identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6F7D6133B2F95F38923E4CCDA21A1A2D.text	6F7D6133B2F95F38923E4CCDA21A1A2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas amandae Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas amandae Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 0.9-1.25 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: slightly ovoid. Central keel: complete; partial. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Lateral ocellar depression: present laterally. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: laterally weakened. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present throughout. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: more than 3/4. Mesoscutellar spine: absent or inconspicuous. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: rounded. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: moderately dense. Mesoscutal lamella: broad and square. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin; approximately uniform in length on anterior and posterior margins.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas amandae has the pronotum entirely covered with reticulate microsculpture, which is not typical among the species treated here. The absent or inconspicuous mesoscutellar spine also helps to identify it. It can be distinguished from the similar S. codex by the shape of the head, which is blocky in S. codex, and by the epomial carina, which is complete or nearly so in S. amandae and absent or reduced in S. codex.</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The central keel is variable, often present only in the ventral part of the frons, but sometimes complete or nearly so, extending to the median ocellus. The length of the forewing marginal setae is only slightly longer on the posterior margin than on the anterior margin.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>This species is named in honor of the entomologist Amanda Hodges.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from variously shaped galls on Nauclea sp. (Rubiaceae) [GALL218, GALL219, GALL223].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 16.XI.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Nauclea sp. 1, (FSCA 00000403). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: 7♀, Morobe, Yawan, 15.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1, (FSCA 00000037, 00000313-00000318); 2♀, Morobe, Yawan, 16.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1, (FSCA 00094594-00094595); 1♀, Morobe, Yawan, 25.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1, (FSCA 00000323); 1♀, Morobe, Yawan, 26.I.2011, Nauclea sp. 1, (FSCA 00000331); 6♀, Morobe, Yawan, 04.X.2012, Nauclea sp. 1, (FSCA 00090253, 00094584-00094588).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6F7D6133B2F95F38923E4CCDA21A1A2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
416CDC8D934C542287C274559FBED04B.text	416CDC8D934C542287C274559FBED04B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas anunu Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas anunu Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.3-1.9 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: distinctly ovoid. Central keel: partial. Sculpture on frons: rugose macrosculpture. Epitorular sculpture: rugose. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): approximately 1 ocellar diameter; greater than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: absent.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/4 to 1/2. Mesoscutellar spine: long and thick. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed dorsally and ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: distinctly grooved. Parapsidal lines: marked by absence of sculpture. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: truncate, with striate sculpture. Setation of mesoscutellum: present lateral to striate sculpture.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: microsculpture present in patch at posterior margin, not extending to posterolateral corners. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: shorter than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: moderately dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: setose distally, glabrous proximally. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>The head of this species is mostly covered in rugose macrosculpture and the notauli are distinctly grooved, characters which it shares with S. klingunculum. The mesoscutellar spine of S. anunu is long and thick, with its length more than twice the thickness at its midpoint (Fig. 13B). Synopeas klingunculum has a mesoscutellar spine that is more wart-shaped, with the length only slightly greater than its thickness in lateral view (Fig. 13A). The sculpture of the lateral pronotum in S. klingunculum is present dorsally and absent ventrally, with a smooth band anterior to the tegula. This smooth band is lacking in S. anunu. Additionally, the epomial carina of S. klingunculum terminates posteriorly in a pit, while that of S. anunu does not.</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The central keel is variable and difficult to discern due to the sculpture of the frons. The keel is present ventrally, and occasionally also present dorsally, just ventral to the median ocellus.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas anunu " is Manam for “shadow” (Osmond and Ross 2016). It is applied to this species because it resembles S. klingunculum, being distinguishable based on the silhouette or shadow of the mesoscutellar spine. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from a vein swelling gall on Nauclea sp. (Rubiaceae) [GALL217].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 30.XI.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00090255). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: 1♀1♂, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 30.XI.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00094589-00094590).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/416CDC8D934C542287C274559FBED04B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
9A5A7015BEA35EA9A4FD328A6B7B698B.text	9A5A7015BEA35EA9A4FD328A6B7B698B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas butterilli Buhl 2013	<div><p>Synopeas butterilli Buhl, 2013</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.3 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: circular. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: evenly spaced; medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly robust. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: greater than 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present medially, absent ventrally and dorsally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/4 to 1/2. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly; angled posterodorsally. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: rounded. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: short, projecting less than its width beyond margin; broad and rounded. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: shorter than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: sparse. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: approximately uniform in length on anterior and posterior margins.