasco (2023): An annotated catalogue of Aloe and Aloiampelos (Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae) naturalised and escaped in continental Portugal. Phytotaxa 629 (1): 35-52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.629.1.3, URL: https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/download/phytotaxa.629.1.3/51327
