identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038E8F235B5B2622FF764F85FBB2FB87.text	038E8F235B5B2622FF764F85FBB2FB87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sabethes (Peytonulus) Harbach 1991	<div><p>Subgenus Peytonulus Harbach, 1991</p> <p>With the new species described below, the subgenus Peytonulus now includes 13 species and two junior synonyms. The species are distributed across Central and South America (Harbach 2021).</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E8F235B5B2622FF764F85FBB2FB87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nascimento-Pereira, Agostinho C.;Neves, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos;Guimarães, Anthony Érico;Motta, Monique De Albuquerque;De-Oliveira, Ricardo Lourenço-	Nascimento-Pereira, Agostinho C., Neves, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos, Guimarães, Anthony Érico, Motta, Monique De Albuquerque, De-Oliveira, Ricardo Lourenço- (2021): Wyeomyia shannoni Lane & Cerqueira, 1942, a taxonomic puzzle (Diptera: Culicidae): synonymy, genus transfer, homonymy, and description of a new species of Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. Zootaxa 5082 (3): 259-277, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.3.4
038E8F235B5B2628FF7648FDFB0EF84B.text	038E8F235B5B2628FF7648FDFB0EF84B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sabethes (Peytonulus) shannoni (Lane & Cerqueira 1942)	<div><p>Sabethes (Peytonulus) shannoni (Lane &amp; Cerqueira, 1942), comb. nov.</p> <p>(Figs.1–4) (transfer from genus Wyeomyia)</p> <p>1942. Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) shannoni Lane &amp; Cerqueira, 1942: 599. Holotype ♂: Petrópolis (not Mangaratiba, see Marchon- Silva et al. 1996), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (IOC).</p> <p>2002. Sabethes (Peytonulus) paradoxus Harbach, 2002 (in Harbach &amp; Howard 2002): 363. Holotype ♂ with associated larval and pupal exuviae and dissected genitalia on separate microscope slides: Darien, Panama (USNM). NEW SYNONYMY.</p> <p>Wyeomyia (Dendromyia) shannoni of Lane 1953: 868, 873, 967–968, 1110 (♀, ♂ G*, taxonomy, distribution, key); Horsfall 1955: 329, 720 (distribution, bionomics); Stone et al. 1959: 87, 354 (catalog, distribution, holotype info.); Cerqueira 1961b: 160 (distribution, bionomics); Belkin et al. 1971: 12, 37, 47, 54, 64 (bionomics, holotype info.); Knight &amp; Stone 1977: 331, 603 (catalog, distribution, holotype info.); Forattini et al. 1986a: 7 (record, bionomics, ecology, collection method), 1986b: 185 (record, bionomics, ecology, collection method); Xavier et al. (1989): 312 (distribution, state checklist); Guimarães et al. 1989: 248–250, 252 (record, bionomics, ecology), 2000d (in part): 6, 8, 10–12, 15 (record, bionomics, ecology).</p> <p>Wyeomyia shannoni of Forattini et al. 1970: 91, 99 (catalog, paratype info.), 1988: 546 (catalog), 1993a: 317 (record, bionomics, ecology), 1993b: 404 (record, bionomics, ecology); Marchon-Silva et al. 1996: 447 (catalog, holotype info., type-locality correction); Dutra et al. 1996: 376 (bionomics, ecology); Guimarães et al. 2000a (in part): 20–21, 23, 25 (bionomics, ecology), 2000b (in part): 754–756, 759 (bionomics); Hutchings et al. 2005a: 26–27 (catalog, distribution, paratype info.); Abreu et al. 2019: 221, suppl. table 2 (record, ecology, medical importance).</p> <p>Sabethes (Sabethinus) sp 2 of Heinemann &amp; Belkin 1978: 193, 195 (records, bionomics).</p> <p>Wyeomyia shannoni (subgenus uncertain) of Motta&amp;Lourenço-de-Oliveira1995:384 (classification,systematic); Guimarães 1997: 131, 283 (catalog, holotype info., distribution); Harbach 2018: 119, 182 (nomenclature, etymology, taxonomy, classification); Silva et al. 2019: 195, 197, 200 (♀, record, distribution, bionomics, taxonomy); Santos et al. 2019: 829 (record, ecology); Brilhante et al. 2020: 100 (distribution, state checklist); Harbach 2021 (species list, classification, taxonomy).</p> <p>Sabethes (Peytonulus) paradoxus of Talaga et al. 2015: 770–771, 775, 779 (record, bionomics, country checklist), 2016: 1139, 1142 (ecology, bionomics, functional morphology), 2017: 6, suppl. tables 1 and 2 (molecular phylogeny, Barcode Index Number); Harbach 2018: 100 (nomenclature, etymology, taxonomy); Harbach, 2021 (species list, classification, taxonomy); Wilkerson et al. 2021 (catalog, distribution).</p> <p>The immature forms and adult male, including male genitalia, of Sabethes (Peytonulus) shannoni (Lane &amp; Cerqueira, 1942) have already been described and illustrated (as Sa. paradoxus) in detail in Harbach &amp; Howard (2002). Since we were able to examine a larger number of individuals of Sa. shannoni from a wider geographical range in Brazil, including the type locality, we add below some morphological characteristics of the male and immature forms of this species to complement the description of the species in Harbach &amp; Howard (2002). Additionally, we redescribe the female, including the description and illustration of characters not included in the original description by Lane &amp; Cerqueira (1942), e.g. the female genitalia.