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>The lateral ocellus and the hyperoccipital carina are widely separated in S. butterilli, by approximately 1.5 ocellar diameters. The sculpture of the lateral pronotum is restricted to a narrow line medially, and the lateral pronotum is smooth dorsally and ventrally. These two characters set it apart from other species with a short, pointed mesoscutellar spine: S. luli, S. occultum, S. roncavei, S. sanga, and S. toto.</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The female holotype and paratype of S. butterilli have a posterodorsally pointed mesoscutellar spine. The male specimens examined have a posteriorly pointed mesoscutellar spine. The angle of the mesoscutellar spine may be sexually dimorphic in this species, but more specimens are needed to confirm this. The central keel is present and complete, but very weak and may be difficult to see.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from galls on Paramyristica cf. sepicana (Myristicaceae). Occasionally found in the same gall as Inostemma sp.</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Madang, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.758&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.758/lat -5.183)">Mis</a> 5.183°S, 145.758°E; 15.IX.2010-17.II.2011, Philip Butterill leg. Paramyristica sp. (USNMENT01335986). Paratype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Madang, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.758&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.758/lat -5.183)">Mis</a> 5.183°S, 145.758°E; 15.IX.2010-17.II.2011; Philip Butterill leg.; Paramyristica sp. (USNMENT01335984). Other material: ♂, Madang, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.758&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.183" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.758/lat -5.183)">Mis</a>, 5.183°S, 145.758°E; 16.VII.2010; Philip Butterill leg. Paramyristica cf sepicana. (FSCA 00090264); ♂, Madang, Mis, 17.II.2011, Paramyristica cf sepicana. (FSCA 00090428).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A5A7015BEA35EA9A4FD328A6B7B698B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
BA398DB7D7125B13B70C870DA564C9F9.text	BA398DB7D7125B13B70C870DA564C9F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas codex Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas codex Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.1-1.5 mm. Body color: black; dark brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: blocky. Central keel: partial. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Lateral ocellar depression: present laterally. Hyperoccipital carina: present in medial third. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly weak. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: greater than 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: absent; present only in ventral half. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present throughout. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: more than 3/4. Mesoscutellar spine: absent or inconspicuous. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: rounded; pointed dorsally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: unmarked. Setation of mesoscutum: absent medially, present laterally. Mesoscutal lamella: broad and rounded; broad and square. Setation of mesoscutellum: absent medially.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: present on posterior half. Sculpture of T2: long transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>The shape of the head in S. codex is distinctly blocky in anterior view. Among the species treated here, Synopeas codex may be recognized by the absent or reduced epomial carina. When present, the epomial carina is short, extending less than halfway up the pronotum. S2 is covered with reticulate microsculpture on the posterior half (Fig. 6E), and there is a wide band of microsculpture at the posterior margin of dorsal T2.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas codex " is Latin for a book or block of wood. We here used it to refer to the shape of the head in this species. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The distance between the dorsal margin of the eye and the vertex is very small, as in S. valavala. It thus may represent an intermediate form between the typical head shape in Synopeas and the extreme found in S. valavala. The bidentate mandibles are rather short, just meeting in the middle rather than overlapping.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from vein swelling, globoid, pimple, and blister galls on Nauclea (Rubiaceae) [GALL217, GALL218, GALL222, GALL219]. One record each from Homalanthus nervosus (Euphorbiaceae) [GALL354] and Ficus adenosperma (Moraceae) [GALL318].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 26.XI.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000385). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: 1♀, Morobe, Yawan, 24.VII.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000352); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 16.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000374); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 17.XI.2010, Homalanthus nervosus, (FSCA 00000377); ♀ 2♂, Morobe, Yawan, 25.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00034030, 00094609-00094610); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 26.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000386) 4♀ 4♂, Morobe, Yawan, 30.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000380-00000382, 00000388-00000392); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 25.I.2011, Ficus adenosperma, (FSCA 00090425); 3♀, Morobe, Yawan, 08.X.2012, Nauclea tenuiflora, (FSCA 00000310, 00034029 00094583).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA398DB7D7125B13B70C870DA564C9F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
C537718B31D853FBB526C0B9E1B71F3A.text	C537718B31D853FBB526C0B9E1B71F3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas csoszi Buhl 2004	<div><p>Synopeas csoszi Buhl, 2004</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.7-2.3 mm. Body color: brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, legs otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: distinctly ovoid. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae. Number of clypeal setae: unknown. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: unknown. Arrangement of clypeal setae: unknown. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): approximately 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly robust. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present anterodorsally, absent posteroventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: unknown. Mesoscutellar spine: long and thin. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: uncertain, absent medially, present laterally. Mesoscutal lamella: broad and rounded; roughly triangular. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: longer than head and mesosoma combined.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: shorter than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: approximately uniform in length on anterior and posterior margins.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas csoszi is easily recognized by the extraordinary length of the second metasomal segment, which is longer than the head and mesosoma combined. The metasoma is narrow anteriorly, expanding posteriorly to become wider than the rest of the body at the junction between metasomal segments 2 and 3. The shape of the antennal scape is unusually expanded distally forming a club, then contracting into a narrowly curved apex (Fig. 29).</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The forewing disc is setose distally and glabrous proximally, with a broad linea setosa.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Unknown.</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Mt. Wilhelm, alt. 3900 m, 1324.IX.1968, Janos Balogh leg. Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: ♀ ♂, Mt. Wilhelm, alt. 3900 m, 1324.IX.1968, Janos Balogh leg. (deposited in HNHM).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C537718B31D853FBB526C0B9E1B71F3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