</p> <p>Adult. Sexes essentially identical in body size and external appearance, exhibiting slight secondary sexual differences in the antennal flagellum and clypeus, and conspicuous sexual differences in the proboscis and genitalia. As highlighted in Harbach &amp; Howard (2002), the adults of Sa. shannoni (as Sa. paradoxus) do not have the brilliant metallic-colored scaling on the scutum characteristic of Sabethes species, being like Wyeomyia species in general habitus, differing mainly in the absence of prealar setae (Fig. 1A,B).</p> <p>Female. Head: Eyes joined above and below. Occiput with transverse row of short semi-erect scales on back of head, occiput and posterior part of vertex with recumbent scales with metallic greenish blue reflections, scales of anterior area of vertex (near the interocular space) with weak violaceous to darkish blue reflections; postgena with silvery white reflections. Ocular setae moderately long, darkish brown; 2 long, approximated, darkish brown interocular setae. Antenna: Length 1.9–2.2 mm, essentially as long as proboscis; pedicel large, brown, pubescent, mesal side darkish brown with inconspicuous minute setae, sometimes with minute scales among setae; flagellum dark brown, moderately verticillate, with 13 flagellomeres, flagellomere 1 with inconspicuous cluster of dark scales on mesal area, flagellar whorl of flagellomere 1 near apex, flagellar whorls of flagellomeres 2–13 at base with about 10 setae. Clypeus nude, dark brown, ovate, densely pubescent, longer than wide. Proboscis: Length 2–2.2(2.1) mm, nearly as long as antenna, about 0.6–0.85(0.73) length of forefemur; slightly bent upward, distal 0.22–0.27(0.22) slightly flattened and expanded laterally to 2.0–2.5 times width of proximal part of proboscis; dark-scaled dorsally, ventral surface dark with a conspicuous spot of white scales on middle area; 3–8(5) basal labial setae; labella dark with numerous minute pale setae. Maxillary palpus 0.13–0.23(0.18) length of proboscis, dark-scaled dorsally, ventral surface without scales. Thorax: Integument brown; antepronotum with 22–34(29) darkish brown setae, scales on anterior part with violet reflections, scales on mid part with bluish reflections and sometimes also with violet reflections, those on posterior part with pearly white reflections; postpronotum without setae, scales on lower and upper area with pearly white reflection; dorsum with 17–30 darkish brown setae on anterior promontory, supraalar area with 22–31 brown setae; scutellum with 22–29(29) darkish brown setae, 8 on midlobe [3–5(3) long and 3–5(5) short] and 14–21 on each lateral lobe [9–12(11) long and 4–10(10) short]; mesopostnotum with 7–15(15) light brown setae; acrostichal and dorsocentral areas, scutal fossa, and prescutellar area without setae. Dorsum with dull scales of weak greenish blue reflections covering entire scutum, including anterior promontory, scutal fossa, antealar, supraalar and prescutellar areas, and mid and lateral lobes of scutellum. Pleural integument light brown, with 4–6 pale yellow upper proepisternal setae, 2 or 3(2) brown prespiracular setae, 5–7(7) pale yellow lower mesokatepisternal setae and 13–19 pale yellow upper mesepimeral setae; lower proepisternal area, proepimeron, subspiracular and postspiracular areas, upper mesokatepisternal area, prealar knob, lower mesepimeral area, mesomeron, metameron and metepisternum without setae. Pleural scales with pearly white reflections (Fig. 1A) on upper proepisternum, proepimeron, subspiracular, postspiracular, upper and lower mesokatepisternal, upper and lower prealar, and lower, posterior, anterior and upper mesepimeral areas; scales absent on lower proepisternum and prespiracular areas, paratergite, mesomeron, metameron and metepisternum. Wing: Length 3.6–4.1 mm; costa and basal part of vein R dark-scaled with weak bluish reflections; subcosta, almost all of veins R and R1 darkscaled, remaining veins brown-scaled; veins M3+4, CuA 1A and mcu crossvein moderately broad and slightly asymmetrical; costa, vein R, basal part of R1, proximal 0.67 of mcu, CuA and 1A with decumbent scales; subcosta, distal 0.67 of veins R1, R2+3, RS, R2, R3, M, M1+2, M1, M2, M3+4, distal 0.33 of mcu and 1A with anterior and posterolateral scales; vein R2 55–75% longer than R2+3. Alula with 4–10(8) setae on distal margin, upper calypter without setae, remigium entirely covered with dark scales with bluish reflections. Halter: Scabellum yellowish, without scales; pedicel and capitellum with dark scales. Legs: Coxae with yellowish integument; upper anterior and outer surface of fore- and midcoxae and outer surface of hindcoxa covered with pearly white scales; forecoxa with yellow setae on anterior (10–14 setae), outer (2–4) and mesal (2–7) surfaces; midcoxa with yellowish setae on outer (2–8 setae) and mesal (6–8, mode 8) surfaces; hindcoxa with yellow setae on outer (5–7, mode 5), posterior (4 or 5, mode 5) and mesal (2–5, mode 4) surfaces. Trochanters entirely pearly white-scaled, except for a small apical patch of conspicuous dark scales on dorsal surface. Femora dark-scaled on dorsal, anterior and posterior surfaces, white-scaled ventrally. Tibiae entirely dark-scaled, sometimes with a continuous stripe or discontinuous small patches of white scales. Tarsi without paddles, totally dark-scaled, except for a weak stripe of white scales on base of hindtarsomere 1 and ventral surface of hindtarsomere 5, which is entirely covered by conspicuous white scales. Unguis simple and dark, foreunguis small, mid- and hindunguis smaller than foreunguis. Abdomen: Densely covered with dark lackluster scales with greenish-blue reflection similar in color to scutal scales on dorsal and upper lateral margins, lower lateral margin and ventral surface with pearly white scales, lateral incisions rounded (Fig. 1A). Tergum I with dark lackluster scales on dorsal surface, proximal area without scales, lateral surfaces with pearly white scales. Terga II–VII with dark lackluster scales on dorsal surface, II with diagonal to rounded, pearly white scale-patches on lateral surfaces, III–VI with sharply rounded white scale-patches laterally, VII with slightly rounded pearly white scale-patches laterally. Tergum I with numerous yellow setae basally and few yellow setae on posterior margin; terga II–VI with inconspicuous posterior setae, tergum VII with posterior dark setae. Sternum I without scales, sterna II–VII with pearly white scales; sterna I,II without setae, sterna III–V with few short dark setae on posterior margin, sternum VI with dark setae posteriorly, sternum VII with dark brown setae posteriorly. Genitalia (Fig. 2). Tergum VIII with anterior margin convex and posterior margin slightly concave medially, entirely covered with scales, posterior margin with setae, longest setae inserted immediately before a distal row of setae, scales absent on basal area, but densely mixed with setae on central and posterior areas. Sternum VIII shorter medially, anterior and posterior margins concave, setae inserted exclusively on distal 0.33, except in central area, all but narrow anterior and posterior areas covered with scales, scales mixed with setae mainly on central area. Tergum IX, insula, postgenital lobe and cerci densely spiculate. Tergum IX constricted in middle, broad on either side of midline, bearing 5 setae on posterior margin. Insula broader basally than posteriorly, conspicuous cleft on midline bearing 8 or 9 setae from near base to posterior margin on each side. Postgenital lobe about 1.25 length of cerci, tip essentially straight medially and slightly curved laterally, base twice width at tip, dorsal surface with 8 or 9 setae on dorsocentral line reaching tip, ventral surface with scattered setae on distal 0.5. Cercus arising obliquely in relation to sagittal plane of body, dorsal and ventral surfaces densely covered with minute setae, scales absent, dorsal surface with setae inserted mostly posteriorly, ventral surface with setae restricted to distal 0.5, largest setae inserted mostly in posterior area; 3 spherical spermathecal capsules, one slightly larger than the others.</p> <p>Male. As previously described in Harbach &amp; Howard (2002: 364) (as Sa. paradoxus), and similar to the female except for the following characters: Head: Antenna length 1.7–2.1 mm. Clypeus longer than wide, smaller than in female. Proboscis (Fig. 3A,B): Length 1.9–2.2 mm, short, distal 0.20–0.29 flattened and greatly expanded laterally, 4.88–5.66 width of proximal part; white-scaling on ventral surface beginning 0.31–0.49 from base and extending to 0.77–0.86(0.77) of expanded distal part; 1–5(3) basal labial setae; labella pale. Maxillary palpus 0.17–0.19 length of proboscis. Thorax: Antepronotum with 10–18 darkish brown setae, anterior promontory with 17–25 darkish brown setae, supraalar area with 20–32 brown setae, scutellum with 20–31 darkish brown setae (7–10 on midlobe, 1–4 long and 3–6 short; 13–21 on each lateral lobe, 3–12 long and 6–10 short), mesopostnotum with 8–12 brown setae. Pleura with 3–5(4) pale yellow upper proepisternal setae, 1–3(2) brown prespiracular setae, 5–7(6) pale yellow lower mesokatepisternal setae and 15–18(16) pale yellow upper mesepimeral setae. Wing: Length 3.3–3.6 mm, vein R 2 0.56–0.67 length of R 2+3, alula with 6–10 scales. Legs: Forecoxal setae present on anterior (7–12 yellow to brown setae), outer (1–4 yellow to light brown) and mesal (3–5 yellow to brown setae) areas, midcoxal setae present on outer (5–7 pale yellow to light brown setae, mode 6) and mesal (3–9 pale yellow to light brown setae, mode 7) areas, hindcoxal setae present in outer (6 or 7 pale yellow to light brown setae, mode 6), posterior (3–5 pale yellow to light brown setae, mode 5) and mesal (4–7 yellow to light brown setae, mode 5) areas. Ventral surface of midtrochanter with conspicuous dark spot of scales and hindtrochanter with fainter dark scales. Genitalia: Sternum IX (Fig. 2A) with concave anterior margin, posterior 0.3 roughly triangular. Gonocoxite with a large alveolus in lateral position, above and mesad to tergomesal setae.