B0BAAAEE497E51AF96BBAE500035CC14.text	B0BAAAEE497E51AF96BBAE500035CC14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas kalubia Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas kalubia Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.6 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: slightly ovoid. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: rugulose macrosculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: uncertain, longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: unknown. Shape of mandible: unknown. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: medially weakened. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present throughout. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: more than 3/4. Mesoscutellar spine: long and thick. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed dorsally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: weakly convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: weakly impressed. Setation of mesoscutum: moderately dense. Mesoscutal lamella: short and narrow. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: approximately uniform in length on anterior and posterior margins.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Important characters for identifying S. kalubia include the weak hyperoccipital carina and the microsculpture of the lateral pronotum, which is absent only in the ventralmost portion. It can be distinguished from S. kira by the pattern of microsculpture on S2. In S. kalubia, the microsculpture is limited to a narrow band along the posterior margin that is half as long as that of S. kira (Fig. 6D), and S. kira also has a well-developed hyperoccipital carina. The notauli of S. kalubia are not indicated, which allows it to be easily separated from S. klingunculum and S. anunu.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas kalubia " is Bariai for “barracuda” (Osmond, 2011) and refers to the streamlined appearance of this species. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from a blister gall on Nauclea sp. (Rubiaceae) [GALL219].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 30.XI.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000344).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B0BAAAEE497E51AF96BBAE500035CC14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
FEF466FFCAF7520E9C4A1365C9EC8C20.text	FEF466FFCAF7520E9C4A1365C9EC8C20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas kiki Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas kiki Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 0.9 mm. Body color: dark brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: slightly ovoid. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae. Number of clypeal setae: unknown. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: unknown. Arrangement of clypeal setae: uncertain, medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): approximately 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: medially weakened; uniformly weak. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present anterodorsally, absent posteroventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/4 to 1/2. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: rounded. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: long and narrow. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: absent. Sculpture of T2: absent; narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: moderately dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: unknown. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Identification of S. kiki requires the use of numerous characters because it does not have any obviously distinct features. It is similar to S. roncavei, from which it can be separated by the development of the hyperoccipital carina, which is medially weakened in S. kiki and uniformly robust in S. roncavei. It is also similar to S. luli, but S. kiki has a posteriorly angled mesoscutellar spine and no central keel, while S. luli has a posterodorsally angled mesoscutellar spine and a partial central keel. The forewing of S. luli has setae of approximately equal length around the wing margin, while in S. kiki, the setae are distinctly longer on the posterior margin (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas kiki " is Proto-Oceanic for “small” (Ross and Osmond 2016) and refers to the relatively diminutive size of this species. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from a pimple gall on Nauclea sp. (Rubiaceae) [GALL222].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 25.XI.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00090410).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FEF466FFCAF7520E9C4A1365C9EC8C20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
981C54D13B875448BEEC8D687B2B0E9A.text	981C54D13B875448BEEC8D687B2B0E9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas kira Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas kira Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.2-1.6 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: slightly ovoid. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: evenly spaced; medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly robust. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: less than 1 ocellar diameter; approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/2 to 2/3; 2/3 to 3/4. Mesoscutellar spine: long and thick. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed dorsally and ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: long and narrow; roughly triangular. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: long band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: long transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin; microsculpture present in patch at posterior margin, not extending to posterolateral corners. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas kira is similar to S. kalubia, from which it can be separated by the pattern of microsculpture at the posterior margin of S2. In S. kira, the sculpture forms a wide band, longer than S3 (Fig. 6D), and in S. kalubia it is limited to a very narrow band. The absent or faint notauli of S. kira enable it to be easily separated from S. klingunculum and S. anunu. Synopeas kira has a dorsally convex and blunt mesoscutellar spine, distinguishing it from S. sanga and S. occultum, both of which have a short, pointed mesoscutellar spine.</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The arrangement of the clypeal setae is variable, with the median pair of setae either closer to each other than to the lateral setae, or with all four setae evenly spaced.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas kira " is Manam for "stone axe" (Osmond and Ross 1998) and refers to the shape of the mesoscutellar spine. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from galls on Cypholophus (Urticaceae) [GALL266, GALL428, GALL429]. One record from Debregeasia longifolia (Urticaceae) [GALL268].</p> <p>Specimens examined. Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 17.VII.2012, Philip Butterill leg., Cypholophus macrocephalus (FSCA 00090258). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 25.XI.2010, Debregeasia longifolia, (FSCA 00090431); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 25.I.2011, Cypholophus friesianus (FSCA 00090434); 12♀ 2♂, Morobe, Yawan, 28.III.2012, Cypholophus sp. 1 (FSCA 00090416, 00094498-00094501, 00094516-00094523, 00094616); 2♂, Morobe, Yawan, 29.III.2012, Cypholophus sp. 1 (FSCA 00000416, 00094503); 2♂, Morobe, Yawan, 10.VII.2012, Cypholophus sp. 1 (FSCA 00000398, 00094546); ♀ ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 17.VII.2012, Cypholophus macrocephalus (FSCA 00094566-00094567).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/981C54D13B875448BEEC8D687B2B0E9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