</p> <p>Pupa (Fig. 4A). As previously described by Harbach &amp; Howard (2002) (as Sa. paradoxus). Genital lobe of female: Lightly tanned, length about 0.5 length of paddle. Median caudal lobe: Lightly tanned, length about 0.5 length of paddle.</p> <p>Larva, mouthparts (Fig. 4B–F). As previously described by Harbach &amp; Howard (2002) (as Sa. paradoxus). Dorsomentum: Short, roughly rectangular, with 6–8(7) teeth on either side of median tooth, median and most lateral tooth of either side larger than others, all aligned (Fig. 4B). Mandible: Mandibular sweeper 1 setae thicker and less numerous than setae of mandibular sweeper 2; mandibular sweeper 1 inserted on margin of mandible (Fig. 4E,F). Maxilla: Maxillary body elongate, laciniarastrum 1 with 4 large, dark teeth similarly developed, about 0.2 length of apical tooth; apical tooth well developed and sclerotized, about 0.66 length of maxillary body, slightly curved mesad; maxillary brush long, filaments slender, about 0.6 length of apical tooth, arising from a pit; maxillary pilose area with spicules scattered and shorter than laciniarastrum 2; setae 1–3-Mx adjacent to each other, inserted apically; seta 4-Mx single, large, stout and pointed apically, about 0.9 length of apical tooth; seta 6-Mx single; maxillary palpus short, fused with maxillary body, with 3 setae at apex (Fig. 4C,D).</p> <p>Systematics. The systematics of Sa. shannoni (as Sa. paradoxus) was discussed by Harbach &amp; Howard (2002). Concerning the morphology of the immature stages, we additionally found that the dorsomentum of Sa. shannoni (Lane &amp; Cerqueira) is similar to that of Sa. (Pey.) aurescens (Lutz, 1905), Sa. (Pey.) undosus (Coquillett, 1906) and Sa. (Pey.) luxodens Hall, Howard &amp; Harbach, 1999 in having the median and most lateral teeth on a straight line and of similar length (Howard et al. 1913, 1915; Harbach 1991; Hall et al. 1999). The four large lateral teeth of laciniarastrum 1 are similar in size and resemble those of Sa. (Pey.) soperi Lane &amp; Cerqueira, 1942. Additionally, we found that pupal seta 8-VI is always dorsal in position, thus confirming the description and comments of Harbach &amp; Howard (2002) that this character is a fixed feature of this species. In relation to the adult male, the exceptional expansion of the distal part of the proboscis is only shared with Sa. (Pey.) fabricii Lane &amp; Cerqueira, 1942. Among all Peytonulus species, only Sa. hadrognathus Harbach, 1995a has the female genitalia described and illustrated. Sabethes shannoni can be easily distinguished from Sa. hadrognathus by possessing an insula with a conspicuous cleft on the midline, postgenital lobe without invagination at the tip and tergum IX narrow in the middle with a larger interlobar space.</p> <p>Bionomics. As other species of the subgenus Peytonulus, the immature stages of Sa. shannoni often develop in bamboo. In our collections, in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, immature stages of Sa. shannoni were found in cut bamboo (Fig. 5) together with Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar &amp; Shannon, 1924) and Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) arthrostigma (Lutz, 1905). Talaga et al. (2015) found immatures stages (as Sa. paradoxus) in perforated bamboo internodes (Guadua latifolia (Bonpl.) Kunth) in the Amazon Rainforest of Saül, French Guiana. Essentially all available data on the biting behavior of Sa. shannoni (as Wy. shannoni) has been recorded at sites in the Atlantic Rainforest biome of southeast Brazil, either in primitive jungle (Forattini et al. 1986a, b, 1993a, b; Guimarães et al. 2000a, b, d; Dutra et al. 1996), protected areas of secondary forest (Guimarães et al. 1989; Silva et al. 2019; Santos et al. 2019) or fragments of forest (Abreu et al. 2019). In those areas, Sa. shannoni was found biting inside the woods exclusively during daytime (Guimarães et al. 2000b), resting on vegetation (Forattini et al. 1993b) and rarely attacking humans in areas without dense forest (Guimarães et al. 2000a). Temperature, rather than relative humidity and rainfall, according to Guimarães et al. (2000d), seems to influence the frequency of Sa. shannoni.