BF285FE38BD8541A947BF5C60C8075F3.text	BF285FE38BD8541A947BF5C60C8075F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas klingunculum Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas klingunculum Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.2-1.8 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: distinctly ovoid. Central keel: partial. Sculpture on frons: rugose macrosculpture. Epitorular sculpture: rugose. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): approximately 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: interrupted medially; present in medial third; absent; obscured by sculpture. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly weak. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: approximately 1 ocellar diameter; greater than 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally, smooth band anterior to tegula. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/4 to 1/2. Mesoscutellar spine: long and thick. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: rounded; pointed dorsally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: distinctly grooved. Parapsidal lines: marked by absence of sculpture. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: truncate, with striate sculpture. Setation of mesoscutellum: present lateral to striate sculpture.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: shorter than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: sparse. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: densely setose distally, sparsely setose proximally. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>The head of S. klingunculum is mostly covered in rugose macrosculpture and the notauli are distinctly grooved, characters which it shares with S. anunu. The mesoscutellar spine of S. klingunculum is papilliform or wart-like, with the length of the spine only slightly greater than its thickness in lateral view. Synopeas anunu has a mesoscutellar spine that is similar in form, but its length is more than twice the thickness at its midpoint (Fig. 13). The sculpture of the lateral pronotum in S. klingunculum is present dorsally and absent ventrally, with a smooth band anterior to the tegula. This smooth band is lacking in S. anunu. Additionally, the epomial carina of S. klingunculum terminates posteriorly in a pit, while that of S. anunu does not.</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The central keel is variable and difficult to discern due to the sculpture of the frons. The keel is present ventrally, and occasionally also present dorsally, just ventral to the median ocellus. Similarly, the hyperoccipital carina is often obscured by head sculpture, but when visible, it is weak and incomplete. The epomial carina terminates posteriorly in a pit.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas klingunculum " means "little Klingon" and refers to the rugose head sculpture, which resembles that of the fictional alien race from "Star Trek".</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from vein swelling and globoid galls on Nauclea spp. (Rubiaceae) [GALL217, GALL218].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 17.X.2012, Philip Butterill leg., Nauclea tenuiflora (FSCA 00034032). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 01.VII.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000365); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 23.VII.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000368); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 24.VIII.2010, Nauclea sp. 1, (FSCA 00000309); 2♀ 3♂, Morobe, Yawan, 22.IX.2010, Nauclea tenuiflora (FSCA 00000362-00000364, 00000378-00000379); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 26.X.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000369); 2♂, Morobe, Yawan, 30.X.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00090254-00094591); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 12.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000354); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 26.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000411); ♀ ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 29.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000343, 00090408); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 26.I.2011, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000375); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 01.VIII.2012, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000366); 15♀ 4♂, Morobe, Yawan, 13.XI.2012, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000237, 00000355, 00034028, FSCA 00094485-00094492, 00094504-00094510); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 21.XI.2012, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000376).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF285FE38BD8541A947BF5C60C8075F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
C283177CEF225C69A05862A387D71FDC.text	C283177CEF225C69A05862A387D71FDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas luli Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas luli Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.1-1.3 mm. Body color: black; dark brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: slightly ovoid. Central keel: absent; partial; impressed. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: equal to lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: evenly spaced; medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): approximately 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly weak. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: less than 1 ocellar diameter; approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally, smooth band anterior to tegula. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/4 to 1/2. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: angled posterodorsally. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed dorsally and ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint; marked by absence of sculpture. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: broad and rounded; roughly triangular. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: absent. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: moderately dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: setose distally, glabrous proximally; densely setose distally, sparsely setose proximally. Forewing marginal setae: approximately uniform in length on anterior and posterior margins.