</p> <p>Distribution. Sabethes shannoni is recorded from Brazil, Ecuador and French Guiana in South America and from Panama and Nicaragua in Central America (Wilkerson et al. 2021). The species seems to occur predominantly in the Atlantic Forest biome in Brazil, with isolated records (as Wy. shannoni or Sa. paradoxus) in the Amazon Rainforest biome (Brazil, states of Acre and Rondônia; French Guiana, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni on the northwestern border with Suriname) and the Panamanian Tropical Rainforest (Panama, province of Darien) (Lane &amp; Cerqueira 1942; Forattini et al. 1986a; Guimarães et al. 2000d; Harbach &amp; Howard 2002; Talaga et al. 2015; Coleção de Culicidae 2021). The northernmost and southernmost records of Sa. shannoni (as Wy. shannoni) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest biome is Ilhéus, state of Bahia (see material examined) and Paranaguá, state of Paraná (Santos et al. 2019), respectively. In this Brazilian biome, the most inland record is from Simonésia (state of Minas Gerais), nearly 160 km from the coast (Abreu et al. 2019).</p> <p>Material examined. One hundred and twenty-two specimens (95 ♀, 5 ♀ G, 1 ♀ Pe, 2 ♀ LePe, 1 ♀ LeLmpPe, 1 ♀ LePeG, 5 ♂, 5 ♂ G, 6 ♂ LePeG, 1 ♂ LeLmpPeG, including the holotype and allotype). HOLOTYPE ♂ with genitalia dissected and mounted on a microscope slide (no. 2034), BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis (not Mangaratiba, corrected by Marchon-Silva et al. 1996), R.C. Shannon coll., April 1938, deposited in CEIOC. ALLOTYPE ♀ (pinned): Rio de Janeiro, Mangaratiba, R.C. Shannon coll., April 1938, deposited in CEIOC. BRAZIL: 1 ♀ deposited in CMN (no. 18180), Acre, Xapuri, R. Franco coll. 19.XII.1937, N.L. Cerqueira det., 05.V.1938; 1 ♀ (CMN, nº 33477), Bahia, Ilhéus, Ribeirão da Fortuna, human bait, C. Ciardelli coll., I.1944, O.V. Ferreira det., 15.II.1944; 1 ♀ Pe (CCULI, nº 5500), Espírito Santo, Viana, São Paulo de Cima (-20.290833º S, -40.555556º W), bamboo trap 5 m, A. Falqueto coll., 14. VI.2017, M.A. Motta det.; 1 ♀ (CMN, no number), Rio de Janeiro, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Fazenda Martinez, Serviço de Febre Amarela coll., IV.1938; 1 ♂ LePeG (CCULI), RPPN Reserva Ecológica do Guapiaçu, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.738472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.417416" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.738472/lat -22.417416)">Trilha Verde</a> (-22.417416º S, -42.738472º W), cut bamboo, M.S.A.S. Neves and T. Gomes coll., 21.III.2019, M.A. Motta det.; 2 ♂, 5 ♂ LePeG, 1 ♂ LeLmpPeG, 3 ♀ LePe, 1 ♀ LeLmpPe (CCULI, nº 5191, 5488–5499), M.S.A.S. Neves and T. Gomes coll., 04.IV.2019, A.C. Nascimento-Pereira and M.A. Motta det.; 1 ♀ G (CCULI, nº 5487), Casimiro de Abreu, <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.210255&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.4446" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.210255/lat -22.4446)">Sítio Alto do Bom Gosto</a> (-22.444600º S, -42.210253º W), human bait, A.C. Nascimento-Pereira coll., 21.III.2018, A.C. Nascimento-Pereira det.; 1 G ♂ (CMN, no number), <a href="http://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.0406&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.9597" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.0406/lat -22.9597)">Mangaratiba</a> (-22.959699º S, -44.040599º W), R.C. Shannon coll., IV.1938, 1 ♀ (CMN, no number), R.C. Shannon and SFA coll., V.1938, 1 ♂ G (CMN, slide 2033 T) same data, 2 ♀, 1 ♂ (CMN, no number), SFA coll., IX.1938; 1 ♂, 1 ♂ G (CMN, nº 21495), Nova Iguaçu, Tinguá (-22.759199º S, -43.451099º W), C. Ciardelli, J. Mata and Quimiciano coll., VI.1940; 2 ♂ G (CMN, no number), Teresópolis (-22.412200º S, -42.965599º W), R.C. Shannon and SFA coll., IV.1938; 2 ♀ (CCULI, nº 4601–4602), Rondônia: Ariquemes, mata (-9.913330º S, -63.040798º W), M.A. Motta coll., 25.V. II.1987, M.A. Motta det., 11.I.2018; 5 ♀ (CMN, no number), São Paulo, Juquiá (- 24.319999º S, -47.630001º W), FLN coll., XI.1938, J. Lane det., 1941; 6 ♀, 1 ♀ G (CEIOC, 188/5602, 190/5627, 190/5668, 190/5693, 190/5705, 190/5715, 190/5733), Ubatuba, Parque Estadual Serra do Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba (- 23.345004º S, -44.851123º W), B.E. Rocha and R. Machado coll., 13.IX.1989, 2 ♀ (CEIOC, 208/6128–6129), same data except C. Spata and R. Machado coll., 18.X.1989, 2 ♀ (CEIOC, 240/6688, 240/6701), same data except M. Garcia coll., 13.XII.1989, 1 ♀ (CEIOC, 277/7726), same data except A. Guimarães coll., 07.II.1990, 1 ♀ (CEIOC, 469/15754), same data except 17.IV.1991, 2 ♀ (CEIOC, 348/10215, 349/10338), same data except B.E. Rocha coll., 18.VII.1990, 2 ♀ (CEIOC, 356/10412, 363/10543), same data except B. Neto &amp; V. Moraes coll., 14–15.VIII.1990, 3 ♀, 1♀ G (CEIOC, 380/11287, 380/11308, 380/11314, 380/11317),? coll., same data except 20.IX.1990, 1 ♀ (CEIOC, 393/11793),? coll., same data except 25.X.1990, 3 ♀ (CEIOC, 410/12466, 410/12489, 410/12582),? coll., same data, except 22.XI.1990, 4 ♀ (CEIOC, 422/13077, 422/13083, 422/13124, 425/13181), same data except R. Marinelli coll., 