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas luli has a short, pointed mesoscutellar spine that is angled upward, and a weak but complete hyperoccipital carina. It resembles S. kiki and may be distinguished by the presence of a partial central keel on the frons and by the mesoscutellar spine, which is posterodorsally angled in S. luli and posteriorly angled in S. kiki. The forewing of S. luli has setae of approximately equal length around the wing margin, while in S. kiki, the setae are distinctly longer on the posterior margin (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The central keel is variable in this species. It can be absent, or present ventrally within a shallow longitudinal depression.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas luli " is Numbani for “thorn” (Evans 2008) and refers to the shape of the mesoscutellar spine. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from galls on Neuburgia corynocarpa (Apocynaceae) [GALL236] and Piper macropiper (Piperaceae) [GALL307].</p> <p>Specimens examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 22.X.2012, Philip Butterill leg., Neuburgia corynocarpa (FSCA 00090412). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: 5♀ 3♂, Morobe, Yawan, 22.IX.2010, Neuburgia corynocarpa (FSCA 00090427, 00090437-00090438, 00094466-00094470); 3♀ 2♂, Morobe, Yawan, 03.XI.2010, Piper macropiper (FSCA 00090426, 00090429, 00094482-00094484); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 30.III.2012, Neuburgia corynocarpa (FSCA 00090440); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 14.VI.2012, Neuburgia corynocarpa (FSCA 00090439); 7♀ 4♂, Morobe, Yawan, 22.X.2012, Neuburgia corynocarpa (FSCA 00094524-00094528, 00094548-00094549, 00000332-00000335).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C283177CEF225C69A05862A387D71FDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
5550D7F1A47858A9A010618A2759300A.text	5550D7F1A47858A9A010618A2759300A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas occultum Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas occultum Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.1-1.5mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: slightly ovoid. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Lateral ocellar depression: present laterally. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly robust. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: less than 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/2 to 2/3. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: short, projecting less than its width beyond margin. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: present at posterior margin and in posterolateral corners. Sculpture of T2: narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas occultum has a short, pointed scutellar spine and a robust, complete hyperoccipital carina. It may be distinguished from similar-looking species by the patch of microsculpture on posterior and posterolateral S2 (Fig. 6B). It resembles S. sanga, but differs in the length of T2, which is much more elongate in S. occultum (compare Figs 35 and 41). Additionally, S. sanga has a long patch of microsculpture at the dorsal margin of T2, which in S. occultum is much shorter (Fig. 7).</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas occultum " is Latin for “hidden”. It is applied to this species because it was not initially recognized from morphology alone, and its hidden identity was revealed by DNA barcoding.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from nodule-like galls on Cypholophus friesianus (Urticaceae) [GALL266].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 24.V.2012, Philip Butterill leg., Cypholophus friesianus (FSCA 00090403). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: ♀ 4♂, Morobe, Yawan, 04.X.2010, Cypholophus friesianus (FSCA 00090435, 00094460-00094463); 3♂, Morobe, Yawan, 07.X.2010, Cypholophus friesianus (FSCA 00090436, 00094464-00094465); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 29.XI.2010, Cypholophus friesianus (FSCA 00090433); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 24.V.2012, Cypholophus friesianus (FSCA 00094493).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5550D7F1A47858A9A010618A2759300A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
71A0D7BB3DC153A0ABF6F731BA575EEB.text	71A0D7BB3DC153A0ABF6F731BA575EEB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas pattiae Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas pattiae Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.5-1.7 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: circular. Central keel: absent; partial. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly robust. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/2 to 2/3. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly; angled posterodorsally. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: absent medially, present laterally. Mesoscutal lamella: broad and rounded; roughly triangular. Setation of mesoscutellum: absent medially; laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: uncertain, longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: moderately dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: setose distally, glabrous proximally. Forewing marginal setae: approximately uniform in length on anterior and posterior margins.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas pattiae has a short, pointed mesoscutellar spine and a robust, complete hyperoccipital carina. Synopeas pattiae can be differentiated from S. pulupulu by the setation of the meoscutum and mesoscutellum, which are medially glabrous in S. pattiae and uniformly setose in S. pulupulu. Synopeas pattiae is similar to S. roncavei, but the forewing of S. pattiae lacks a linea setosa, which is present in S. roncavei (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The central keel may be ventrally present or entirely absent. The forewing disc is proximally glabrous or with a few scattered setae.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>This species is named in honor of botanist Patti J. Anderson.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from globoid galls on Syzygium decipiens (Myrtaceae) [GALL419].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 03.XII.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Syzygium decipiens (FSCA 00090423). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: 3♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 03.XII.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Syzygium decipiens (FSCA 00094479-00094481).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/71A0D7BB3DC153A0ABF6F731BA575EEB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