05.XII.1990, 2 ♀ (CEIOC, 437/13528, 437/13535), same data except 05.I.1991, 22 ♀, 1 ♀ G (CEIOC, 437/13536, 437/13550, 437/13552, 437/13565, 437/13569, 437/13611–13612, 437/13619, 437/13629, 437/13649, 437/13656–13657, 437/13659–13660, 437/13664, 437/13670, 437/13694, 437/13698, 437/13704, 437/13710, 437/13715, 439/13820, 439/13822), same data except R. Marinelli, R. Machado and M. Garcia coll., 16.I.1991, 2 ♀ (CEIOC, 449/14355, 449/14383),? coll., same data except 07.III.1991, 6 ♀ (CEIOC, 450/14452, 450/14468, 450/14503, 450/14523, 450/14544, 452/14701), same data except V. Moraes and R. Marinelli coll., 07.III.1991, 2 ♀ (CEIOC, 456/14927, 456/14933),? coll., same data except 19.III.1991, 19 ♀, 1 ♀ G (CEIOC, 456/14969, 456/14982, 456/14997–14998, 456/15008, 456/15054, 456/15056, 458/15195, 458/15214, 458/15228, 458/15271, 458/15273–15274, 458/15277, 458/15288, 458/15292–15294, 458/15299, 458/15301),? coll., same data except 19.III.1991, 2 ♀ (CEIOC, 481/16160, 481/16162), R. Machado coll., 10.VII.1991.</p></div> 	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E8F235B5B2628FF7648FDFB0EF84B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nascimento-Pereira, Agostinho C.;Neves, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos;Guimarães, Anthony Érico;Motta, Monique De Albuquerque;De-Oliveira, Ricardo Lourenço-	Nascimento-Pereira, Agostinho C., Neves, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos, Guimarães, Anthony Érico, Motta, Monique De Albuquerque, De-Oliveira, Ricardo Lourenço- (2021): Wyeomyia shannoni Lane & Cerqueira, 1942, a taxonomic puzzle (Diptera: Culicidae): synonymy, genus transfer, homonymy, and description of a new species of Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. Zootaxa 5082 (3): 259-277, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.3.4
038E8F235B53262BFF764CC0FC06F82E.text	038E8F235B53262BFF764CC0FC06F82E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sabethes (Peytonulus) harbachi Nascimento-Pereira, Guimarães, Lourenço-de-Oliveira & Motta	<div><p>Sabethes (Peytonulus) harbachi Nascimento-Pereira, Guimarães, Lourenço-de-Oliveira &amp; Motta, sp. n.</p> <p>(Figs 3 and 6)</p> <p>Male. Similar to Sa. shannoni (Lane &amp; Cerqueira) except for the following characters. Head: Scales on anterior area of vertex (near the interocular space) with weak violaceous and bluish reflections. Antenna: Length 1.7–1.9 mm, slightly shorter than the proboscis; pedicel large, brown, pubescent, mesal side darkish brown with inconspicuous minute setae; flagellum brown, rather strongly verticillate, flagellomere 1 without or with inconspicuous cluster of dark scales on middle area, proximal flagellar whorl with 11,12 setae. Clypeus nude, light brown to brown, pubescent, rounded. Proboscis (Fig. 3C,D): Length 1.9–2.1 mm; distal 0.28–0.30(0.30) slightly flattened and expanded laterally to 2.4–3.5 times width of proximal part; ventral surface with conspicuous white stripe from base (0.06 to 0.63–0.66) immediately before expanded distal part, apex of expanded part with narrow transverse white stripe (Fig. 3D); 2–7(3) basal labial setae. Maxillary palpus 0.10–0.13(0.13) length of proboscis. Thorax: Antepronotum with 10–15 darkish brown setae, scales on anterior part with violet reflections, scales on mid part with violet and blue reflections, those on posterior part with golden reflections; integument of scutum light brown, with 12–19 darkish brown setae on anterior promontory, supraalar area with 24–32 brown setae; scutellum with 19–30 darkish brown setae, 6–12 on midlobe and 13–18 on each lateral lobe (9,10 long and 6–8 short); mesopostnotum with 10–12(11) brown setae. Pleural integument brown with 2–4 yellowish upper proepisternal setae, 2 brown prespiracular setae, 3,4(3) pale yellow lower mesokatepisternal setae and 12–14 pale yellow upper mesepimeral setae. Wing: Length 3.2–3.5; alula with 5–9(8) scales on distal margin. Legs: Forecoxa with yellowish setae on anterior (5–7 setae), outer (2,3) and mesal (3–5) surfaces; midcoxa with yellowish setae on outer (1,2) and mesal (4–6, mode 5) surfaces; hindcoxa with yellow setae on outer (4–6), posterior (4) and mesal (4,5) surfaces. Trochanters pearly white-scaled except for a small apical spot of conspicuous dark scales on anterodorsal surface, and entirely pearly white-scaled on ventral surface. Hindtibia dark-scaled, with a weak stripe of white scales ventrally. Tarsi entirely dark-scaled, including ventral surface of hindtarsomere 5. Genitalia (Fig. 6): Tergum VIII (ventral in position) as figured. Sternum VIII (dorsal in position) with anterior 0.5 bare; posterior margin with 1 row of long setae between 2 rows of shorter setae; scales well distributed on posterior 0.5, few among setae. Tergum and sternum IX fused laterally, forming a complete ring of sclerotization; tergum IX widely separated by relatively narrow slightly concave bridge, lobes slightly produced, each with 5–8(5,6) flattened laterally bent setae with pointed apices; sternum IX with concave anterior margin, roughly triangular in shape, posterior margin more or less straight. Gonocoxite elongate, tapered in distal 0.5, tergomesal surface membranous, distal part of sternal surface covered with scales and setae, 1 long and 2 unequal shorter tergomesal setae; a large alveolus in lateral position, above and mesad of the 3 tergomesal setae (tergal triad); basal mesal lobe narrow covered with small setae and 2 strong setae at caudolateral angle. Gonostylus 0.72–0.8 length of gonocoxite; stem narrow and nearly straight (in lateral view), head divided into 3 lobes and an irregularly shaped (membranous) tergal process (tp): lobe A,E large, laterally flattened and rectangular in lateral view, straight tergoapical margin with 1 strongly developed horn-like tooth (setae s?), 3 smaller stout setae and 3,4 folded digitiform chitinized processes; sternoapical margin with a row of about 5 slender setae; apical 0.5 of sternal side with noticeably flattened, bent and apically expanded and forked setae, dorsally with a row of fine simple setae progressively more numerous towards base of sternal side; lobe M prominent, arising from sternolateral area of lobe A,E, elongate, tapered apically, bearing 2 large unequal flattened setae on tergal margin, most proximal larger setae with apices bent laterad, and a row of small leaf-like setae on sternolateral margin longer toward apex of lobe; lobe C a stemmed process arising sternolaterally from lobe M, bent mesad and with a spherical apex covered with rows of minute decumbent spicules; a well-developed membranous tergal process (tp) arises from base of lobe C, borne sternolaterally at base of lobe M. Aedeagus slightly longer than wide, broadest in proximal 0.5, oval in dorsal view; submedian tergal arms joined at midline; apical tergal arms broadly fused, containing a weak protrusion; median sternal plate membranous, expanded apically and hood-like; paramere and basal piece as figured. Proctiger (lateral view) with broad basal sclerotization (tergum X) narrowly fused with base of paraproct; paraproct with 2–5 small apical teeth and 2 or 3(3) subapical cercal setae.</p> <p>Adult female, pupa, larva and egg. Unknown.</p> <p>Systematics. The female of Sa. harbachi is unknown. The male differs from all other known species of Sabethes, except Sa. shannoni (Lane &amp; Cerqueira), by the absence of brilliant metallic scutal scales. Like Sa. shannoni, the male is similar to Wyeomyia species in general habitus, differing by the absence of prealar setae. The adult male of Sa. harbachi is easily distinguished from Sa. shannoni (Lane &amp; Cerqueira) in having the distal expansion of the proboscis less marked (2.4–3.5 times wider than the proximal part) than in Sa. shannoni (4.88–5.66 times wider than the proximal part) and the labella are much larger basally in Sa. shannoni (Fig 3). Moreover, the ventral surface of the proboscis of the male of Sa. harbachi has an extensive line of white scales and a transverse band of white scales at the apex (Fig. 3D), while that of Sa. shannoni has a shorter line of white scales and is entirely black apically, devoid of an apical band of white scales (Fig. 3B). In addition, the ventral surface of the mid- and hindtrochanters of Sa. harbachi is entirely pearly white-scaled and hindtarsomere 5 is entirely dark-scaled, while Sa. shannoni has a spot of dark scales on the mid- and hindtrochanters and hindtarsomere 5 is white-scaled ventrally. The male genitalia of Sa. harbachi are easily distinguished from those of Sa. shannoni, as well as all other Peytonulus species, in having the remarkably rectangular shape of lobe A,E, with a straight tergoapical margin bearing a strong, well-developed horn-like tooth (setae s?), three smaller stout setae and three or four folded chitinized digitiform processes. In Sa. shannoni, lobe A,E is rounded in shape, devoid of such developed and chitinized setae and folded digitiform processes. Also, lobe A,E of Sa. shannoni has a fringe of differentiated, flattened setae of different sizes extending from the tergoapical angle to the base of the sternal side, while Sa. harbachi has a row of slender setae on the sternoapical margin and numerous fine simple setae near the base of the sternal side. Tergum IX of Sa. harbachi is similar to that of Sa. identicus Dyar &amp; Knab, 1907, but it is distinct from Sa. shannoni where the interlobar space is almost flat and large, while in Sa. harbachi the interlobar space is concave and almost half the length of that in Sa. shannoni. The aedeagus of Sa. harbachi is oval in dorsal view, similar to the aedeagi of Sa. aurescens, Sa. fabricii, Sa. (Pey.) gorgasi Duret, 1971, Sa. hadrognathus and Sa. (Pey.) ignotus Harbach, 1995b, but differs from Sa. shannoni in which the aedeagus is elongate.