FC4FE82FD7D65442BF4AF2B9832E78C9.text	FC4FE82FD7D65442BF4AF2B9832E78C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas psychotriae Buhl 2013	<div><p>Synopeas psychotriae Buhl, 2013</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.3-1.4 mm. Body color: dark brown. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: circular; slightly ovoid. Central keel: complete and weakly developed. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly weak. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: less than 1 ocellar diameter; approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/4 to 1/2. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly; angled posterodorsally. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed dorsally and ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: well impressed. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: broad and square. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: absent; narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: shorter than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: sparse. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: setose distally, glabrous proximally. Forewing marginal setae: approximately uniform in length on anterior and posterior margins.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>The parapsidal lines of S. psychotriae are well impressed (Fig. 20A), distinguishing it from the similar S. luli, which has unmarked or very faint parapsidal lines. The metasomal microsculpture of S. psychotriae is minimal, being absent or restricted to very narrow bands at the posterior margins of each segment, whereas S. sanga, S. occultum, and S. kira have more extensive metasomal sculpturing (Fig. 6). There is no central keel, but rather an impressed line running from the toruli to the median ocellus. The mesoscutellar spine may be angled posteriorly or posterodorsally.</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>The female types of S. psychotriae have a posterodorsally pointed mesoscutellar spine. The male specimen has a posteriorly pointed mesoscutellar spine, while that of the female from the same gall is posterodorsally pointed. The angle of the mesoscutellar spine may be sexually dimorphic in this species, but more specimens are needed for confirmation.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from galls on Psychotria ramuensis (Rubiaceae).</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Madang, 5°08'S, 145°47'E, 27.I-5.IV.2011, Philip Butterill leg., Psychotria ramuensis (USNMENT01335972). Paratype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Madang, 5°08'S, 145°47'E, 27.I-5.IV.2011, Philip Butterill leg., Psychotria ramuensis (USNMENT01335982). Other material: Papua New Guinea: ♀ ♂, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.686/lat -5.233)">Ohu</a>, 5.233°S, 145.686°E, 22.II.2011, Philip Butterill leg., Psychotria ramuensis, (FSCA 00090261, 00094619).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC4FE82FD7D65442BF4AF2B9832E78C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
DD357585E3665644ABA34991F00D7D38.text	DD357585E3665644ABA34991F00D7D38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas pterocarpi Buhl 2013	<div><p>Synopeas pterocarpi Buhl, 2013</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.4-1.5 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: circular. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: parallel, arched rugae. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: evenly spaced. Shape of mandible: unknown. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): approximately 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly robust. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: uncertain, approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/2 to 2/3. Mesoscutellar spine: absent or inconspicuous. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: rounded. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: broad and rounded. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: unknown. Sculpture of T2: absent. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: shorter than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: sparse. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: unknown. Forewing marginal setae: unknown.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>The frons of S. pterocarpi is characterized by parallel, arched rugae above the toruli, not found in other Synopeas from New Guinea.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from galls on Pterocarpus indicus (Fabaceae).</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Madang, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.68333/lat -5.233333)">Ohu</a>, 5°14'S, 145°41'E, 13.IX.2010-19.I.2011, Philip Butterill leg., Pterocarpus indicus (USNMENT01335974). Paratype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Madang, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.68333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.233333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.68333/lat -5.233333)">Ohu</a>, 5°14'S, 145°41'E, 13.IX.2010-19.I.2011, Philip Butterill leg., Pterocarpus indicus, ZMUC.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DD357585E3665644ABA34991F00D7D38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
DC177342C4F25DD9B9A166C2F0669D46.text	DC177342C4F25DD9B9A166C2F0669D46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas pulupulu Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas pulupulu Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.6-1.8 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: circular. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly robust. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 2/3 to 3/4. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly; angled posterodorsally. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed dorsally and ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: moderately dense. Mesoscutal lamella: roughly triangular. Setation of mesoscutellum: present throughout.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: absent. Sculpture of T2: absent. Length of T2: approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: approximately uniform in length on anterior and posterior margins.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas pulupulu has a short, pointed mesoscutellar spine and a robust, complete hyperoccipital carina. Synopeas pulupulu can be differentiated from S. roncavei and S. pattiae by the setation of the meoscutum and mesoscutellum, which are uniformly setose in S. pulupulu and medially glabrous in S. roncavei and S. pattiae. Additionally, the sculpture of the lateral pronotum in S. pulupulu is more extensive than that of S. roncavei and S. pattiae, covering more than two thirds of the sclerite.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas pulupulu " is Manam for “hairy” (Osmond and Ross 2016) and refers to the relatively dense setae on the mesoscutum. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from galls on Palmeria sp. (Monimiaceae) [GALL331].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 20.XI.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Palmeria sp. 1 (FSCA 00090430). Paratype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 20.XI.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Palmeria sp. 1 (FSCA 00094459).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC177342C4F25DD9B9A166C2F0669D46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