</p> <p>Etymology. The species is dedicated to Dr Ralph Harbach for his numerous and important contributions to mosquito taxonomy, especially to the genus Sabethes.</p> <p>Bionomics. Nothing is known about the bionomics of this species.</p> <p>Distribution. Sabethes harbachi is known only from Mangaratiba and Teresópolis, both located in the Atlantic Rainforest biome in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. This species was found in sympatry with Sa. shannoni (Lane &amp; Cerqueira) in these localities.</p> <p>Material examined. Six specimens (1 ♂, 5 ♂ G). HOLOTYPE ♂, with dissected genitalia on microscope slide (no. 43960-1, slide 8160 T), selected by A.C. Nascimento-Pereira, R. Lourenço-de-Oliveira and M.A. Motta, 2021, deposited in CMN, BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Mangaratiba, R.C. Shannon coll., April 1938, A.C. Nascimento- Pereira det., 05.VIII.2019. PARATYPES: 3 ♂ G, same data as holotype (nos. 43960-2, 43960-3, 43960-4; slides 8161 T, 8162 T, 8163 T, respectively); 1 ♂ G, same data as holotype, except Teresópolis (no. 43961-1, slide 8164 T); 1 ♂, same data except May 1938 (no. 43962-1); all deposited in CMN.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E8F235B53262BFF764CC0FC06F82E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nascimento-Pereira, Agostinho C.;Neves, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos;Guimarães, Anthony Érico;Motta, Monique De Albuquerque;De-Oliveira, Ricardo Lourenço-	Nascimento-Pereira, Agostinho C., Neves, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos, Guimarães, Anthony Érico, Motta, Monique De Albuquerque, De-Oliveira, Ricardo Lourenço- (2021): Wyeomyia shannoni Lane & Cerqueira, 1942, a taxonomic puzzle (Diptera: Culicidae): synonymy, genus transfer, homonymy, and description of a new species of Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. Zootaxa 5082 (3): 259-277, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.3.4
038E8F235B54262DFF764C88FB3AFC7E.text	038E8F235B54262DFF764C88FB3AFC7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sabethes (Sabethes) cerqueirai Nascimento-Pereira, Neves, Lourenço-de-Oliveira & Motta	<div><p>Sabethes (Sabethes) cerqueirai Nascimento-Pereira, Neves, Lourenço-de-Oliveira &amp; Motta, nom. nov.</p> <p>1961. Sabethes (Sabethes) shannoni Cerqueira, 1961a: 40. Holotype ♂: Igarape do Leso, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil (FH).</p> <p>Sabethes (Sabethes) shannoni of Cerqueira 1961b: 165 (distribution, bionomics); Stone, 1963: 122 (catalog, distribution, holotype info.); Belkin et al. 1971: 15, 31, 45, 50–51 (holotype info., bionomics); Knight &amp; Stone, 1977: 307 (catalog, distribution, holotype info.); Forattini et al. 1981: 569 (bionomic, collection method); 1986a: 7 (record, bionomics, ecology, collection method), 1986b: 195 (record, bionomics, ecology, collection method); Gomes et al. 1987: 366 (ecology); Guimarães 1997: 113, 283 (catalog, holotype info., distribution); Hutchings et al. 2005a: 24, 27 (catalog, distribution, paratype info.), 2005b: 434 (record), 2010: 690 (record), 2011: 178 (record); Silva et al. 2019: 195, 200 (♀ *, record, distribution, bionomics, taxonomy); Harbach 2021 (catalog, classification, taxonomy); Wilkerson et al. 2021 (catalog, distribution).</p> <p>Sabethes shannoni of Forattini et al. 1970: 76, 99 (catalog, holotype info.), 1988: 544 (catalog); Harbach &amp; Petersen 1992: 119, 121 (classification, taxonomy).</p> <p>Etymology. The replacement name is in honor of Nelson Cerqueira, a Brazilian dipterist who worked in the yellow fever campaigns coordinated by the Rockefeller Foundation and National Yellow Fever Service in Brazil. Along with Raymond Shannon, Nelson Cerqueira was one of the most active entomologists responsible for organizing the mosquito collection that resulted from those campaigns. The specimens used for the descriptions of Sa. shannoni (Lane &amp; Cerqueira, 1942) (as a species of Wyeomyia) and Sa. harbachi are from that collection. Nelson Cerqueira described several new species of mosquitoes, including the one renamed herein.</p> </div>	http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038E8F235B54262DFF764C88FB3AFC7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nascimento-Pereira, Agostinho C.;Neves, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos;Guimarães, Anthony Érico;Motta, Monique De Albuquerque;De-Oliveira, Ricardo Lourenço-	Nascimento-Pereira, Agostinho C., Neves, Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos, Guimarães, Anthony Érico, Motta, Monique De Albuquerque, De-Oliveira, Ricardo Lourenço- (2021): Wyeomyia shannoni Lane & Cerqueira, 1942, a taxonomic puzzle (Diptera: Culicidae): synonymy, genus transfer, homonymy, and description of a new species of Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827. Zootaxa 5082 (3): 259-277, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5082.3.4