3D3CFB99CC91576CBF89D73A9C1588A5.text	3D3CFB99CC91576CBF89D73A9C1588A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas roncavei Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas roncavei Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.2-1.5 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow; coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: circular. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly robust. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/2 to 2/3. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: rounded. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: absent medially, present laterally. Mesoscutal lamella: broad and rounded; roughly triangular. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas roncavei has a short, pointed mesoscutellar spine and a robust, complete hyperoccipital carina. The metasomal sculpture on T2 is restricted to a narrow band at the posterior margin (Fig. 40). It is similar to S. kiki, and these can be differentiated by the hyperoccipital carina. In S. kiki, the hyperoccipital carina is medially weakened and laterally present as a thin carina, whereas in S. roncavei, the hyperoccipital carina is uniformly robust. Synopeas roncavei can be differentiated from S. pulupulu by the setation of the meoscutum and mesoscutellum, which are medially glabrous in S. roncavei and uniformly setose in S. pulupulu. Synopeas roncavei is similar to S. pattiae, but the forewing of S. pattiae lacks a linea setosa, which is present in S. roncavei (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>This species is named in honor of the biological control researcher and beetle taxonomist Ronald D. Cave.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Primarily reared from blister galls on Piper amboinense and Piper celtidiforme (Piperaceae) [GALL273, GALL300]. One specimen reared from Cypholophus friesianus (Urticaceae) [GALL266].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 12.X.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Piper celtidiforme (FSCA 00090249). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: ♀ ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 20.IX.2010, Piper amboinense (FSCA 00000407, 00000322); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 05.X.2010, Piper sp. (FSCA 00090417); 2♀, Morobe, Yawan, 12.X.2010, Piper celtidiforme, FSCA 00094605-00094606); 4♀, Morobe, Yawan, 15.X.2010, Piper amboinense (FSCA 00000339-00000342); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 15.X.2010, Cypholophus friesianus (FSCA 00090432); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 18.X.2010, Piper amboinense (FSCA 00000408); 3♀ 3♂, Morobe, Yawan, 25.X.2010, Piper amboinense (FSCA 00090259, 00090411, FSCA 00094495-00094496, 00094607-00094608); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 11.XI.2010, Piper amboinense (FSCA 00000253).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D3CFB99CC91576CBF89D73A9C1588A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
4BDF6DE3A2F15FDCA0BD5BC905F5CC8E.text	4BDF6DE3A2F15FDCA0BD5BC905F5CC8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas sanga Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas sanga Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.1-1.4mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: slightly ovoid. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: evenly spaced. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly robust. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: less than 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/2 to 2/3. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: pointing posteriorly. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: long and narrow. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: present at posterior margin and in posterolateral corners. Sculpture of T2: wide transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas sanga has a short, pointed scutellar spine and a robust, complete hyperoccipital carina. It may be distinguished from similar species by the patch of microsculpture on posterior and posterolateral S2 (Fig. 6A) and the long band of reticulate microsculpture on dorsal T2 (Fig. 7A). It resembles S. occultum but differs in the length of T2, which is much more elongate in S. occultum (compare Figs 35 and 41). Synopeas sanga has sparser setation on the frons than does S. roncavei sp. 2 (compare Figs 40 and 41).</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas sanga " is Proto-Oceanic for “forked” (Evans, 2008) and refers to the forked microsculpture pattern on posterior S2. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from blister galls on Saurauia conferta and Saurauia schumanniana (Actinidiaceae) [GALL397, GALL499].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 03.IX.2012, Philip Butterill leg., Saurauia conferta (FSCA 00000399). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: 3♀ 2♂, Morobe, Yawan, 17.V.2012, Saurauia conferta (FSCA 00000345-00000349); 2♀, Morobe, Yawan, 03.IX.2012, Saurauia schumanniana (FSCA 00000397, 00094474); 7♀ 3♂, Morobe, Yawan, 03.IX.2012, Saurauia conferta (FSCA 00094511-00094514, 00094532-00094536, 00094615); 3♀ 3♂, Morobe, Yawan, 05.XI.2012, Saurauia conferta, (FSCA 00000356-00000361); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 20.XI.2012, Saurauia conferta (FSCA 00000396).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4BDF6DE3A2F15FDCA0BD5BC905F5CC8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
1695765E563E58E5ACBB79725ACC5A93.text	1695765E563E58E5ACBB79725ACC5A93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas toto Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas toto Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.1-1.5 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: circular. Central keel: complete and well developed. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: uncertain, minute rugulae; uncertain, reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: medial setae closer to each other than to lateral setae. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: complete. Hyperoccipital carina strength: uniformly weak. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: approximately 1 ocellar diameter.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/2 to 2/3. Mesoscutellar spine: short and pointed. Mesoscutellar spine in lateral view: angled posterodorsally. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: roughly triangular. Setation of mesoscutellum: absent medially.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: shorter than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: sparse. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: densely setose distally, sparsely setose proximally. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas toto has a strong, distinct central keel on the frons. Synopeas psychotriae also has a line on the frons that extends from between the toruli to the median ocellus, but it is impressed rather than raised. Additionally, the parapsidal lines of S. psychotriae are well impressed (Fig. 20A) and are very weak in S. toto (Fig. 42). Synopeas butterilli can have a complete central keel, but it is weakly developed. The sculpture of the lateral pronotum in S. butterilli is restricted to a narrow medial band (Fig. 27), rather than covering the dorsal half of the lateral pronotum as in S. toto.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas toto " is Proto-Oceanic for “cut” (Ross et al. 1998) and refers to the complete central keel dividing the frons. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from galls on Nauclea (Rubiaceae) [GALL217, GALL218].</p> <p>Specimens examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 01.XII.2010, Philip Butterill leg., Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000252). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: ♀♂, Morobe, Yawan, 11.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00090421, 00094597); 2♂, Morobe, Yawan, 25.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00090420, 00094494); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 26.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1, FSCA 00000412); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 01.XII.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000330); ♀ 2♂, Morobe, Yawan, 26.I.2011, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000406, 00094592-00094593); 5♀ 4♂, Morobe, Yawan, 21.XI.2012, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000245, 00000258, 00000336-00000338, 00000393, 00094563-00094565).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1695765E563E58E5ACBB79725ACC5A93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
35C7F0ED937450E2B56DE60A216AAB49.text	35C7F0ED937450E2B56DE60A216AAB49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas valavala Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas valavala Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.3-1.5 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: triangular. Central keel: absent. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: evenly spaced. Shape of mandible: bidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: absent. Hyperoccipital carina strength: unknown. Distance between lateral ocellus and hyperoccipital carina: unknown. Postgenal region: medially impressed.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally, smooth band anterior to tegula. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/2 to 2/3. Mesoscutellar spine: absent or inconspicuous. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: rounded. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: moderately dense. Mesoscutal lamella: short, projecting less than its width beyond margin. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: uncertain, absent. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: longer than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: dense. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: uniformly setose distally, proximally glabrous with linea setosa. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas valavala has an exceptionally large, triangular head, unlike any other known species of Synopeas. The malar space is long, about equal to the height of the compound eye, and the mesoscutellar spine is inconspicuous to absent.</p> <p>Comments.</p> <p>A similar head shape is found in Inostemma macarangae Buhl, 2013 (Fig. 44), which has also been reared from Macaranga galls, suggesting convergent evolution. There is no central keel, but the angle of the frons may give the impression of a keel when viewed at certain angles.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>The epithet " Synopeas valavala " is Maenge for " Macaranga " (Ross, 2008) and refers to the identity of the gall host plant. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from round, fuzzy galls on Macaranga strigosa (Euphorbiaceae) [GALL357].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 21.XI.2012, Philip Butterill leg., Macaranga strigosa (FSCA 00033890). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: 2♀, Morobe, Yawan, 21.XI.2012, Philip Butterill leg., Macaranga strigosa (FSCA 00000259-00000350).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/35C7F0ED937450E2B56DE60A216AAB49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
4D5047C63F365FD6BFE426FF053778DC.text	4D5047C63F365FD6BFE426FF053778DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synopeas zhangi Awad 2021	<div><p>Synopeas zhangi Awad sp. nov.</p> <p>Description.</p> <p>Body length 1.1-1.3 mm. Body color: black. Color of legs: coxae brown, otherwise yellow to brown. Color of mesoscutellar spine: concolorous with mesoscutellar disc.</p> <p>Head. Shape of head in anterior view: distinctly ovoid. Central keel: absent; partial. Sculpture on frons: reticulate microsculpture. Epitorular sculpture: minute rugulae; reticulate microsculpture. Number of clypeal setae: 4. Length of median pair of clypeal setae: longer than lateral pair. Arrangement of clypeal setae: uncertain, medial setae closer to lateral setae than to each other. Shape of mandible: unidentate. Distance between lateral ocellus and compound eye (OOL): less than 1 ocellar diameter. Hyperoccipital carina: absent.</p> <p>Mesosoma. Epomial carina: present, complete or nearly so. Microsculpture of lateral pronotum: present dorsally, absent ventrally. Lateral pronotal sculpture coverage: 1/4 to 1/2. Mesoscutellar spine: absent or inconspicuous. Posterior margin of lateral propodeal carina in lateral view: pointed dorsally and ventrally. Mesosomal dorsum in lateral view: convex. Notauli: unmarked or faintly suggested. Parapsidal lines: very faint. Setation of mesoscutum: sparse. Mesoscutal lamella: roughly triangular. Setation of mesoscutellum: laterally dense, medially sparse.</p> <p>Metasoma. Microsculpture of S2: narrow band at posterior margin. Sculpture of T2: absent; narrow transverse band of microsculpture at posterior margin. Length of T2: shorter than mesosoma; approximately as long as mesosoma.</p> <p>Wing. Length of setae on disc of forewing: shorter than distance between setal bases. Density of setae on disc of forewing: sparse. Arrangement of setae on disc of forewing: setose distally, glabrous proximally. Forewing marginal setae: setae on posterior margin distinctly longer than setae on anterior margin.</p> <p>Diagnosis.</p> <p>Synopeas zhangi may be recognized by its head shape, which is distinctly wider than high, the unidentate mandible, and the absence of a hyperoccipital carina. The dorsal mesosoma is moderately convex, allowing it to be easily distinguished from an undescribed species known from a single male specimen, which has an extremely convex mesosoma.</p> <p>Etymology.</p> <p>This species is named in honor of the hymenopterist Yuanmeng Miles Zhang.</p> <p>Plant associations.</p> <p>Reared from galls on Nauclea spp. (Rubiaceae) [GALL218, GALL219, GALL222], Macaranga strigosa (Euphorbiaceae) [GALL357], Ficus adenosperma (Moraceae) [GALL318], and Elaeocarpus dolichostylus (Elaeocarpaceae) [GALL241].</p> <p>Material examined.</p> <p>Holotype: Papua New Guinea: ♀, Morobe, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=146.87415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.14141" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 146.87415/lat -6.14141)">Yawan</a>, 6.14141°S, 146.87415°E, 26.I.2011, Philip Butterill leg., Macaranga strigosa (FSCA 00090250). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 15.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000367); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 16.XI.2010, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00090407); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 01.I.2011, Elaeocarpus dolichostylus (FSCA 00090422); ♀ 4♂, Morobe, Yawan, 24.I.2011, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00033887, 00094611-00094614); 3♀ 9♂, Morobe, Yawan, 25.I.2011, Nauclea tenuiflora (FSCA 00000291, 00000370-00000373, 00000383-00000384, 00033886, 00094475-00094478); ♀, Morobe, Yawan, 25.I.2011, Ficus adenosperma (FSCA 00090424); 1♀ 4♂, Morobe, Yawan, 26.I.2011, Macaranga strigosa (FSCA 00090252, 00094472-00094473, 00094497, 00094582); ♀ ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 26.I.2011, Nauclea sp. 1 (FSCA 00000324, 00000353); ♂, Morobe, Yawan, 08.X.2012, Nauclea tenuiflora (FSCA 00000387).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4D5047C63F365FD6BFE426FF053778DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Awad, Jessica;Bremer, Jonathan S.;Butterill, Philip T.;Moore, Matthew R.;Talamas, Elijah J.	Awad, Jessica, Bremer, Jonathan S., Butterill, Philip T., Moore, Matthew R., Talamas, Elijah J. (2021): A taxonomic treatment of Synopeas Foerster (Platygastridae, Platygastrinae) from the island of New Guinea. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 87: 5-65, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.87.65563
